Vessel Wake Study PDF
Vessel Wake Study PDF
VESSEL WAKE STUDY
Prepared for:
KM LNG Operating General Partnership
Prepared by:
777 W. Broadway ‐ Suite 301,
Vancouver, BC
V5Z 4J7 Canada
VESSEL WAKE STUDY
May 5th, 2011
M&N Project No. 7333
Prepared by: Reviewed by:
MOFFATT & NICHOL MOFFATT & NICHOL
Michele Ng, P.Eng. Ron Byres, P.Eng.
Senior Project Manager
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1
2. VESSEL‐GENERATED WAVES ............................................................................................................................ 2
2.1 Primary Wave (Drawdown)................................................................................................................................. 2
2.2 Secondary Waves ................................................................................................................................................ 4
3. ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 6
4. CALCULATED WAVE HEIGHTS ........................................................................................................................... 8
4.1 Primary Wave Height and Return Current .......................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Secondary Wave Height ...................................................................................................................................... 9
5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................... 15
6. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 16
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 17
GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1: PRIMARY WAVE COMPONENTS OF SHIP INDUCED WATER MOTIONS (SOURCE: PIANC 1987) ........................................ 3
FIGURE 2.2: SECONDARY WAVE PATTERN (SOURCE: SCHIERECH, 2001) ....................................................................................... 5
FIGURE 2.3: ISOMETRIC VIEW OF SECONDARY WAVE PATTERN (SOURCE: FALTINSEN, 1990) ........................................................... 5
FIGURE 4.1: SECONDARY WAVE PATTERN FOR MULTIPLE VESSELS WITH SAME VELOCITY (SOURCE: SCHIERECH, 2001) ...................... 10
FIGURE 4.2: SECONDARY WAVE HEIGHTS – TANKERS, 200 FATHOMS ........................................................................................ 11
FIGURE 4.3: SECONDARY WAVE HEIGHTS – TANKERS – 100 FATHOMS ...................................................................................... 12
FIGURE 4.4: CALCULATED ESCORT TUG SECONDARY WAVE HEIGHTS ......................................................................................... 13
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 4.1: VESSEL SPEED VERSUS WAVE PERIOD, WAVELENGTH AND WAVE HEIGHT ................................................................... 13
Rev 1 i
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
1. INTRODUCTION
In 2006 Moffatt & Nichol prepared a comprehensive Metocean (meteorological and
oceanographic) study for Douglas Channel to support the preliminary engineering design of the
Kitimat LNG terminal. The 2006 study was intended primarily to provide design information
related to wind, wave and current forces on the jetty structures within Bish Cove. Further
metocean analysis was planned for the detailed design phase, as well as to support the
TERMPOL review process which considers navigational issues not only within Bish Cove, but
also more generally along the planned navigational route.
This report documents additional analysis on vessel wakes expected along Douglas
Channel caused by tugs and LNG carriers en route to and from the terminal. Since vessel wakes
and their impacts are of relevance to navigation, this report was intended to form part of the
studies comprising the TERMPOL submittal. Although the TERMPOL process is only in its early
stages, this report is being released earlier than planned to support discussions related to the
NEB hearing process.
Revision 1 of this report is considered a draft in progress and is subject to revision
following further analysis and internal review.
Rev 1 1
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
2. VESSEL‐GENERATED WAVES
The following description of the characteristics of ship‐generated environmental effects
in narrow channels is adapted from several sources, including the Permanent International
Association of Navigation Congresses PIANC (1987), Sorensen (1997), Schiereck (2001) and
previous Moffatt & Nichol reports (2003).
Two main types of waves are generated by moving vessels:
Primary wave (or drawdown wave); and,
Secondary waves caused by discontinuities in the hull profile.
Primary waves are often minor in wide, deep channels, therefore, this study will focus
primarily on secondary wave generation and attenuation at selected distances away from the
vessel for both LNG carriers and escort tugs.
2.1 PRIMARY WAVE (DRAWDOWN)
From a hydrodynamic point of view, flow near a moving ship is similar to flow around a
fixed body such as bridge abutment. As the ship moves, water flows past the vessel hull in the
opposite direction of travel. This flow is known as the return current. The velocity head of the
water flowing past the vessel causes the water level along the vessel’s length to fall in order to
maintain the total head (energy) constant. Therefore the water level around the vessel is
lowered. This water level depression is sometimes referred to as the primary wave (Figure 2.1).
Rev 1 2
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
Figure 2.1: Primary Wave Components of Ship Induced Water Motions (Source: PIANC 1987)
The transition between the undisturbed water level in front of the vessel and the water
level depression takes the form of sloping water surface referred to as the front wave. The
water surface immediately ahead of the vessel is elevated by the approaching ship, so the total
height of the front wave is slightly greater than the water level depression.
The transversal stern wave is the transition between the water level depression and the
normal water level behind the ship.
The combination of water level depression, front wave and transversal stern wave,
referred to as drawdown, acts like a long solitary wave with a length similar to that of the ship.
Therefore, drawdown is generally not easily observed in the field, other than in the case of
Rev 1 3
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
relatively large vessels sailing in confined channels. Drawdown does not break at the shoreline
as normal waves, instead, it is more like a tidal pulse, rising and falling as the vessel passes.
2.2 SECONDARY WAVES
When responding to the sharp rise and fall in the water surface at the bow and the
stern, inertia causes the water surface to lag behind its equilibrium position and produces a
surface oscillation. In turn this produces a pattern of free surface waves, called secondary
waves that propagate from the vessel (Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3). The pattern spreads out from
the vessel with decreasing wave amplitudes due to diffraction. The pattern consists of
symmetrical sets of diverging waves that move obliquely out from the sailing line and a single
set of transverse waves that move in the direction of the sailing line. The transverse and
diverging waves meet to form cusps, also called interference peaks, along a pair of lines that
form an angle of 19.5 degrees with the sailing line. The highest waves in the pattern are found
along this cusp locus line. A similar pattern of waves, but typically with much lower amplitudes,
is generated at the vessel stern and superimposed on the pattern generated out from the bow.
These secondary waves are the ones that are generally visible in the field and even on aerial
photographs. Secondary waves are always “short” and act like normal waves which means, that
the general linear wave theory relations for wavelength, celerity, etc. are valid. These waves
may also break as they approach the bank shoreline and the breaker type (i.e., spilling,
plunging, or surging) is dictated by the same slope and wavelength relationships as for other
normal waves.
Rev 1 4
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
Figure 2.2: Secondary Wave Pattern (Source: Schierech, 2001)
Figure 2.3: Isometric View of Secondary Wave Pattern (Source: Faltinsen, 1990)
Rev 1 5
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
3. ASSUMPTIONS
The empirical equations used to generate primary and secondary wave heights rely on a
number of parameters. The assumptions made for each of the parameters are discussed in this
section. With the exception of the type of vessel and cross‐sectional area of the hull, hull form
geometric description is not significant when using empirical formulas to determine primary
and secondary wave heights. Furthermore, where the channel cross section is large relative to
the vessel hull cross section, and the water depth is large relative to the vessel draft, the
calculated wave heights are relatively insensitive to the actual hull dimensions. Therefore the
results of this study are considered applicable to the entire range of LNG vessels expected to
call at the Kitimat LNG terminal (i.e. 125,000 m3 to 215,000 m3 capacity).
Vessel speed (vs) is the forward speed of the vessel, and greater velocity results in a
larger wake. The at‐sea service speed of today’s typical LNG carriers can range up to 19 knots;
however it is likely that once the vessels approach the coast (and especially once they are
within relatively confined waterways) the speed would be reduced. Typical escort tug speeds
range between 8 to 12 knots. Vessel speeds within Douglas channel, Wright Sound, and
Principe Channel are expected to be no more than approximately 10‐12 knots. The actual
vessel transit speed profiles will be examined in greater detail during the Termpol studies. For
the purposes of this study, vessel speeds up to 16 knots were considered for both tankers and
tugs, although it is recognized that the actual vessel speed profile within Douglas Channel will
be considerably less (10‐12 knots) so these calculations are conservative.
A vessel cross‐sectional area of 600 m2 was assumed based on the largest LNG vessel
anticipated for this project (i.e. a 215,000 m3 Qflex vessel) having dimensions of:
Maximum beam width of 50.0 m; and,
Draft equal to 12.0 m.
Based on the navigation charts of Douglas Channel, the channel depth (h) is generally
more than 200 fathoms (365 m). Approximately 23 kilometers from the head of the channel,
depth steadily decreases from 200 fathoms to approximately 120 fathoms (220m) near the
Kitimat LNG terminal. The channel continues to shoal to approximately 50 fathoms (90 m) near
Kitimat. It is assumed that vessels will be slowing as they near the Kitimat LNG terminal and
speeds will be well less than the maximum escort speed of 12 knots.
The southern part of Douglas Channel between Money Point and Kitkiata Inlet is
generally between 3 and 4 km wide. The middle part of Douglas Channel between Kitkiata Inlet
and the northern end of Maitland Island is somewhat narrower, averaging 2 to 3 km, with the
Rev 1 6
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
narrowest point opposite of Emilia Island measuring approximately 1.4 km wide. The northern
part of the channel (i.e. Kitimat Arm, closest to Bish Cove) varies between 1.7 km and 3.6 km
wide.
For the purposes of this study an average width of 2.3 km was used with an average
depth of 365 m, which provides a channel cross‐sectional area of approximately 850,000 m2.
Given that the channel cross section is very much greater than the vessel cross section, the
calculation of wave heights is relatively insensitive to the actual channel dimensions used.
Rev 1 7
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
4. CALCULATED WAVE HEIGHTS
This section focuses on prediction and analysis of ship generated drawdown, return
current and secondary waves (interference peaks).
4.1 PRIMARY WAVE HEIGHT AND RETURN CURRENT
The theoretical effects of a ship transiting a narrow channel can be derived from the
Bernoulli equation (Schiereck, 2001). The primary wave height (z) and return current (ur) are
defined as follows:
vs2 2z / h
gh (1 As / Ac z / h) 2 1
ur 1 v
1 s
gh 1 As / Ac z / h gh
Where:
h = Channel depth
As = Cross sectional area of ship
Ac = Cross sectional area of channel
g = Gravitational constant
Previous studies using these equations have correlated well with field‐measured data
(i.e. “Arthur Kill Ship Wave Study” Moffatt & Nichol, 2003).
A calculation using a vessel speed of 16 knots and the channel cross‐sectional area
(1400m wide x 220 m deep) results in a primary wave height z of 0.015 m and a return current
ur of 0.017 m/s. These values reflect the large size of the channel cross‐sectional area compared
to the ship cross‐sectional area. For sensitivity analysis the calculation was repeated using a
much shallower channel depth of 36 m (This is representative of an isolated shoal at Dixon
Island Narrows, although the majority of the channel is in fact much deeper). Using the
shallower depth, the values for primary wave height and return current increase to 0.105 m and
0.124 m/s respectively. Given the small magnitude of these values, further study of primary
waves is not considered to be warranted.
Rev 1 8
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
4.2 SECONDARY WAVE HEIGHT
A PIANC working group report on the design of canal revetments gives the following
equation for secondary waves (interference peaks) generated by vessels in inland waterways
(PIANC 1987).
Secondary wave height (H) is defined as:
0.33
S
H h * 1 Fh
4
h
Vs
Where: Fh = Froude number, Fh
gh
S = Distance between vessel’s side and the point of interest
α1 = Coefficient depending on vessel type
h = Channel depth
Vs = Vessel speed
The associated period (T) of the secondary wave is defined by:
2
T 0.82 * Vs *
g
For a given vessel size and α1 shape, maximum water level depression and concomitant
wave heights increase with increasing Froude number. The Froude number increases with
increasing vessel speed but decreases with increasing channel depth. For a given Froude
number and channel dimensions, wave heights generally increase with vessel size.
Verhey and Bogaerts (1989) give values for the α1 coefficient based on laboratory and
field tests in deep water (i.e., Fh less than< 0.7 for large tankers). The coefficient α1 has values
of:
1.0 for tugs, patrol boats, and loaded conventional inland motor boats;
0.5 for empty European barges; and,
0.35 for empty conventional motor vessels.
Schiereck (2001) recommends a value of 1.2 as a reasonable upper limit of the available
experimental data.
Rev 1 9
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
For this study, the coefficient α1 was taken to be 0.7 for tankers and 1.0 for tugs.
Because of the larger value of the coefficient α1 for tugs, secondary waves for tugs will be larger
than the tankers. During escort operations, the vessels will be traveling at the same speed and
the secondary waves generated by the tugs and tankers will not combine, because the sources
of wave generation remain separated by a constant distance. The overall effect from a
reference point some distance away from the vessels will be a longer duration of incoming
waves (Figure 4.1).
DIVERGING WAVE
TRANSVERSE WAVE
l = 35°
0
55°
WAVE PROPAGATION
LINE BANK
Figure 4.1: Secondary Wave Pattern for Multiple Vessels with Same Velocity (Source: Schierech, 2001)
Secondary wave heights for a tanker, for a range of velocities and distances from the
vessel, are presented in Figure 4.2. At a distance of 10 m from the vessel hull and a speed of 16
knots, the secondary wave height is approximately 0.3 m, decaying to a height of approximately
0.08 m at distances of 1000 to 1500 m from the vessel (typical distances from the centerline of
Douglas Channel to the shoreline). At the assumed maximum escort velocity of 12 knots,
secondary wave heights at distances of 1000 to 1500 m from the vessel are less than 0.02 m.
Rev 1 10
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
Figure 4.2: Secondary Wave Heights – Tankers, 200 fathoms
A sensitivity case was run for a water depth of 100 fathoms, and the results indicate that
the generated wave heights are somewhat higher, as shown in Figure 4.3. At the assumed
maximum escort velocity of 12 knots, secondary wave heights at distances of 1000 to 1500 m
from the vessel are approximately 0.03 m.
Rev 1 11
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
Figure 4.3: Secondary Wave Heights – Tankers – 100 fathoms
Secondary wave heights for the escort tug, for a range of velocities and distances from
the vessel, are shown in Figure 4.4. At a distance of 10 m from the tug hull and a speed of 16
knots, the secondary wave height is approximately 0.43 m, decaying to a height of
approximately 0.1 m at distances of 1000 – 1500 m from the vessel (typical distances from the
centerline of Douglas Channel to the shoreline). At the assumed escort velocity of 12 knots,
secondary wave heights at distances of 1000 to 1500 m from the vessel are approximately 0.03
m for the escort tug.
The wave heights quoted above for tugs are based on using a α1 coefficient of 1.0. A
sensitivity case was run for the escort tug condition using the reasonable upper limit of the α1
coefficient of 1.2 and a velocity of 16 knots. At distances of 1000 to 1500 m from the vessel,
secondary wave heights are 20% greater, but are still less than 0.12 m. These wave heights
represent the upper bound of expected wave heights near the shoreline.
Rev 1 12
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
Figure 4.4: Calculated Escort Tug Secondary Wave Heights
Wave period, length and height for selected distances from the escort tug versus vessel
speed are presented in Table 4.1. For the LNG tankers, wave period and wave length are the
same, with smaller wave heights. At expected escort velocities of 12 knots, the secondary wave
period is 3.2 seconds, decreasing to 2.2 seconds at a vessel speed of 8 knots.
Table 4.1: Vessel Speed versus Wave Period, Wavelength and Wave Height
The wake heights predicted above are for calm water conditions. Winds, currents and
ambient waves can potentially affect wake heights if they are aligned (and especially if they are
in opposing directions). However, vessel waves would tend to be moving across the axis of the
Rev 1 13
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
channel, while winds and currents would tend to be moving along the channel. Interactions
between wakes, winds, currents and ambient waves are therefore not expected to be
significant.
The potential impact of ship and tug wakes can be assessed in qualitative terms by
comparing the wave heights to naturally occurring ambient waves. For example, wind and wave
data have been recorded for more than 20 years at the Nanakwa Shoal ocean data buoy,
located in Douglas Channel approximately 10 km from the Bish Cove site. Analysis of these data
indicates that ambient wave conditions exceed 0.1 m in height approximately 68% of the time,
and exceed 0.2 m 39% of the time, both calculated on a long term, year round basis. During
storm events, the waves in Douglas Channel of course can be much larger. For example, during
the period 1988 through 2005, the maximum annual significant wave heights recorded at the
Nanakwa Shoal buoy averaged 0.8m, with the overall maximum significant waves measured at
1.47m in 1996. The calculated wake heights are clearly quite small relative not only to storm
conditions but also to average ambient wave conditions in Douglas Channel, and are therefore
considered to be insignificant in terms of their potential for increased shoreline erosion or
impact on other vessels.
Rev 1 14
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The findings of this study are summarized as follows:
Because of the relatively deep and open channel, predicted primary wave heights caused by
tankers and escort tug traffic are low, i.e. 0.025 m.
At normal escort speeds between 8 and 12 knots, secondary waves caused by tankers and
tugs are small at distances that correspond to the distance between the center of the
channel and shoreline, generally well less than 0.1m.
At a typical maximum speed for an escort tug of 16 knots, secondary wave heights at 1000
m from the tug are about 0.1 m.
These wave heights are small compared to the naturally occurring wind‐generated waves
within Douglas Channel, and so are not expected to have a significant effect on shoreline
erosion or other marine traffic operating in the area.
Rev 1 15
Kitimat LNG Export Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
6. REFERENCES
1) Faltinsen, O.M. Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures. Cambridge
University Press. 1990.
2) Moffatt & Nichol. “Arthur Kill Ship Wave Study”. 2003.
4) Schiereck, G.J. Introduction to Bed, Bank and Shore Protection. Delft University
Press. 2001.
6) Verhey, H.J. and Bogaerts, M.P. “Ship Waves and the Stability of Armour Layers
Protecting Slopes”. Proceedings of the 9th International Harbor Congress,
Antwerp, Belgium. 1989.
Rev 1 16
Gateway Marine Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
ABBREVIATIONS
α1 .................................................................. Coefficient Depending on Vessel Type
As ................................................................................. Cross‐Sectional Area of Ship
Ac ........................................................................... Cross‐Sectional Area of Channel
Fh ...................................................................................................... Froude Number
m/s ............................................................................................... Metre Per Second
g ............................................................................................ Gravitational Constant
h ........................................................................................................ Channel Depth
H ......................................................................................... Secondary Wave Height
PIANC ................... Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses
s ...................................................................................................................... Second
S ............................................ Distance between Vessel’s Side and Point of Interest
T ....................................................................................................................... Period
ur ....................................................................................................... Return Current
vs or Vs .................................................................................................. Vessel Speed
w ....................................................................................................... Channel Width
z ............................................................................................... Primary Wave Height
GLOSSARY
Cross‐sectional Area: The ratio of the immersed area of the midship section of a vessel to
the area of the circumscribing rectangle, the width of which is the
beam, B, at the waterline and the depth of which is the draft, T, for
which the ratio is calculated.
Cusp Locus Line: The line formed by the peaks of convergence of diverging waves and
transverse waves.
Diverging Wave: A pattern of diverging waves that moves obliquely out from the
sailing line of the vessel.
Drawdown: The combination of water level lowering around a vessel caused by
vessel speed, front wave and transversal stern wave.
Fetch‐limited: Generated waves limited by the length of the fetch as opposed to
the strength or duration of the wind.
Froude Number: A dimensionless number used to quantify the resistance of an object
Rev 1 17
Gateway Marine Terminal May 5, 2011
Tanker Wake Study M&N Project No. 7333
moving through water and compare objects of different sizes.
Hydrodynamic; The study of fluid motions.
Interference Peak: A peak caused by the convergence of peaks of non‐co‐linear waves.
Revetments: Structures placed on banks or cliffs in such a way as to absorb the
energy of incoming waves. They are usually built to preserve the
existing uses of the shoreline and to protect the slope.
Sailing Line: The path of the vessel.
Transverse Wave: Vessel‐generated waves perpendicular to the sailing line.
Transversal stern The transition between the water level depression and the normal
Wave: water level behind the vessel.
Wave Propagation The path of a wave.
Line:
Rev 1 18