CS1020 Data Structures and Algorithms I

Lecture Note #1

Introduction to Java
Objectives

C
Java Basic
Java Translate C
Java programs in
features CS1010
into Java
programs

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 2

References
Chapter 1
• Section 1.1 (excludes Arrays) to
Section 1.5: pages 27 to 45
• Section 1.7 (excludes Console
class): pages 73 to 77

CS1020 website  Resources

 Lectures
• http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/
~cs1020/2_resources/lectures.html

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 3

Outline
1. Java: Brief history and background
2. Run cycle
3. Basic program structure
4. Basic Java elements
4.1 Arithmetic Expressions
4.2 Control Flow Statements and Logical Expressions
4.3 Basic Input (Scanner class) and Output
4.4 API
4.5 Math class, Class Attributes
4.6 User-defined Functions

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 4

 Our assumptions!
• You have taken CS1010 (or
equivalent) and have passed it; or
• You have prior programming
experience equivalent to CS1010
• Hence, you are proficient in some
programming language at a level
If you want to recapitulate/find out what is covered
expected of someone who has
in CS1010, the lecture notes and programs are
taken and passed CS1010 (or
available on CS1020 module website  Misc 
equivalent)
CS1010 Stuffs
http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1020/4_misc/cs1010_lect.html

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 5

1. Java: Brief History & Background
James Gosling
1995, Sun Microsystems

Use C/C++ as foundation

 “Cleaner” in syntax
 Less low-level machine interaction

 Write Once, Run  Less

EverywhereTM efficient
 Extensive and
well documented
standard library

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 6

2. Run Cycle Recap: Process

Writing Compiling Executing

• Tool: • Tool:
• Tool: Editor Compiler None
• Produce: • Produce: • Produce:
Source Code Executable Result
Bytecode

Compilation Error
Runtime Error
Logic Error

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 7

2. Run Cycle Recap: Run Cycle for C Programs
vim welcome.c
 Writing/Editing Program
 Use an editor, e.g.: vim
 Source code must have a .c welcome.c

extension

 Compiling Program gcc -Wall welcome.c

 Use a C compiler, eg: gcc
 Default executable file: a.out a.out

 Executing Binary
 Type name of executable file a.out

output

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 8

2. Run Cycle Java: Compile Once, Run Anywhere?
 Normal executable files are directly dependent
on the OS/Hardware
 Hence, an executable file is usually not executable
on different platforms
 E.g: The a.out file compiled on sunfire is not
executable on your Windows computer
 Java overcomes this by running the executable
on an uniform hardware environment simulated
by software
 The hardware environment is know as the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM)
 So, we only need a specific JVM for a particular
platform to execute all Java bytecodes without
recompilation
[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 9
2. Run Cycle Run Cycle for Java Programs
vim HelloWorld.java
 Writing/Editing Program
 Use an text editor, e.g: vim
 Source code must have .java extension HelloWorld.java

 Compiling Program
 Use a Java compiler, e.g.: javac javac HelloWorld.java
 Compiled binary has .class extension
 The binary is also known as Java
HelloWorld.class
Executable Bytecode
 Executing Binary
 Run on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) java HelloWorld
 e.g.: java HelloWorld
(leave out the .class extension)
output
 Note the difference here compared to C
executable
[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 10
2. Run Cycle Java Execution Illustration
a.out Normal executable (e.g.: C programs) are
tied to a specific platform (OS + Hardware)
This a.out cannot work in a machine of
Windows 7 on Core 2 different architecture.

HelloWorld.class JVM provides a uniform environment for

Java bytecode execution.
Java Virtual Machine

Windows 7 on Core 2
They are the same
HelloWorld.class portable file.

Java Virtual Machine

MacOS on PowerPC
[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 11
3. Basic Java Program Structure
 Today: just the basic language components:
 Basic Program Structure
 Primitive data types and simple variables
 Control flow (selection and repetition statements)
 Input/output statements
 Purpose: ease you into the language
 You can attempt to “translate” some simple C
programs done in CS1010 into Java
 We will gradually cover many other Java features over
the next few weeks

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 12

3. Basic Structure Hello World!
#include <stdio.h> C
int main(void) {
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
} HelloWorld.c

import java.lang.*; // optional Java

public class HelloWorld { Beginners’ common
mistake:
public static void main(String[] args) {
Public class name not
System.out.println("Hello World!"); identical to program’s
file name.
}
}
HelloWorld.java

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 13

 When you see this icon at the
top right corner of the slide, it
means that in the interest of
time the slide might be
skipped over in lecture and
hence is intended for your
own reading.

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]

14
3. Basic Structure Key Observations (1/2)
 Library in Java is known as package
 Packages are organized into hierarchical grouping
 E.g., the “System.out.println()” is defined in the
“java.lang.System”
 i.e. “lang” (language) is a package under “java” (the
main category) and “System” is a class under “lang”
 To use a predefined library, the appropriate package
should be imported:
 Using the “import XXXXXX;” statement
 All packages under a group can be imported with a “*”
(the wildcard character)
 Packages under “java.lang” are imported by default
 Hence, the import statement in this example is optional

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 15

3. Basic Structure Key Observations (2/2)
 The main() method (function) is now enclosed in a
“class”
 More about class will be explained in lecture 2
 There should be only one main() method in a program,
which serves as the execution starting point
 A source code file may contain one or more classes
 There are restrictions which will be explained later – this is a bit
too advanced at this point
 For the moment, we will restrict ourselves to one class per
source code
 Each class will be compiled into a separate XXXX.class
bytecode
 The “XXXX” is taken from the class name (“HelloWorld” in
this example)

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 16

4.1 Arithmetic Expressions
4.1 Identifier, Variable, Constant (1/2)
 Identifier is a name that we associate with
some program entity (class name, variable name,
parameter name, etc.)
 Java Identifier Rule:
 May consist of letters (‘a’ – ‘z’, ‘A’ – ‘Z’), digit
characters (‘0’ – ‘9’), underscore (_) and dollar sign ($)
 Cannot begin with a digit character
 Variable is used to store data in a program
 A variable must be declared with a specific data type
 Eg: int countDays;
double priceOfItem;

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 18

4.1 Identifier, Variable, Constant (2/2)
 Constant is used to represent a fixed value
 Eg: public static final int PASSING_MARK = 65;
 Keyword final indicates that the value cannot change
 Guidelines on how to name classes, variables, and
constants: see CS1020 website  Resources 
Online:
 http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1020/2_resources/online.html
 Class name: UpperCamelCase
 Eg: Math, HelloWorld, ConvexGeometricShape
 Variable name: LowerCamelCase
 Eg: countDays, innerDiameter, numOfCoins
 Constant: All uppercase with underscore
 Eg: PI, CONVERSION_RATE, CM_PER_INCH

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 19

 4.1 Numeric Data Types
 Summary of numeric data types in Java:
Type Size Range
Name (#bytes)
byte 1 -27 to 27-1
Integer Data
Types

short 2 -215 to 215-1

int 4 -231 to 231-1
long 8 -263 to 263-1
Point Data

float 4 Negative: -3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45

Floating-

Types

Positive: 1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38

double 8 Negative: -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324
Positive: 4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

 Unless otherwise stated, you are to use:

 int for integers
 double for floating-point numbers

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 20

4.1 Numeric Operators
() Parentheses Grouping Left-to-right
++, -- Postfix incrementor/decrementor Right-to-left
Higher Precedence

++, -- Prefix incrementor/decrementor Right-to-left

+, - Unary +, -
*, /, % Multiplication, Division, Left-to-right
Remainder of division
+, - Addition, Subtraction Left-to-right
= Assignment Operator Right-to-left
+= -= *= /= %= Shorthand Operators

 Evaluation of numeric expression:

 Determine grouping using precedence
 Use associativity to differentiate operators of same precedence
 Data type conversion is performed for operands with different
data type

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 21

4.1 Numeric Data Type Conversion
 When operands of an operation have differing types:
1. If one of the operands is double, convert the other to double
2. Otherwise, if one of them is float, convert the other to float
3. Otherwise, if one of them is long, convert the other to long
4. Otherwise, convert both into int

 When value is assigned to a variable of differing types:

 Widening (Promotion):
 Value has a smaller range compared to the variable
 Converted automatically
 Narrowing (Demotion):
 Value has a larger range compared to the variable
 Explicit type casting is needed

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 22

 4.1 Data Type Conversion
 Conversion mistake:
double d;
int i; What’s the mistake? How
do you correct it?
i = 31415;
d = i / 10000;

Q: What is assigned to d?
The (int) d expression is
 Type casting: known as type casting
double d; Syntax:
int i;
(datatype) value
d = 3.14159;
i = (int) d; // i is assigned 3
Effect:
Q: What is assigned to i if d contains value is converted explicitly to
3.987 instead? the data type stated if possible.

 [CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 23

4.1 Problem: Fahrenheit to Celsius
 Write a simple Java program Temperature.Java:
 To convert a temperature reading in Fahrenheit, a real
number, to Celsius degree using the following formula:
5
celsius = × ( fahrenheit − 32)
9
 Print out the result

 For the time being, you can hard code a value

for the temperature in Fahrenheit instead of
reading it from user

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 24

4.1 Solution: Fahrenheit to Celsius
public class Temperature { Temperature.java
public static void main(String[] args) {
double fahrenheit, celsius; Output:
Celsius: 50.833333333333336
fahrenheit = 123.5;
celsius = (5.0/9) * (fahrenheit – 32);
System.out.println("Celsius: " + celsius);
}
}
Compare with C: printf("Celsius: %f\n", celsius);

 Notes:
 5.0/9 is necessary to get the correct result (what will 5/9 give?)
 “+” in the printing statement
 Concatenate operator, to combine strings into a single string
 Variable values will be converted to string automatically
 There is another printing statement, System.out.print(), which does
not include newline at the end of line (more in section 4.3)

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 25

4.2 Control Statements

Program Execution Flow

4.2 Boolean Data Type [new in Java]
 Java provides an actual boolean data type
 Store boolean value true or false, which are keywords
in Java
 Boolean expression evaluates to either true or false
SYNTAX

boolean variable;

boolean isEven;
int input;
// code to read input from user omitted
if (input % 2 == 0)
Example

isEven = true; Equivalent:

else isEven = (input % 2 == 0);
isEven = false;
if (isEven)
System.out.println("Input is even!");

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 27

4.2 Boolean Operators

Operators Description
< less than
Operands are variables /
> larger than values that can be
Operators
Relational

compared directly.
<= less than or equal
>= larger than or equal Examples:

== Equal X < Y
1 >= 4
!= not equal
&& and Operands are boolean
Operators

variables/expressions.
Logical

|| or
! Examples:
not
(X < Y) && (Y < Z)
^ exclusive-or (!isEven)

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 28

4.2 Comparison with C
 In ANSI C, there is no boolean type.
 Zero means ‘false’ and any other value means ‘true’
int x;
... // assume x is assigned a non-negative value
if (x%3)
printf("%d is not divisible by 3.\n", x);
else
printf("%d is divisible by 3.\n", x);

 In Java, the above is invalid

 Java code:
int x;
... // assume x is assigned a non-negative value
if (x%3 != 0)
System.out.println(x + " is not divisible by 3.");
else
System.out.println(x + " is divisible by 3.");

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 29

4.2 Selection Statements
if (a > b) {  if-else statement
...  else-part is optional
}
else {
 Condition:
...  Must be a boolean expression
}  Unlike C, integer values are NOT valid

switch (a) {  switch-case statement

case 1:
 Expression in switch() must evaluate
...
to a value of char, byte, short or
break;
case 2: int type
case 3:  break: stop the fall-through execution
...  default: catch all unmatched cases;
default: may be optional
}

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]

30
4.2 Repetition Statements (1/2)
 Valid conditions:
while (a > b) {
... //body  Must be a boolean expression
}  while : check condition before
executing body
do {  do-while: execute body before
... //body condition checking
} while (a > b);

 A: initialization (e.g. i = 0)
for (A; B; C) {  B: condition (e.g. i < 10)
... //body  C: update (e.g. i++)
}
 Any of the above can be empty
 Execution order:
 A, B, body, C, B, body, C, …
[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 31
4.2 Repetition Statements (2/2)
 In ANSI C, the loop variable must be declared before it is
used in a ‘for’ loop
int i;
for (i=0; i<10; i++) {
...
}

 In Java, the loop variable may be declared in the initialisation

part of the ‘for’ loop
 In example below, the scope of variable i is within the ‘for’
loop only
for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {
...
}

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 32

4.3 Basic Input/Output

Interacting with the outside world

4.3 Reading input: The Scanner Class
PACKAGE

import java.util.Scanner;

//Declaration of Scanner "variable"

Scanner scVar = new Scanner(System.in);

//Functionality provided
SYNTAX

scVar.nextInt(); Read an integer value from

source System.in

Read a double value from

scVar.nextDouble(); source System.in

...... Other data types, to be covered

later

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 34

4.3 Reading Input: Fahrenheit Ver 2
import java.util.Scanner; // or import java.util.*;

public class TemperatureInteractive {

public static void main(String[] args) {

double fahrenheit, celsius;

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: ");

fahrenheit = sc.nextDouble();

celsius = (5.0/9) * (fahrenheit – 32);

System.out.println("Celsius: " + celsius);

}
TemperatureInteractive.java

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 35

4.3 Reading Input: Key Points (1/3)
 The statement
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
 Declares a variable “sc” of Scanner type
 The initialization “new Scanner(System.in)”
 Constructs a Scanner object
 We will discuss more about object later
 Attaches it to the standard input “System.in” (which is
the keyboard)
 This Scanner object sc will receive input from this source
 Scanner can attach to a variety of input sources; this is
just a typical usage

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 36

4.3 Reading Input: Key Points (2/3)
 After proper initialization, a Scanner object
provides functionality to read value of various
types from the input source
 The statement
fahrenheit = sc.nextDouble();
 nextDouble() works like a function (called method

in Java) that returns a double value read interactively

 The Scanner object sc converts the input into the

appropriate data type and returns it

 in this case, user input from the keyboard is converted into a
double value

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 37

4.3 Reading Input: Key Points (3/3)
 Typically, only one Scanner object is needed,
even if many input values are to be read.
 The same Scanner object can be used to call the
relevant methods to read input values

In CodeCrunch, your program will NOT

work if you use more than one Scanner
object with System.in as input stream.

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 38

4.3 Writing Output: The Standard Output
 System.out is the predefined output device
 Refers to the monitor/screen of your computer

//Functionality provided
System.out.print( output_string );
SYNTAX

System.out.println( output_string );

System.out.printf( format_string, [items] );

Output:
System.out.print("ABC"); ABCDEF
System.out.println("DEF"); GHI
System.out.println("GHI"); Very C-like 3.142

System.out.printf("Very C-like %.3f\n", 3.14159);

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 39

4.3 Writing Output: printf()
 Java introduces printf() in Java 1.5
 Very similar to the C version
 The format string contains normal characters and a
number of specifiers
 Specifier starts with a percent sign (%)
 Value of the appropriate type must be supplied for each specifier
 Common specifiers and modifiers:
%d for integer value
%f for double floating-point value %[-][W].[P]type

SYNTAX
%s for string
-: For left alignment
%b for boolean value W: For width
%c for character value P: For precision

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 40

4.3 Problem: Approximating PI
 One way to calculate the PI (π) constant:
4 4 4 4 4
π = − + − + − .........
1 3 5 7 9
 Write ApproximatePI.java to:
1. Ask the user for the number of terms to use
for approximation
2. Calculate π with the given number of terms
3. Output the approximation in 6 decimal
places

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 41

4.3 Solution: Approximating PI
import java.util.*; // using * in import statement

public class ApproximatePI {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int nTerms, sign = 1, denom = 1;

double pi = 0.0;

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter number of terms: ");

nTerms = sc.nextInt();
4 4 4 4 4
for (int i = 0; i < nTerms; i++) {
π = − + − + − .........
1 3 5 7 9
pi += 4.0 / denom * sign;
sign *= -1;
denom += 2;
}
System.out.printf("PI = %.6f\n", pi);
}
} ApproximatePI.java
[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 42
4.4 API

Application Programming Interface

4.4 API (1/2)
 The Scanner class you have seen is part of the Java API
 API: an interface for other programs to interact with a program
without having direct access to the internal data of the program
 Documentation, SE7: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/
 You may also access the above link through CS1020 website 
Resources  Online
(http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1020/2_resources/online.html)
 For Java programmers, it is very important to refer to the API
documentation regularly!

 The API consists of many classes

 You do not need to know all the classes (there are easily a few
thousand classes altogether!)
 You will learn some more classes in this course

 This week reading assignment

 Read up Scanner class in the API documentation

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 44

4.4 API (2/2)

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 45

4.5 Math class, Class Attributes

Using the Math class

4.5 The Math class (1/2)
 From the API documentation

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 47

4.5 The Math class (2/2)
 Package: java.lang (default)
 Some useful Math methods:
 abs()
 ceil()
 floor()
 max()
 min()
 pow()
 random()
 sqrt()

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 48

4.5 Class Attributes
 The Math class has two class attributes

 A class attribute (or class member) is associated

with the class, not the individual instances (objects).
Every instance of a class shares the class attribute.
 We will explain about “objects” later.
 How to use it?
 Example:
double area = Math.PI * Math.pow(radius,2);
 Here, Math.PI is used as the constant π

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 49

4.5 The Math class: Demo
TestMath.java
// To find the area of the largest circle inscribed
// inside a square, given the area of the square.
import java.util.*;

public class TestMath { radius

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter area of a square: ");

double areaSquare = sc.nextDouble();

double radius = Math.sqrt(areaSquare)/2;

double areaCircle = Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2);

System.out.printf("Area of circle = %.4f\n",

areaCircle);
}
}

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 50

4.6 User-defined Functions

Reusable and independent code units

4.6 Function with a new name
 In Java, C-like function is known as static/class method
 Denoted by the “static” keyword before return data type
 Another type of method, known as instance method will be
covered later
public class Factorial {
Factorial.java

// Returns n!
// Pre-cond: n >= 0
public static int factorial (int n) { If n is too big, say
if (n == 0) return 1; 40, what will
else return n * factorial(n-1);
} happen? Why?
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 5; // You can change it to interactive input
System.out.printf("Factorial(%d) = %d\n", n, factorial(n));
}
}

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 52

4.6 Method Parameter Passing
 All parameters in Java are passed by value (as
in C):
 A copy of the actual argument is created upon method
invocation
 The method parameter and its corresponding actual
parameter are two independent variables

 In order to let a method modify the actual

argument:
 An object reference data type is needed (similar to
pointer in C)
 Will be covered later

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 53

Summary
Data Types:
- Numeric Data Types:
byte, short, int, float, double
- Boolean Data Type:
boolean
Java Elements

Expressions:
- Arithmetic Expression
- Boolean Expression
Control Flow Statements:
- Selection Statements: if-else, switch-case
- Repetition Statements: while, do-while, for
Classes:
- Scanner
- Math

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 54

References for Java Style Guides
 Important!
 See CS1020 website  Resources  Online
 http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1020/2_resources/online.html

 Java naming convention

 Class name in UpperCamelCase
 Eg: “class SumIntegers”, “class Vehicle”, “class GeometricShape”
 Variable names in LowerCamelCase
Eg: “int count”, “double boxHeight”, “char checkCode”


 Constant names in uppercase, words separated by underscore

 Eg: “KMS_PER_MILES”, “PI”, “PASSING_MARK”

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 55

Practice Exercises
 Mounted on CodeCrunch
 Non-graded, no deadline, number of submissions = 99
 Strongly urged to attempt them and discuss on IVLE forum
 Check out CS1020 website  Misc.  Practice Ex
http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1020/4_misc/practice.html

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 56

Next Week: Real OOP
 This week, the Java programs shown do not
truly use object-oriented programming (OOP)
features
 We will learn some OOP concepts next week

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 57

Introductory Workshop
 Those of you who have taken CS1010 are familiar with
UNIX system and vim.
 For those who did not take CS1010 and hence are
unfamiliar with UNIX and vim, please attend an Intro
Workshop on 14th January, Thursday, at PL2 (COM1
basement)
 Session 1: 10am – 11:40am
 Session 2: 12nn – 1:40pm
 Session 3: 2 – 3:40pm
 Session 4: 4 – 5:40pm
 Please refer to IVLE forum “Intro Workshop” and sign up
there

[CS1020 Lecture 1: Intro to Java] 58

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