CHED Session Abstracts

ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011

Anaheim, CA

CHED 1

Green chemistry: Sustainability with nature's resources

John C. Warner(1), [email protected], 100 Research Drive, Wilmington

MA 01887, United States . (1) President and CTO, Warner Babcock Institute for Green
Chemistry, Wilmington MA 01887, United States

This Presentation will describe the role of green chemistry as the science of
sustainability. Focus will be on the development of the next generation chemists as our
most cherished Natural Resource.

CHED 2

Green chemistry education in the high school

Amy S. Cannon(1), [email protected], 100 Research Drive, Wilmington

MA 01887, United States ; Rachel Pokrandt(1), [email protected],
100 Research Drive, Wilmington MA 01887, United States . (1) Beyond Benign,
Wilmington MA 01887, United States

Green chemistry is the science of designing safer materials and processes that are
energy efficient, use renewable feedstocks, use benign reagents and components, and
that will degrade at the end of their useful lifetime. These concepts will be integral
knowledge for all future scientists and educated citizens. Education of these topics must
begin at the K-12 level. Through Beyond Benign's K-12 educational programming, K-12
students and teachers are exposed to the principles of green chemistry by engaging in
hands-on learning of green chemistry technologies, while linking scientific concepts to
state and national learning standards. This presentation will introduce Beyond Benign's
educational programs for high school teachers and students, through a hands-on inquiry
based experiment demonstrating green chemistry technologies.

CHED 3

The SHArK Project: A new paradigm in science laboratory experiments

Jennifer Schuttlefield(1), [email protected], 800 Algoma Blvd.,, Oshkosh WI 54094,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh,
Oshkosh WI 54094, United States

The Solar Hydrogen Activity Research Kit (SHArK) Project is an outreach project that's
goal is to find metal oxide semiconductors via a combinatorial chemistry approach that
can efficiently split water into hydrogen and oxygen using only sunlight. With about 60
metals in the periodic table combined to form ternary or quaternary metal oxides,
millions of different semiconducting compositions are possible. Among this multitude of

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

combinations we believe there are many with the sunlight absorption and stability
properties necessary for splitting water that could help provide a long-term solution to
the global energy problem. Given that it is not yet possible to compute or identify these
semiconductors, this distributed research project allows for endless numbers of
combinations to be produced and screened. A simple, flexible and inexpensive kit was
developed for distribution so that a ―Solar Army‖ could be created by recruiting high
school and college students to help search for efficient, cost effective metal oxide
semiconductors. The SHArK kit is comprised of mostly commercially available parts
including LEGO Mindstorms® kits and a 532 nm green laser pointer. Other components
of the kit include a custom-built electronics box, custom software, and an etched glass
electrochemical cell. The idea is to deposit overlapping patterns of metal oxide
precursors onto conductive glass substrates and decompose the precursors into mixed
metal oxides. The combinations can be deposited one of three ways: pipetting premixed
solutions in spots, spray pyrolysis, or by inkjet printer. After deposition, films are
scanned for photocurrent activity using the constructed scanning station. Results are
then added to a database for screening of potential ―hits‖. This project provides students
at the high school and undergraduate levels the opportunity to be involved in real-time
research using LEGOS®, while attempting to solve the world's energy problem

CHED 4

Award Address (James Bryant Conant Award in High School Chemistry Teaching
sponsored by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). These are just two of my favorite
(chemistry) things

Jesse D. Bernstein(1), [email protected], 601 NE 107 Street, Miami

Florida 33161, United States . (1) Science Department, Miami Country Day School,
Miami Florida 33161, United States

Over the past many years I have often thought of teaching an entire course using just
two ideas I have used in chemistry: the chemistry of the Synthesis of Ammonia, and the
Chemical and Physical Properties of Baking Soda, NaHCO3. This will be my attempt at
such an endeavor.

Dr. Jesse Bernstein, the 2011 ACS James Bryant Conant Awardee in High Scool
Chemistry Teaching, earned this prestigious award for his local, national, and
international work supporting chemistry students of all ages. Dr. Bernstein has
presented at conferences, developed chemistry programs for younger children,
mentored the United States Chemistry Olympiad Team to a world 1st place finish,
coached the Miami Country Day Science Olympians in their quest for a state title, and
earned several prior honors from the American Chemical Association, including the
ACS Mid-West Regional High School Teacher of the Year Award.

CHED 5

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Understanding attitude: Preliminary results from an attempt to look beyond the

average response

Sachel M. Villafañe(1), [email protected], 4202 E Fowler Ave CHE205, Tampa FL

33620, United States ; Jennifer E. Lewis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
South Florida, Tampa FL 33620, United States

A three-factor attitudinal instrument was used to examine students' attitudes toward

science within the first few weeks of an introductory college chemistry course. The
scores from the instrument had good internal consistency and there was evidence for
factorial validity, but it was still difficult to interpret the results. Since the overall student
response for each factor was between neutral and slightly positive, differences among
students are being sought. Results from these analyses and the implications of this
preliminary work will be discussed.

CHED 6

From the bench to the blackboard: Design of research-based laboratory

experiments and a survey to assess students' perceptions of and attitudes
toward scientific research

Mary E Anzovino(1), [email protected], 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706,

United States ; Andrew E Greenberg(1); John W Moore(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison WI 53706, United States

Can we positively impact students' perceptions of and attitudes toward scientific

research through the incorporation of research-based experiments in undergraduate
chemistry laboratory courses? This project has two distinct components. Experiments
are designed to incorporate content from research laboratories while remaining
intellectually accessible to younger undergraduate students and feasible to perform in
teaching laboratory settings. Once the experiments have been developed, a survey
instrument is needed to assess students' attitudes and perceptions before and after
completing the laboratory activities. Numerous survey instruments exist to assess
individuals' perceptions of science in general and of individual fields such as chemistry.
However, this vast library of instruments does not include a valid, reliable survey to
measure individuals' perceptions of and attitudes toward scientific research. The design
and testing of such an instrument will be discussed.

CHED 7

Model-based teaching and learning in the high school chemistry laboratory

Cristina Robitu(1), [email protected], 800 North State College Blvd, Fullerton

CA, United States ; Kereen Monteyne(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

California State University Fullerton, Fullerton CA 92834, United States (2) Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights KY 41099, United States

The science laboratory is an ideal environment to help students bridge the different
representations used by instructors in the high school chemistry classroom. Research
has shown that students have difficulties in linking submicroscopic (particulate) with
macroscopic representations and use particulate-level models to replicate symbolic
representations (e.g., drawing the chemical equation). The purpose of this research
project is to investigate students' ability to develop particulate-level models by
integrating a modeling framework into a traditional laboratory curriculum. Students
completed six traditional laboratory experiments followed by embedded particulate
modeling activities which focused on two or more phases of the modeling framework.
Students' chemistry conceptual understanding and ability to bridge multiple
representations was assessed. A modeling survey, developed by Treagust et. al (2002),
was used to assess understanding of models. The development and assessment of the
laboratory modeling activities will be discussed.

CHED 8

Implications of Variation Theory as a theoretical framework for biochemical

education research

Thomas Bussey(1), [email protected], 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003,

Las Vegas Nevada 89154-4003, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas Nevada 89154, United States

Qualitative research design is heavily dependent upon the use of a theoretical

framework through which a researcher can ask questions and construct an aligned
methodology and means of analysis from which to answer those questions. Recent
studies have reported the use of a relatively new theoretical framework: Variation
Theory. Variation Theory offers a theoretical framework from which to explore what
students are intended to learn, what is possible for students to learn, and what students
actually learn about an object of learning. This presentation will focus on how Variation
Theory could be used to explore what students learn from external representations of
translation used in the biochemistry curriculum.

CHED 9

Using multiple-choice questions in assessing students' understanding of ionic

compounds dissolving in water

Basil M. Naah(1), [email protected], 910 Brown Drive, Apt. G3, Murfreesboro

Tn 37130, United States ; Amy J. Phelps(1); Michael J. Sanger(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro TN 37132, United States

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

The goal of this study was to assess students' understanding of the process of
dissolving ionic compounds in water at the particulate and symbolic levels.

Symbolic level understanding was measured by asking students to choose the best
response from a series of multiple-choice questions involving the dissolution of ionic
compounds in water. Students were also asked to choose the best response from the
same questions at the particulate level. Half of the students were given static particulate
questions while the others were shown animated particulate questions. We also varied
the order of questions (symbolic first or particulate first). This data set allows for several
types of comparisons (order effect, animation effect, representation effect, etc.), which
will be discussed in this presentation.

CHED 10

Problem based integrated instruction (PbI2): Preliminary data

John D Moody(1), [email protected], 1001 Cedar St., Athens GA 30602, United States
; Charles H Atwood(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens GA
30602, United States

At the University of Georgia, we have implemented Problem Based Integrated

Instruction (PBI2). In PBI2, students solve multi-faceted problems requiring the
integration of chemical concepts from different chapters. Our approach does not involve
remodeling a classroom specifically for PBI2, does not decrease the class size, and
does not involve problems that only cover one or two chemical concepts.
The two multi-faceted problems attempted so far will be discussed. Successes and
problems with this method will be highlighted. Future directions of the project will also
be discussed.

CHED 11

Does the incorporation of Cognitive Load Theory components into electronic

homework systems have a positive impact on student performance?

Derek A. Behmke(1), [email protected], 1001 Cedar Street, Athens GA 30602, United

States ; Charles H. Atwood(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia,
Athens Georgia 30602, United States

To a first approximation, human memory is divided into two parts, short-term and long-
term. Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) attempts to minimize the load experienced by short-
term memory while maximizing the memory available for transferring knowledge from
short-term to long-term memory. According to CLT there are three types of load,
intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. Our implementation of CLT components into our
electronic homework system, JExam, attempts to minimize intrinsic and extraneous load
by breaking down multistep problems into smaller, individual steps for the students.

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Over several questions, using the static fading approach, students must weave all the
steps together to solve the entire problem. In this discussion, we will compare the
performance of students who utilized the CLT static fading approach to that of students
without the CLT components. On average, students exposed to CLT component
questions scored one letter grade, 10% higher, than those not exposed to CLT.

CHED 12

Enhance learning chemistry in the laboratory by pre-laboratory visual aids

Tawfik A Saleh(1), [email protected], Box 6724, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia,

eastern eastern 31261, Saudi Arabia . (1) chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum
& Minerals, Dhahran eastern 31261, Saudi Arabia

The general chemistry course including laboratory is designed for most freshmen,
science and engineering majors. This study was designed to investigate the effect of
using pre-laboratory visual aids' resources as a technique in teaching and learning in a
general chemistry laboratory. Control and experimental laboratory groups were
designed. A comparison statistical analysis of the grades of both control and
experimental groups was conducted. For one of the groups, the t-test value is higher
than the critical values, 9.1. Effect size indicates that the performance of students in the
treatment group is almost 40 percentile points higher compared to the control group.
Based on the findings, pre-laboratory visualization techniques are recommended to be
used in combining with pre-laboratory assignments in teaching and learning in the
general chemistry laboratory at our institution.

Key words: pre-laboratory visual aids, chemical lab

CHED 13

Evolving approach to computational and visualization experiments in organic

chemistry

T. Nicholas Jones(1), [email protected], 37 South College Avenue, Ardolf Science

Center, St. Joseph MN 56374, United States ; Kate J Graham(1); Chris P Schaller(1);
Edward J. McIntee(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of Saint Benedict Saint
John[apos]s University, St. Joseph Minnesota 56374, United States

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Commercially available computational chemistry packages have become powerful tools

that enable students to visualize a variety of molecular properties. However, the
effectiveness of these tools is strongly influenced by how they are deployed. Rather
than simply letting students see the shape of a molecule or calculate a heat of reaction,
instructors can lead students to look for underlying trends. By combining computational
methods with specific pedagogical approaches we have been able to present several
topics in a guided inquiry environment. An example is illustrated by the introduction of
IR spectroscopy in organic chemistry through a jigsaw approach. Each student uses
computation and visualization to predict the IR spectrum for a compound with a
particular functional group. Students meet in a group and compare results to compile
their own IR Structural Identification Table. This approach and other examples of the
implementation of pedagogical strategies will be described.

CHED 14

Visualization technology for organic chemistry

Steven A. Fleming(1), [email protected], 1901 N 13th Street, Philadelphia PA

19122, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia PA
19122, United States

We have developed visualization software for organic and bio-organic chemistry. The
technology for 3D visualization has reached the point of being available for use in the
standard classroom. Students benefit from the enriched view that is provided in
molecular animations. Although approximations are made in the calculations and the
representations, the basic information improves student performance on test questions
directed at 3D issues. Deciding how to simplify the animations required an analysis of
the desired learning outcomes.In the case of Organic Reaction Animations (ORA), our
goals included: showing frontier molecular orbital interactions, illustrating competition
between reaction pathways, and demonstrating the angle of collisions that are
successful in leading to formation of product. We decided that the following are not
goals: representing the role of solvent in organic reactions, illustrating non-productive
collisions, and showing all occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals of the reactants
and products. We will discuss the desired learning outcomes and application of the
visualization techniques in and out of the classroom.

CHED 15

Analysis of students' use of an electronic learning tool on precipitation reactions

Resa M. Kelly(1), [email protected], One Washington Square, San Jose CA 95192,

United States . (1) Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose CA 95192, United
States

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

In recent work an electronic learning tool (ELT) on precipitation reactions was designed
using a
systematic approach where the researcher first studied the key features that expert
chemistry instructors drew to show how they expected their best students to explain
these reactions. Next, chemistry students' explanations were studied to identify and
target their learning needs and common misconceptions. Finally, with the help of a team
of graphic art students an ELT on precipitation reactions was completed. The first
iteration was tested with a small group of General Chemistry students and it was found
to be very effective and significantly reduced the number of misconceptions conveyed in
students' drawings. However, there were some features that were revised based on
these students' suggestions, and a new ELT on precipitation reactions was developed.
This ELT was administered to two different groups of first semester, General Chemistry
students. The first group of students was from a Western University. They were
assigned the ELT in the seminar portion of their General Chemistry course, where they
were informed that it was required as part of their pre-laboratory exercise before
attending a laboratory on precipitation reactions. The second group of students was
from a Midwestern University who had already learned about precipitation reactions in
lecture and laboratory. They were given the ELT as an extra credit assignment. The
goal of this talk will be to address how these students performed on the ELT, and it will
highlight students' shared strategies for using the tool, as well as their perceptions of the
experience.

CHED 16

Using JMol to teach structural concepts in general chemistry

Michael R Abraham(1), [email protected], Dept of Chemistry & Biochemistry,

University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019, United States . (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019, United States

JMol is a 3-D molecular viewing computer program that can aid in the visualization of
molecular structural concepts taught in general chemistry. A user-friendly version of
JMol has been developed. It can be accessed by students through a web browser. This
software is used in conjunction with laboratory experiments developed within the
framework of an inquiry-oriented instructional strategy. Laboratory experiments
exploring concept like VSPER theory, polarity,
isomerism, and solid structure have been developed. Features of the software will be
demonstrated.

CHED 17

Using molecular visualization software in teaching chemical kinetics

John I Gelder(1), [email protected], Department of Chemistry, The Little

Chemistry Building, Stillwater OK 74078, United States ; Michael R Abraham(2); Thomas

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Anaheim, CA

J Greenbowe(3). (1) Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK

74078, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of
Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State
University, Ames IA 50011, United States

We will describe how we use visualization software (MoLE) to depict chemical reactions
at the particulate level when discussing topic in chemical kinetics. Discussing topics like
mechanisms and catalysis can be facilitated with the use of particulate level simulations
of chemical reactions. In a large lecture environment students are engaged by
completing a data-generating online activity before class. Responses from the online
activity can be reviewed before class to determine student's prior knowledge. During
class group activities enable student to develop
concepts through discussion. Clickers are used to allow students to provide consensus
responses. Finally following class students get online to complete another activity to
apply their understanding of the concepts discussed in class. These activities can be
accessed at http://genchem1.chem.okstate.edu/CCLIEMD09/BCE.html.

CHED 18

Web-based computer simulations accompanied by guided-inquiry tutorials for

teaching general chemistry

Thomas J. Greenbowe(1), [email protected], The Old Chemistry Building, 1608

Gilman Hall, Ames Iowa 50011-3111, United States ; John I. Gelder(2); Michael R.
Abraham(3); Akash Mehta(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames
Iowa 50011-3111, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater Oklahoma 74078, United States (3) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman Oklahoma 73019, United States

Examples of computer simulations and animations to address student difficulties with

topics in general chemistry will be discussed and presented. These computer
simulations have been class-room tested in a variety of settings and found to be
effective when accompanied by guided-inquiry tutorials. Examples of student think-
aloud comments as they work through an instructional unit will be presented.

CHED 19

Basic NMR as an introductory lab for high performing freshmen

Michael P Castellani(1), [email protected], 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington WV

25755, United States ; John W Larson(1), [email protected], 1 John Marshall Drive,
Huntington WV 25755, United States . (1) Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington
WV 25755, United States

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Anaheim, CA

A laboratory for second semester majors' chemistry based on 1H and 13C NMR was
developed for students to substitute for our regular laboratory. This course was
designed to engage better students more than a traditional general chemistry lab does,
with a goal of recruiting chemistry majors in particular, and scientists in general.

Students use both our 60 and 500 MHz instruments to collect 1H, 13C, DEPT, APT, and
Het2dj spectra. They tune the 60 MHz instrument daily for the duration of the course.
They learn NMR theory and measure the signal-to-noise ratio on the instruments.
Students also learn basic organic nomenclature. They collect the spectra of known
compounds and are then given an unknown sample from a list of up to 60 compounds.

CHED 20

Guided inquiry experiments with Fourier Transform NMR spectroscopy

Allen M Schoffstall(1), [email protected], 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs

CO 80918, United States ; Ronald R Ruminski(1); Crystal R Benner(1); Desiree E
Mendes(1); Blake M Breitmeyer(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs CO 80918, United States

The goals of this NSF CCLI project are to develop guided inquiry experiments and
introduce general chemistry and organic chemistry students to NMR spectroscopy by
facilitating hands-on use of NMR instrumentation. The experiments reported here are
synthetic and incorporate use of an Anasazi EFT NMR spectrometer as a technique to
assist structure proof of student preparations. Syntheses of aspirin and oil of
wintergreen have been applied to the general chemistry lab and a synthetic sequence
involving a molecular rearrangement was used in the organic lab for chemistry majors.
The nature of these experiments, reasons for choosing them and results based upon
implementation of the experiments in different lab courses will be presented.

CHED 21

Early and often: Using NMR as the basis for understanding key concepts in
organic chemistry

Paul A Bonvallet(1), [email protected], 943 College Mall, Wooster OH 44691,

United States ; Judith C Amburgey-Peters(1), [email protected], 943 College
Mall, Wooster OH 44691, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, The College of
Wooster, Wooster OH 44691, United States

The organic chemistry curriculum at The College of Wooster progresses from describing
structure (Lewis structures) to knowing structure (spectroscopy) to transforming
structure (reactions). Students learn about spectroscopy after the fourth week of class,
much earlier than suggested by most textbooks. NMR is used frequently in the
classroom and laboratory not only as a tool for structure elucidation, but also as an

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Anaheim, CA

experimental way of validating many key concepts in organic chemistry such as (1)
resonance hybrids are observable; (2) conformational preferences can be determined
directly; (3) diastereotopic protons actually are different; and (4) aromaticity is more than
just resonance. Understanding trends in chemical shifts can also aid in understanding
chemical reactivity, as in the electrophilic nature of alkyl halides and carbonyl
compounds. The frequent, continual use of NMR throughout the two-semester
sequence reinforces the physical underpinning for much of the factual information in the
textbook.

CHED 22

Overcoming problems incorporating NMR into the undergraduate curriculum

J. Thomas Ippoliti(1), [email protected], 2115 Summit Ave., OSS402, Saint Paul

MN 55105, United States ; Marites A. Guino-o(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul MN 55105, United States

Many problems are encountered when trying to incorporate NMR into the
undergraduate curriculum. The two teaching environments that will be addressed in this
talk deal with finding and incorporating relevant problems into an Organic Spectroscopy
course and also the practical incorporation of NMR analysis into the Organic Chemistry
and Advanced Inorganic teaching lab. Relevant NMR problems from industry and
undergraduate research projects serve as useful examples of utilization of NMR in an
organic spectroscopy course. Dealing with the logistical problems associated with
obtaining NMR data and working up the spectra for starting materials and products
synthesized by undergraduates in the teaching lab are addressed.

CHED 23

NMR-based kinetics experiment for the undergraduate organic laboratory

Eric J. Kantorowski(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo CA

93407, United States ; Kellan N. Candee(1); Jen Petraitis(1); Melanie M. Miller(1); Gayle
Warneke(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State
University, San Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

Kinetics in the undergraduate organic chemistry lecture curriculum is generally given a

qualitative treatment with few examples in the laboratory to emphasize its
quantitative nature. We are currently developing a kinetic experiment that
follows the dehydration of a student-prepared aryl alcohol by NMR spectroscopy.
In this experiment, the alcohol is introduced to an organic acid dissolved in a
deuterated solvent. The reaction can then be conveniently followed on a 60 MHz
NMR spectrometer. The use of the packaged kinetics pulse routine available on
an Anasazi-upgraded spectrometer will be described.

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CHED 24

NMR measurements coupled with quantum mechanical calculations for assigning

carbon-13 NMR signals in the undergraduate curriculum

James B. Foresman(1), [email protected], 441 Country Club Road, York PA

17403, United States ; Donald D. Clarke(2). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, York
College of Pennsylvania, York PA 17405, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Fordham University, New York NY 10458, United States

Incorrect assignments for the carbon-13 signals of 2-nitroaniline appeared in online

databases for many years. This is because they were based on group additivity
assumptions rather than on experimental facts. 2D-NMR studies can easily establish
the correct order of peaks in the aromatic region. In cases where additivity fails,
quantum mechanical calculations can offer insight into the interactions at work. We
describe an exercise where students correctly assign the carbon-13 spectrum of an
aromatic compound with two or three substituents on the ring. We discuss several
interesting cases including substituted indans in which the fused ring induces strain into
the aromatic unit. A Bruker 300 MHz instrument is used to collect all spectra.
Gaussian09 (www.gaussian.com) is used for the calculations and the software is
made accessible to the students through a web browser (www.webmo.net). The work
is supported by the Fordham University Research Council and by an NSF
instrumentation grant.

CHED 25

NMR in the physical chemistry laboratory

Thomas C. DeVore(1), [email protected], MSC 4501, 901 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg

VA 22807, United States ; Curtis C. White(1); T. N. Gallaher(1); M. Mihay(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg
VA 22807, United States

The sensitivity of modern FT-NMR equipped with a variable temperature probe coupled
with double tube techniques permits the NMR spectra of neat liquids, very dilute
solutions, and vapor phase molecules to be observed using standard collection
techniques. This sensitivity has enabled us to design several laboratory exercises that
have been used in the physical chemistry laboratory at JMU. Examples of these
exercises that will be presented include: Determination of the Enthalpy of Vaporization
using Vapor Phase NMR, Enthalpy of Dimerization of Acetic Acid Vapor, Determination
of Solvent Screening Constants, Determination of t1 Relaxation Times, as well as the
well known Keto-Enol Equilibrium of 2,4-Pentanedione. The experimental chemical
shifts observed for vapor phase molecules and molecules in dilute solutions are
compared to chemical shifts determined from DFT GIAO calculations (B3LYP method
using the 6-311G++ (3df), (3pd) basis set).

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CHED 26

NMR beyond ordinary undergraduate experiences: Routine measurements with

heteronuclear, heterogeneous, and paramagnetic samples

Patrick J. Desrochers(1), [email protected], 201 Donaghey Ave., Conway AR 72035,

United States ; Richard M. Tarkka(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Central
Arkansas, Conway AR 72035, United States

Our undergraduate researchers use routine heteronuclear NMR (31P and 11B) involving
both diamagnetic and paramagnetic samples and with variable temperature
measurements. Heteronuclear NMR allows rapid screening of reaction mixtures by
focusing on pivotal heteroatoms to determine extent of conversion of starting material(s)
to product(s). Specifically, boron based scorpionate-metal complexes in our lab are
easily studied by our students using 11B NMR, in protio- and deuterated solvents.
Student measurements have also demonstrated the sensitivity of boron chemical shifts
to metal coordination spheres in paramagnetic nickel(II)-scorpionates. 31P NMR has
been essential for characterizing metal-phosphines during elution in column
chromatography and variable temperature exchange equilibria. Our research students
also record routine 13C NMR of heterogeneous resin-supported products, samples
beyond ordinary undergraduate training and requiring some skill and care in
preparation. Importantly, these myriad experiences enhance NMR training students
earn from regular coursework, broadening their problem-solving skills that employ this
essential experimental tool.

CHED 27

NMR spectroscopy at an undergraduate institution: From undergraduate research

to its use in courses

Thomas J Wenzel(1), [email protected], 5 Andrews Road, Lewiston ME 04240,

United States . (1) Chemistry, Bates College, Lewiston Maine 04240, United States

The development and outcomes of an undergraduate research program involving the

use of NMR spectroscopy for discrimination of chiral compounds will be described. This
area of work has been underway in the author's laboratory for over 25 years and
continuously funded through research grants from the Naitonal Science Foundation for
the past 20 years. NSF grants for 300 and 400 MHz instruments have also been
obtained over this time period. A consideration of the knowledge that students need to
succeed in the use of NMR spectroscopy in their research projects ultimately guided the
development of topics to include in their undergraduate courses. A discussion of the
author's views about what topics on NMR spectroscopy belong in the undergraduate
curriculum will be provided.

CHED 28

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So, when will there finally be a breakthrough for these solar thingies?

Clemens Heske(1), [email protected], 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Mail Stop 4003,

Las Vegas NV 89154-4003, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas NV 89154-4003, United States

Whenever I'm asked about what I do at UNLV, I state that my group utilizes a ―tool
chest‖ of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to study surfaces and interfaces.
This, in general, does not get anyone excited. Then, I say that, with this tool chest, we
team up with people who make solar cells or other devices that convert solar energy
into other forms of energy. This, in general, gets (almost) everyone excited, and the
question is inevitable: ―So, when will there finally be a breakthrough for these solar
thingies‖?

In this presentation, I will shed light on this question using examples from current
research. I will focus on what ―solar thingies‖ are, how they work, which ones indeed
need breakthroughs and which ones don't, why high school teachers and students need
to know, and why this is a really exciting area for aspiring scientists to work in.

CHED 29

Using Moodle to support high quality chemistry teaching and learning

Kent Crippen(1), [email protected], 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Mail Stop 3005,

Las Vegas NV 89154-3005, United States . (1) Department of Curriculum and
Instruction, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas NV 89154, United States

Moodle is a freely available open-source learning management software system that is

commonly used in high school settings for delivering Web-based instruction
(http://www.moodle.org). This presentation will offer ideas, strategies, and resources for
using Moodle to support high quality chemistry instruction for blended learning (face-to-
face instruction augmented with the Web) as well as online learning (Web-based
instruction only). In addition to Moodle, software plug-ins will be discussed that add
interactive elements specific to chemistry (e.g., interactive molecules). The strategies
discussed will focus on student-centered techniques for leveraging the available
software tools for achieving mastery learning and inquiry-based instruction.

CHED 30

Taters, toothpicks, & tetrahedra

Paul Groves(1), [email protected], 1401 Fremont Ave., South Pasadena CA 91030,

United States . (1) South Pasadena High School, South Pasadena CA 91030, United
States

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Paul Groves (chemmybear.com) presents teaching ideas for Honors and AP chemistry
using everyday, easy-to-obtain materials.

CHED 31

Juice from Juice: A berry juice-sensitized TiO2 solar cell lab curriculum for
biology, chemistry, and physics high school students

Michael G. Walter(1), [email protected], 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena CA

91125, United States ; Qixi Mi(1). (1) Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, United States

Caltech postdoctoral scholars Michael G. Walter and Qixi Mi along with Pasadena
Unified School District chemistry teachers Deborah Hawks and Gurupreet Khalsa have
developed an inquiry-based dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cell (DSSC) kit that can be used
in high school biology, chemistry, and physics classrooms. The basis of the curriculum
centers on a solar cell that can be made in a high school laboratory setting and uses
inexpensive materials like TiO₂ and blackberry juice. The DSSC
experiment is a multifaceted learning tool and helps to develop concepts of electricity,
electrochemistry, nanotechnology, biology – photosynthesis, surface chemistry, and
general materials development.

CHED 32

"Being naturally resourceful": Ready-to-use resources from the Journal of

Chemical Education

Erica K. Jacobsen(1), [email protected], 1204 Richmond St., The Dalles OR

97058, United States ; Norbert J. Pienta(2), [email protected], JCE editor-in-
chief, Iowa City IA 52242, United States ; Laura E. Slocum(3),
[email protected], 2825 W. 116th St., Carmel IN 46032, United States .
(1) Journal of Chemical Education, The Dalles OR 97058, United States (2) Dept. of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA 52242, United States (3) University High
School of Indiana, Carmel IN 46032, United States

The chemistry of natural resources is a

real-world topic that should have its place in the high school chemistry
classroom, as this generation of students, as well as future generations, will
find it increasingly important to understand the chemistry of the world's
resources, as they plan for their wise and sustainable use. This topic relates
to many concepts already present in the chemistry curriculum and can
be integrated using already available teaching materials, including hands-on
activities that use low-cost materials from grocery and hardware stores.
Presenters will share ready-to-use resources from the Journal of
Chemical Education (JCE) related to the "Being Naturally

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Resourceful" theme. As time permits, participants will experience a

hands-on JCE Classroom Activity related to the theme and learn about
other materials, such as an interdisciplinary project that connects art to the
science of photosynthesis and plants, calculations related to students' carbon
footprints, and the use of natural dyes.

CHED 33

Brian Malow: Spontaneous emissions

Brian Malow(1), [email protected], www.sciencecomedian.com, San

Francisco CA, United States . (1) The Science Comedian, San Francisco CA 94103,
United States

Brian Malow, Earth's Premier Science Comedian, has performed for NIST (National
Institute of Standards and Technology), JPL, the American Chemical Society,
Scholastic Library Publishing, the National Association of Science Writers, the Koshland
Museum of the National Academy of Sciences, Apple, Dell, and Microsoft. He has also
appeared on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson (CBS) and on Tech TV,
Discovery, and A&E.

Based in San Francisco, Brian is currently a freelance science correspondent, writing

and appearing in science video essays for Time Magazine's website. His Neil Armstrong
routine was once heard aboard an orbiting Space Shuttle. And he currently serves on
the advisory board of the USA Science and Engineering Festival and as a contributing
editor to The Journal of Irreproducible Results.

CHED 34

CNSI high-school nanoscience: Superhydrophobic surfaces

Sarah Tolbert(1), [email protected], UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095-1569, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095-1569, United States

The CNSI High School Nanoscience Program at UCLA engages high school science
teachers to learn about the exciting progresses in nanoscience at a research university
and to integrate hands-on nanoscience activities into their classrooms and within their
standard science curricula. One of eight well-tested nanoscience experiment that we
offer teachers is Superhydrophobic Surfaces, an inquiry based hands-on activity for
students that demonstrates how chemical modifications of surfaces at the nanometer
scale can produce dramatic change in material property, i.e. superhydrophobic
surfaces.

CHED 35

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Utilizing SMART board and other technologies in the chemistry classroom

Debbie Bennett(1), [email protected], 22855 West Mulholland Way, Calabasas

CA 91302, United States ; Jeremy Short(2). (1) Science Department, Calabasas High
School, Calabasas CA 91302, United States (2) SMART Technologies California
Western Visuals, Beverly Hills CA 90211, United States

Demonstration of the capabiities of the SMART Board in Chemistry instruction,

resources and lesson sharing.

CHED 36

Engaging students in standards-based chemistry: A new teacher forum

Ethan T. Sullivan(1), [email protected], 10535 Zelzah Ave., Granada Hills CA

91344, United States . (1) Science Department, Granada Hills Charter High School,
Granada Hills CA 91344, United States

An Open Forum for new teachers to discuss and share ideas on engaging standards-
based student activities, demonstrations, instructional strategies and resources in
chemistry.

CHED 37

UC-Irvine Chemistry Outreach: Providing the spark to light an educational fire

Douglas A. L. Otte(1), [email protected], 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine CA 92697-

2025, United States ; Mandy Zheng(1). (1) Chemistry Department, University of
California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States

Generating excitement within the classroom while teaching physical sciences is often a
challenge for educators. Recently, the University of California, Irvine has expanded its
outreach program which strives to lend teachers a helping hand. The program targets
K-12 students throughout much of Orange County and provides graduate students with
a passion for chemistry an opportunity to teach younger students about our chemically
diverse world. Through the use of fun and educational demonstrations, it encourages
student interaction while promoting hands-on learning experiences.

CHED 38

History of the ACS CPT guidelines and approval process

Sally Chapman(1), [email protected], 3009 Broadway, New York NY 10027-

6598, United States ; William F Polik(2). (1) Chemistry, Barnard College, New York NY
10027-6598, United States (2) Chemistry, Hope College, Holland MI, United States

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The Guidelines and Evaluation Procedures for Bachelor's Degree programs have
evolved considerably over time. Undergraduate chemical education continues to
change, in content, in focus, in the tools we use, and the populations of students we
teach. The Committee on Professional Training does not initiate curricular and
pedagogical innovation, but it has endeavored to play a role in their dissemination, while
helping departments maintain the highest standards for their students.

CHED 39

Mandates from the ACS, the profession, and from chemistry: Excellence and rigor

Carlos G. Gutierrez(1), [email protected], 5151 State University Dr., Los Angeles

CA 90032, United States . (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90032, United States

In 1936 the ACS mandated the establishment of

the Committee on Professional Training, and through it the creation of an activity
for the approval of undergraduate professional programs in chemistry. An explicit
goal of this mandate is … ―to promote and assist in the development of high
standards of excellence in … chemical education‖. Implicit in the mandate is the
involvement of rigor in this quest for excellence: chemistry
demands intellectual honesty. Excellence and rigor are
contextual; each chemistry program must be cognizant of its strengths and needs
as it intentionally and purposefully designs a curriculum to deliver both the
disciplinary content and opportunities for developing the critical faculties associated
with student excellence. Yet excellent students must be successful and competitive not
only
within the local context of the program, but also on national and international
levels as program graduates seek either [globalized] employment or positions in
graduate schools.

CHED 40

Chemistry's changing face: Increased diversity correlates with excellence

Rigoberto Hernandez(1), [email protected], School of Chemistry & Biochemistry,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332-0400, United States . (1) School of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332-0400,
United States

The recent NRC Assessment of Doctoral Programs contains 20 quantitative measures

of academic quality. Five of these measures assess program diversity. The fact that
diversity is a metric to be measured is no surprise to the Committee on Professional
Training (CPT). As it celebrates its 75th year of assessing academic programs, CPT
should take pride in the role it has taken in advocating for diversity equity at all levels of

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academe. A parallel effort, the Open Chemistry Collaborative in Diversity Equity

(OXIDE), will work directly with department heads and chairs at doctoral-granting
universities to create programs that will help flatten diversity inequities. I will report on
the outcomes from the first National Diversity Equity Workshop. This initial OXIDE effort
combined the intellectual capacity of chemistry departmental representatives and
leading social scientists. Expected outcomes include new programs created within
departments to improve climate and subsequent success for its students and faculty.

CHED 41

Interdisciplinary nature of chemistry

Peter B. Dervan(1), [email protected], 1200 E. California Blvd., Mail Code 164-30,

Pasadena CA 91125, United States . (1) Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United
States

It is interesting to reflect on the changes that have occurred in the field of chemistry over
the past seven decades. In the 1950's spectroscopic and analytical methods
revolutionized the pace of discovery in the core discipline, especially synthetic chemistry
and, in addition, shaped mechanistic thinking underpinning bond-making and bond-
breaking processes. Subsequently, chemistry and biochemistry merged, ending a
separation imposed in the last century. The scale of chemistry in time and space
evolved. Dynamics at femtosecond time resolution and structure elucidation of
macromolecular machines to single molecule analysis became routine. Another
revolution has become self-evident. Chemistry has become important at the interface
with other disciplines; biology, physics, materials and engineering. Chemistry is pivotal
to areas underpinning the well-being of society such as global health, renewable
energy, the environment and the sustainability of the planet. Because it is central, will
chemistry be merged into other fields?

CHED 42

Global perspective on the future of chemistry

Joseph S Francisco(1), [email protected], 560 Oval Dr., W. Lafayette IN 47907-

2084, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, W. Lafayette IN
47907-2084, United States

The solution to a number of global issues such as clean water, environmental

degradation, and global climate change requires applying chemical knowledge across
multiple disciplines. Addressing these challenges will require skilled scientists working
together on an international basis. With the globalization of industries, there is a
demand for a more internationally oriented work force with an increasing number of jobs
linked to international trade. Educating today's chemists to work in tomorrow's world

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requires greater independent knowledge, skills, and global competence. The way in
which chemistry "is done" will increasingly be characterized by virtual,
telecommunicated and placed-based transnational scientific networks.

Informed by findings and suggested pathways forward from a spring 2010 ACS
Presidential Symposium on Educating Chemists with the Skills Needed to Compete in
the New Global Economy, this presentation will address what we can do as chemical
educators to better prepare tomorrow's chemists for competition in the global
marketplace.

CHED 43

CPT: The group you love to hate

Jeanne E Pemberton(1), [email protected], 1306 East University Boulevard,

Tucson AZ 85721, United States . (1) Department of Chemistrry and Biochemistry,
University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, United States

Throughout the duration of its 75 year history, CPT has managed the exceedingly
difficult charge of overseeing an approval program that can be fairly and uniformly
applied to four-year chemistry degree programs at institutions of widely varying size,
scope and mission. Administering this charge requires the delicate balancing act of
maintaining appropriately high standards for ACS approval while keeping approval
within reach of the full range and scope of these four-year institutions. Given the
diversity of educational challenges faced by institutions of different size and mission,
and the equally diverse range of professional opinions that can be strongly held about
educational issues, CPT is often in the position of pursuing change and formulating
policy in support of this charge that can polarize various cohorts of the chemistry
community. This presentation will consider exemplars from the past that illustrate the
challenges for CPT inherent in this role and that sometimes make CPT ―the group you
love to hate.‖

CHED 44

Women's career choices in chemistry: Motivations, perceptions, and a conceptual

model

Megan L. Grunert(1), [email protected], 117 Crystal St #104, Ames IA 50010,

United States ; George M. Bodner(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State
University, Ames IA 50011, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette IN 47907, United States

The under-representation of women faculty in chemistry

departments at academic research institutions has been well-documented, but
there has been a lack of qualitative understanding of women's career

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decision-making processes. The findings from a qualitative study investigating

women's career decision-making in chemistry will be presented here. Ten
graduate students and ten faculty members from six different institutions were
interviewed. The study design and interview protocols were informed by a prior
study, as well as expectancy-value (see Eccles, 1983), standpoint feminism
(Harding, 2007), and possible selves theories (Markus & Nurius, 1986).
Constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2003) was used to develop a
theoretical model to describe women's decision-making choices in chemistry.
Significant findings include the disconnect between faculty members reports of
careers and graduate students perceptions of these careers, a lack of interest
in academic research on the part of graduate students, and the active
choice-making process that women go through, leading many women to opt-out of
academic research.

CHED 45

Use and usefulness: Understanding the ecology of the classroom

Alan L Kiste(1), [email protected], 930 N University, Ann Arbor MI 48109-1055, United

States ; Brian P Coppola(1); Edward Rothman(2). (1) Chemistry, The University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, United States (2) Center for Statistical Consultation and
Research, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, United States

One of the three tenets of self-regulated learning is that

students exhibit deliberate and productive control over the use of available learning
resources. In order to study the choices
made by students in our 1200-student introductory organic chemistry lecture
course, we have developed and tested a new survey, called ―Use and Usefulness,‖
which is both easy to administer and provides a wealth of information about how
students are engaging learning resources.
Our survey asks students about their perceptions of the use and
usefulness of 12 major resources available. In addition gathering data in our
introductory organic
course, we have extended this research to our large lecture courses in general
chemistry,
biology and physics.

CHED 46

Green chemistry education: Sources of student conceptions of green chemistry

Erik M Epp(1), [email protected], 1520 St. Olaf Avenue, Northfield MN 55057, United
States ; Kallie B Doeden(1), [email protected], 1520 St. Olaf Avenue, Northfield MN
55057, United States ; Robert M Hanson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, St. Olaf
College, Northfield MN 55057, United States

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Much of the work on green chemistry in education has focused on implementing green
techniques in teaching settings, however, for green chemistry to continue, it must be
both implemented and taught. This talk examines what aspects of green chemistry were
recalled by students who have been in a chemistry curriculum with green aspects and
the sources of those conceptions. Purposeful sampling was employed to recruit
students whose interests were in chemistry and then semi-structured individual
interviews were carried out, followed by member checking. Qualitative data will be
presented along with a discussion of methods for improving student recognition and
retention of green chemistry.

CHED 47

Evaluation of implementation approaches of a research-based laboratory

curriculum: Best practices and outcomes

Cianán B. Russell(1), [email protected], 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta GA 30332-0400,

United States ; Gabriela C. Weaver(2), [email protected], 560 Oval Drive, West
Lafayette IN 47907, United States ; Yue Li(3); Kathryn C. Scantlebury(4); Sarah B.
Woodruff(3); Donald J. Wink(5). (1) School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332-0400, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, United States (3) Ohio
Evaluation & Assessment Center for Mathematics and Science Education, Miami of
Ohio, Oxford OH 45056, United States (4) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
University of Deleware, Newark DE 19716, United States (5) Department of Chemistry,
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, United States

In the evaluation of novel curricula, early implementation issues are often relevant in
determining the successes or failures of a program. The Center for Authentic Science
Practice in Education (CASPiE) is a research-based undergraduate laboratory
curriculum focused on general and organic chemistry. This study sought to determine if
there are best practices for the implementation of a CASPiE module. Student surveys
and interviews with the students, faculty, teaching assistants, and peer leaders were
collected at participating institutions. The best practices schema includes
implementation issues such as student assignment to the course (opt-in versus random
assignment), type of access to advanced instrumentation, course assignments, group
size, and implementation of peer-led team learning. In the process of developing a best
practices schema for CASPiE implementations, this work indicates that there are
aspects that can be optimized, while other factors appear to have little influence on
student learning or classroom experience.

CHED 48

Student learning through journal writing in a chemical science course for pre-
elementary education majors

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Michael Dianovsky(1), [email protected], MC 111, 845 W Taylor St, Chicago IL 60607,

United States ; Donald Wink(1)(2). (1) Department of Learning Sciences, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, United States

This paper describes research on the use of journals in a general

education chemistry course for elementary education majors. Using
theoretical perspectives of writing-to-learn and metacognition, the journals
were examined for their relationship to course outcomes, student metacognition,
and student reflection. The following types of reflections were identified in
student journals: action, prior knowledge, project ideas, text resources,
classroom events, and monitoring of knowledge. A multiple linear
regression analysis of course points earned versus student GPA, ACT score,
number of reflections made for each reflection type, and total number of
reflections made in relationship to chemistry content understanding was
done. Results indicated that reflection on classroom events and
monitoring knowledge correlated positively with higher content knowledge and
reflecting on text resources had a negative correlation. In addition,
student reflection use correlated significantly with student scores on the
MCA-1 (Metacognitive Activities Inventory) instrument. Lastly, journal entries
and final exam responses were coded for similarities in writing. Results
indicated that students who had strong similarities in writing for both their
journal and final exam had strong content understanding of the journal topic.

CHED 49

The 22nd Biennial Conference on Chemical Education: Education for everyone

Sheryl A Rummel(1), [email protected], 211B Whitmore Lab, University Park PA

16802, United States ; Dan G Sykes(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park PA 16802, United States

In 2012, The Pennsylvania State University will be hosting the 22nd Biennial Conference
on Chemical Education. The theme of our conference is ―Education for Everyone,‖
reflecting Penn State's sesquicentennial celebration of the College Land Grant Act. This
legislation was signed in 1862 by President Lincoln and was enacted to ―promote the
liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and
professions in life.‖ In addition to traditional key note speakers, symposia, and
workshops that focus on varying aspects of chemical education, we will also be holding
a special historical symposium on the history of our Land Grant University. In keeping
with our theme, we will be hosting a Demonstration Extravaganza; a student-focused
chemistry demonstration competition across different age groups from middle school,
high school, and college to bring chemistry education to a wider range of people. The
call for workshops and symposia will be coming soon.

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CHED 50

Energy and the environment: Two IYC themes

Robert de Groot(1), [email protected], 836 East Mariposa Street, Altadena CA, United
States ; Christine Jaworek-Lopes(2), [email protected], 400 The Fenway,
Boston MA 02115, United States ; Andrew Jorgensen(3); Lynn Hogue(4); Ingrid Montes(5).
(1) ACS Southern California Local Section, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Emmanuel College, United States (3) University of Toledo, United States (4) Miami
University - Middletown, United States (5) Department of Chemistry, University of
Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, United States

The International Year of Chemistry (IYC) 2011 will confirm that chemistry is a
worldwide science that impacts all people positively. ACS members, chemistry
enthusiasts, and educators are encouraged to celebrate throughout the year by hosting
events related to the four quarterly outreach themes: environment, energy, materials,
and health. Water is the common thread for all four quarters of the IYC. The outreach
activities for the first quarter will focus on water in the environment. The second quarter
explores alternative energy and coincides with Chemists Celebrate Earth Day (CCED)
2011. We will present the results of the first quarter unifying event, resources for CCED
including information about the K-12 illustrated poem contest, and the special
Committee of Community Activities (CCA) IYC Chemluminary Award. CCA will provide
assistance and resources to ACS local sections and other groups hosting IYC activities
in their communities.

CHED 51

IYC, the Super Bowl of chemistry: The second half

Lynn Hogue(1), [email protected], 4200 E University Blvd, Middletown OH

45041, United States ; Tracy Halmi(2). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
Miami University, Middletown OH 45042, United States (2) The Behrend College, Penn
State Erie, Erie PA 16563, United States

The International Year of Chemistry is a unique opportunity to celebrate our science and
help people all over the world understand its value. It will truly be our ―Super Bowl.‖ This
poster will highlight events, resources, and ideas for the big second half push which
starts in July with the third quarter's focus on properties of materials, recycling, and
nanotechnology. The big finish to this yearlong fabulous celebration brings the fourth
quarter's spotlight on health. Coinciding with the yearly NCW celebration, the 4th
quarter will focus on the relevance of chemistry to our health including topics such as
obesity, proper hygiene and medicine. This poster will show how easy it is to get into
the game.

CHED 52

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Summer workshops in math and physical science at Aurora University for K-12
teachers

Chetna Patel(1), [email protected], 347 S. Gladstone ave., Aurora IL, United States .
(1) Department of Natural Science, Aurora University, Aurora IL 60540, United States

The Illinois State Board of Education awarded two IMSP (Illinois Math and Science
Partnership) grants to AU to develop and implement two summer workshops, one in
math and other in physical science, for K-12 teachers in high need school districts. Each
grant was for two years and the workshops were designed with college faculty and in
collaboration with community partners to improve the teaching skills of teachers in math
and science. The workshops provided immersion in problem-based learning (PBL) and
partner site visits with emphasis in inquiry-based learning, technology, and real-life
applications in math and science. The curriculum design and the two year assessment
data of the workshops will be presented.

CHED 53

Drugs, tobacco, and living systems: A summer science camp at Ashland

University

Brian K. Mohney(1), [email protected], 401 College Ave, Ashland OH 44805,

United States ; Rebecca W. Corbin(1), [email protected], 401 College Ave, Ashland
OH 44805, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Ashland University, Ashland
OH 44805, United States

Since its inception in 2006, the Charles F. Kettering Honors Science Camps provide a
first-hand investigation of the impact of science on health. Camp participants - seventh,
eighth, or ninth grade students who demonstrate an interest and aptitude in science -
are selected from the top awardees at the Ohio Academy of Science (Mohican District)
Science Fair and from teacher recommendations. The camp's main focus has been
Drugs, Tobacco, and Living Systems and includes basic chemical analysis of
biomolecules in complex mixtures using chromatographic techniques for separating and
identifying components in pens, tea leaves, tobacco products, and over-the-counter
analgesic tablets. The participants study chemical bonding and molecular interactions;
principles of chromatography; basic toxicology; quantitative assays; and acid-base
chemistry. Funding is provided by the Kettering Fund held at the Ashland County
Community Foundation, and facilities are provided by Ashland University.

CHED 54

NASA LIFTOFF: Using NASA content to enhance high school science instruction

Jeffery Seitz(1), [email protected], 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward CA

94542, United States ; Danika LeDuc(2); Robert Curtis(3); Rachelle DiStefano(3). (1)

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Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University, East Bay,
Hayward CA 94542, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
California State University, East Bay, Hayward CA 94542, United States (3) Alameda
County Office of Education, Hayward CA 94544, United States

NASA LIFTOFF is a collaborative (county education office and university) professional

development project for in-service high school science teachers. The project's goal is to
improve science instruction by infusing high science curricula with NASA content and
the development of instructional cases that incorporate inquiry-based pedagogies and a
project-based learning approach. Teacher teams develop and implement instructional
cases that represent integrated lesson plans, classroom activities, assessment
strategies, student projects, and language and literacy strategies. Example generative
questions focused on predicting effects of global climate change on water and
atmospheric chemistry and the requirements needed to sustain life on Mars. These
instructional cases challenge students to apply chemistry content (for example, acid-
base chemistry, reactions, stoichiometry, solutions) to real-world scientific problems,
seek information from experts and external resources, and articulate their ideas in
writing and in oral presentations to their peers. This approach engages students,
successfully reinforcing chemistry content and skills.

CHED 55

Finding life in our solar system

Natalie Jones(1), [email protected], 1245 N. Euclid Ave, Ontario CA 91762,

United States ; Rakesh Mogul(2), [email protected], 3801 W. Temple Ave.,
Pomona CA 91768, United States ; Dean Gilbert(3); Robert Curtis(4); Jeff Seitz(5);
Rachelle DiStefano(4). (1) Department of Chemistry, Chaffey High School, Ontario CA
91762, United States (2) Chemistry Department, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona CA 91768,
United States (3) Los Angeles County Office of Education, Downey CA 90242, United
States (4) Alameda County Office of Education, Alameda CA 94544, United States (5)
Department of Geology, CSU East Bay, Hayward CA 94542, United States

As part of the NASA LIFTOFF professional development program for high-school

science teachers, we are developing a year-long instructional case that integrates
astrobiology in the chemistry classroom. The instructional case, entitled ―Where in our
solar system, besides Earth, is the most likely location to find life?‖ fully aligns with the
California state standards and pacing guides. The instructional case incorporates both
lectures and laboratories that allow for both introducing and presenting astrobiology
through the prism of chemistry. Example subjects and their order of presentation include
the origins of the elements, Lewis structures of space related polyatomic molecules,
chemical reactions and their relations to origins of life, solvent properties of water and
ammonia, and impact of pH on life. As capstone projects, students will then utilize these
themes to draft oral presentations and research papers discussing the possibility of life
on planetary bodies such as Mars, Venus, Enceladus, Titan, and Europa.

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CHED 56

Biology-related elements and molecules in outer space

Rakesh Mogul(1), [email protected], 3801 W. Temple Ave., Pomona CA 91768,

United States ; John Gifford(2); Dean Gilbert(3); Robert Curtis(4); Jeff Seitz(5); Rachelle
DiStefano(4). (1) Chemistry Department, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona CA 91768, United
States (2) Department of Chemistry, Riverside Poly High School, Riverside CA 92506,
United States (3) Los Angeles County Office of Education, Downey CA 90242, United
States (4) Alameda County Office of Education, Alameda CA 94544, United States (5)
Department of Geology, CSU East Bay, Hayward CA 94542, United States

As part of the NASA LIFTOFF professional development program for high-school

science teachers, we are developing a short instructional case that highlights the use of
chemical principles in the study of astrobiology. The instructional case, entitled ―Are
there biology related elements and molecules in outer space?‖ fully aligns with the
California state standards and pacing guides. This instructional case incorporates both
laboratory and web-based exercises that address topics rarely discussed in chemistry
courses. Example subjects relate to stellar and chemical evolution and include the
discussion and distribution of biogenic elements, origins and distributions of heavier
elements, Lewis structures and distributions of space-related polyatomic molecules, and
the use of spectroscopy (such as IR and emission spectroscopies) to detect these
elements and molecules in space. As a capstone project, students will then utilize these
themes in order to draft an exploration plan for the search of biogenic materials on
Europa.

CHED 57

Impact of MATL program in middle school science: An in-service teacher's

perspective

Lisa E. Pena(1), [email protected], 1130 Sheffer Rd., Aurora IL 60505, United

States ; Chetna A. Patel(1), [email protected], 347 S. Gladstone ave., Aurora IL
60506, United States ; Hans T. Beck(1), [email protected], 347 S. Gladstone ave.,
Aurora IL, United States . (1) Department of Natural Science, Aurora University, Aurora
IL 60506, United States

Aurora University has received an IMSP (llinois Math and Science Partnership) grant
from the Illinois State Board of Education to develop, design, and implement a new
graduate program for K-12 teachers - Master of Art in Teacher Leadership (MATL) in
Biological Science. Collaboration between colleagues, school districts, and community
partners was a key component in the design of the program. Presentation will focus on
how the program has impacted one science teacher's classroom instruction, student
achievement, collaboration among science teachers, and her teacher leadership role in
her school.

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CHED 58

USM Chemistry Club helps establish a chemistry club for a local high school

Melanie Miville(1), [email protected], 96 Falmouth St, Portland Maine 04104,

United States ; Lauren Redmond(1), [email protected], 96 Falmouth St.,
Portland Maine 04104, United States ; Dustin Ambrose(1),
[email protected], 96 Falmouth St., Portland Maine 04104, United States ;
Marie Neidig(1); Peter J Woodruff(1); Lucille A Benedict(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Southern Maine, Portland Maine 04104, United States

The University of Southern Maine (USM) Chemistry Club's outreach program affiliated
itself with a local high school to assist them in beginning a chemistry club. The purpose
of this outreach was to promote interest in chemistry at the high school level and to
introduce high school students to college level chemistry. The USM Chemistry Club
helped organize the club, taught high school students how to handle chemicals safely
and allowed them to participate in the club's normal activities, such as demonstrations,
slime making and social outings. Our club provided the local high school with the
knowledge and tools necessary to operate a chemistry club.

CHED 59

Bridging the divide between science and education: Development of the

California Teach science teacher education program

Sherry Seethaler(1), [email protected], 9500 Gilman Dr. m.c. 0352, La Jolla CA

92093-0352, United States ; John Czworkowski(2); Jeffrey Remmel(1); Barbara
Sawrey(2); Randall Souviney(3). (1) Division of Physical Sciences, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, United States (2) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, United States
(3) Department of Education Studies, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA
92093, United States

In traditional pre-service teacher education programs, education courses are ―add ons‖
to science content courses. Interactions between these disciplines have high activation
energy due to barriers of discipline-specific language, culture and location. As a result,
future teachers are taught the importance of authentic inquiry and constructivism, but
may never learn science in the way they are expected to teach it. UCSD's California
Teach bridges this divide through genuine sharing of expertise between the faculty of
Physical Sciences and the faculty of Education Studies in a new undergraduate
program that was developed, approved and implemented within one year. The Cal
Teach formula for success includes five key ingredients: 1) Mutual benefits; 2)
Recognition of distinct sets of expertise; 3) Agreement on core principles; 4) Willingness
to negotiate; and 5) Strong leadership. In addition to administrative buy-in and

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advocacy, UCSD chemistry education faculty catalyzed collaboration by changing

attitudes locally and across departments.

CHED 60

Project for constructing an excellent teaching team

Wenxu Li(1), [email protected], Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang

150001, China ; Lijiang Hu(1); Liangsheng Qiang(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150001, China

To reach the top level of world-class universities, the formation of a plan for an excellent
teaching team is proposed by our university. The focus of this plan is to form a teaching
group headed by international experts with a balance of older, middle-aged and younger
teachers. Furthermore, the team should have a cooperative spirit and a reasonable
body of knowledgeable and professional leaders to guide and inspire the conception of
the professional quality and competence of middle-aged and younger teachers in the
teaching curricula. On the other hand, the plan also includes the modality of the
teaching team in the organizational framework structure, the operational method and a
supervision mechanism. The objectives constructing the teaching team are: 1)
reforming teaching contents and methods; 2) developing teaching resources; 3)
promoting teaching seminars; and 4) the exchange of teaching experience to raise the
teaching level of middle-aged and younger teachers. Our university and the central
government will provide the special funds to support the teaching study, the publication
of teaching books and the training of middle-aged and younger teachers to improve
teaching conditions, development and pedagogical achievements.

CHED 61

Courses in an innovative science teacher education program promote

development of pedagogical content knowledge and improved attitudes toward
the teaching profession

John Czworkowski(1), [email protected], 9500 Gilman Drive, #0303, La Jolla

CA 92093-0303, United States ; Sherry Seethaler(2). (1) Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, United States (2)
Division of Physical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-
0303, United States

A key component of a new science-teacher education program at UCSD is a series of

courses which combine science content with experiences and discussion of issues of
learning and teaching. These courses are part of UCSD's Science Education Minor,
implemented as part of the UC System-wide California Teach Program. The courses
support students in the unpacking of their own understanding of science and the
development of insights and skills that will allow them to create a foundation for

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pedagogical content knowledge. As of spring 2010, 279 students have taken at least
one course in this series. Many participating students report an effect of the courses on
their own thinking and learning in science; this is supported by evidence in student
coursework. Moreover, many students have reported an increase in their interest in
teaching as a profession as they have progressed, and 10 have matriculated to the
UCSD teacher credential program.

CHED 62

Inquiry instruction: The more you know the less you think you know

Samantha Haugen(1), [email protected], 327B PAD 1 Campus Drive, Allendael MI

49401, United States ; Sherri Newenhouse(1), [email protected], 327B PAD 1
Campus Drive, Allendale MI 49401, United States ; Deborah Herrington(1); Ellen
Yezierski(2). (1) Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale MI 49401, United
States (2) Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford OH 45056, United States

In teacher preparation and professional development we often look for measures of

teaching practices that are less time consuming and personnel intensive than direct
classroom observations. As the goal of the Target Inquiry (TI) professional development
program is to improve the quality and frequency of inquiry instruction in high school
chemistry classrooms, we chose instruments designed to assess teachers' use of such
practices. However, our data analysis indicated that teacher self-report data does not
always accurately reflect what is happening in the classroom. Within the TI program we
assessed teachers' use of inquiry-based methods using both the observational RTOP
instrument and the teacher self-report Teaching Science as Inquiry (TSI) instrument.
We found that for these teachers, as their practices became more inquiry-based, they
reported less confidence in their ability to use these types of teaching strategies. This
poster will discuss these results in light of teacher interview data.

CHED 63

Evaluating the quality and dissemination of teacher-developed inquiry materials:

Analysis of user feedback

Justin H Carmel(1), [email protected], 160 Hughes Laboratories, 701 East High

Street, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States ; Ellen J Yezierski(1); Deborah G Herrington(2).
(1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford Ohio 45056,
United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale
Michigan 49401, United States

It has been found that important student traits for successful inquiry learning are
curiosity, persistence, reflection, skepticism, and creativity. In classrooms, teachers use
laboratory experiences as a form of inquiry integration, which aim to develop those
traits. To implement inquiry, teachers will often use materials ranging from

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professionally prepared curriculum to teachers' self-authored activities. As part of the

Target Inquiry (TI) program at Grand Valley State University, two teacher cohorts
developed and tested 34 laboratory activities that were posted online. Registered users
downloaded laboratory activities and completed a web-based survey indicating which
labs they used along with feedback on the materials. Survey data were collected at the
end of three school years (2008: N=37, 2009: N=125, 2010: N=149). We have
determined which topics teachers are looking to bolster with inquiry learning, how users
rated the TI materials, and drew inferences about how users implemented the activities
in their classrooms.

CHED 64

Thinking skills education: Using Design Method and Scientific Method

Craig Rusbult(1), [email protected], 102 N. Orchard St. #302, Madison Madison

WI, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Univ of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison
WI 53706, United States

Creativity and critical thinking are combined for improvised problem solving in a wide
range of areas (engineering, business, sports, medicine, science,...) to design a
product, strategy, or theory. How can we help students improve these skills? What are
the similarities & differences between science and design? Should we teach design
before science? During and after my PhD work, I've developed educationally useful
models of Scientific Method and Design Method.

CHED 65

Effects of instruction on altering students' self-efficacy and metacognition in

learning science

Brittany N. Christian(1), [email protected], 160 Hughes Laboratories, 701 East

High Street, Oxford OH 45056, United States ; Ellen J. Yezierski(1); Deborah G.
Herrington(2); Sherri A. Newenhouse(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Miami University, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Grand Valley State University, Allendale Michigan 49401, United States

Beyond measuring how students' content knowledge changes with instruction, it is

valuable to understand how teaching alters process skills and dimensions of learning
such as metacognition. As inquiry instruction is reported to promote these skills, insights
into these areas can provide feedback about the quality of instruction. The effect of
instruction on students' self-efficacy and metacognition for 322 students in science
courses taught by chemistry teachers enrolled in the Target Inquiry professional

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development program was measured by students' self-reports completed at the

beginning and end of their courses with the instrument: Self-Efficacy and Metacognition
Learning Inventory-Science (SEMLI-S). This survey gauges five dimensions of student
learning: (1) constructivist connectivity, (2) monitoring, evaluation and planning, (3)
science learning self-efficacy, (4) learning risks awareness and (5) control of
concentration. Pre-post comparisons of SEMLI-S scores and sub-scores showing how
students' self-efficacy and metacognition change as a result of instruction will be
presented.

CHED 66

Phenomenological approach to understanding learning in the laboratory

Susana S. Lopez(1), [email protected], 4202 E. Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa

Florida 33620, United States ; Santiago Sandi-Urena(1); Todd A. Gatlin(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa Florida 33620, United
States

Despite having been described as a powerful tool for investigating the academic
chemistry laboratory, phenomenology has been seldom used. Understanding the
meaning of the laboratory experience as lived by the participants may facilitate access
to a realm of information otherwise overlooked. This approach informs not only about
gains and benefits but more importantly about processes that promote learning in the
laboratory. In this work, we present findings from two phenomenological studies: one of
graduate teaching assistants' experiences in a typical general chemistry lab, and one of
the students' experiences in the same program. These studies are part of a larger
research program designed to use the same methodology across multiple learning
environments. It is our premise that this approach will contribute towards identifying the
factors that promote learning in the lab, which may then inform the design and
implementation of lab experiences.

CHED 67

Analysis of researchers' responses to visual representations of self-assembly

Sarah A Wood(1), [email protected], 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas

Nevada 89145, United States ; MaryKay Orgill(1); Megan Litster(1); Kent Crippen(1);
Thomas Bussey(1); Cindy Kern(1); Wendy Ho(1). (1) 4505 S. Maryland Parkway,
University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas Nevada 89154, United States

Self-assembly has received a significant amount of attention in both the research

literature and the popular press as of late. In fact, self-assembly has been described as
one of the ―big ideas‖ underpinning nanoscience (Stevens et al., 2009), and an entire
issue of Science was devoted to ―Supramolecular Chemistry and Self-Assembly‖ in
2002. Despite the importance of self-assembly, there is no one general definition upon

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which researchers and educators agree. In order to identify the distinguishing

characteristics of self-assembly, we surveyed researchers in the field (N = 324).
Researchers were asked to provide their own definitions of self-assembly, to comment
on the importance of self-assembly, and to respond to visual depictions and written
definitions of self-assembly processes. Data from the surveys were analyzed using both
qualitative and quantitative methods. In this presentation, we will share preliminary data
regarding respondents' demographics and their responses to visual representations of
self-assembly.

CHED 68

Student knowledge of oxidation-reduction reactions across the particulate,

macroscopic, and symbolic domains

Alexandra Brandriet(1), [email protected], Hughes Laboratories, 701 E. High St.,

Oxford OH 45056, United States ; Stacey Lowery Bretz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford OH 45056, United States

As described by constructivism theory, students construct their knowledge from the data
obtained by the senses. As information is constructed, knowledge can be misconstrued
to form misconceptions dependent upon student prior knowledge. Students lack a firm
knowledge of a topic usually taught during the first semester of general chemistry:
oxidation-reduction reactions. Students also struggle to understand the particulate,
macroscopic, and symbolic properties of matter and how these properties relate to one
another. Many textbooks give a strong description of oxidation-reduction reactions in
terms of their symbolic properties but only
briefly describe their macroscopic and particulate properties. The purpose of this study
is to better understand student knowledge of the particulate, symbolic, and macroscopic
properties of oxidation-reduction reactions and to identify any misconceptions students
hold regarding the concept through semi-structured qualitative interviews. Preliminary
results will be presented based upon pilot study interviews with undergraduate
chemistry students.

CHED 69

Challenge of basic mathematics in liberal arts chemistry

Beatrix Büdy(1), [email protected], 600 S. Michigan Ave, Chicago IL, United States ;
Weihua Li(1), [email protected], 600 S. Michigan Ave, Chicago IL, United States . (1)
Department of Science and Mathematics, Columbia College Chicago, Chicago IL
60605, United States

One of the challenges of arts and media students enrolled in Liberal Arts Chemistry is
solving chemistry problems using basic mathematics. The above mentioned class is
part of the Liberal Arts and Sciences Core Curriculum requirement. The class has no

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prerequisites thus the students sometimes struggle with fractions, percentages,

algorithms etc. Students who need help use tutoring services; however, tutoring
happens after the lecture. During the lecture, the student misses out on important
concepts because not understanding the math part. In a collaborative effort between
mathematics and chemistry faculty, we investigated how students think when solving
chemistry problems. We used the think-aloud method to diagnose individual logical
inconsistencies. Through the same method, we offered students real-time assistance
with the mathematical techniques in question. Student feedback from sections that used
the method with sections that did not was compared.

CHED 70

Where's the equation? Conceptual understanding of electrochemistry and

photosynthesis

Scott Donnelly(1), [email protected], 2020 South Avenue 8E, Yuma

Arizona 85365, United States . (1) Chemistry, Arizona Western College, Yuma Arizona
85365, United States

In the author's fifteen plus years teaching college chemistry, he has observed
repeatedly (and predictably) that students automatically seek a mathematical equation
in order to solve a problem even if the problem presented is non-mathematical in origin.
This begs the the age old question often asked in chemical education- Do students
really understand conceptually what a question is asking, or how the world works on a
basic level? This presentation will give insight into students' conceptual understanding
(or misunderstanding) of electrochemical principles and photosynthesis. The former
topic is taught in the second semester of general chemistry whereas the latter topic is
not taught in general chemistry but involves the most important redox chemistry in the
world. The results presented come mostly from pre- and post-topic questions developed
as part of a National Science Foundation Course Curriculum Laboratory Improvement
grant (DUE-0736746).

CHED 71

Electrochemistry and consumer products: Showing the complementary

relationship between theory and application

Scott Donnelly(1), [email protected], 2020 South Avenue 8E, Yuma

Arizona 85365, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Arizona Western College,
Yuma Arizona 85365, United States

The chapter devoted to electrochemistry is typically found near the back of a freshmen-
level general chemistry textbook. From the presenter's viewpoint this is odd considering
that electrochemistry is an ideal topic to show students the complementary relationship
between chemical theory and real world application. In this talk the presenter will

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describe lecture activities- both numerical and conceptual types- that challenge students
to explain the redox chemistry behind common commercial products used, for example,
in one's home or car. The talk also will include a description of electrochemically related
labs that use solar hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. Methods used to assess student
learning of electrochemistry will be woven into the presentation. The presenter gratefully
acknowledges the financial support of the National Science Foundation (DUE-0736746,
Course Curriculum Laboratory Improvement) for procurement of the solar hydrogen-
oxygen fuel cell equipment.

CHED 72

Application of mobile learning technique on an e-learning chemistry course in

Taiwan

Zangyuan Own(1), [email protected], #200 Chunchi Road, Shalu, Taichung

Taiwan 43301, Taiwan Republic of China . (1) Applied Chemistry, Providence
University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan Republic of China

Because of rapid developments in technology, most young people have mobile phones.
We have taken advantage of this ubiquitous technology in our development of a
chemistry e-learning course. At Providence University, we now offer a course in
nanochemistry as mobile learning system. Students taking the course are divided into
two groups. The control group had a web-based learning environment system while the
experimental group had their content delivered via a mobile learning flash file system
using MMS technology. The students in the mobile learning group respond to prompts
their learning result through their cell phone. This allows us to provide the help they
need to scaffold their learning. Data on the learning effect was collected and analyzed
by SPSS software. Information on the learning style and gender of students was
examined by statistic analysis. Result show that the mobile learning environment
improved learning relative to the web-based platform. Male students, in particular, had a
preference for the mobile learning design.

CHED 73

Online tools for solving equilibrium chemistry problems

Chetan T Goudar(1), [email protected], 800 Dwight Way, B57, Rm 3004,

Berkeley CA 94710, United States ; Mark A Nanny(2). (1) Cell Culture Development,
Global Biological Development, Bayer HealthCare, Berkeley CA 94710, United States
(2) School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma,
Norman OK 73072, United States

Solving aquatic chemistry problems requires a basic understanding of equilibrium

constants and their dependence on temperature as well as exposure to concepts, such
as ionic strength and activity coefficients. Furthermore, ionization fractions, distribution

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diagrams, and pC-pH diagrams help understand chemical speciation and are useful
tools for problem solving. These concepts require a substantial amount of computation
which can be a distraction during problem solving. Ideally, students should focus on
understanding the chemical nature of the system being studied and then formulate a
solution strategy. In this study, we have developed online tools that automate some of
the tedious and repetitive calculations that are necessary to solve chemical equilibrium
problems. The student needs to independently develop the solution strategy and the
computer tools will facilitate the solution process. They are not a substitute for student
thinking; and by enabling the student to focus on developing the solution strategy, they
can help enhance student understanding of equilibrium chemistry concepts.

CHED 74

“Molecules-in-Medicine” on Blackboard: Peer-evaluated presentations in organic

chemistry

Ekaterina N. Kadnikova(1), [email protected], 5100 Rockhill Rd,

00207SCB109B, Kansas City Missouri 64110, United States . (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City Missouri 64110, United
States

To accentuate the importance of organic chemistry in development of contemporary

pharmaceuticals, I have included a ―Molecules-in-Medicine‖ unit into the curriculum of
the one-semester four-credit ―Elementary Organic Chemistry,‖ a comprehensive, fast-
paced course, designed for students in the six-year BA/MD program. After a lecture on
medicinal chemistry concepts and pharmaceutical practices, students prepare a
PowerPoint presentation on a small-molecule drug, highlighting drug's structure,
function, biological target, and organic reactions involved in its synthesis. Presentations
are uploaded on Blackboard and then peer-reviewed and graded by fellow students
using Blackboard's peer-review feature and Instructor-provided criteria. Calibrated Peer
Review is being introduced for the next student cohort. Both preparation of presentation
and evaluation of other student's presentations are required to receive credit for this
unit. In addition to helping students acquire effective communication skills and
experience the peer review firsthand, this assignment has generated tremendous
student interest and stimulated student engagement with organic chemistry.

CHED 75

Chemistry graphic novels: An online tool for engaging students and explaining
chemical concepts

Rebecca S Ou(1), [email protected], Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. 0303,

La Jolla CA 92092, United States ; Angeline P Yu(1); Annie Jia(1); Haim Weizman(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
CA 92092, United States

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Analogies are often used in chemistry classrooms to relate unfamiliar concepts to

subjects more familiar to students. This technique lowers the barrier of unfamiliarity and
helps students construct their understanding on the foundation of existing knowledge.
Building on this, we develop chemistry-based short fiction and graphic novels as a
method for delivering chemical knowledge in an entertaining manner. Graphic novels
are a form of storytelling that relies on illustration with accompanying text. This format is
popular among many students; therefore we chose it to express chemical concepts
through personification. Human relationships and plot developments represent
interactions and events at the molecular level. Each story ends with highlighting the
parallels between the plot and fundamental chemical concepts. An example of a graphic
novel that uses personification to teach nucleophilic substitution mechanisms is
presented. This approach has the potential to augment traditional teaching through
engaging students in topics closer to their interests.

CHED 76

Combating "information overload"

Jessica A Parr(1), [email protected], 3620 McClintock Ave, SGM 418, Los Angeles Ca
90089, United States ; Norah Xiao(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089, United States

Freshmen are so used to being plugged in and having all of the information that they
need at their fingertips. From constantly checking their e-mail and social networking
sites, they assume that any data that they may need will be just a quick internet search
away. How often has a first year's lab report had Wikipedia as a reference? This is not a
bad place to start, but not the best source for scientific information. An Information
Literacy program has been developed to introduce new students to the scientific
databases and the resources available to them in the Science and Engineering Library.
With a combination of lecture from the Chemistry librarian and interactive activities, the
students had a good time while learning the basics of gathering scientific information.
This poster will report the details and results of this program, as well as plans to expand
it to a larger audience.

CHED 77

General chemistry buffer lab: A practical approach

Jessica A Parr(1), [email protected], 3620 McClintock Ave, SGM 418, Los Angeles CA
90089, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California,
Los Angeles CA 90089, United States

Most general chemistry students are only exposed to buffers in the laboratory portion of
the course in the context of titrations. This poster will present a two part laboratory
designed to provide students with practical experience working with buffers. In the first

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part of the lab students are provided with chemicals that can be used to prepare a
buffer. Each student will be assigned a different pH and will not have a means for
determining the pH, the instructor will test the solution. For the second part of lab the
students will be testing the buffering capacity of a buffer by performing a titration with
strong base and another with strong acid. Each student will have a different buffer with
a different buffering capacity. With a more hands on introduction to buffers, students will
get a better feel for what a buffer is and how it works.

CHED 78

Lab assistants, video production and growing pains: Restructuring general

chemistry labs to improve cost recovery without diminishing the student
experience

Jeffrey J Bodwin(1), [email protected], 1104 7th Avenue South, Moorhead MN

56563, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Minnesota State University
Moorhead, Moorhead MN 56563, United States

The economic realities of the past few years have put considerable pressure on any
program that offers 3-hour, 1-credit lab courses. To address this problem, we have
taken a number of steps to restructure our general chemistry lab offerings to improve
the overall cost recovery and revenue generation within our department without
compromising the high quality lab experience that your students have enjoyed. This has
included some advanced planning in facilities design, the implementation of
undergraduate General Chemistry Laboratory Assistants (GCLAs), and the production
of pre-lab procedure and technique videos to spread the faculty's effort over a larger
population of students. In addition to maintaining service to students enrolled in the
class, the GCLA positions have proven to be extremely valuable experience for
students hired to fill these positions.

CHED 79

Photoelectrochemical cells: An experiment in the undergraduate laboratory

Paul Rillema(1), [email protected], 1845 Fairmoug, Wichita KS 67260, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita KS 67260,
United States

The experiment demonstrates the conversion of light into electricity by irradiating a

photo-electrode containing a component of berry juice (a dye) adsorbed on TiO 2
embedded on a conductive glass. The photo-electrode is attached to a second
electrode with and ammeter in the circuit to measure the current generated upon
irradiation of the photo-electrode. An electrolyte is present in the solution which also
serves as a mediator for the process to sustain itself. Students are exposed to the
following concepts: Light consists of photons, upon excitation by light, dye molecules in

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excited states can transfer electrons to acceptors such as TiO2, electrons transferred to
semiconductors such as TiO2 can be swept away and sent through a circuit to another
electrode to generate current, and the electrolyte needed for an electrochemical cell to
function can serve as a mediator to return the dye to its original oxidation state after
transferring an electron to the TiO2 semiconductor.

CHED 80

Quantitative literacy through scientific argumentation: A general chemistry

spectroscopy lab

Terry A Helland, Jr.(1), [email protected], 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg WA

98926, United States ; Clara E Gutierrez(1); Josh A Donaldson(1); Brandon Peterson(1);
Cheri Aichele(1); Timothy L Sorey(1). (1) Chemistry, Central Washington University,
Ellensburg WA 98926, United States

This research presents the implementation of various Electronic Data Collection

Devices (EDCD) and corresponding data analysis into a first quarter general chemistry
spectroscopy laboratory at Central Washington University in the Fall Quarter of 2010
and Winter Quarter 2011. By adjusting EDCD in student inquiry-based lab activities and
gauging whether or not students' quantitative reasoning and scientific argumentation
better supports proposed scientific models of quantized electron orbitals, we hope to
better understand what learning affordances these EDCD offer our students. Our
hypothesis is, "If ease of use with EDCD increase students' ability to observe and
acquire evidence in support of scientific phenomenon, then an increased ability to apply
mathematical graphing, creation of data tables, and curve fitting equations will be
observed because effective scientific argumentation incorporates quantitative evidence,
otherwise referred to as Quantitative Literacy." Assessment data from control (N = 280)
and test (N = 280) subjects will be presented.

CHED 81

Analysis of phosphate solutions using a cost-effective, custom-built colorimeter

for the potential use in the classroom

Alyssia M Miller(1), [email protected], 330 Whitmore Lab, University Park PA 16802,

United States ; Melissa M Gettle(1), [email protected], 330 Whitmore Lab, University
Park PA 16802, United States ; Dan G Sykes(1). (1) Department of Forensic Science
and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA
16802, United States

An easy-to-assemble colorimeter was designed and built for less than $30. We have
developed several instructional laboratory exercises that can be performed in high
school science classes and in undergraduate general and analytical chemistry
laboratories. The colorimeter was selected because of its wide applicability in the

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chemical sciences and because undergraduate students have successfully built

versions of this instrument in our upper-level instrumental analysis course over the past
six years. Experimental exercises include the determination of an equilibrium constant,
calculating the concentrations of amaranth and tartrazine in an unknown using the
method of simultaneous equations, and two separate colorimetric methods for the
analysis of phosphorus in agricultural run-off.

CHED 82

Fabrication and use of a “Glass GC” for instrument instruction

Samantha M. Clausen(1), [email protected], 1 University Parkway,

University Park IL 60484-0975, United States ; Walter A. Henne(1), w-
[email protected], 1 University Parkway, University Park IL 60484-0975, United States
; Stephen D. Kent(1); Sarika Jaggannagari(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Governors
State University, University Parkway IL 60484-0975, United States

Although gas chromatographs are commonplace in most academic teaching labs, rarely
are students allowed to explore the instrument beyond typical sample injection and
analysis. Given the need to develop a chemistry curriculum that matches the
expectations of employers, we have designed an advanced instructional tool termed the
―Glass GC‖ that allows students to fully explore and gain practical ―hands-on‖
experience. Utilizing Plexiglass and solvent fusing techniques, we have fabricated a
transparent shroud around a gas chromatograph that enables students to completely
visualize the inner components of the instrument. More importantly, we have used the
―Glass GC‖ as an ―exploration station‖ whereby students were able to assemble,
disassemble, and troubleshoot the various components to gain experience beyond
simple sample introduction and data analysis. This instrument is not used in an
operational capacity; therefore, multiple students can be trained on basic instrument
maintenance without disrupting our standard teaching instrumentation.

CHED 83

AFM imaging of λ-DNA on silanized mica: An advanced undergraduate laboratory

experiment

Eric J. Voss(1), [email protected], Science Bldg Rm 2325, Edwardsville IL 62026-1652,

United States ; Jaya P. Shrestha(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois
University Edwardsville, Edwardsville IL 62026-1652, United States

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) experiments have been integrated into chemistry
courses at Southern Illinois University, with a focus on ―hands-on‖ use of the instrument
by undergraduate students. One advanced laboratory experiment that uses SPM is the
atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of λ-DNA on silanized mica. Students prepare a
surface by the vapor phase deposition of 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTES) on

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freshly cleaved mica in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) in one

laboratory period, and then deposit λ-DNA on the surface and perform tapping-mode
AFM in a subsequent laboratory period. Techniques include use of a drybox, Schlenk
line, and micropipettes, as well as AFM instrument operation and data analysis. This
project was supported by National Science Foundation grant DUE-0633186.

CHED 84

Bridging the gap between upper division labs with nanoparticle synthesis and
applications in solar technology

Elliott R Smith(1), [email protected], 1306 E University Blvd., Tucson AZ,

United States ; Emily Grumbling(1); Emily Ricq(1); Bahige Abdallah(1); Dierdre Belle-
Oudry(1); John Pollard(1); Oliver Monti(1). (1) The Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, United States

We recently updated our 400-level curriculum, with the goal of integrating our inorganic
synthesis and physical chemistry labs by way of nano- and solar technologies. Students
in the inorganic preparations laboratory synthesize high-quality cadmium selenide
(CdSe) nanocrystals in a microwave reactor. By varying reaction time and growth
temperature, particle size is tightly regulated. Students in the physical chemistry
laboratory then assess the quantum dots' potential as solar cell sensitizers. The upper
limit of charge transfer is evaluated using fluorescence decay curves of particles 1) in
solution and 2) upon chemical linkage to a nanoporous titanium dioxide (TiO 2)
electrode. These experiments introduce students to solar technology and highlight the
overlap between disciplines in chemical research.

CHED 85

New undergraduate multistep synthesis exercise: Synthesizing a Parkinson's

drug

Samuel S David(1), [email protected], 800 Algoma Blvd, Oshkosh WI 54901, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh WI 54901,
United States

A novel synthesis of the racemic version of the most popular anti-Parkinson's drug, R-
rasagline (Azilect) was developed in order to introduce the intermediate or advanced
chemistry undergraduate to the methodology and strategic thinking involved in a multi-
step synthesis. It makes use of common concepts found in the organic chemistry
curriculum, conveniently fits into two 3-hour lab modules and utilizes regularly found
equipment and inexpensive commercially available chemicals.

CHED 86

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Modernizing the physical chemistry laboratory: Study of the kinetics of an S N1

reaction by conductance measurement

Elaine M Marzluff(1), [email protected], Noyce Science Center, 1116 8th Avenue,

Grinnell IA 50112, United States ; Mary A Crawford(2), [email protected], 2 East
South Street, Galesburg IL 61401, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Grinnell
College, Grinnell IA 50112, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Knox College,
Galesburg IL 61401, United States

Using modern day equipment and making curricular linkages is a central part of current
reform trends in the physical chemistry laboratory. Substitution reactions, a central part
of organic chemistry, provide a model system in physical chemistry to study reaction
rates and mechanisms. Descriptions involving the study of SN1 kinetics in the laboratory
in the chemical education literature are limited, and utilize outdated equipment such as
A.C. bridges and home built conductivity apparatuses. Here we describe the use of
inexpensive and readily available commercial conductivity probes coupled with
computer data acquisition for the study of the temperature and solvent dependence of
the solvolysis of 2-chloro-2-methyl propane in water/ethanol mixtures. Students obtain
activation parameters for a range of solvent compositions. Results from implementation
at both Grinnell and Knox Colleges using the Pasco and LabPro computer data
acquisition systems, respectively, will be presented.

CHED 87

Three "Rs" in organic chemistry: Reduce, reuse, and recycle

Robyn M Hyde(1), [email protected], 1840 S 1300 East, Salt Lake City

UT 84105, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Westminster College, Salt Lake
City Utah 84105, United States

As teachers in chemical education we have a great responsibility. We are responsible

for passing on our knowledge and understanding of chemical principles and theories.
We are responsible for training students in valuable analytical and critical thinking skills.
We are also responsible for teaching students respect for what advances in chemistry
can provide to the world and respect for what damage chemicals can cause to our
environment. This last learning objective is taught in the Organic Chemistry laboratory
at Westminster College through initiatives that allow for the reduction of chemicals used,
reuse of ―consumables‖ and recycling of materials from year to year. Although it is not
possible to implement each of these aspects in all laboratories, key laboratory projects
will be presented that lend themselves well to this ―greening‖ initiative.

CHED 88

Extraction, purification, and spectroscopic characterization of a mixture of

capsaicinoids

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Carl E Wagner(1), [email protected], 4701 W Thunderbird Road, Glendale Arizona

85306, United States ; Thomas M Cahill(1); Pamela A Marshall(1). (1) Division of
Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale Arizona 85306,
United States

This study provides an account of a safe and easily reproducible experiment: the
extraction and spectroscopic characterization of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin from
dried peppers. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to
quantitate the ratio of capsaicin (1) to dihydrocapsaicin (2), and first year organic
chemistry students were introduced to 1D proton and carbon NMR spectra as well as
2D NMR methods. The experiment was performed and assessed in the organic
chemistry laboratory classes at Arizona State University's West Campus.

CHED 89

Use of the Vernier mini gas chromatograph in organic chemistry distillation lab

W. Gary Hollis Jr.(1), [email protected], 221 College Lane, Salem VA 24153, United
States ; Vernon R Miller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Roanoke College, Salem VA
24153, United States

A traditional experiment in first term Organic Chemistry lab has been a distillation
experiment. We have used 8 Vernier mini gas chromatographs for 16 students in such a
lab. Students worked in teams of two with each team having its own GC. One student of
a team set up a simple distillation while the other set up a fractional distillation. The
students cooperated in tending the distillations and running samples through the GC. At
6-9 specified volumes of distillate, the temperature was recorded and a sample
collected. These samples were analyzed by GC to determine the mole % at each time.
This enabled students to prepare a graph comparing the efficiencies of simple and
fractional distillations. While the sensitivities of these mini GC's are limited, several
different pairs of compounds were used successfully. We have done this experiment
using conventional GC's and will compare the results.

CHED 90

Conformational analysis of analogs of DEET focusing on the restricted rotation of

the C-N bond using molecular modeling and VT NMR study

Santanu Maitra(1), [email protected], 2555 E. San Ramon Ave, Fresno CA

93740, United States ; Viswanathan Krishnan(1); William Thomson(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, California State University Fresno, Fresno CA 93740, United States

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Restricted amide C-N bond rotation has been known to scientists for years. Computer
predictions and NMR experiments have also been performed to study this phenomenon.
N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, abbreviated DEET, is a light yellow oil and is the primary
constituent of many insect repellants. The multi-step synthesis of DEET is part of
organic chemistry laboratory schedule for many undergraduate institutions. Classical
chemical exchange effects on the spectra; line-broadening and coalescence of peaks in
the region of restricted rotation in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of DEET often surprise
the students. Despite some NMR and computational studies done in this area, the vast
student interest inspired us to take up a more comprehensive study of this
phenomenon. We decided to perform the study involving the undergraduate students in
the laboratory. The primary objective of the project was to gain understanding and
perspective of an amide's restricted rotation with respect to the steric hindrance and
electronic environment near and around the amide bond. The study also incorporates
mechanistic predictions by computational analysis in conjunction with variable-
temperature (VT) NMR experiments. In this presentation, we will discuss the
mechanistic and NMR results of the conformational analysis of several analogs of
DEET.

CHED 91

Development of a rogue's gallery that illustrates practical errors in carrying out

column chromatography

Lilia San Miguel(1), [email protected], Mitch Maidique Campus, Miami Florida

33199, United States ; J. Martin E. Quirke(1); Jonny C.K. Quirke(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami Florida 33199,
United States (2) Gulliver Schools, Coral Gables Florida 33146, United States

Laboratory textbooks rarely show what happens when students fail to follow
instructions. Thus, students may not understand the need to follow instructions. This
presentation focuses on errors in the techniques of column chromatography. The
analyte is a mixture of octaethylporphyrin (OEP) and the less polar Zn(II)
octaethylporphyrin. Photographs illustrate the result of more than 10 common errors in
column chromatographic analysis including poor column preparation, incorrect
application of the analyte solution to the column, and incorrect selection of the solvent
system. The progress of the analytes down the column is monitored both by eye and by
fluorescence. The zinc complex fluoresces orange whereas the OEP fluoresces scarlet.
The photographs not only allow students to see the consequences of making errors in
the technique, but also allow them to identify the nature of any mistakes that they have
made.

CHED 92

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Development of photographically friendly sodium borohydride reductions of

aldehydes and ketones

J. Martin E. Quirke(1), [email protected], Mitch Maidique Campus, Miami Florida 33199,

United States ; Ailen A. Nguyen(1); Horacio A. Priestap(1); Jonny C. K. Quirke(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami
Florida 33199, United States (2) Gulliver Schools, Coral Gables Florida 33146, United
States

There is a lack of pictorial evidence of the outcome of most reactions that are taught in
core organic chemistry courses. This places visual learners at a disadvantage. We
present photographic proof that borohydride reductions of aldehydes and ketones form
primary and secondary alcohols, respectively. Thus, acetone and propanal were each
reduced by sodium borohydride and the products were confirmed by distilling onto
appropriate reagents. Each product was distilled into tubes containing solutions of ceric
ammonium nitrate, which turned red-brown, and chromic acid, which turned green. This
confirmed that the products were primary or secondary alcohols. The products were
also distilled onto solid Reichardt's dye. The 1-propanol product of propanal reduction
forms a violet solution, characteristic of the solvatochromic dye dissolved in a primary
alcohol. The isopropanol product of the reduction of acetone forms a royal blue solution
of the dye in a secondary alcohol.

CHED 93

Development of a photographically friendly entropically driven reaction for

teaching organic chemistry

J. Martin E. Quirke(1), [email protected], Mitch Maidique campus, Miami Florida 33199,

United States ; Jonny C. K. Quirke(2); Horacio A. Priestap(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami Florida 33199,
United States (2) Gulliver Schools, Coral Gables Florida 33146, United States

This presentation provides instructors with a visual demonstration of the role of entropy
in reactions. Using an infrared thermometer, we show a flask containing boiling
dicyclopentadiene (bp 170 C) decomposing to form the entropically favored product: 2
moles of cyclopentadiene (bp 41 C) (see below). This product is confirmed by formation
of a white precipitate in a Diels-Alder reaction with maleic anhydride. After standing at
room temperature, the cyclopentadiene no longer reacts with maleic anhydride because
it has recombined to form dicylopentadiene in an exothermic, but entropically
unfavorable, reaction.

CHED 94

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Anaheim, CA

Demonstrations of physical and chemical color changes based on the color green

Jonny C. K. Quirke(1), [email protected], 1500 San Remo Avenue

Suite 400, Coral Gables Florida 33146, United States ; J. Martin E. Quirke (2). (1) Gulliver
Schools, Coral Gables Florida 33146, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami Florida 33199, United States

We present experiments that illustrate chemical and physical color changes.

Photooxidation of red protoporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester to form green
photoprotoporphyrin isomers and oxidation of green chlorin e6 to the corresponding
porphyrin exemplify color changes caused by irreversible chemical reactions. Formation
of dark green guaiazulene picrate from guaiazulene and picric acid and decomposition
to the yellow and blue starting materials on TLC is an example of color changes by
reversible chemical reaction. Formation of a green solution by dissolving solutions of
guaiazulene and yellow # 5 FD&C dyes in acetone followed by resolution into their
original blue and yellow colors by salting out illustrates physical color changes caused
by mixing colors. Irradiation of chlorophyll to form a red excimer illustrates light-induced
physical color change. All the reactions, except the picrate synthesis, have been
presented in middle school or high school. Student assessment of some experiments
will be included.

CHED 95

Using the photographically friendly reactions of iodine with cycloalkenes to

provide a semi-quantitative measure of ring stability

Jonny C. K. Quirke(1), [email protected], 1500 San Remo Avenue,

Coral Gables Florida 33146, United States ; J. Martin E. Quirke(2); Ailen A. Nguyen(2).
(1) Gulliver Schools, Coral gables Florida 33146, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami Florida 33199,
United States

The spectacular reaction of iodine and pinene has been used to illustrate the instability
of 4-membered rings. Videos are available through the Chemistry Comes Alive video
series and on the Chem-toddler web site. We expand this experiment by measuring the
temperatures of the reactions of iodine with several bicyclic alkenes, including
norbornylene, pinene and sabinene, and simple cycloalkenes. The temperature
measurements, made using a thermistor hooked to a digital readout, proved to be
reproducible. The enthalpy changes for the various reactions are compared with ring
size and ring stability. As expected, the largest enthalpy changes involved systems with
highly strained rings. Measured changes in enthalpy are compared with heat of
combustion data. The experiments can be carried out as classroom demonstrations
because the reactions are fast and are carried out in long screw-cap vials that prevent
the spread of iodine vapor in the case of highly exothermic reactions.

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CHED 96

Color revisited, II: Reflectance and transmission experiments using botanical

samples

Marilyn D. Duerst(1), [email protected], 410 S Third St, River Falls Wisconsin

54022, United States ; Kendall Winter(2); Richard W. Duerst(3); Sarah B. Duerst(4). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls Wisconsin
54022, United States (2) Winter Enterprises, Zion Illinois, United States (3) retired,
United States (4) Normandale College, United States

The nature of color fascinates us, yet most people have not observed or experienced -
much less understood - many of the wonderful and less common phenomena relating to
color. This second experiment on color for high school through college chemistry
courses investigates a problem encountered in obtaining absorption spectra of botanical
samples. If the colorant in yellow flower petals, for example, does not easily dissolve in
water or isopropanol, how can we obtain its spectrum and understand why it appears
that color? Methods of obtaining reflectance spectra using a variety of light sources, a
fiber optic probe and botanical samples will be illustrated. Using flowers, fruits and
autumn leaves not only piques students' fascination and interest, but may enhance
students’ conceptual comprehension of why some objects appear yellow, orange or
blue.

CHED 97

Developing an undergraduate inorganic chemistry laboratory based on

metallacrowns

Curtis M Zaleski(1), [email protected], 1871 Old Main Dr., Shippensburg PA 17257,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg
PA 17257, United States

The inorganic chemistry laboratory experience presented here is based on a class of

molecules known as metallacrowns. These complexes are readily synthesized from
inexpensive starting materials and in high yield. In addition, the laboratory experience is
student-driven as students are allowed to choose the compound that they wish to
synthesize and the methods of characterization. In a single project that covers multiple
laboratory sessions, students are exposed to a variety of techniques including single-
crystal growth methods, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, solid-state magnetic susceptibility,
liquid-state magnetic susceptibility, 1H-NMR of paramagnetic complexes, and cyclic
voltammetry. The project is concluded with an oral presentation.

CHED 98

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Anaheim, CA

Examination of significant cultural heritage objects using GCMS, LCMS, and

portable XRF: Identification of inorganic pigments and organic binding media

Erich S. Uffelman(1), [email protected], Department of Chemistry, Washington and

Lee University, Lexington VA 24450, United States ; Lisa T. Alty(1); Ronald W. Fuchs(2);
Lauren F. Sturdy(1); Danielle S. Bowman(2); Allison M. Lemon(1); Edward W.
Malachosky(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Washington and Lee University, Lexington
VA 24450, United States (2) Reeves Center, Washington and Lee University, Lexington
VA 24450, United States

One of the most important services of Chinese export porcelain made for the American
market was made in 1785 and belonged to George Washington. Each piece is
decorated with the badge of the Society of the Cincinnati. Washington and Lee
University owns nine pieces of the original service, and one fake plate. Preliminary XRF
analyses of the pigments show that the pink sashes had similar elemental compositions,
while the green dresses had different compositions. One of the most historically
significant African American painters is Henry O. Tanner. Some of his work over time
has shown failure of paint adhesion to the support. A key question concerns how his
artistic technique and materials affect this adhesion. Preliminary work on his paint
binders was performed with GCMS and LCMS analyses in conjunction with the
Smithsonian Museum of American Art.

CHED 99

Incorporating art into the quantitative analysis lab: Determination of calcium in

frescoes

Sara E Hubbard(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Ave, box 3664, Arkadelphia AR

71998, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University,
Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States

The standard quantitative analysis repertoire includes the determination of calcium

content in one or more of the following: limestone samples, hard water samples, or
vitamin pills. In an attempt to broaden the students' exposure to samples outside of the
conventional, this experiment employs traditional quantitative analysis lab techniques
for the determination of calcium content in fresco paintings. This lab imparts the same
skills obtained from previous quantitative analysis calcium determination labs. However,
this experiment also stresses the need for the careful sample selection and very small
sample size that would be necessary to protect the integrity of the artwork being
analyzed. The addition of this experiment allows for the discussion of interdisciplinary
topics such as art history and conservation. In addition, students are exposed to other
chemistry career opportunities that they may not have previously considered.

CHED 100

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Anaheim, CA

Assessment for learning as part of an interactive pedagogy for Organic

Chemistry Laboratory

Hafed A Bascal(1), [email protected], 1000 N Main st, Findlay OH 45840, United

States ; Jeffrey A Jenson(2), [email protected], 1000 N Main st, Findlay OH 45840,
United States . (1) Chemistry, The University of Findlay, Findlay OH 45840, United
States (2) Chemistry, The University of Findlay, Findlay OH 45840, United States

Research and data shows that undergraduate chemistry learning is a challenge. In this
study
we seek to highlight learning outcomes as measured by alternative strategies in
teaching Organic Chemistry Laboratory. We subjected students in multiple sections of
organic laboratory chemistry to seven learning objectives and compared the learning
outcomes by measuring student's responses to questions relating to different levels of
Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. The learning outcomes data from this
cohort of students were compared to reference sections of the same course that were
not subject to an interactive pedagogy model of learning. The results of our study will be
reported along with a rigorous statistical analysis.

CHED 101

Needs assessment and chemistry faculty's knowledge of assessment concepts

and terminology

Mary E. Emenike(1), [email protected], 1109 Gilman, Ames IA 50010, United

States ; Kristen Murphy(2); Jacob D. Schroeder(3); Thomas A. Holme(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50010, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee
Wisconsin 53211, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, Clemson University,
Clemson South Carolina 29634, United States

Chemistry faculty's knowledge of assessment concepts needs to be considered prior to

any development of materials and resources on the topic of assessment. The ACS
Exams Institute has administered a national survey to chemistry faculty to investigate
current practices, knowledge about assessment terms and concepts, and the conditions
under which assessment resources would be valuable and useful. A pilot survey was
developed from focus groups of chemistry faculty at regional ACS meetings, and
subsequently revised based on the pilot data. The final online survey was completed by
1,413 chemistry professors from 765 institutions. Findings from the survey data will be
presented, along with implications for the design of materials and resources on
assessment.

CHED 102

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Students' results comparison in online vs. paper and pencil chemistry

assessment

Anna A Prisacari(1), [email protected], 39B Scilletter Village, Ames IA 50010,

United States ; Thomas Holme(1). (1) Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50010,
United States

ACS Exams has been working for several years to build the capacity to use on-line
platforms in chemistry testing. Applying new technological products and/or tools in
teaching may have a significant impact on students' learning and teachers' teaching
methods. Thus, the effects of technology on students' test performance must be
studied. Current research is focused on defining the psychometric differences between
items in online tests and paper and pencil test in taken by college chemistry students.
Two groups of students were provided items from an ACS Toledo Exam, with some
using an on-line version and others using a paper-and-pencil one with bubble sheets.
Item characteristic curves and other test parameters provide insight into factors present
in test items that lead to differences in student performance in on-line versus paper-and-
pencil administration.

CHED 103

Adventures in assessment: Exams institute fellowship expands horizons by

supporting faculty sabbatical

Christopher F. Bauer(1)(2), [email protected], Gilman Hall, Ames Iowa 50011, United

States ; Mary Emenike(2); Thomas Holme(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Iowa
State University, Durham NH 03824, United States

―Go west, young man‖ said Horace Greeley (arguably according to literature). The Ted
Ashford Fellowship, sponsored by the ACS Examinations Institute, has allowed me to
do just that. The fellowship supports my spending a full sabbatical year in the wild west
(nearly everything is west of my home in New Hampshire) of Ames, Iowa. It's an
opportunity to expand thinking about assessment and find ways to jump out of the box.
An initial project looks at whether a previously published assessment of attitude toward
chemistry (Bauer, 2008) can be modified for use in informal settings, such as in
museums or at public chemistry events. The poster will summarize preliminary work,
and will provide insights into the opportunities out west where you can see from horizon
to horizon.

CHED 104

Applying the ACS Exams Institute Concept Map to organic chemistry

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Heather Caruthers(1), [email protected], 1109 Gilman Hall, Ames IA 50011, United

States ; Thomas Holme(1); Jacob Schroeder(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State
University, Ames IA 50011, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Clemson
University, Clemson South Carolina 29634, United States

The ACS Exams Institute is developing a map of the undergraduate curriculum as a

way to expand the use of ACS exams in programmatic assessment. One aspect of this
project is the development of the sub-disciplinary articulations for organic chemistry.
These articulations have been used to do alignment studies of past organic ACS
exams. Inter-rater reliability measurements will be discussed along with difficulites in
alignment and revisions made to the articulations. Preliminary results will be discussed.

CHED 105

Development and psychometrics of models to support partial credit on ACS

Exams

Megan L. Grunert(1), [email protected], 117 Crystal St #104, Ames IA 50010,

United States ; Mary E. Emenike(1); Christopher F. Bauer(2); Thomas A. Holme(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, United States

This poster explores the possibility of assigning partial credit on ACS examinations.
Using a retired exam, four expert raters assigned partial credit to incorrect answers,
based on which mistakes led to each incorrect answer. Inter-rater agreement and
reliability calculations were
performed. After reaching consensus amongst the raters, over 1000 student exam
answer sheets were re-graded with the partial credit rubric. Psychometric analysis of the
dichotomous data and partial-credit rubric exam results will lead to the construction of
models to assign partial credit on ACS exams. Ultimately, a partial-credit option for
instructors using ACS exams would be available, in addition to the traditional statistical
analysis based on dichotomous raw score data.

CHED 106

ACS examination studies: An analysis of the retention of General Chemistry

topics at Lee University

Sean Reiff(1), [email protected], 1120 N Ocoee St, Cleveland TN 37320-

3450, United States ; Matthew K. Krepps(1). (1) Department of Natural Sciences &
Mathematics, Lee University, Cleveland TN 37320-3450, United States

Qualitative analysis of senior level students has shown retention of upper level
knowledge, but lack of general chemistry concepts. To determine if this is an accurate
assessment and to quantify this loss, the ACS General Chemistry exam has been

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Anaheim, CA

utilized. This standardized examination tests students' proficiency in subject areas such
as molecular structure, electrochemistry, equilibrium, stoichiometry, and energetics.
Administering this test to students upon completion of General Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry (sophomore), and Physical Chemistry (senior), retention of General
Chemistry material through an average student's tenure in the undergraduate program
at Lee University was able to be quantitatively measured and analyzed. Each
subsection of the examination was analyzed as a whole to provide a percentage
corresponding to the average number of correctly answered questions for each tested
concept. Identifying the concepts which are most frequently forgotten will allow
instructors the opportunity to better emphasize common problem areas and increase
student retention.

CHED 107

View of upper-level chemistry courses from ACS Exams statistics

Kristen Murphy(1), [email protected], PO Box 413, Milwaukee WI 54301, United

States ; Thomas Holme(2). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of
Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53201, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, United States

The ACS Examinations Institute has a long tradition of developing and providing exams
for all levels of chemistry from high school to graduate-level entrance exams. One of the
more recent additions to this suit of tests is the Diagnostic of Undergraduate Chemistry
Knowledge or the DUCK that examines a student's undergraduate chemical knowledge
across the five subdisciplines of chemistry. An analysis of the results from this exam in
the context of students' performances on the individual higher-level exams in each of
the subdisciplines will be presented.

CHED 108

General and organic chemistry: Gateways to success at UT Dallas

John W. Sibert(1), [email protected], 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson TX 75080,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas,
Richardson TX 75023, United States

UT Dallas recently implemented a campus-wide plan (Gateways to Excellence in Math

and Science or ―GEMS‖) to enhance the quality of student learning in mathematics and
science by providing students with innovative, intensive, and active learning
experiences both inside and outside the classroom. The plan targets success, retention,
and persistence in gateway math and science courses that play a critical role in
influencing student decisions to continue their studies in degree programs heavily
grounded in mathematics and the sciences as well as to continue their college careers.
Chemistry was an initial focus because of its importance to a number of degree plans

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and historically high D, F and W rates. In this presentation, we will share our efforts and
successes to increase student learning and engagement in General and Organic
Chemistry through innovations and interventions in the classroom, laboratory and the
campus learning environment.

CHED 109

Effective combination of learning communities with peer-led team learning and its
implementation at San Jose City College

Robert Gutierrez(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose ca

95128, United States ; Madeline Adamczeski Adamczeski(1); Jose A Cabrera(1). (1)
Chemistry, San Jose City College, San Jose CA 95128, United States

San Jose City College serves 12,000 community college students who live in central
San Jose, CA with the largest group comprising 31.6% Latino and 28.6% Vietnamese.
Via the implementation of a Title V grant we have established the METAS program.
METAS, which is the Spanish word for ―goals‖ is an ideal name for this program, since
empowering students to successfully achieve their academic goals, is a major focus. To
this end, we have implemented Learning Communities along side Peer-Led Team
Learning. A number of institutions implement Peer-Led Team Learning and Learning
Communities as independent parts. We have merged Peer-Led Team Learning with
Learning Communities. In our poster we specifically describe the effective
implementation of two separate Learning Communities where Introductory Chemistry
and Chemistry for Allied Health are individually linked with Intermediate Algebra. The
implementation of Learning Communities with Peer-Led Team Learning is a relatively
new pedagogical approach to teaching and learning.

CHED 110

Evaluation of the impact of participation in professional service on undergraduate

students

B. Alexia Harris(1), [email protected], MS6400, Cape Girardeau Missouri 63703,

United States ; Rachel A Morgan Theall(1), [email protected], MS6400, Cape
Girardeau Missouri 63701, United States . (1) Chemistry, Southeast Missouri State
University, Cape Girardeau Missouri 63701, United States

Student participation in outreach and other professional service is not often a

requirement for earning a chemistry degree. However, employers are looking for
students to be skilled in critical thinking, to develop innovative ideas, be experienced in
oral and written communication, and able to work collaboratively as a team. The
addition of a professional service activity to the general chemistry laboratory at
Southeast addresses these employer needs by requiring students to develop an activity
for use with children ages 5-12 and then to participate in an outreach event using either

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the activity that they designed or an activity that was designed for the event. A summary
of pre- and post- service surveys that evaluated the impact of participation in the event
on the undergraduate students will be presented.

CHED 111

Collaborative study of road salt pollution in Brooklyn's largest park

Jesse John(1), [email protected], 2900 Bedford ave, Brooklyn NY 11210, United

States ; Reena Rahi(1), [email protected], 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn NY 11210,
United States . (1) Geology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn New york 11210, United States

NSF Teaching Fellows in K-12 Education (GK-12) program, sponsored by Brooklyn

College, promotes relationships between scientists in graduate education and inner city
public schools. Working with underrepresented minority students in Brooklyn improves
the Fellows' teaching and communications skills while enriching the Chemistry Regents
Curriculum for the students of Brooklyn, NY. The project introduces students to
authentic, research-based experiences in which they collect data and perform
geospatial analysis using GPS and GIS. This study focuses on the effects of road salt
pollution in Brooklyn's largest public park. Students are able to examine annual
fluctuation of salt pollution and its influence on the environment. GK-12 Fellows
collaborate with teachers to tailor the project to: 1) meet National and NY State science
standards; 2) provide the appropriate academic rigor for high school students; and 3)
find inexpensive and sustainable tools and resources for chemistry education.

CHED 112

Practice and effect of the reinforcement to specialties relate to chemistry by the

guidance of the undergraduates employment

Lijiang Hu(1), [email protected], Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of

Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150001, China ; Dongyan Tang (1); Xiuling Lin(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150001,
China (2) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of
Science and Technology, Huainan Anhui 232001, China

Nowadays, the value of the employment rate of the undergraduates is becoming one of
the crucial standards to evaluate the social recognition of a university. This value varies
greatly with the different specialties in universe. And although the relative lower rate of
the science specialties than that the engineering specialties can be partially improved
by the continuous studying of some students for their master' degree. But the problem is
not thoroughly be solved and just be transferred or postponed. Several ways are
adopted to promote the reinforcement of these science specialties in Harbin Institute of
Technology. By the guidance of the employment of the undergraduates, the applicability
and the practicality of the students are focused and emphasized. By aiming at the

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cultivation of the innovation talents, the optimal knowledge structures and curriculum
system are built. By the encouragement of the students to begin his career by self-
employing, the decreasing trend of the employment rate is inhibited effectively.

CHED 113

Quality improvements for the SLCC Science Resource Center

Peter Iles(1), [email protected], 4600 South Redwood Road, Salt Lake City UT
84130, United States ; Tonia Gallegos(1); Adam Robison(1); Luther Giddings(1); Neil
Bastian(1); Ron Valcarce(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Salt Lake Community College,
Salt Lake City UT 84130, United States

The Science Resource Center at SLCC is run via the Division of Natural Sciences to
meet the needs of students, adjunct and full-time faculty for tutoring, computing,
consultation, and group study. Originally started as a chemistry center it has expanded
to cater for all the physical sciences. Data on the number of students and faculty served
and the costs involved is reported. The developmental history of the center is reported
here along with improvements in tutorial quality due to an influx of one time funds. One
example of this is that the SRC can now run summer PCAT review classes. The
relationship between quality and the number of students assisted is presented. The
history the various factors influencing the development, the funding and space issues
and its blending with other resources of the division and school of Science Math and
Engineering as well as outside sources such as the NASA Rocky Mountain Space
Consortium, the Easter Seals organization and Clearfield Job Corps Center. The
historical references are meant to assist similar institutions in the development of such
centers.

CHED 114

Promoting student diversity and success in STEM fields through the use of
interdisciplinary learning communities

Paula Schofield(1), [email protected], 2700 Evergreen Parkway NW, Olympia

WA 98505, United States ; Andrew D Brabban(1), [email protected], 2700
Evergreen Parkway NW, Olympia WA 98505, United States . (1) Department of
Chemistry, The Evergreen State College, Olympia WA 98505, United States

This faculty-directed project at The Evergreen State College is funded by NSF through
their S-STEM program. We provide scholarships and support services to
undergraduates with financial need and academic potential who intend to pursue
careers in laboratory-based chemistry and biology. This collaborative initiative prepares
students for these STEM careers by emphasizing degree completion; research and
internship opportunities; and employment and graduate school placement. Scholarship
recipients are supported to these outcomes through implementation of a successful

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learning community model. Special features include interdisciplinary academic

programs; faculty advising; career mentoring; graduate school and career workshops;
and professional conference attendance. Our program works especially to recruit a
diverse set of students—groups typically underrepresented in the sciences. The
program has yielded excellent results in attracting and retaining underrepresented
students and in helping all students progress toward degrees, STEM employment, and
graduate study in STEM fields. We will present detailed project activities and data.

CHED 115

Chemistry course for the common core on the “human journey” in a Catholic
university

Dhia A. Habboush(1), [email protected], 5151 Park Avenue, Fairfield CT

06825-1000, United States . (1) Chemistry, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield CT 06825-
1000, United States

The course examines the diverse and complex interactions between science and
religion through the human journey. The ―complexity model‖ and the continuous debate
on religion and the progress of science constitute the theme for the course. The
compatibility of religion and science is considered through the viewpoint of the Catholic
Intellectual Tradition (CIT). Readings in chemistry are selected to focus on this
relationship as it co-relates to four enduring questions of human value and meaning.

CHED 116

Application of constructivism leaning theory in polymer chemistry teaching

Di Wang(1), [email protected], No. 26, Hexing Road, Harbin Heilongjiang 150040,

China ; Shuangying Wei(1); Zhiming Liu(1). (1) Material Science and Engneering College,
Northeast Forest University, Harbin Heilongjiang 150040, China

The student-center is the focus on instructional design of constructivism theory，which

emphasizes the analysis and construction of "learning environment", "learning activity",
"learning strategy" and "learning appraisement". The new knowledge growing up on the
basis of original experience causes the student to complete the construction of
knowledge system with the original experience inspired and a high level of thinking
activity activated. The application of instructional design with the theory of
constructivism guiding to polymer chemistry teaching was investigated in this paper. In
order to achieve the aim of curriculum reform for polymer chemistry, the system of
student-centered instructional design differing from teacher-centered instructional
design was tentatively constructed with the combination between constructivism theory
and design theory of modern instruction. In this new system, core concepts of polymer
chemistry are to train the innovating consciousness, the comprehensive ability, scientific
literacy and lifelong learning ability of students.

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CHED 117

Enhancing study on surface chemistry course independently

Daming Gu(1), [email protected], 92 W. Dazhi St., Harbin Heilongjiang 150001,

China ; Zhigang Liu(1); Liangsheng Qiang(1); Zhaohua Jiang(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150001, China

Surface Chemistry, a specialty course, is open for undergraduate students in the

Applied Chemistry Specialty. The course focuses on the basic principle and applications
of surface phenomena which the students are very interested in. This interesting or
curiosity is a motivation for the students to study the course independently. To guide
and strengthen this independent study, 1) we give the students an assignment, writing a
short paper, related to some surface phenomena from class lectures. They must search
a lot of information related, and then write the paper in deep understanding of the
surface phenomena and prepare a further discussion based on the papers in the class.
2) We strengthen the curriculum practice based on the discussions, which can help
student to enhance self-learning enthusiasm, for example, practicing a blowing big
bubble competition related with surface chemistry. 3) Open experiments in the surface
chemistry are added, in which the students choose their own pilot projects, develop
experimental programs and complete the experiments independently. Through these
teaching activities, the students' academic thinking is inspired and the innovative spirit is
trained.

CHED 118

Cartoons make general chemistry more animated

Daming Gu(1), [email protected], Harbin Institute of technology, Harbin Heilongjiang

150001, China ; Yu Hu(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology,
Harbin Heilongjiang 150001, China (2) Department of New Media Studies, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150001, China

As we know, the power of animation is getting stronger in every field. Nowadays the
animation steps into the class stage of College Chemistry in our university, which the
freshmen are fond of especially. The freshmen were more interested in the chemistry
study through using animation and more students would register for College Chemistry
than ever. While students are learning College Chemistry with animation, it is clearly to
be recognized the path, the direction and the equilibrium of a chemical reaction. It is
easy to understand a dynamic definition of entropy taught by using an animation
example that an exploded building after exploded again become more mash of pieces
but a new building, which the entropy of the universe increases during a spontaneous
process (spontaneously disperses from being localized to becoming spread out). It also
shows students an animated action of ions and currents in a Voltaic cell; and more

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demonstrations are showing in the presentation. The General chemistry with animation
will attract students as games.

CHED 119

Metabolic pathways set on stage: A teaching tool for biochemistry

Beatrix Büdy(1), [email protected], 600 S. Michigan Ave, Chicago IL 60605, United

States ; Kimberly Senior(2), [email protected], 600 S. Michigan Ave, Chicago IL,
United States . (1) Department of Science and Mathematics, Columbia College
Chicago, Chicago IL 60605, United States (2) Theater Department, Columbia College
Chicago, Chicago IL 60605, United States

Metabolic pathways are historically challenging to teach because of their length and
complexity. The challenge is harder when it comes to teaching arts-and-media majors
with no chemistry or biochemistry background. A method of putting the hard to follow
processes of the common metabolic pathway into a form suitable for acting is
presented. The play is performed in the final weeks of the Concepts of Biochemistry
class. The non-science major class starts with three intensive organic chemistry booster
lectures, covers carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins and finally connects
these concepts though the basics of general metabolism. The activity – a play, with
biochemical characters - reviews most of the concepts presented in the class and
places them in a general perspective. Informal student feedback indicates that the
activity was helpful and engaging by offering them an intimate first person "experience"
of abstract, hard to understand concepts.

CHED 120

Analogies and their role in teaching chemistry

Cathy Lee(1), [email protected], 2 Convent Road, Morristown NJ 07960, United States . (1)
Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of St. Elizabeth, Morristown NJ 07960, United
States

Analogies have been shown to be very helpful in teaching chemistry to science and
non-science majors. Often, some quite difficult concepts involving the behavior of atoms
and molecules can be more easily understood by comparison to the behavior of things
that are more familiar to the students. It also serves as a way to get and keep the
students' attention and to help make chemistry less overwhelming for non-science
majors. State functions can be compared to properties such as altitude because they
are both independent of the path and dependent only on the initial and final states of the
system. Gases and people both behave more ideally under conditions of more space,
less pressure and less crowding. The repulsion of valence shell electron pairs in
molecules is not unlike the repulsion experienced by balloons. Analogies related to

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many of the fundamental concepts of introductory chemistry, physical chemistry,

biochemistry and inorganic chemistry will be discussed.

CHED 121

Is less more? How much, when, and how to teach learning strategies in general
chemistry courses

Elzbieta Cook(1), [email protected], 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803,
United States ; Saundra Yancy McGuire(1). (1) Chemistry, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803, United States

University students entering the freshmen chemistry course come with a variety of math
and science backgrounds and a range of learning strategies and study skills. While
students' confidence at the start of the semester tends to be high, the first exam often
reveals problems ranging from inadequate time spent studying, to spending too much
time in an unproductive way. In this presentation we compare the outcomes of a formal,
semester-long, 1-credit course involving both the additional chemistry instruction and
reinforcement of sound learning and studying strategies, to the effects of a 1-hr class
solely focused on learning and studying strategies, strategically presented to the entire
class after the first exam.

CHED 122

Renewable energy and sustainable chemistry across the undergraduate

chemistry curriculum

Ted M. Pappenfus(1), [email protected], 600 E 4th St, Morris MN 56267,

United States ; Nancy E. Carpenter(1); Timothy J. Soderberg(1); Caleb Power(1); Ryan E.
Koehn(1); Jennifer A. Schmidt(1). (1) Division of Science and Mathematics, University of
Minnesota, Morris, Morris MN 56267, United States

Issues of energy and sustainability are having a direct impact on the public and are
capturing the interests of many. As result, it is no surprise that science, including the
field of chemistry, will become more connected with society in the future. To address
this connection, we are in the process of integrating important elements of renewable
energy and sustainable chemistry across the undergraduate chemistry curriculum at the
University of Minnesota, Morris. This project strives to create a curriculum which is more
interdisciplinary with respect to both teaching and research and which introduces topics
that are timely, yet essential in preparing undergraduate students. Our initial efforts are
focused on three key areas: (i) developing new courses in renewable energy and
sustainability; (ii) integrating photovoltaics across the undergraduate curriculum; and (iii)
illustrating the role of biochemistry in renewable energy and sustainability. Our goal is to
develop a far-reaching energy and sustainable chemistry curriculum that complements
the traditional curriculum and better prepares our future graduates for success in

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addressing global problems. An overview of the project will be presented along with our
preliminary results.

CHED 123

Wine, science, and society: A general education chemistry travel course to

Australia and New Zealand

Serge Schreiner(1), [email protected], 304 Caroline Street, Ashland VA 23005,

United States ; April Marchetti(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon
College, Ashland VA 23005, United States

For the past seven years, Randolph-Macon College has been offering a general
education January term course focusing on the science of winemaking. As part of this
course, we visit some of the major wine producing regions in Australia and New
Zealand. In preparation for the travel component of the course, students learn about the
science of winemaking which includes a significant chemistry component. Laboratory
experiments for example include the determination of alcohol, residual sugar and free
and bound sulfur. Finally, students learn how to distinguish different grape varietals
based on sensory perceptions.

CHED 124

Glasgow and Nottingham, A Tale of Two Cities: Carroll University pilots a new
international undergraduate research program

Kevin McMahon(1), [email protected], 100 N. East Ave., Waukesha Wisconsin

53186, United States ; Gregory T Marks(1), [email protected], 100 N. East Ave.,
Waukesha Wisconsin 53186, United States ; Michael D. Schuder(1),
[email protected], 100 N. East Ave., Waukesha Wisconsin 53186, United States ;
Joseph J. Piatt(1), [email protected], 100 N. East Ave., Waukesha Wisconsin 53186,
United States . (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Carroll University, Waukesha
Wisconsin 53186, United States

Carroll University has a new initiative to internationalize the entire university curriculum.
To this end, the chemistry department partnered with two British universities to offer our
students and faculty summer research opportunities overseas. Two teams (one faculty,
two students) travelled to Strathclyde University in Scotland and Nottingham University
in England. We will describe the experience and outline our plans to continue this
program in the future.

CHED 125

Assessment in undergraduate chemistry research: Accomplishments and

coordination at the community college and university

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William Hunter(1), [email protected], Box 4160, Normal IL, United States ; Greg
Ferrence(1); Jeffrey Carver(2); Tom Higgins(3); Morna Brothers(3); Ray Torallba(4); Tom
Dowd(5); Kate Edler(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal IL
61790-4160, United States (2) West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, United States
(3) Harold Washington College, Chicago IL, United States (4) Truman College, Chicago
IL, United States (5) Harper College, Palatine IL, United States

This presentation describes the use of multiple assessment instruments utilized during
the STEM-ENGINES Undergraduate Research Collaborative (NSF CHE-0629174). The
nature of this project is unique in that it is the only NSF-funded Undergraduate
Research Collaborative (URC) that focuses on the experiences of students at two-year
community colleges (2YCs). Students participated in authentic undergraduate research
experiences at the 2YC during the academic year, with half the students continuing to
do research at a four-year college or university (4YCU) during the summer. Issues
regarding 2YC implementation are discussed, including utilizing assessment
instruments that focus on student learning of chemistry content and process skills,
emotional intelligence, and potential pursuit of STEM careers. The use of these
instruments, which were designed primarily for students at the 4YCU, allows us to
analyze the 2YC experience with reference to other research experiences external to
the program. Preliminary project results are shared to indicate the impact the
experiences have had on the students involved thus far.

CHED 126

Behavior of 2-Methyl-2-Nitrosopropane in several solvents: A kinetics and

equilibrium study using 1H NMR spectroscopy: Towards an undergraduate
research experience

Myron W. Jones(1), [email protected], 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman OK 73019,

United States ; George B. Richter-Addo(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019, United States

Interest in the fundamental properties of C-nitroso compounds has been increasing due
to the recent recognition of the roles they play in various biological processes (e.g.,
"shutting down" the activities of various heme enzymes). Our interest in the fundamental
chemistry of C-nitroso compounds led us to study the equilibrium established by the
dimer 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane containing a tertiary C-NO group. We have combined
a kinetics and equilibrium study into a single project involving a series of solvents over a
sufficient temperature range that allows for the calculation of thermodynamic data. The
dependence of the rate and equilibrium constants on various solvent parameters is then
determined. A further impetus for this project was our desire to develop a prototype
advanced undergraduate laboratory experiment. This work serves a practical
application in the area of kinetics and equilibrium, which is accessible to the
undergraduate student. This work was supported in part by a United States Department
of Education GAANN fellowship and the National Science Foundation.

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CHED 127

Impact of research on community college students

Morna R. Brothers(1), [email protected], 30 East Lake St., Chicago IL 60601, United

States ; Thomas B. Higgins(1); William Hunter(2); Jeffery Carver(2); Roger House(3). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Harold Washington College, Chicago IL 60601, United States
(2) Department of Curriculum and Instruction/Literacy Studies, West Virginia University,
Morgantown WV 26506, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, William Rainey
Harper College, Palatine IL 60067, United States

STEM-ENGINES Undergraduate Research Collaborative consists of ten Chicago-area

community colleges and three Midwestern baccalaureate-granting institutions dedicated
to training a diverse pool of community college students in the fundamentals of scientific
research. The full program spans a calendar year, with students training with faculty
mentors at the community college during the academic year and participating in full-time
summer research at our partner institutions, which include baccalaureate-granting
institutions, museums, and zoos. During the academic year, research is complemented
with professional development for students. Professional development focuses on
instrumentation training, communication of research, and hosting guest speakers. Over
four years, 219 students have completed the program (96%), with 52% conducting
summer research, 55% transferring to pursue a bachelor's degree and 30% declaring a
STEM major. In addition, our assessments indicate that a positive research experience
has a positive impact on students' identification as scientists and their desire to pursue a
higher degree.

CHED 128

Jmol virtual model kit: An entirely new way to build and explore molecular
structures

Robert M. Hanson(1), [email protected], 1520 St. Olaf Ave., Northfield MN 55057,

United States ; Otis Rothenberger(2); Thomas Newton(3). (1) Department of Chemistry,
St. Olaf College, Northfield MN 55057, United States (2) Illinois State University, United
States (3) University of Southern Maine, United States

The addition of a model kit to Jmol (http://jmol.sourceForge.net) opens up an entirely

new way of interacting with students in terms of 3D molecular structure. This
presentation will demonstrate the virtual model kit, highlighting applications that have
utilized it and suggesting possibilities for how it can be employed.

CHED 129

Integrating chemical education with participatory open tools for semantic web
applications

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Jean-Claude Bradley(1), [email protected], 32nd & Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia

PA 19104, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia
PA 19104, United States

This presentation will describe student projects from undergraduate organic chemistry
and chemical information retrieval courses and research at Drexel University, resulting
in open tangible knowledge for the benefit of the broader chemistry community.
Examples will include the use of social software, games and Google Spreadsheets. In
some cases, the resulting knowledge base is stored in a semantically meaningful format
which allows for the construction of web services, XML feeds and other machine
readable interfaces.

CHED 130

iPads as a laboratory device: The future of the Web is the App?

Henry S Rzepa(1), [email protected], Exhibition Road, South Kensington London,

United Kingdom . (1) Chemistry, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

The iPad is the first of an apparently new generation of personal information appliance.
The app has become the new shrink-wrapped access point for the web of chemistry,
and the metaphors are driven by touch and the sensors built into the devices. Whilst it
would be fair to say these have not really started being explored by chemists, we have
had one year to explore the potential. Some low-hanging fruits can be picked, including
redesigning the text book, the lecture and the laboratory for this medium. But will the
concept merely fragment and dumb-down chemistry in yet another proprietary
manner,or could this be the start of the next revolution?

CHED 131

RSC|ChemSpider as an environment for teaching and sharing

chemistry

Antony J Williams(1), [email protected], 904 Tamaras Circle, Wake Forest NC 27587,

United States . (1) ChemSpider, Royal Society of Chemistry, Wake Forest NC 27587,
United States

ChemSpider is an online database of almost 25 million chemical compounds linked out

to over 400 different internet resources. Together with its partner site, ChemSpider
SyntheticPages, a crowdsourced database of reaction syntheses, these two resources
provide an environment where chemists can deposit, share, source and use the data as
the basis of lesson plans, games and developing deeper understanding in chemistry.
This presentation will provide an overview of how ChemSpider is fast becoming the
central online portal for sourcing chemistry data, how the ability for students to engage
in the hosting of their own data and the curation and annotation of already existing data

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can engage students in a social networking environment. These efforts can become the
basis of training students in spectroscopy, online data validation and the provision of
supporting information for their own experiments.

CHED 132

Enhancing learning with a WikiHyperGlossary

Robert E. Belford(1), [email protected], 2801 S. University Ave, Little Rock AR

72204, United States ; John W Moore(2); Daniel Berleant(3); Michael A. Bauer(4); Jon L
Holmes(2); Jon L. Holmes(2); Roger A Hall(4). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock AR 72204, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI 53706, United States (3)
Department of Information Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock
AR 72204, United States (4) Bioinformatics Center, University of Arkansas at Little
Rock, Little Rock AR 72204, United States

Understanding the impact of new and evolving information acquisition technologies and
integrating them into the academic curriculum is a current challenge facing educators.
Outside of academic institutions online resources are a primary source of information
students will engage and there is a need for the implementation of these technologies
into the traditional curriculum. This presentation will describe the WikiHyperGlossary
(WHG) project of ChemEd DL, which seeks to assist users in utilizing online resources
for both the acquisition and the understanding of information in the chemical sciences.
The WHG can generate glossaries and through an automated markup process connect
the content of digital documents to the content of those glossaries. This provides two
fundamentally different ways the WHG can enhance learning. First, through the use of a
wiki to generate glossary content, and second, through the use of the WHG to
understand documents containing content beyond the user's level of expertise.

CHED 133

Wiki resources for chemical education

Martin A Walker(1), [email protected], 44 Pierrepont Ave, Potsdam NY 13676,

United States ; Lorna Thomson(2); Aileen Day(3); Antony Williams(3). (1) Department of
Chemistry, SUNY Potsdam, Potsdam NY 13676, United States (2) Royal Society of
Chemistry, London WIJ 0BA, United Kingdom (3) Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge CB4 OWF, United Kingdom

Wikipedia continues to provide an important resource for both students and educators.
This presentation will outline some of the recent developments in chemistry content on
Wikipedia, including external collaborations and the data validation project.

There will also be a preview of a new chemical education wiki under development by

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the Royal Society of Chemistry. This site aims to provide a location for chemical
educators to share and re-use study handouts, laboratory exercises, test materials and
other resources. It will be fully integrated with data from ChemSpider, providing physical
properties, spectra, etc. via a new student-friendly interface.

CHED 134

Open semantic resources for chemical education

Peter Murray-Rust(1), [email protected], Lensfield Road, Cambridge Cambridgeshire

CB2 1EW, United Kingdom ; Joseph A Townsend(1); Henry Rzepa(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Cambridgeshire CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom (2) Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ,
United Kingdom

The ethos and practice of the World Wide Web is moving towards Open Semantic
online resources. This includes the democratization of materials and the ability for all
members of the community , scientists, non-scientists, faculty and students to create
and distribute resources. Chemical Markup Language (CML) is a well established
infrastructure for developing these . We show how it can support a wide range of
teaching and learning objects including books and theses. Once created these can be
made available Openly and reused - the semantic nature means they are easier to
transform for a given purpose. We present Chem4Word - an Open editor/add-in for
Word which allows any user to create and redistribute chemical objects.

CHED 135

Megastudent classroom: Teaching one million students at once

Philip A Janowicz(1), [email protected], PO Box 6866, Fullerton CA 92834,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State
University, Fullerton, Fullerton CA 92834, United States

The internet allows people to connect from anywhere there is a connection. From
tweets to YouTube to blogs to interactive tools, anyone who logs on can be connected
to an entire world of information at any time. This power can be used to facilitate
communication from instructor to student, student to instructor, student to student, and
instructor to instructor to eliminate the redundancies in education. A student in California
can learn from an instructor in Bangladesh while studying with a student in South Africa.
Moreover, the computer can tailor an educational experience to each individual student
based on his/her strengths and weaknesses in a manner that is most conducive to that
individual's learning preferences. The future of chemical education is both limitless and
wireless, and visions of the future will be discussed.

CHED 136

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Using spectroelectrochemistry to improve sensor selectivity

William R. Heineman(1), [email protected], 120 Crosley, P.O. Box 210172,

Cincinnati OH 45221, United States ; Carl J. Seliskar(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45221, United States

Adequate selectivity is needed for sensors to accurate measure analyte in complex

samples. Spectroelectrochemistry offers a means for improving selectivity without
resorting to fragile biochemicals. A novel sensor that combines electrochemistry,
spectroscopy, and selective partitioning into a film has been developed. The film is
chosen to preconcentrate analyte from the sample solution into the film and to reject
some sample components. An additional level of selectivity is provided by subjecting the
preconcentrated analyte to electrolysis, which electrochemically modulates an optical
signal. The modulated signal can then be distinguished from the constant signals of
potential interferences and used for quantification. Both visible absorbance and
fluorescence modes of detection have been demonstrated. Absorbance-based sensors
have been developed for ferrocyanide in nuclear waste, ferrous and ferric iron, and
heavy metal ions such as lead. A fluorescence-based sensor has been developed for
the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene.

CHED 137

Electrochemical measurements at single cells and vesicles

Andrew G. Ewing(1)(2), [email protected], 206D Life Sciences Building, University Park PA

16802, United States ; Donna Omiatek(1); Lisa Mellander(2); Yan Dong(1); Michael
Heien(1)(3); Bo Zhang(4). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park PA 16802, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of
Gothenburg, University Park PA 16802, United States (3) Department of Chemistry,
University of Arizona, University Park PA 16802, United States (4) Department of
Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, United States

This presentation will focus on two aspects of electrochemical analysis at cells. First,
the development of small electrode arrays will be discussed. These arrays have a total
tip diameter less than 20 micrometers enclosing 7 electrodes. This allows spatial
detection at a cell surface in real time without scanning the electrode. Second, we have
developed electrochemical cytometry to separate and detect the contents of namometer
vesicles. The device uses a hybrid capillary-microfluidic device surrounding the
electrode to rapidly determine levels of aminergic transmitters in vesicles. Vesicular
transmitter amounts from PC12 cells were compared to that observed during
amperometric detection of release during exocytosis. Only 40% of the catecholamine is
released defying the all-or-none release hypothesis. Furthermore, this approach can be
used for measurements on mammalian tissue vesicles allowing direct observation of the
effects of whole-animal pharmacology on brain vesicular amounts.

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CHED 138

Electrochemical single protein-molecule counting with nanopores

Charles R. Martin(1), [email protected], PO Box 117200, Gainesville FL 32611-

7200, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville FL
32611, United States

We are investigating an electrochemical single-molecule counting experiment called

nanopore resistive-pulse sensing. The sensor element is a conically shaped nanopore
in a thin polymeric membrane, and we are especially interested in counting protein
molecules with these sensors. This is accomplished by placing the membrane between
two electrolyte solutions, applying a potential difference, and measuring the ionic
current flowing through the nanopore. In simplest terms, when a protein molecule enters
and translocates the nanopore, it transiently blocks the ion current, resulting in a
downward current pulse. A key challenge is building selectivity into the protocol, so that
the pulses for the target protein can be distinguished from pulses for other proteins in
the sample. We have accomplished this by adding to the analyte solution an antibody
that selectively binds the target protein. Results of these investigations, and of studies
on transport mechanism, will be discussed in this presentation.

CHED 139

What are we measuring when we assess: Using an eye-tracker to validate

measures made with a new assessment technique

Erin O[apos]Connell(1), [email protected], 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee WI

53211, United States ; Kristen Murphy(1), [email protected], 3210 N. Cramer Street,
Milwaukee WI 53211, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53207, United States

Rapid knowledge assessment uses a rapid-measurement scheme based in cognitive

load theory to determine the degree to which the performance on a task, the reported
immediate first step in the problem-solving process on that task, and reported mental
effort may be used to help determine an individual's problem solving efficiency. An eye
tracker was used to validate and measure the reliability of the reported immediate first
step and reported mental effort. This was done through the comparison of the objective
measures of mental effort, problem-solving pathway and time spent on task, with the
subjective measure of self-reported mental effort. Problem-solving pathway was also
used in conjunction with open response on reported first step to determine if the steps
presented are reliable, and to assess the validity of multiple-choice options based on
the level of expertise of the participant.

CHED 140

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Studying chemistry problem-solving using eye tracking

Hui Tang(1), [email protected], W315 CB 230 N. Madison St., Iowa City Iowa 52240,
United States ; Norbert J. Pienta(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa,
Iowa City IA 52240, United States

This research investigates (1) why and how complexity factors influence students' ability
to correctly solve chemistry problems and (2) the differences between the problem-
solving strategies of novices and experts. The eye tracking approach used in this study
can provide more subtle and accurate information about learner attention and cognitive
processing than traditional assessment methods such as exam scores and times.

CHED 141

Modalities of spatial thinking in chemistry: Studies of the pathways students

utilize to visualize the rotations objects

John Pollard(1), [email protected], 1306 E. Univ. Blvd., Tucson Arizona,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona,
Tucson Arizona, United States

Over the past two and half decades, a significant amount of research effort has been
invested into examining the role of visuospatial cognition in learning chemistry concepts.
It has been fairly well established that there are correlations between students'
visuospatial skills and their abilities to perform spatial and non-spatial problem solving
tasks. Recent work in neuropsychology and neuroimaging suggests that genders may
inherently utilize different pathways, which challenges the notion that an exam such as
the PROT can force all participants to choose a holistic over an algorithmic pathway.
These current findings will be presented as well as some of the recent survey/interview
studies and eye-tracking experiments we have done to explore the visuospatial pathway
heuristic students utilize. Our findings support the emerging idea that in general,
genders inherently select different pathways and that the pathway of preference does
not necessarily correlate with success in the spatial task.

CHED 142

Exploring interactivity, dimensionality and assessment in an animation prototype

for visualizing molecular geometry and polarity

Barbara L. Gonzalez(1), [email protected], 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton

CA 92834-6866, United States ; Matthew Radcliff(2); Elizabeth Dorland(3); Robin
Heyden(4). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University
Fullerton, Fullerton CA 92834-6866, United States (2) Paignton Pictures, Washington,
D.C. 2007, United States (3) Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Washington

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University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 6313, United States (4) Educational Consultant,
Wellesley MA 02882, United States

Many emerging technologies incorporate animation and three-dimensional visualization

features that support learning, but when these technologies are used to support
chemistry instruction, student achievement is not necessarily what is expected. The gap
is particularly profound when students study complex concepts such a molecular
geometry and polarity. A collaboration of researchers with collective expertise in
chemistry, chemical education, filmmaking, and instructional media development, has
developed an experimental animation prototype of particulate phenomena in chemistry.
The prototype explores design principles for animation, depicting the relationship
between polarity and molecular geometry, and attempts to embed a dynamic
assessment instrument to evaluate student understanding. Preliminary results reveal
that after formal instruction students can correctly select molecular geometry from a
Lewis diagram cue and correctly draw bonds in three simple molecules, but their
explanations indicate a shallow understanding of molecular geometry as a concept in
three-dimensional space. Students were not able to relate the symmetry of electron
distribution to the polarity of a bond or molecule in written explanations. Results from
further studies with the animation prototype will be presented. This project will help
define a set of animation design principles and guidelines for dynamic embedded
assessment that can be leveraged by other chemical education researchers.

CHED 143

Impact of faculty development workshops on the students of faculty attendees

Cianán B. Russell(1), [email protected], 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta GA 30332-0400,

United States ; Erica L. Borgers(1); Sindhuja Padmanabhan(1); Jingya Ying(1); David M.
Collard(1). (1) School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta GA 30332-0400, United States

The Center for Workshops in the Chemical Sciences (CWCS) is a summer faculty
development program that hosts 8 to 12 workshops a year. The workshop programming
is content-driven, focusing on providing faculty with laboratory-based experiences of the
material and access to experts in the content area. A two-year evaluation of the impacts
of the workshops on the students of the faculty participants was conducted during 2009
and 2010 with five faculty participants using classroom observations, student surveys,
and faculty and student interviews. Each year at each institution was a case study with
a cross-case analysis used to assess the impacts of workshops at each institution.
Results of this study will be presented regarding the impact on students' attitudes about
their course, attitudes about science, and their understanding of the nature of science.

CHED 144

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Using chemical education research to design and evaluate a chemistry course for
pre-service K-8 teachers

Jeffrey Paradis(1), [email protected], 6000 J Street, Sacramento CA 95819-6057,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, California State University Sacramento,
Sacramento CA 95819-6057, United States

Calls for reform in K-16 science education are coming from government, industry, and
science education researchers. For science instructors interested in possible reform,
what options are there to traditional teacher-centered lectures and expository
laboratories? What does research in cognitive theory and educational psychology tell us
about how people learn and how do we apply this to the teaching of science? This talk
will examine best teaching practices in science education including guided inquiry,
backwards design, authentic assessment, and collaborative learning. Theoretical
background, practical examples relating to the author's development of CHM 106
(chemistry for pre-service teachers), and assessment results for these various methods
will be discussed.

CHED 145

Diversity in chemistry: A review of literature and programs

Megan L. Grunert(1), [email protected], 117 Crystal St #104, Ames IA 50010,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames IA 5011,
United States

This presentation will review relevant literature in the

area of diversity within chemistry. In addition, programs aimed at increasing
diversity in chemistry will be highlighted and discussed. Trends, limitations,
and needs within this area will be identified. The overall goal of this
presentation will be to gather information on diversity in the chemical sciences
and set the stage for other presentations in the Diversity in Chemistry
symposium and an informed discussion to conclude the session.

CHED 146

Diversity is a planned event: A case study of HMURS

Rigoberto Hernandez(1), [email protected], School of Chemistry & Biochemistry,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332-0400, United States . (1) School of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332-0400,
United States

Several studies and recent workshops have concluded that good mentoring is a primary
intervention that when applied universally tends to flatten diversity inequities in climate

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and representation. I will discuss a case study in which a mentoring event was
specifically designed so as to provide a strong mentoring experience equitably across a
diverse cohort. The Herty Medal Undergraduate Research Symposium (HMURS) has
been held in Atlanta annually since 2006. The symposium includes oral presentation by
the Herty Medalist (awarded by the Georgia Section of the American Chemical Society)
and two chemistry faculty members from the Atlanta area. HMURS features an
undergraduate research symposium that has thus far attracted over 100
undergraduates from over 10 different colleges and universities within driving distance
of Atlanta. A graduate school primer is included in the program. Students compete for
travel grants to a national ACS meeting and one-year memberships to the ACS. A prima
facie analysis should readily conclude that HMURS is simply a good mentoring event
which is useful for everyone who participates. Diversity, however, is planned by way of
the location—Morehouse College,—the choice of speakers, and the inclusiveness of the
climate during the symposium. The speakers, in particular, have represented a cross-
section of diversity with respect to gender, race & ethnicity, and international origin. The
choice of speakers has also emphasized early-career faculty and representation from
primarily undergraduate colleges. The outcome has been an undergraduate
participation that is closer to the national demographics than what is presently seen in
our graduate schools.

CHED 147

Increasing diversity awareness with GK12 Graduate Fellows

Kimberly L. Wingo(1), [email protected], 118 College Dr #5050, Hattiesburg

MS 39406, United States ; Sarah E Morgan(1). (1) School of Polymers and High
Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406,
United States

Reaching out to the diverse population of Mississippi is a key initiative of the NSF GK-
12 Connections in the Classroom Molecules to Muscles program at The University of
Southern Mississippi. Several initiatives were implemented to educate graduate fellows
on best practices for relating their research to high school science students. The
presentation will highlight successful tools used to increase diversity awareness in GK-
12 fellows. During the graduate fellow's summer workshop two sessions specifically
targeted diversity education. One session, African American Views of Science,
addressed specific fears and misconceptions that minority students encounter in
science classrooms. Another session focused on educating graduate fellows on
common personal problems many underrepresented minority students face on a day to
day basis. Case studies were used during this session to further expand the graduate
fellow's knowledge of specific issues they may encounter in high school classrooms.
The book ―A Framework for Understanding Poverty‖ by Ruby Payne was incorporated
into the graduate fellow's bi-weekly meetings. Topics are selected for discussion which
leads to fellows discussing successful and unsuccessful strategies for communicating
science to underrepresented minorities. Fellows' attitudes and knowledge about
diversity issues were assessed through formal and informal survey tools. The benefit of
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these activities and other initiatives was to increase the fellow's knowledge of
underrepresented minorities and their views of science.

CHED 148

Getting the foot in the door: Recruitment tool for chemistry, biomedicine and
STEM through the medicinal plants of the Southwest

Antonio S. Lara(1), [email protected], MSC 3C, P.O. Box 30001, Las Cruces New
Mexico 88003, United States ; Vanessa V. Selwyn(2), [email protected], MSC 3AF New
Mexico State University, Las Cruces New Mexico 88003, United States ; Krysten
Aguilar(3); William Quintana(1); Mary O’Connell(4); Elba Serrano(5); Yvonne Díaz(6); David
Kimball(1); Lillis Urban(5); Camilo Roldán(7). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces New Mexico 88003, United
States (2) Department of Curriculum and Instruction, New Mexico State University, Las
Cruces New Mexico 88003, United States (3) Department of Anthropology, New Mexico
State University, Las Cruces New Mexico 88003, United States (4) Department of Plant
and Environmental Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces New Mexico
88003, United States (5) Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las
Cruces New Mexico 88003, United States (6) Department of Agricultural Extension
Education, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces New Mexico 88003, United States
(7) Department of English, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces New Mexico
88003, United States

―Medicinal Plants of the Southwest‖ is used to recruit/retain underrepresented minority

students for STEM and ultimately ―RISE to the PhD‖. We identify and characterize N.M.
Medicinal Plants to explore health benefits. Inquiry-based learning, team-based
learning, and ―relevancy‖ enticed students. Team-based learning enhanced diversity
(ethnicity, gender, and scientific background). Inquiry-based learning elevated the
chemical and biological investigation of plants. Participants had a unique learning
environment with state-of-the-art equipment: GC, ASE, LC/MS, ICP/MS, TLC, and
Bioassays. Kinesthetic constructivist exercises enhanced comprehension of
fundamental equipment principles. Inquiry-based learning created critical thinkers;
students designed unique projects. Guest speakers (a ―Curandera‖, food advocate,
several naturists, and botanists) and trips (local herbarium, and local nature preserve)
added to relevancy. There were three research themes: red pigments (Anthocyanins,
and Betalains); metal chelation; and antimicrobial testing. Students disseminated with a
presentation and poster session. There were positive outcomes in student assessments
to evaluate content comprehension and scientific attitudes.

CHED 149

Serving diverse STEM scholars with grant-funded programs

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Candice J. Foley(1), [email protected], 533 College Road NFL 127E, Selden

New York 11784, United States ; Nina A. Leonhardt(1), [email protected], 533
College Road, Selden New York 11784, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry,
Suffolk County Community College, Selden New York 11790, United States

With RFPs being issued to support STEM undergraduates, it is now possible to

leverage these resources so that a diverse and underrepresented cohort of students are
fully funded, have access to support services such as participation in a community of
STEM scholars and individualized tutoring sessions, and can experience STEM
research through paid internships. In addition, by providing diverse role models to our
STEM student cohort including women, single parents, economically disadvantaged and
ethnically underrpresented students are encouraged to succeed. Learn how one
community college is leveraging local, state, NSF and business and industry resources
to increase opportunities for diverse STEM scholars.

CHED 150

Evaluation of the Miami University S-STEM Scholars

Program

LaKeisha M. McClary(1), [email protected], 701 E. High Street, Oxford OH

45056, United States ; Richard L. Bretz(1); Stacey L. Bretz(1); Blanton S. Tolbert(1);
Christopher A. Makaroff(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami
University, Oxford OH 45056, United States

The Chemistry and Biochemistry Department at

Miami University is the recipient of an NSF S-STEM Grant to recruit and retain
undergraduate chemistry and biochemistry students from populations that are
underrepresented (i.e., students of color, women and first-generation). Our
goal is to prepare students to be competitive with admission to advanced degree
programs and in the job market while reducing some of the financial burden of
attending college. We have awarded 37 scholarships in the first three years of
the grant, and 33 students continue to receive funding. The diversity of our
department has increased substantially since the S-STEM grant was awarded. We
employ
quantitative and qualitative methods to understand how the Miami University
S-STEM Scholars Program contributes to students' progress as chemistry or
biochemistry majors. Our presentation will focus on preliminary findings of our
evaluation of the first three years of the Program.

CHED 151

Development of knowledge organization in undergraduate organic chemistry: An

investigation examining underrepresented minorities

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Nathan B Cardin(1), [email protected], 333 Campus Drive, Stanford CA 94305,

United States ; Enrique J Lopez(2); Kiruthiga Nandagopal(2); Richard J Shavelson(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States (2)
School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States

Successful completion of first semester organic chemistry is a prerequisite for many

graduate and professional STEM programs. Yet the failure rate for this course is
notoriously high, particularly for under-represented minority (URM) students. To date,
no investigations have examined factors contributing to the development of conceptual
understanding in organic chemistry, specifically among URM students. Results indicate
that problem solving is significantly related to organic chemistry grade and little
difference was observed between URM and non-URM students. However, non-URM
students performed better on measures of conceptual understanding (measured by
concept maps). Study behavior differences may account for non-URM students' higher
performance on these measures. These analyses suggest potential directions for
interventions to improve URM organic chemistry performance.

CHED 152

Plenish™ high oleic soybean oil: An improved soybean oil for use in food

Kelli Hallquist(1), [email protected], 1010 Lyndhurst Drive, Hiawatha Iowa 52233,

United States ; John Everard(2); Susan Knowlton(2); Sheila Chadman(2). (1) Department
of Chemistry and BioChemistry, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls Iowa 50614,
United States (2) DuPont Agricultural BioTechnology, Wilmington Delaware 19880,
United States

Plenish™ is a high oleic soybean oil which has improved oxidative stability making it an
attractive choice for food companies seeking an alternative to partially hydrogenated oil.
The oil has an ideal fatty acid profile with >75% oleic acid and less
than 3% linolenic acid providing utility in a number of applications requiring high levels
of stability. Plenish™ was used in fry studies to measure the fry life compared to
commodity soybean oil. This poster will provide data which demonstrates that Plenish™
has a 2-3X increase in fry life over commodity soybean oil as measured by a number of
industry standard tests.

CHED 153

Analysis of hops (Humulus lupulus)

Blake J Lyon(1), [email protected], 700 E. Broadway, Monmouth IL 61462, United

States ; Bradley E Sturgeon(1). (1) Chemistry, Monmouth College, Monmouth IL 61462,
United States

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Hops are a very important part of beer flavor, aroma, and stability. Hop chemistry is an
integral part of the brewing process. Hops contain a-acids which are the main chemical
species of interest. The American Society of Brewing Chemists publishes analytical
methods for hop analysis to determine a-acids content using both UV-Vis spectroscopy
and HPLC. The analysis of the hops gives the brewer information that can be used in
the formulation of beer recipes. More on the Methods on Poster.

CHED 154

Analysis of heavy metal content in chicken eggs

Peter P Ly(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 1360, Collegeville MN 56321, United States ;
Kate Graham(1); T. Nicholas Jones(1); Jayne Byrne(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
College of Saint Benedict / Saint John[apos]s University, Saint Joseph MN 56374,
United States (2) Department of Nutrition, College of Saint Benedict / Saint John[apos]s
University, Saint Joseph MN 56374, United States

Fish are a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids but a major source of heavy metal
contaminants. Enriching grain based chicken feed with fish and fish oil results in the
production of omega-3 enriched eggs, a potential alternative to fish consumption. Using
an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, this research aimed to determine if there is transfer
of heavy metals from livestock feed containing fish oil to omega-3 enriched eggs1.
Results show that overall the fish enriched feed, on average, had much higher
concentrations of heavy metal when compared to the eggs and there is little difference
between the conventional eggs and the omega-3 enriched eggs. This suggests that
chickens are able to act as effective filters for the heavy metals present in the feed. (1).
Kirkpatrick, D. C., Coffin, D. E., ―Trace Metal Content of Chicken Eggs,‖ J Sci Fd Agric.
1975. 26: 99-103.

CHED 155

Comparative analysis of soil chemicals in three prairie reconstruction sites

Jessica Nacar(1), [email protected], 4300 N Narragansett, Chicago Illinois

60634, United States ; Dina Yousif(1), [email protected], 4300 N. Naragansett,
Chicago Illinois 60634, United States ; Alexandra Lopez(1),
[email protected], 4300 N. Naragansett, Chicago Illinois 60645, United
States ; Helen M Rarick(1), [email protected], 4300 N. Naragansett, Chicago Illinois,
United States . (1) Biology, Wright College-City Colleges of Chicago, Chicago Illinois
60634, United States

Chemical analysis of reconstructed prairie soils is important to determine prairie

viability. In our study, we performed quantitative analysis of the essential soil chemicals
of a prairie planted in 2007 that is not yet fully restored (New Prairie) as compared to
two other prairies within the vicinity (Dunning Prairie planted in 2009-not fully restored;

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Old Prairie planted in 2003-fully restored). The levels of the following soil elements:
nitrate, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and sulfate were measured using a
colorimetric chemical reaction technique (LaMotte Professional Soil Testing Outfit) and
the pH was determined (LaMotte pH TesTabs Kit). Nitrate and phosphorus levels and
the pH of the New Prairie soil were higher than the Old and the Dunning Prairie soils.
Calcium, magnesium and sulfate concentrations were variable among the three prairies.
These data on the differential chemical levels provide information on proper chemical
balance within the soil to maintain and optimize plant growth.

CHED 156

Soluble food dye consumption: Study on FD&C dye in children's candy and
beverages

Emily H. Novak(1), [email protected], 300 N Broadway Rd, Lexington KY 40508,

United States ; Eva Csuhai(1). (1) Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics,
Transylvania University, Lexington KY 40508, United States

Food dyes have been traditionally used in edible products to make them more visually
appealing to the consumer. While some dyes have been banned from consumable
products in the US due to health risks, many are still used in a wide variety of products.
In this study, seven of the most commonly used FD&C water soluble dyes were
analyzed for they spectroscopic properties: absorption maxima, and molar absorptivity.
Selective wavelengths were chosen for each dye so multiple dyes could be assayed
simultaneously. Dyes were separated into groups of two or three in order to assay a
food for multiple dyes. Popular children's drinks and candies containing only FD&C dyes
were then tested to quantify the amount of FD&C dyes consumed by the average
American child within the span of a week. It is probable that Americans consume a
considerable amount of these dyes.

CHED 157

Solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of

volatile components of Verbascus thapsus

Levin Gomez(1), [email protected], 1145 W Wilson Ave, Chicago IL 60640, United

States ; Amen Soudy(1), [email protected], 1145 W Wilson Ave, Chicago IL
60640, United States ; Raymund Torralba(1); Charles Abrams(1). (1) Department of
Physical Science and Engineering, Harry S Truman College, Chicago IL 60640, United
States

A method utilizing solid phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography – mass

spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to analyze the volatile components of
Verbascum thapsus. Verbascum is an herb widely used to remedy certain upper
respiratory problems such as asthma and spasmodic coughs. It is also used to treat

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skin inflammations, diarrhea, and migraine headaches. Headspace (HS) SPME

techniques on dry and fresh samples, and direct immersion SPME techniques on
alcohol extracts were explored. In addition to the analytical method developed, data
from this research is expected to provide insight into the nature of the compounds that
might be responsible for the medicinal properties attributed to this herb.

CHED 158

Quantitating the antioxidant properties of fruits

Brandy C Schell(1), [email protected], 402 E. College St., Bridgewater

VA 22812, United States ; Kenneth S Overway(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Bridgewater College, Bridgewater VA 22812, United States

The nutritional content of food is of prime interest to American consumers as well as

chemists. Specifically, the antioxidant content of berries can be determined through a
fluorescence quenching reaction known as Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity
(OREC). The purpose of this project was to determine the antioxidant content of starfruit
and pluots using the OREC method, which employs the fluorophores fluorescein or
dichlorofluorescein, the free radical generator 2,2'-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide,
dihydrochloride (AAPH), and the antioxidant standard 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-
tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). A 96-well plate format was employed in
order to accomplish near simultaneous analyses.

CHED 159

Computational study of physicochemical properties of “molecules of the future”

using semiempirical (AM1 and PM3) and ab initio methods

Mary L Santiago(1), [email protected], Urb. de brisas del mar A-5 calle veleros,
Guayama Puerto Rico 00738, Puerto Rico ; Laura M Suarez(1),
[email protected], Urb. villas de castro calle-3 C-7, Caguas Puerto Rico 00725,
Puerto Rico ; Lyan M Porrata(1), [email protected], urb. la alhambra calle Granada
#2102, Ponce Puerto Rico 00716, Puerto Rico ; Zuleyka Reyes(1),
[email protected], Hc-02 Box 6250, Barranquitas Puerto Rico 00794, Puerto
Rico ; Juan G Estevez(1); Carlos Torres(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Puerto Rico, Cayey Puerto Rico 00736, Puerto Rico (2) Department of Chemistry,
University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Puerto Rico 00931, Puerto Rico

Recently W.R. Pitt and colleagues(1) found 20 heterocyclic rings with four or less
heteroatom that have not been previously studied or synthesized. We have carried out a
computational study of the physicochemical properties of 22 species consisting of two
fused rings: [6, 6], [6, 5], [5, 5], by semiempirical (AM1 and PM3) and ab-initio methods.
Here in we report ΔHºf, vertical and adiabatic ionization potentials, electro affinity, and
HOMO, LUMO energies. All of these properties are used as chemicals predictors. AM1

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calculations show that ΔHºf ranges from 120.000 to -11.398 Kcal. /mol. These values
may explain why the species under study have not been synthesized. Dipolar moments
show values from 0.62 to 5.48 D, which give insight of how symmetrical is the
heteroatom arrangement in the species. The ionization potential ranges from 10.107 to
80199 eV.

(1) W.R. Pitt; D.M. Parr; B.G. Perry; C.R. Groo;, J. Med. Chem 2009, 52, 2952-2963

CHED 160

Effect of cooking on the antioxidant potential of various peppers

Brian M Ogendi(1), [email protected], 700 pelham Rd N, Jacksonville AL 36265, United

States ; Nixon O Mwebi(1); Andrew Woods(1). (1) Physical & Earth Sciences,
Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville AL 36265, United States

Peppers a class of colored vegetables has gained popularity in recent years due to their
high antioxidant content giving them protective abilities. The protective chemicals in
these peppers include polyphenols (e.g. flavonoids) and are linked to protection against
several maladies including; coronary heart disease, stroke, and other forms of cancer.
The peppers come in various sizes and colors, as well as in varying degree of hotness.
The burning sensation in peppers is primarily due to the capsaicin molecule and renders
the peppers useful in easing pain such as those associated with arthritis and muscle
strain. Studies on the effect of cooking on the antioxidant potential of peppers have
been inconclusive; with some indicating that heating may lower the antioxidant potential
of these peppers, others pointing that heat has minimal or no effect on their antioxidant
potential and yet others arguing that heating will significantly lower their antioxidant
potential. These discrepancies indicate a definite lack of clarity and form the basis for
our study. In this study, a systematic approach employing two UV-vis spectroscopic
techniques: the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the free radical trap 2, 2 –
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were used to quantify and monitor the effect of
various cooking methods (boiling, stir-frying, steaming and microwaving) on the
antioxidant potential of sweet, mild and hot peppers. Our results indicate that boiling
results in the highest reduction in the antioxidant potential of the peppers whereas
microwaving causes the least reduction, leading us to conclude that cooking may affect
the antioxidant potential of peppers, an effect that may be depended on the type and
nature of the peppers and cooking method employed.

CHED 161

Synthesis of discotic liquid crystals through "Click Chemistry"

Frantz Pierre Toussaint, Jr.(1), [email protected], 94-86 218TH ST

apt 3, QUEENS VILLAGE NY 11428, United States ; Dolai Sukanta (2); Krishnaswami
Raja(3). (1) chemistry department, CUNY College of Staten Island, staten island new

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york 10314, United States (2) CUNY College of Staten Island, staten island new york
10314, United States (3) chemistry department, CUNY College of Staten Island, staten
island new york 10314, United States

The final product of discotic liquid crystals is achieved through synthesis by etherifying
rufigallol using excess propargyl bromide. Pure rufigallol is obtained by a series of
reactions and purifications starting from gallic acid. The product of aromatic cores with
multiple alkyne attachments will be purified and reacted with certain azides to generate
the final discotic liquid crystals. This will be done through the use of "click chemistry"
conditions. By introducing hydrophilic groups into the lateral chains of the discotic
molecules, disc-shaped multipolar amphiphiles can be generated.

CHED 162

Characterization and analysis of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Michelle E Reid(1), [email protected], 350 Spelman Lane, Box 1134,

Atlanta GA 30314, United States ; Pilanda McDougald(1); Marisela D Mancia(1); James A
Campbell(2); Kimberly M Jackson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Spelman College,
Atlanta GA 30314, United States (2) Chemical and Biological Signature Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA 99352, United States

Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), a herbal Chinese medicine, has shown medicinal
uses in therapeutics and cancer prevention. Dibenzoylmethane (DBM), a small β-
diketone, is a minor constituent of licorice and a known deregulator of the cell cycle in
hormone-responsive human prostate cancer cells. Characterization of the
phytochemical profiles of licorice root forms including commercially available DBM, will
advance our search in identifying novel reagents for cancer therapeutics. Gas
chromatography/ mass spectrometry analysis was used for detecting DBM and other
components in licorice root extracts. DBM and all licorice forms exhibited a component
at a retention time of 13.5-13.6 minutes. Multiple reaction monitoring scans tentatively
identified DBM as a minor constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra. For further characterization
of licorice root analogs, chromatography was used to identify and isolate the extract
fractions showing the greatest antiproliferative activity in prostate cancer cells.
Preliminary data revealed differences in bioactivity among the extract fractions when
comparing the relative potency. This data will hopefully lead to the development of new
therapeutic products for prostate cancer.

CHED 163

Compounds in Helianthus tuberosus as possible antifeedants against

Leptiontarsa decemlineata on Solanum tuberosum cultivars

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Kristina Stilson(1), [email protected], 7400 Bay Road, University Center MI 48710,

United States ; Tami L. Sivy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State
University, University Center MI 48710, United States

A bioassay was conducted to evaluate Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus,

solutions to serve as possible antifeedants against Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the
Colorado potato beetle. The artichoke are naturally resistant to the beetle, as well as
many other pests, thus we hypothesized that there are compounds in the artichoke that
could give the same resistance to potato. H. tuberosus foliage and roots were ground
and extracted in methanol to enrich for possible terpene compounds. Solutions were
sprayed onto Kennebec potato plants, where L. decemlineata were allowed to feed.
Methanol served as the control. For the three trials conducted, it was calculated on
average that the plants sprayed with the root solution received the least damage from
the beetles. Solutions were analyzed using GC-MS to determine differences in chemical
composition that could account for the beetle behavior. Continued chemical analysis will
be done to correlate antifeeding with specific compounds.

CHED 164

Toward acoustic resonance spectroscopy: Applications in agriculture

Jeremy Clark(1), [email protected], 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield CA

93311, United States ; David Saiki(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, California State
University Bakersfield, Bakersfield CA 93311, United States

The experimental results of an Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy (ARS) experiment

that uses piezo-transducers to generate broadbanded (0-20 kHz) Gaussian white noise
that subsequently excites resonances in a quartz rod and sample will be presented. The
details on the construction, acquisition, Fourier transformation and processing of data
will be discussed. Recent calibration data that describes the usefulness of this
technique applied to sugar and milk samples points towards the rapid and accurate
nature of this technique to analyze a variety of samples that would ordinarily be difficult
to study with conventional spectroscopic methods in labs with limited budgets. The
application of this technique to studying Milk samples may help to reduce the monetary
and time cost of testing milk fats.

CHED 165

Exploring conformation space for natural product discovery

Nichole M Lareau(1), [email protected], Townhouses East 5A, 2000 Pennington Rd.,

Ewing NJ 08628, United States ; Larissa S Fenn(1); Cody R Goodwin(1); Brian O
Bachmann(1); John A McLean(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville TN 37235, United States

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The discovery and analysis of natural products presents several obstacles due to their
structural complexity. The utilization of X-ray crystallography and NMR requires the
removal of impurities. However, exploration of conformation space using ion mobility-
mass spectrometry (IM-MS) alleviates several of these analytical limitations. We report
on the development of a linear peptide database in traveling wave ion mobility
conformation space. In order to produce a large set of peptides, seven proteins were
digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin and lys-C. Data were analyzed by electrospray
ionization- and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-ion mobility-time of flight
mass spectrometry. The m/z values of linear peptides were identified by PeptideMass
characterization tool on the ExPASY Proteomics Server. Natural products are compared
to the linear peptide trend line in order to determine unique structures in conformation
space. This method offers rapid detection of possible natural product drug candidates
based on their structural complexity compared to linear peptides.

CHED 166

Nutritional supplement contamination analysis by traditional and speciated

isotope dilution mass spectrometry using liquid chromatography inductively
coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Curtis Frantz(1)(2), [email protected], 215 Fifth St., Box 1435, Marietta Ohio 45750,
United States ; Skip Kingston(1); Mizan Rahman(1); Greg Zinn(1); Liz Roeske(1). (1)
Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania, United States (2) Marietta College, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United
States

The goal of this project was to evaluate the contamination of a nutritional supplement
which was tainted with antimony. First, quantification of 69 elements using inductively
coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was performed by calibration curve to
find other potential sources of contamination. Next, isotope dilution mass spectrometry
(IDMS) was used to quantify the concentration of zinc and antimony. The speciation of
antimony was explored focusing on three species – inorganic forms, Sb(III) and Sb(V),
and an organic species, trimethyl antimony chloride using speciated isotope dilution
mass spectrometry (SIDMS). Sb(III) andSb(V) are highly toxic whereas organic species
of antimony are not nearly as harmful. Ion-exchange chromatography-inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) was used to determine the antimony
species in the samples. Mass balance of species, species identification, and
quantification by SIDMS allows for the best toxicological assessment from the antimony
contamination to correct manufacturing processes.

CHED 167

Physiological pH of the zwitterionic buffer compound MES from 5 to 55 °C

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Blake M. Bodendorfer(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave, Springfield

Missouri 65802, United States ; Isaac B. Henson(1); Jessica M. Stegner(1); Lakshmi N.
Roy(1); Rabindra N. Roy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Drury University, Springfield
Missouri 65802, United States

Experimental emf measurements of the zwitterionic buffer MES have been made in the
temperature range of 5 to 55 °C, including 25 and 37 °C. These emf values were
collected with the aid of a Harned cell of the type: Pt, H2 (g, 1 atm)|MES (m1) +
NaMESate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl, Ag. Data will be presented at 5, 25, 37, and 55 °C.
Three different MES buffer solutions, yielding an isotonic saline media of I = 0.16
mol·kg-1, have been studied. The pH values for 0.04 m BES + 0.08 m NaBESate + 0.08
m NaCl at 25 and 37 °C are 6.442 and 6.339, respectively. The results will be discussed
as to the feasibility of use for the pH standards in biological fluids.

CHED 168

Thermodynamic dissociation constant (pK2) and pH values of the zwitterionic

buffer ACES from 5 to 55 °C

Kathleen A. Allen(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave, Springfield Missouri

65803, United States ; Blake M. Bodendorfer(1); Samantha J. DeArmon(1); Lakshmi N.
Roy(1); Rabindra N. Roy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Drury University, Springfield
Missouri 65803, United States

Clinical research requires a control of pH in the range of 6.5 to 7.5 at I = 0.16 mol·kg-1.
An extensive study of the buffer ACES resulted in a pH value of 7.390 at 37 °C, which
closely resembles that of blood plasma. The buffer ACES was studied using a
potentiometric technique for the emf measurements from 5 to 55 °C. The cell studied
was a Harned cell of the type: Pt, H2 (g, 1 atm)|ACES (m1) + NaACESate (m2) + NaCl
(m3)|AgCl, Ag. Data will be presented at 5, 25, 37, and 55 °C. The values of pK2 and pH
for three buffer compositions are calculated and will be discussed as a biochemical pH
standard in physiological solutions.

CHED 169

Second dissociation constant and related thermodynamic quantities of HEPPS

from 5 to 55 °C

Casey J. Mehrhoff(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave, Springfield Missouri

65802, United States ; Jessica M. Stegner(1); Isaac B. Henson(1); Lakshmi N. Roy(1);
Rabindra N. Roy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Drury University, Springfield Missouri
65802, United States

Experimental emf measurements were made for the buffer HEPPS in the temperature
range 5 to 55 °C using a Harned cell of type: Pt, H2 (g, 1 atm)|HEPPS (m1) +

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NaHEPPSate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl, Ag. The NaHEPPSate was prepared by adding a
standard solution of NaOH. The values of pK2 and related thermodynamic quantities
ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°, and were calculated at 5, 25, 37, and 55 °C. The results will be
interpreted in terms of the structural stability and the feasibility of being a pH standard
for biological buffers.

CHED 170

Electrochemistry of atrazine: Experimental evidence for a 2-electron reduction

intermediate

Angela Reimers(1), [email protected], 1501 State Street, Marshall Minnesota

56258, United States ; Jay H. Brown(1). (1) Department of Science, Southwest
Minnesota State University, Marshall Minnesota 56258, United States

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) is a popular triazine

herbicide used in corn production. The compound is electrochemically active under
acidic conditions. Atrazine undergoes an overall 4-electron reduction process using a
mercury pool electrode and an applied potential of -1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3M NaCl). The
reduction product is the result of both dechlorination and reduction of the triazine ring.
Several groups have proposed the existence of a dechlorinated intermediate resulting
from a 2-electron reduction process. This poster outlines experimental evidence for the
proposed intermediate.

CHED 171

Analytical method for determination of organo-arsenic compounds using high

performance liquid chromatography

Michelle J Veite(1), [email protected], 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati OH 45207,

United States ; Barbara M Hopkins(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Xavier University,
Cincinnati OH 45207, United States

Roxarsone and para-arsanilic acid, two organo-arsenic compounds, are widely used as
growth promoters added to feed for poultry and swine. Due to this, workers in producing
factories can be directly exposed to an unknown amount of roxarsone or para-arsanilic
acid throughout the workday. The purpose of this research is to develop a method using
high performance liquid chromatography for detection of these compounds in air. The
limit of detection and analytical range of the method have been determined. In addition
recovery data from filters spiked with the compound at amounts equivalent to 0.1x, 0.5x,
1x, and 2x's the permissible exposure limit for these compounds in air will be reported.
The method follows guidelines set forth by the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health for development of an analytical method.

CHED 172

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Determination of lead using atomic absorption spectroscopy

Sarah Prebihalo(1), [email protected], 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati Ohio

45207, United States ; Barbara Hopkins(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Xavier
University, Cincinnati Ohio 45207, United States

The goal of this project is to develop an undergraduate laboratory experiment that

utilizes atomic absorbance spectroscopy (AA) in the detection of metals in various
environmental samples. Relying on Beer-Lambert law, AA can be used to assess the
concentration of a particular element, each which has a specific wavelength at which it
will absorb. Two types of atomizers will be used; flame and graphite furnace.
Preliminary results show that the graphite furnace is able to detect lower levels than
flame AA. Future work is to detect lead and copper in water samples, baby formula and
other environmental samples.

CHED 173

Detecting cocaine on a variety of banknote substrates

Leah C Douglas(1), [email protected], 1201 University Blvd, Birmingham AL

35294, United States ; Elizabeth A Gardner(2). (1) Chemistry, University of Memphis,
Memphis TN 38152, United States (2) Justice Sciences, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States

Banknotes from the US, Iraq, and Mexico were analyzed for cocaine contamination and
the effect of the 0.10 M HCl extraction on bills was evaluated. The affinity of cocaine
has been attributed to an attraction of the cocaine molecules for the green dye used in
printing process and to an affinity of the cocaine crystals for the fibers used to make
paper money. Soiling of paper currency is the primary reason that paper money is
removed from circulation and destroyed. Improvements designed to decrease banknote
damage from soiling have included coated papers and polymer substrates. Soil
resistant properties of polymer-coated banknotes are also expected to make the
banknotes resistant to cocaine contamination. The table summarizes findings for
multiple banknotes and the effect of the acid extraction step.

Country Substrate # Positives Condition

US 75%cotton/25%linen 8/20 unchanged
Mx polymer 15/20 unchanged
Iraq wood pulp 0/20 pulp
US* 75%cotton/25%linen 2/12 unchanged

CHED 174

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Correlation of the rates of solvolysis of vinyl chloroformate

Peter A Lorchak(1), [email protected], 120 N State St, Dover DE

19901, United States ; Malcolm J D[apos]Souza (1); Dennis N Kevill(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Wesley College, Dover DE 19901, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL 60115, United States

Chloroformate esters have been researched by scientists for many years to try to better
understand their pharmacologic capabilities. The idea of pharmacologically active
polymers is still at its early stages. However, current research on chloroformate
properties (i.e. chemical reactivity, solvent effects, etc.) may provide a clearer picture as
to how the compound can be utilized. On completion of the conductometric titrations of
vinyl chloroformate, the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation isused to analyze the
effect of solvent variation on the specific rates of solvolysis. The goal is to identify the
reaction mechanism of the compound. By understanding the reaction mechanism,
researchers will be able to better utilize the known data and develop enhanced drug and
polymer designs.
[This project was supported by NIH NCRR INBRE grant number; 2 P20 RR016472-10]

CHED 175

Titrimetric and NMR investigations of solvent and pH effects in polyol-anion

complexation

Shauna Anderson(1), [email protected], 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre

PA 18766, United States ; Donald E Mencer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Wilkes
University, Wilkes-Barre PA 18766, United States

Polyols, in particular mannitol and sorbitol, are known to complex with borate and
phosphate ions. Conductometric and potentiometric studies on the mannitol-borate
system demonstrate both 1:1 and 2:1 (mannitol:borate) complexes depending on the
relative concentrations of the two. It is also known that mannitol reacts with borate anion
but not aqueous boric acid indicating that there should be an observable pH effect for
these compleximetric reactions. Polar solvents cause additional complications by
favoring certain rotamers via H-bonding through the functional groups of the solvent.
Intermolecular H-bonding leads to an extended (anti) conformation for mannitol while
sorbitol has a bent chain (gauche) conformation. In this study, potentiometric,
conductometic, and NMR spectroscopic techniques have been employed to investigate
the range of intermolecular interactions between anions (borate and phosphate) and
polyols (mannitol and sorbitol) in a variety of solvents (DMSO, D2O, DMF).

CHED 176

Biomimetic electrocatalysis using redox polymers and transition metal ions

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Christopher Newberry(1), [email protected], 3501 Laclede Ave., St. Louis Missouri

63103, United States ; Robert L Arechederra(1); Shelley D Minteer(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis Missouri 63103, United States

Experiments have shown that poly(methylene blue) (PMB) can act as an electrocatalyst
for NADH oxidation. The oxidized form of PMB reacts with NADH, regenerating the
reduced form of PMB, NAD+, and shuttling electrons to an electrode. Some recent data
shows that transition metals such as zinc can play a crucial role in catalysis of
NAD+/NADH with similar polymerized dye systems. In this research, we are exploring
the ability of a dye polymer to oxidize other molecules such as glucose or ethanol both
with and without transition metals present to determine if this type of catalyst is feasible
in biofuel cells and biosensor applications.

CHED 177

H2Oconee and beyond: What's in your water?

Amber M. Pentecost(1), [email protected], Campus Box 82,

Milledgeville Georgia 31061, United States ; Catrena H. Lisse(1). (1) Chemistry, Georgia
College & State University, Milledgeville Georgia 31061, United States

A team of undergraduate research students, from Georgia College and State University,
gathered and tested water samples from nearby water bodies such as the Oconee River
and lakes surrounding the city of Milledgeville, Georgia. Surface water testing kits were
used to monitor the water's nutrient levels and a probe kit measured pH, turbidity,
conductivity, and temperature. Chemical analysis of volatile organic compounds was
conducted using GC/MS. Testing locations were mapped out using global positioning
system technology to ensure that reproducibility studies could be conducted. The
research students have been trained using EPA guidelines on proper water sampling
techniques. This paper highlights the techniques used by the undergraduates and also
summarizes their results.

CHED 178

Isolation and identification of the photolytic products formed by 2,6-

dinitrotoluene in the presence of dissolved substances

Jake M Peterson(1), [email protected], PO Box 13896, Annapolis Maryland 21412,

United States ; Daniel O[apos]Sullivan(1); Dianne Luning Prak(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis Maryland 21412, United States

Dinitrotoluene compounds under photolytic decay have the potential to form products
with increased toxicity in seawater environments. Some of the photolytic products of
2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) in seawater solutions containing added nitrates and
dissolved organic matter have been identified. Using a solar simulator to photolyze 2,6-

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DNT, the product composition was measured through extraction and analysis. The
extraction process was carried out through sequential solid-phase microextraction of
samples using an amino SepPac cartridge, eluting with solutions consisting of saltwater,
acetonitrile and methanol. Structural identification and analysis was then performed on
an LC system using UV/Vis spectroscopy and MS/MS analysis. Among the photolytic
products that have been identified include 2,6-dinitrobenzyl alcohol, 2,6-
dinitrobenzaldehyde and 2,6-dinitrobenzoic acid.

CHED 179

Investigation of the mechanism of action of the synthetic antibiotic CSA-13 using

Langmuir monolayers for application in cystic fibrosis treatment

Holly S Morris(1), [email protected], 700 E Broadway, Monmouth IL 61462, United

States ; Taryn Bautista(1); Paul Janmey(2); Audra G Sostarecz(1); Robert Bucki(2); Paul
Savage(3). (1) Department of Chemistry, Monmouth College, Monmouth IL 61462,
United States (2) Deparment of Physiology and the IME, University of Pennsylvania,
United States (3) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young
University, United States

The frequent CF lung pathogen, Psudeomonas aeruginosa, grows in lungs as a biofilm

expressing lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Bactericidal activity of antibacterial molecules, in
this case positively charged CSA-13, is based on their ability to interact with LPS. Ecoli
lipid Langmuir monolayers were proven to be an effective model of the CF biofilm with
LPS monolayers, a more physiological system, not significantly changing the model.
Increasing CSA-13 concentration on the bacterial model membrane was proven to be
effective in causing the membrane to become less ordered, therefore indicating that the
bacteria is being broken down. The theorized mode of action of CSA-13 is a charge-
based mechanism involving the positive charge of the antibacterial molecule and the
negative charge of Ecoli lipids. As a control study, CSA-13 was investigated on
monolayers of neutral dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC). Since no significant
interactions were observed between the antibacterial molecule and the neutral
monolayer, the charge-based mechanism proposed was confirmed.

CHED 180

Interactions between cholesterol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine in the aiding

of Alzheimer's disease progression

Samantha Nania(1), [email protected], 700 E Broadway, Monmouth IL 61462, United

States ; Sarah Zero(1); Audra G Sostarecz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Monmouth
College, Monmouth IL 61462, United States

Cholesterol is believed to form domains involved in signal transduction, aiding in

disease progression in relation to Alzheimer's disease. Langmuir monolayers can be

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used to understand what phospholipids interact with cholesterol to form these rafts in
the cellular membrane. Langmuir monolayers enable the measure of interactions
among amphiphilic molecules at an air-water interface. Using this analytical technique,
we have determined that dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine(DPPS), an anionic inner leaflet
lipid, interacts to form domains with 14, 19, and 24% cholesterol. Further analysis with
compression moduli should confirm that DPPS molecules order with addition of
cholesterol due to cholesterol headgroups shielding the electrostatic repulsion of PS
headgroups. Future work will involve the investigation of PS/Cholesterol interactions
through the use of molecular modeling. We will investigate tailgroup interactions by
analyzing cholesterol derivatives. Completion of this research will allow for a more
complete picture of the role of domains in signal transduction in the cell membrane.

CHED 181

Comparison of analyses for elements in brass using atomic absorption vs.

portable X-ray fluorescence

Samantha Schmuecker(1), [email protected], 4525 Downs Drive, St.

Joseph MO 64507, United States ; Shauna L. Hiley(1), [email protected],
4525 Downs Drive, St. Joseph MO 64507, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry,
Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph MO 64507, United States

The emergence of handheld X-Ray fluorescence [XRF] analyzers offers a new method
for determination of elements with distinct advantages over Atomic Absorption [AA] or
EDTA titrations including ease of sample preparation, rapid results, and simultaneous
multi-elemental analysis. XRF may be used with both solution phase as well as solid
phase samples, and offers a wider calibration range than AA. In this project, XRF and
AA results for the determination of Cu, Zn, and Pb in commercially prepared brass
samples were compared. Overall assessment of both methods including ease of
sampling and precision of results confirmed that XRF would be the preferable method.
Finally, an experiment to use XRF for determination of Pb in brass was developed for
the MWSU undergraduate Instrumental Analysis course.

CHED 182

Pre-concentration by solid phase extraction: Extraction of alcohols from hexane

Kellie S Davies(1), [email protected], 1 Park Place, Elmira NY 14901, United

States ; Daniel E Bastardo(1), [email protected], 1 Park Place, Elmira NY
14901, United States ; Shay L Mailloux(1), [email protected], 1 Park Place,
Elmira NY 14901, United States ; Heather A Nelson(1), [email protected], 1 Park
Place, Elmira NY 14901, United States ; Dale R Powers(1). (1) Math and Natural
Sciences, Elmira College, Elmira NY 14901, United States

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Solid Phase Extraction is a method by which impurities can be pre-concentrated before

chemical analysis. Alcohols (butanol through octanol) were chosen to represent the
polar impurities to be extracted from hexane. These were extracted onto silica gel
cartridges and then recovered using methanol. To validate the procedure, the holding
capacity of the alcohols were determined and then the recovery percentages
determined. To optimize the detection of alcohols, the volume of the recovery solution
(methanol – hexane) was minimized. This technique enables the detection limit of these
alcohols to be reduced by a factor of 200.

CHED 183

Langmuir-Blodgett approaches to characterize nanoparticles

Richard Cooke(1), [email protected], Nunn Dr., SC 204, Highland Heights KY 41099,

United States ; Adam Gottula(1); Joseph Squeri(1); Keith Walters(1); Kristi Haik(2); Heather
A Bullen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland
Heights KY 41099, United States (2) Department of Biological Sciences, Northern
Kentucky University, Highland Heights KY 41099, United States

The unique characteristics of nanoparticles lend themselves to a wide variety of

applications. Langmuir –Blodgett approaches have been utilized to characterize two
different nanoparticle systems: poly(butyl cyanoacrylate), PBCA, and fullerenes.
Preliminary analysis of the miscibility of PBCA nanoparticles and model lipids has been
evaluated to provide indication of potential toxicity of these drug delivery systems.
Fullerene coatings have been created to evaluate their energy storage potential.

CHED 184

Implication of nutrients on pyoverdin and metal chelating compounds produced

by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Samantha Sutkamp(1), [email protected], Nunn Dr., SC 204, Highland Heights KY

41099, United States ; Melissa Toms(1); Hazel Barton(2); Heather Bullen(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights KY 41099,
United States (2) Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University,
Highland Heights KY 41099, United States

Biofilms are a collection of microorganisms immobilized on a substrate and often

embedded in a extracellular polymer matrix. The destructive impacts of biofilms can be
seen across a broad range of fields causing, for example, infections in medical settings,
contamination in food processing, and corrosion in industry. Little is known about the
early stages of biofilm formation and this research seeks to understand how the
production of metal chelating ligands by bacteria may influence biofilm growth and
development. The effect of nutrients on the production of a newly identified chelating
compound produced by P. aeruginosa is presented. The affinity of the compound with

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various metal ions was evaluated using fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The
stability of complexes was compared to other chelating compounds such as
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the siderophore pyoverdin. In addition the
implication of these chelating compounds in biofilm formation using atomic force
microscopy is presented.

CHED 185

Isolation and characterization of metal chelating compounds produced by

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Melissa Toms(1), [email protected], Nunn Dr., SC 204, Highland Heights KY 41099,

United States ; Samantha Sutkamp(1); Hazel Barton(2); Heather Bullen(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights KY 41099, United States
(2) Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights
KY 41099, United States

We present new approaches in the purification and identification of chelating

compounds produced by P. aeruginosa for survival. Recent evidence in our group
indicates that these chelating compounds have an affinity for numerous metals.
Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to evaluate the affinity of the siderophore
pyoverdin (iron chelating ligand) with various metal ions in solution. The stability of
complexes was compared to other chelating compounds such as
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In addition, a new chelating compound has
been isolated using a variety of extraction and column chromatography approaches.
The characterization of this complex by HPLC and ATR-FTIR will be discussed.

CHED 186

Probing intermolecular interactions in chiral chromatography with NMR

spectroscopy

Susan K. Craig(1), [email protected], 2001 Alford Park Drive, Kenosha WI 53140,

United States ; Kevin F. Morris(1). (1) Chemistry, Carthage College, Kenosha WI 53140,
United States

NMR spectroscopy was used to probe the intermolecular interactions in chiral

chromatography. Three chiral sympathomimetic analytes were studied; ephedrine,
norephedrine, and pseudoephedrine along with a chiral surfactant; N-
dodecocycarbonylvaline (DDCV). Diffusion experiments were performed to measure
binding constants. These experiments showed that ephedrine exhibited stronger binding
to the micelles than the pseudoephedrine. The norephedrine:DDCV association
constants spanned a wider range than ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. Two-dimensional
ROESY data suggested that one strong H-bond between the analyte and the micelle
produced a lower energy complex than two weak H-bond and/or two competing H-

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bonds. ROESY data also suggested that once the analyte is H-bonded to the micelle,
the analyte remained near the micelle surface within the chiral pocket, with the aromatic
ring pointing towards the hydrocarbon chain, rather than interacting ith the hydrophobic
core of the micelle.

CHED 187

Investigation of interactions between β-blocker drugs and polymers via NMR

spectroscopy

Sarah A. Marble(1), [email protected], 2001 Alford Park Drive, Kenosha WI,

United States ; Kevin F. Morris(1). (1) Chemistry, Carthage College, Kenosha WI 53140,
United States

NMR spectroscopy was used to study the binding of seven β-blocker drugs to chiral
polymers. The polymers investigated are used to separate enantiomers in chiral
chromatography. In order to achieve the highest selectivity in these separations, the
chiral interactions between analytes and the polymers need to be well understood. In
NMR diffusion studies of the β-blockers' free energies of binding, the β-blocker
propranolol had the strongest interaction with each polymer while atenolol had the
weakest. Correlations were also seen between NMR association constants and
chromatographic retention times as well as between the NMR free energies of binding
for atenolol and chiral selectivities. Finally, NOESY experiments and analyte binding
maps prove the polymer forms a chiral pocket with which the analytes interact.

CHED 188

Copper phthalocyanine modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous

electrochemical analysis of homocysteine and cysteine

Chip Smith(1), [email protected], PO Box17, Point Lookout MO 65726, United States ;

Kenneth E Garrison(1). (1) Chemistry, College of the Ozarks, Point Lookout MO 65726,
United States

Modified carbon paste electrodes were constructed with copper pthalocyanine in order
to investigate the electrochemical effects of the modifier on thiols cysteine and
homocysteine. Overpotentials were reduced by the copper pthalocyanine by 300 mV.
The current used in the reaction is decreased by a power of ten. Further results will be
reported.

CHED 189

Demonstrating periodicity through conductivity: A teaching method

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Andrew Powell(1), [email protected], PO Box 17, Point Lookout MO 65726, United

States ; Kenneth E Garrison(1). (1) Chemistry, College of the Ozarks, Point Lookout MO
65726, United States

A study was undertaken to verify the trend of specific conductivity between the Group I,
Group II, and Group III elements in aqueous solutions; the objective was to design an
experiment for students with little or no chemistry knowledge to see a periodic trend
between the different groups. Students, by observing this trend, can make predictions
based on oxidation states and on how other elements within the group behave, and
certain chemical reactivity patterns are identified within each group. The study was
accomplished by the addition of 50-µL aliquots of 0.1 M salt solutions in 50 mL of water
until 500 µL was reached for a total concentration of 0.001 M. After each addition, the
measurements were taken with a conductivity probe.

CHED 190

PEBBLEs as a tool for monitoring intracellular ion flux in Dictyosteleum

discoideum during bacteria/ cell host/guest interaction

Leah Chibwe(1), [email protected], WB 142, 902 N. Cascade,

Colorado Springs CO 80946, United States ; Henok Yemam(1),
[email protected], WB 248, 902 N. Cascade, Colorado Springs CO
80946, United States ; Murphy G Brasuel(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado
College, Colorado Springs CO 80903, United States

PEBBLEs (Probes Encapsulated by Biologically Localized Embedding) are

nanosensors designed to monitor intracellular cell processes. PEBBLEs were fabricated
via a microemulsion polymerization process to measure intracellular Mg 2+ and pH ion
concentration in D. discoideum cells during chemotaxis when induced by chemo-
attractant cAMP (3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate). The effect of the virulence
factors of salmonella on ion flux during chemotaxis was also tested. The similarity in the
mechanism of D. discoideum infection by Salmonella to the immune system of
eukaryotic cells makes it an ideal model of study for microbial infection. Mg2+ ion
sensing PEBBLEs consisted of modified Coumarin 343 as the analyte selective
chromophore. Coumarin 343 was modified to be insensitive to pH. pH sensitive
PEBBLEs, designed with Oregon Green and Quantum Dots, were calibrated for pH of 3
and 6, and used to measure a pH drop when cAMP was added.

CHED 191

Analysis of lower Colorado River water by atomic absorption

Clarity M Argall(1), [email protected], 3001 South Congress Ave, Austin TX

78704, United States ; Henry Altmiller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint
Edward[apos]s University, Austin TX 78704, United States

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Samples of water were collected from the lower Colorado River watershed in and
around Austin, Texas for analysis with a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The
samples were analyzed for various metallic ions, including sodium, calcium,
magnesium, lead, and arsenic. Based upon the results of these preliminary tests, further
samples were obtained from specific points along the river with the intention of locating
a possible environmental cause for fluctuations in ion levels. Specifically, the samples
were analyzed for changes in salinity levels and increased concentration of heavy-metal
ions that had accumulated from industry and pollution as water flowed through the city.

CHED 192

Identification of phenolic compounds in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and

lavender (Lavandula) by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)

Lauren Kjolhede(1), [email protected], 1001 E. University Ave., Georgetown

TX 78626, United States ; Emily D. Niemeyer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Southwestern University, Georgetown TX 78626, United States

Many herbs in the mint family, Lamiaciae, contain high levels of polyphenolic
compounds that are associated with strong antioxidant properties. Lemon balm (Melissa
officinalis) and lavender (Lavandula) are particularly noted for their medicinal value, and
the goal of the current study is to identify and quantify the specific phenolic compounds
present within these Lamiaciae herbs. After development of an optimized phenolic
extraction method for our herb samples, total phenolic levels were quantified using the
Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant capacities were determined using the ferric ion
reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
(LC/MS) was used to separate, identify, and quantify phenolic acids and other
antioxidant compounds. This presentation will examine the similarities and differences
in phenolic composition and antioxidant properties among lemon balm and lavender
cultivars.

CHED 193

Variations in anthocyanin content and antioxidant properties among 8 purple

basil cultivars (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Patrick Flanigan(1), [email protected], 1001 E. University Ave., Georgetown

TX 78626, United States ; Emily D. Niemeyer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Southwestern University, Georgetown TX 78626, United States

Anthocyanins are a subclass of flavonoids that possess known antioxidant properties

and are responsible for blue/red pigmentation in plants. In the current study, we
determine differences in both the type and amount of anthocyanins present in eight
purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars. For all basil samples, total anthocyanin
levels were quantified using a spectrophotometric method with cyanidin-3-glucoside as

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the analytical standard, and antioxidant capacities were determined using the ferric ion
reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. High performance liquid chromatography
coupled with diode array and mass spectral detection was used to analyze individual
anthocyanins in each basil cultivar. When available, analytical standards were used for
quantification of anthocyanins, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS n) fragmentation
patterns and dual wavelength (330nm, 520nm) absorbance readings were used for the
identification of anthocyanins. This presentation will examine the impact of cultivar on
anthocyanin composition and antioxidant levels in basil.

CHED 194

Determination of benzene in soft drinks and juices

James C McMeans(1), [email protected], 3001 South Congress Ave, Austin TX

78704, United States ; Henry Altmiller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint
Edward[apos]s University, Austin TX 78704, United States

In 2005, the FDA examined approximately 100 different sodas and juices for the
presence of benzene. This project attempts to follow up on this work by using SPME,
headspace analysis, and GC/MS to isolate and determine if benzene is still present.
Twelve drinks were examined during the course of this research. In contrast to the FDA
report and earlier work in this lab, the drinks tested showed no benzene to be present at
this time. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of benzene. Work
to identify a particular mechanism will be reported.

CHED 195

Effect of biofouling on cyclic voltammetry and potentiometry measurements

Laura C Dzugan(1), [email protected], PO Box 210172, Cincinnati OH 45221,

United States ; Julia Kuhlmann(1); William R. Heineman(1). (1) Chemistry, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45221, United States

Biofouling of biosensors is a common problem when measuring biological samples such

as blood or bodily fluids and can generally be described as a four-step process. The
adherence of proteins and other biomolecules to the biosensors is the first of the four
steps and occurs within minutes after exposure of the biosensor to a biological sample.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of this adherence on cyclic
voltammetry (CV) and potentiometric measurements. Platinum disk electrodes were
incubated in solutions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine serum for various
times. CV and potentiometric measurements with these biofouled electrodes were
recorded and compared to measurements recorded with polished electrodes. The
results showed that biofouling occurred rapidly and strongly affected CV measurements,
as these depend on the surface area of the electrode. However, the potentiometric
measurements did not appear to be affected.

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CHED 196

Detection of Bisphenol A in the leachate from storage containers and the

possible interaction between BPA and an intracellular target

Jen-Chou Wang(1), [email protected], 421 N. Woodland Blvd., Unit 8271, DeLand FL

32723, United States ; Harry L Price(1); Ramee Indralingam(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Stetson University, DeLand FL 32723, United States

Bisphenol A is a plasticizer used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy

resins, which are used in the production of baby bottles and food containers. It has been
shown that BPA is leached into baby formula and foods by contact with these plastics.
BPA mimics hormones and acts as an endocrine disruptor, leading to health problems.
Several methods have been reported as effective in the determination of BPA in waters
and foods. We have developed a simple method for the detection and quantitation of
BPA that is leached by water from several plastics. We will present results that we have
obtained using new and previously used plastic containers. Molecular modeling was
also performed to investigate the binding of BPA to specific sites within alcohol
dehydrogenase. We will also present modeling results and a testable hypothesis
concerning the binding and potential inhibition of an important intracellular enzyme.

CHED 197

Detecting counterfeit anti-malarials through comparison between high pressure

liquid chromatography and other methods of analysis

Andrea M Irby(1), [email protected], 201 High Street, Farmville VA

23909, United States ; Sarah E.G. Porter(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Longwood University, Farmville VA 23909, United States

Counterfeit pharmaceuticals are an increasing trend in the world of criminal activity

because the business of making fake pharmaceuticals is highly profitable. The scientific
community needs to develop clear-cut methods of detection for counterfeit
pharmaceuticals because this is an issue that affects human health and also because
the use of prescription drugs is so prevalent. This study used various methods to
quantify quinine, mefloquine, and cholorquine in tablet preparations. These are common
anti-malarial drugs used in developing nations and they are often counterfeited. HPLC
and fluorimetry were used as standards for detecting the amount of the active
ingredient. UV-Visible spectroscopy was also investigated in conjunction with
multivariate modeling methods.

CHED 198

Study of heat induced cis/trans isomerization of oleic acid in vegetable oils

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John-Harwood Scott(1), [email protected], 201 High Street, Farmville VA

23909, United States ; Sarah E.G. Porter(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Longwood University, Farmville VA 23909, United States

The temperature effect on inducing cis-trans isomerization withmonounsaturated fats in

vegetable oils was investigated. Specifically, oleic acid – the greatest monounsaturated
fat constituent in canola oil – was studied. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with
attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) was used to quantitatively detect trans-fats
after the thermal manipulation of vegetable oils, including canola, olive, and corn oil.
GC-MS was used to validate the purity of the fatty acid standards and the ATR-FTIR
results. The methods were used based on their success in other experiments. Past
research shows the effect of heat on isomerization of polyunsaturated fats from cis to
trans. Our hypothesis was that monounsaturated fats will undergo similar isomerization
when exposed to high heat. A relationship between temperature and duration of
exposure to heat was established to determine the conditions necessary to induce
isomerization.

CHED 199

Measuring the correlation times of chiral molecules bound to molecular micelles

with NMR spectroscopy

Timothy K. Hamerly(1), [email protected], 2001 Alford Park Drive, Kenosha WI

53140, United States ; Kevin F. Morris(1). (1) Chemistry, Carthage College, Kenosha WI
53140, United States

NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the correlation times of the chiral
compound1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl hydrogen phosphate (BNP) protons when bound to
molecular micelles. An atom's correlation time is the time required for it to move through
one radian. A molecular micelle is a polymer containing approximately 40 surfactant
molecules covalently bonded at the end of their hydrocarbon chains. The molecular
micelles contained a dipeptide head group. The chiral analyte interacted with the chiral
head group of the molecular micelles by inserting into a chiral pocket. The bound BNP
exhibited various degrees of anisotropy in the correlation times depending upon the
structure of the molecular micelle headgroup. This anisotropy was correlated to the
degree to which the polymer discriminated between the two enantiomers in chiral
chromatography. It was found that large degrees of anisotropy were characteristic of
high chiral selectivities and vice versa.

CHED 200

Semi-empirical study of the effects of temperature on hydrogen bonding strength

and liquid salt water dynamics

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Rachel Harstad(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St, Morris MN 56267, United

States ; Jennifer Goodnough(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St, Morris MN
56267, United States . (1) Department of Science and Math, University of Minnesota,
Morris, Morris MN 56267, United States

The hydrogen bond structure of many liquids is unclear. This is largely due to the
dynamic state of liquids, in which molecules are constantly moving and changing their
hydrogen bond network. The study of hydrogen-bonded liquids is difficult because
neither pure experimental nor pure theoretical methods give clear answers. Our
research uses a semi-emperical method which combines experimental NMR
measurements (chemical shifts and spin lattice relaxation times) and theoretical
quantum mechanics calculations. This method is also used to find rotational correlation
times, which provides insight into the motion of molecules in the mixtures. The chemical
shift provides the relative hydrogen bond strength. NMR data was taken as a function of
temperature for aqueous solutions of KCl and NaCl. The addition of salt and changing
the temperature of water resulted in a change in hydrogen bond structure. This is
evident in the observed change in chemical shift and rotational correlation time.

CHED 201

Fluorescence of transition-metal complexes

Ekene J Okolo(1), [email protected], 3001 South Congress Ave, Austin Texas

78704, United States ; Henry Altmiller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint
Edward[apos]s University, Austin TX 78704, United States

This project is concerned with the fluorescence of transition metal complexes. Ligands
include 8-Hydrooxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQS) and 1,2-Ethylenediamine. The
efficiency of fluorescence among various complexes was determined from
measurements of maximum intensity under conditions of total absorbances. Metals that
did not fluoresce were examined as possible fluorescent quenchers. The effect of pH
and oxidation states on fluorescence were examined.

CHED 202

Determining the distribution of boron in coal ash and plants grown in

contaminated soil

Loren Brown(1), [email protected], 1900 Belmont Blvd., Nashville TN 37212,

United States ; Alison Moore(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics, Belmont
University, Nashville TN 37212, United States

Fly ash is a coal waste by product that contains areas of high boron concentrations.
Consequently, boron is labeled as the most phytotoxic element of coal ash. Moreover,
boron is known to reduce plant growth significantly at concentrations greater than 2

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ppm. As a result, plants that absorb boron from the ground can enter the food chain
through plant-consuming animals. When these animals absorb large amounts of boron,
the male reproductive organs will be affected. Accordingly, female animals exposed to
boron during pregnancy may have their offspring suffer from birth defects or delayed
development. To analyze the boron concentrations, EPA methods 3051 A and 6010 C
will be used. A standard plant and three different plants were grown in contaminated fly
ash containing varying concentrations of boron.

CHED 203

Characterizing possible antibacterial compounds found in aloe vera

Brandon Ladage(1), [email protected], 1900 Belmont Blvd., Nashville TN

37212, United States ; Alison Moore(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Belmont University, Nashville TN 37212, United States

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is well documented as a healing agent. While
commonly used to treat burns and cuts, it has also been shown to have mild
antibacterial properties as well. Although several studies have examined the
effectiveness and range of aloe vera as an antibiotic, they disagree as to which
compounds are responsible for aloe's antibacterial activity. This study seeks to better
characterize which compounds are responsible by focusing exclusively on identification
of those compounds rather than on their effectiveness. This was done by isolating aloe
compounds in different combinations and testing those isolations for antibacterial
properties. Based on the methods used to isolate the compounds, this process has
identified possible antibacterial compounds. Further studies will seek to identify the
mechanism behind the compounds' antibacterial properties.

CHED 204

Characterizing compounds in honey that may inhibit bacterial growth

Nicole Smith(1), [email protected], 1900 bELMONT bLVD., Nashville TN

37212, United States ; Alison Moore(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physcis,
Belmont University, Nashville TN 37212, United States

MRSA is a bacterial infection that is highly resistant to antibiotics. Thus an interest in

finding different remedies to fight MRSA has developed. One remedy tested is honey.
The antibacterial properties of honey (osmotic effect, acidity, and hydrogen peroxide
production) allow it to be a plausible solution. Several bacterial cultures were grown in
the presence of honey to determine whether inhibition of bacterial growth was observed.
The effect of Manuka honey on MRSA growth has been studied by other groups and
findings show that the presence of high non-peroxide activity doubles the antibacterial
activity compared to other honeys. To continue this research, several bacterial cultures
were grown in the presence of ―active‖ and ―non-active‖ Manuka honey and zones of

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growth inhibition were noted. The isolation of proteins or other compounds in the
honeys will show the chemical component that is causing the differentia in bacterial
growth.

CHED 205

Dispersal of crude oil in fresh water systems: Fluorescence spectrophotometry of

residual crude from the Red Butte Creek oil spill in the Jordan River

Danny R Barber(1), [email protected], 1840 s. 1300 e., Salt Lake City

Utah 84105, United States ; Robyn Hyde(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Westminster
College, Salt Lake City Utah 84105, United States

Residual oils from spills into aqueous environments can linger and cause damage for
decades. Using fluorescence spectrophotometry and known fluorescent signatures,
qualitative analysis on the dispersal and movement of residual oil from the Red Butte
Canyon Chevron oil spill was documented. Analysis showed that oil was present in
decreasing concentrations for several weeks after the initial spill, and methods such as
booming did collect large amounts of oil, but failed to limit contamination downstream.
Analysis also suggested that methods such as ―flushing‖, which is claimed to aid in oil
collection, dramatically increased oil concentrations downstream. Although the
concentrations of residual oils did decrease over the sampling period, continued
contamination was present in the downstream environment every week after the spill.
The overall analysis method proved useful in qualitatively assessing oil contamination
and relative dispersal in aqueous environments. The technique also was useful in
gauging the effectiveness of cleansing methods.

CHED 206

RF-powered micro-extractor sample injection protocol development

Jill V. Frank(1), [email protected], 1050 Union University Drive, Jackson

Tennessee 38305, United States ; Xenia Amashukeli(2); Anita Fisher(2). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Union University, Jackson Tennessee 38305, United States (2) Jet
Propulsion Laboratory NASA, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California
91109, United States

In preparation for NASA's Mars Exploration Mission, an RF-powered micro-extractor is

being developed to extract specific biomarkers of life from martian regolith. The 180
MHz micro-extractor power source disrupts water's translational energy, causing water
to act as a pseudo organic solvent due to its decreased dielectric constant. To facilitate
RF micro-extraction, injection protocols have been developed for a broad range of
common martian mineral and analog soil samples. Sample injection efficiencies were
analyzed for each sample at varying injection parameters, consisting of particle size
(MSL required <150 μm, <53 μm), sample density (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 g/mL), tubing size

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(PEEK (ID 500 μm), Teflon (ID 500 μm), silica (ID 250 μm)), and flow rate (4, 40, 400
μL/min). Though samples exhibited unique injection affinities, medium to low density
injections at 40 μL/min through PEEK tubing optimized sample injections.

CHED 207

XRF testing of Native American and colonial "flints" from circa 1600 AD

Steven C Gladu(1), [email protected], c/o Dr. Randy Larsen, 18592 E. Fisher Rd, St.
Mary[apos]s City MD 20686, United States ; Julia A. King(2); Michael DeLeon(3);
Randolph K. Larsen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St. Mary[apos]s
College of Maryland, St. Mary[apos]s City MD 20686, United States (2) Department of
Anthropology, St. Mary[apos]s College of Maryland, St. Mary[apos]s City MD 20686,
United States (3) Department XRF & Arc/Spark Applications, Spectro A. I. Inc., Mahwah
NJ 07430, United States

An artifact's provenance is important to archaeologist for it provides information about

the exchange of material among and across cultures. An archeological dig of a Native
American fort in southern Maryland has discovered chert artifacts in a layer dating back
to the early 1600s. These pieces of chert may have been created locally or may have
come from contact with European settlers. While many studies have been done on
other materials, relatively few studies havebeen done on chert artifacts to determine
their provenance. This study analyzes these chert artifacts using Energy-Dispersive X-
Ray Fluorescence. The relative concentrations of Fe and Ca normalized to the Si
concentration as well as the presence of Mn, Sr, and Ti are used to categorize the
samples. Chert from known locations were also analyzed and compared to the Native
American artifacts to determine the probable source of origin.

CHED 208

Lip gloss identification using non-destructive spectroscopic techniques for

forensic applications

Kristen L. Reese(1), [email protected], 18592 E. Fisher Rd, St. Mary[apos]s City MD

20686, United States ; Randolph K. Larsen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, St. Mary[apos]s College of Maryland, St. Mary[apos]s City MD 20686,
United States

Evidence recovered from a crime scene is a paramount, corroborating factor in linking

potential criminals and victims. Forensic scientists systematically analyze evidence
through different means and interpret these results in the scope of a case. Cosmetic
residues are an increasingly important area of forensic evidence due to their immense
popularity. Evidence of cosmetic residue at a crime scene may involve a limited amount
of material. Therefore, non-destructive testing may be preferred over other methods
since it can provide multiple pieces of independent information for the investigator. This

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study develops a series of non-destructive techniques to differentiate both the color

shades and manufacturers of lip gloss for forensic identification. Lip glosses are
categorized based on their metallic and organic composition along with their optical
properties which were identified using X-Ray Fluorescence, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy
and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

CHED 209

Forensic gel ink analysis using capillary electrophoresis

Scott B Minchenberg(1), [email protected], 58 Holly Road, Hewlett New York

11557, United States ; Keith D Zauderer(1), [email protected], 20 Capel
Drive, Dix Hills New York 11746, United States ; Ling Huang(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead New York 11549, United States

The increased use of gel ink pens in written forensic evidence demands rapid and
reliable chemical identification. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an instrument which
requires a small sample size and can be used to quickly separate dye from gel. Ink was
first extracted from mock paper samples using various solvents and surfactants. Three
CE methods were developed to generate molecular fingerprints of various gel ink
samples: cationic dye method (Capillary Zone Electrophoresis, CZE), anionic dye
method (CZE), and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The best
separation was achieved with MEKC as neutral gel polymers possess increased
electromobility when coated with charged surfactants. The cationic method employed
CTAB to suppress electroosmotic flow. Cyclodextrin was used as a complexing reagent
in the anionic method. A high sensitivity cell was utilized to detect trace amounts of dye
from paper extracts. A database of gel ink electropherograms is being compiled for gel
ink evidence identification.

CHED 210

Analysis of wastewater treatment effluents for metals and trace elements using
inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy

Baochau N Vo(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway, San Antonio TX 78209,

United States ; Tara Rojas(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway, San Antonio TX
78209, United States ; Patricia P Gonzalez(1); Edward E Gonzalez(1); Alakananda R
Chaudhuri(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of the Incarnate Word, San
Antonio Texas 78209, United States

The industrial effluent is the liquid waste discharged into sewage lines and to the water
treatment plants, where it is treated and returned as a treatment effluent to rivers,
streams or recycled for non-drinking purposes. The purpose of the study is to analyze
the metals and trace elements in the final effluents from three wastewater treatment
plants in San Antonio, Texas, using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission

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Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) in order to monitor the levels of toxic elements in the effluents
and compare the effectiveness of the of the recycling processes. Effluents from Dos
Rios, Medina, and Leon Creek water treatment plants are collected for analysis
following the EPA method 200.7. Analytes in a weighed aliquot of well mixed,
homogeneous aqueous sample are first solubilized by gentle refluxing with nitric and
hydrochloric acids. After cooling, the sample is made to volume and then mixed and
centrifuged or allowed to settle overnight prior to analysis. Twenty seven elements are
analyzed in the effluent samples and compared with the EPA set limits.

CHED 211

Microfluidic proteolytic digestion in porous monolithic columns with electro-

osmotic pumping

Eric C Chen(1), [email protected], 312 Terrace Blvd, New Hyde Park New York
11040, United States ; Ling Huang(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University,
Hempstead New York 11549, United States

Rapid microfluidic protein digestion facilitates downstream proteomic analyses,

preserve precious reagents, and carries potential for the integration of multiple
analytical functions. In this study, monolithic columns were synthesized in glass micro-
devices to serve as miniaturized proteolytic digestion systems. Pepsin protease was
immobilized on a UV-polymerized porous monolith within a glass microchip. Instead of
conventional pressure pumping, electro-osmotic pumping was used as the
transportation method to accelerate flow.

Within minutes, several micrograms of model protein were digested on column.

Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) was used to analyze undigested and digested
proteins and peptides before and after on-chip digestion. Peptide profiles were
compared to those from digestions through the same column with pressure pumping.
Improved digestions were discovered with electro-pumping on BSA and myoglobin
although not for β-casein. The differential digestion results are currently being
investigated. Digestion parameters are being optimized to achieve higher selectivity and
better performance.

CHED 212

Forensic analysis of lotions using NMR spectroscopy

Nicole Wile(1), [email protected], 3001 S. Congress, Austin TX 78704, United

States ; Donald Wharry(1); Jennifer Bennett(1). (1) Chemistry, Saint Edwards University,
Austin TX 78704, United States

The purpose of this research is to study lotion identification primarily for a future forensic
application. The main focus has been using NMR spectroscopy with bottled lotion

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samples, extracted samples, and dried samples. The research has concentrated thus
far on analysis of eight known samples, and the reproducibility of those results. After
developing methods that appear to be able to differentiate the samples in both extracted
and ―scene‖ samples, the study will then move forth into unknown samples for analysis.

CHED 213

Effect of cinnamon on glucose concentrations in aqueous solutions

Alicia K Nunley(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 17, Point Lookout MO 65726, United
States ; Carol J Breaux(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of the Ozarks, Point
Lookout Missouri 65726, United States

This study investigates the plausibility of claims that cinnamon can lower glucose levels
in aqueous solutions. Two methods were used to measure glucose concentrations in
aqueous solutions. In the first method, glucose concentrations were measured by
observing the color change on Diastix™ reagent strips. Aqueous solutions of glucose in
the concentration range, 0.02-0.2M, with and without cinnamon, were measured by this
method. The second method utilized the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method of
measuring glucose concentrations with sodium p-diphenylamine sulfonate as the
chromogen. Aqueous glucose solutions in the concentration range 0.2mM-1.0mM, with
and without cinnamon, were measured at 500 nm on a Cary uv-vis spectrophotometer.
Solutions of glucose showed linearity in this concentration range. A decrease in the
concentration of glucose was seen in solutions containing cinnamon for both methods.

CHED 214

Progress toward the determination of amoxicillin and its removal from

wastewater

Robert J. Gregory(1), [email protected], 1184 W. Main St., Decatur Illinois

62522, United States ; Edward R. Acheson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Millikin
University, Decatur Illinois 62522, United States

Numerous studies over the past decade have demonstrated the presence of various
pharmaceuticals in natural and drinking water samples. Given the presence of these
pharmaceuticals in water, researchers are now turning their attention to remediation of
these contaminants. In this study, we chose to focus on the potential remediation of the
water soluble antibiotic amoxicillin. The effectiveness of a model septic system on the
removal of amoxicillin from water will be studied. Factors such as pH and the levels of
inorganic compounds in the septic system will be evaluated. Prepared water samples
will be percolated through the model system, and the amount of amoxicillin remaining in
the water will be determined by concentration on a solid phase extraction cartridge and
elution with methanol, followed by LC-MS analysis. We will report on our progress to
date.

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CHED 215

GC-MS analysis of thyme and oregano extracts

Holly A Taylor(1), [email protected], 402 W. College Ave unit 3201, Ada Ohio 45810,
United States ; Christopher P. Bowers(1); Jeannette Loyer(2); Phillip Taylor(2); Brittney
Simmons(2); Vicki A. Motz(2); Linda Young(2); David Kinder(3). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio Northern University, Ada Ohio 54810, United States
(2) Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University, Ada
Ohio 45810, United States (3) Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences,
Ohio Northern University, Ada Ohio 45810, United States

Extracts of Thymus vulgaris L.(thyme) and Origanum vulgare (oregano) are known to
have antimicrobial and antifungal activity. In support of antimicrobial efficacy studies, a
method was developed for analysis of ethanolic extracts from thyme and oregano grown
under varying conditions, and harvested at different times of their seasonal cycle.
Analysis includes active component quantitation and component characterization for the
major components (p-cymene, thymol, and carvacrol) using GC-MS and HPLC. Other
components of the extracts were identified from their mass spectra. The correlation
between chemical composition and the observed antimicrobial properties of the extracts
were explored.

CHED 216

Extracellular neuropeptide degradation monitored with MALDI-MS and ESI-MS

William L Friesen(1)(2), [email protected], 400 S. Jefferson, Hillsboro KS

67063, United States ; Jessica L. Henion(1)(2); Timothy A. Richmond(1)(2); Jonathan V.
Sweedler(2). (1) Chemistry, Tabor College, Hillsboro KS 67063, United States (2)
Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Hillsboro KS 67063, United
States

Neuropeptides are a set of messenger molecules that control a range of regulatory

functions and behaviors within an organism. Primary sequences of peptides are readily
available given the amount of genomic information available for many organisms.
However, post-translational modification is common in neuropeptides, commonly
thought to increase binding affinity and prolong the half-life of the peptide. This study
investigates how neuropeptides degrade extracellularly due to naturally present
enzymes from the organism Aplysia californica. Previous studies of peptides have
shown degradation products resulting from N-terminal degradation, likely by
aminopeptidases. Aliquots of two post-translationally modified peptide standards SCPA
and SCPB were incubated in Aplysia hemolymph. Upon centrifugation, incubations
were performed in both untreated hemolymph and heat-treated hemolymph, followed by
the analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
(MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The data show a

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degradation product exhibiting the loss of a C-terminal amidated residue, followed by N-

terminal degradation.

CHED 217

Synthesis and characterization of antimicrobial dental composites containing

silver nanoparticles

Marilyn C Henry(1), [email protected], Nunn Drive, Highland Heights KY

41099, United States ; Heather A Bullen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Highland Heights KY 41099, United States

Dental composites often act as the barrier between the inner surface of an imperfect
tooth and the bacteria found within the human mouth.

The bacteria can lead to cavities and other infections in the gums if the dental
composite is not completely sealed to a tooth, which is frequently the case. This
research is aimed at evaluating if dental composites containing silver nanoparticles
could decrease the risk of infection due to the antimicrobial effects of silver. Several
different sizes and shapes of silver nanoparticles were combined with dental
composites in order to synthesize a composite that is both antimicrobial and the color of
human teeth. The effects of particle size and surface area on the antimicrobial response
to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated with contact angle analysis and atomic
force microscopy. A significant antimicrobial response with the addition of silver
nanoparticles was found. In addition, the synthesis of new silver nanoparticles which
may enhance antimicrobial activity will be presented.

CHED 218

Using cholera toxin to selectively report the location of GM1 in supported lipid
bilayers post electrophoresis

Caroline M Peckels(1), [email protected], 7513 Campus Box, Elon NC 27244, United

States ; Hudson P Pace(1); Paul S Cremer(1). (1) Department of chemistry, Texas A&M
University, College Station Texas 77840, United States

Transmembrane trafficking is tightly regulated by specific receptor interactions with both

small molecules and/or proteins. Gangliosides, a subset of glycosphingolipids found in
the cell membrane, are natural receptors for several viruses and bacterial toxins. These
gangliosides have regulatory roles in the immune and nervous systems. A new
separation platform using a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is being developed to
investigate cellular membrane components and their interactions within their native
environment. Recent studies have focused on the separation of the gangliosides GM1
and GD1b. Cholera toxin b (CTB) subunit is known to bind to these gangliosides in a
monolayer system. However, in the SLB system, CTB shows selective binding to GM1

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over GD1b, indicating that CTB can be used to exclusively show the location of GM1 in
a bilayer system post electrophoresis. Fluorescent resolution of the two gangliosides,
utilizes a dye-labeled protein that binds selectively to GD1b in a SLB.

CHED 219

Effects of temperature and concentration of Hofmeister series ions on hydrogen

bonding in liquid water

Josie Skala(1), [email protected], UMM 1180, 600 E. 4th St, Morris MN

56267, United States ; Jennifer Goodnough(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St,
Morris MN 56267, United States . (1) Department of Science and Math, University of
Minnesota, Morris, Morris MN 56267, United States
1
H NMR chemical shift data was used to study the effects of temperature and sodium
thiocyanate, sodium nitrate, and sodium chloride concentration on hydrogen bonding in
liquid water. Hofmeister series anions Cl-, NO3- and SCN- effects were also
characterized relative to one another. The results of this research support conclusions
from several previous studies that temperature and the presence of salt in aqueous
water affects the hydrogen bonding network. Both increasing the temperature and
concentration of the salts resulted in an inverse linear trend in movement of the H 2O
signal upfield. The relative abilities of the anions to disrupt the hydrogen bonding
system also generally agree with the ranking of the Hofmeister series.

CHED 220

Polymer and herbicide analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Troy D Hubbard(1), [email protected], 401 Rosemont Ave, Frederick MD 21701, United

States ; Kevin H. Bennett(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics, Hood College,
Frederick MD 21701, United States

A grant from the National Science Foundation presented to Hood College provided the
necessary funds to purchase a Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS)
instrument for integration into labs and research. Classes that will be impacted by this
instrument acquisition include General Chemistry, Quantitative Analysis, Instrumental
Analysis, Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Organic Chemistry. Key to
implementation is the introduction of chromatography concepts early in our curriculum
that are built upon as students progress through our program. This work describes two
of the lab activities that have been developed to date. The Quantitative Analysis lab
entails use of the LC/MS for the separation and quantification of a mixture of the
herbicides 2,4-D, Mecoprop, Dicamba, and Quinchlorac. The Instrumental Analysis lab
involves hands on use of only the mass spectrometer in the study of the synthetic
polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG).

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CHED 221

Photodegradation of brominated organic pollutants by Au and ZnS nanoparticles

Kathleen McCormac(1), [email protected], 11935 Abercorn Street,

Savannah GA 31419, United States ; Daniel W Canady(1); Erica Cooper(1); Will Lynch(1);
Delana Nivens(1). (1) Chemistry, Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah GA
31419, United States

There is much interest in the size-dependent photophysical properties of nanoparticles.

Our recent efforts have focused on examining the potential for Au and ZnS
nanoparticles to degrade various brominated pollutants using both UV and visible light.
Brominated compounds are used in industrial applications and are known to be
persistent in the environment. Our previous work showed that nanoparticles, such as
Au, ZnS, ZnO and CdS, were capable of defluorinating or dechlorinating organic
compounds, as monitored by 19F NMR or SPME, followed by GC-MS. This effort
examines Au and ZnS nanoparticles for debromination reactions. The particles are
mixed with low concentration, aqueous solutions of tetrabromobisphenol-A,
hexabromocyclododecane and other brominated compounds and exposed to light at
different wavelengths. Samples are analyzed for the time-dependent step-wise loss of
bromine by LC-MS-TOF. Data presented will include product identification, degradation
rates and evaluation of the overall utility of this method for debromination of organic
compounds.

CHED 222

Characterization of the materials used by the artist Victor Brauner: Preliminary

studies

Hoa Tran(1), [email protected], 3800 Montrose Blvd, Houston TX 77006, United

States ; Diego Aviles(1); Thomas B Malloy Jr(1). (1) Department of Chemsitry, University
of St. Thomas, Houston TX 77006, United States

We are in the preliminary stages of characterizing materials used in art works with the
ultimate purpose of determining the nature of materials used by the artist Victor Brauner
(1903-66) in works at the Menil Collection. This work is being done in collaboration with
Brad Epley, Chief Conservator at the Menil Collection and Aniko Bezur, Research
Scientist at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston and the Menil Collection. To date, we
have studied reference samples of typical artists' materials, compared fresh drying oils
and with samples exposed to light, and sub-milligram samples from painted mockups
prepared to resemble the works of Brauner. One challenge is due to the large amount of
wax used in some Brauner works and its interference with the detection of low levels of
some of the other materials. The next step is to examine samples from the actual art
works. Results and some of the challenges in dealing with small samples will be
discussed.

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CHED 223

XRF analysis of pottery sherds found at Chesapeake Bay archaeological sites

Emilie M Campbell(1), [email protected], 16800 Point Lookout Rd., St.

Mary[apos]s City Maryland 20686, United States ; Julie King(2); Randolph K Larsen(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St. Mary[apos]s College of Maryland, St.
Mary[apos]s City MD 20686, United States (2) Department of Anthropology, St.
Mary[apos]s College of Maryland, St. Mary[apos]s City MD 20686, United States

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) has been developed as a non-destructive tool with which to
analyze the elemental composition of cultural artifacts ranging from paintings, coins,
stoneware and ceramics. In the case of ceramics, the varying concentrations of point
defects, such as mineral or metal deposits, can be evaluated in order to determine the
region of origin for the clay. This study examines the concentrations of various elements
within pottery samples from selected sites within the Chesapeake Bay area. A
calibration curve developed from samples of multiple types of clay standards shows
distinct concentrations of different elements in each. Comparisons of these
concentrations with the local samples will ascertain the primary type of clay present in
each sample. This analysis will determine the provenance of these archaeological
samples.

CHED 224

Magnetically activated valves for point-of-care microfluidic “lab-on-a-chip”

devices

Justin Samorajski(1), [email protected], 1845 E Northgate Drive, Irving Texas

75062, United States ; Jun Wang(2); Alexander M. Sutherland(2); James Heath(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Dallas, Irving Texas 75062, United States (2)
Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena California 91125, United States

The use of microfluidic-based devices has potential for clinical applications such as lab-
on-a-chip devices that measure protein concentration in blood. Self-powered
microfluidic devices hold promise in this area but are in need of a method to regulate
fluid flow. In this report, the use of magnetorheological fluids and ferrofluids in
magnetically activated valves is explored for use in lab-on-a-chip devices.
Magnetorheological fluids were successfully used to close thin layer
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) valves in order to control reagent flow in a microfluidic
device. Magnetic valves were shown to be viable for application in point-of-care lab-on-
a-chip devices.

CHED 225

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Characterization of aptamer selectivity toward glycosylated VEGF peptide

variants

Nicholas P Giustini(1), [email protected], 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara CA 95053,

United States ; Dustyn H Uchiyama(1); Gregory R Stettler(1); Christopher M Rose(1);
Michael J Hayes(1); Steven W Suljak(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Santa Clara University, Santa Clara CA 95053, United States

Aptamers have gained increasing attention as bioaffinity reagents for a wide array of
target molecules. Through a modified form of CE-SELEX, we have recently identified a
set of DNA aptamers that selectively bind a glycosylated 32-residue fragment of
vascular endothelial growth factor but show little affinity for the non-glycosylated
peptide. Here, we report the characterization of selectivity of these aptamers toward an
array of similar glycopeptides. Peptides have been synthesized in which the original
GlcNAc glycosylation has been modified in location, number, and identity. Aptamer
affinity toward each peptide has been assessed through a combination of affinity
capillary electrophoresis, surface plasmon resonance, and isothermal calorimetry. The
demonstrated selectivity of the candidate sequences illustrates the effectiveness of our
selection strategy in isolating highly specific aptamers for a unique glycoform of the
target molecule. Such aptamers offer potential in monitoring changing glycosylation
patterns of glycoproteins in the progression of disease states.

CHED 226

Paper degradation in rare books: A comparison of hydrolytic and oxidative

pathways

Nathanael J Fuller(1), [email protected], 24255 Pacific Coast Hwy,

Malibu CA 90263, United States ; Andrew J Clark(1); Jane A Ganske(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Pepperdine University, Malibu CA 90263, United States

Paper's impermanence is a significant threat to book collections, especially to those

including rare books. The aging of books published between 1560 and 1939 was
examined non-destructively using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME)
coupled with gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatile organic
compounds (VOC's) emanating from the pages of each book were identified including
straight-chain aldehydes, tracers of fatty acid oxidation in paper, and furfural, a tracer of
the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose. The relative abundance of furfural was shown
to increase across the 379-year publication period, while the relative abundance of the
straight-chain aldehydes was shown to decrease across the same time span. The paper
composition was shown to significantly impact a book's VOC emissions.

CHED 227

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“Xp Xip A” or “Land of the Cottonwood” project: A study of Native American soil
in eastern Oregon

Cory A Malone(1), [email protected], One University Blvd, La Grande Oregon 97850,

United States ; James Dyke(1); Jayna D Witty(1); Andrea M Brigantic(1); Stuart G Harris(2);
Lona Pond(2); Anna G Cavinato(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Oregon
University, La Grande Oregon 97850, United States (2) Science and Engineering,
CTUIR, Pendleton Oregon 97801, United States

The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla, Walla Walla and Cayuse utilize native plants,
roots, and trees for religious, cultural usage and daily processing. Many sacred sites
where plants and roots are harvested are declining, possibly because of current
agricultural and industrial practices in the area. The tribes are interested in pursuing a
scientific approach to land use and management, and have formed a partnership with
Eastern Oregon University to aid in developing a greater understanding of the impact of
human practices on their land and livelihood.

This study represents an initial attempt at chemically characterizing the soil quality that
sustains the growth of specific native plants including the Sawiikt root (Perideridia
gairdneri), the Kous root (Lomatium cous), yarrow (Achiilea millefolium) and cottonwood
(Populas trichocarpa). Specific tests include pH, phosphate, ammonium, nitrate, organic
matter and selected metals.

The results of these analyses will be used to develop soils of controlled composition for
commercial production of these plants.

CHED 228

Analysis of purity of common solvents using Q-NMR

Eric F. Poindexter(1), [email protected], Box T-0540, Stephenville TX

76402, United States ; Karl S Mueller(1); Peter T Bell(1); Linda D Schultz(1); William L
Whaley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Geosciences, and Environmental Science,
Tarleton State University, Stephenville TX 76402, United States

Although nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is universally considered to be a powerful

structural elucidation technique, especially for organic compounds, it also has great
potential for use in quantitative (qNMR) determination of components in a mixture. The
purpose of this project was to use qNMR to analyze the purity of samples of common
alcohols and other water soluble organic solvents. ―Unknown‖ samples of known purity
were prepared by adding known amounts of deionized water to corresponding alcohols
and comparing the integration areas of the solvent peaks using dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO) as an internal standard. Since water is the most common impurity in these
solvents, samples were also analyzed by adding known amounts of water to the

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unknown samples and using a ―standard addition‖ method to determine the amount of
water in the unknowns. Results from these two different methods are then compared.

CHED 229

Qualitative analysis of fabric dyes via spectrophotometry and thin-layer

chromatography: An undergraduate analytical chemistry experiment

Yoana Y Gendzhova(1), [email protected], 50 College Street, South Hadley

50 College Street, United States ; Lauren E Englade(2); Jayne C Garno(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley Massachusetts 01075,
United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
Louisiana State University 70803, United States

Two commercial textile dyes known to contain the reactive dye compounds Reactive
Black 5, Reactive Blue 116 and Reactive Blue 225 have been extracted from cotton and
characterized using their UV-Vis and FT-IR absorption spectra. Optimal extraction was
achieved with a 1:1 solvent mixture of acidified acetonitrile (pH=2.5) and water. The
characteristic ―fingerprint‖ UV spectra of the dyes correlated to the differences in
brightness and hue of each dye. These color characteristics were associated with the
presence of different light-absorbing chromophores and intensity-modifying
auxochromes. The IR absorption spectra provided evidence for the presence of
naphthalene and copper phthalocyanine functional groups characteristic of the
aforementioned dyes. A quaternary solvent system for the successful TLC separation of
the reactive dyes was designed using a 5:5:1:2 mixture of n-butanol, acetone, water and
ammonia. The procedures were included in an undergraduate analytical experiment
aiming to introduce students to fundamental concepts of spectrophotometry and
chromatography.

CHED 230

Preparation of an improved molecularly imprinted polymer for the retention of

organosulfur compounds

Nicole A Schneck(1), [email protected], 514 University Avenue, c/o Dr. Lou Ann
Tom, Selinsgrove PA 17870, United States ; Lou A Tom(1). (1) Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove PA 17870, United States

Several molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared and are being evaluated
for the retention of organosulfur compounds found in diesel fuel. In one polymer, nickel
nitrate and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) were combined in a mixture of
methanol and chloroform. The monomer 4-vinylbenzene was added and copolymerized
with styrene and divinylbenzene using 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile at 80 °C. After
extraction of the template, the imprinted polymer is being evaluated by HPLC in different
solvents for its ability to retain sulfur-containing organic compounds, including 4,6-

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DMDBT, dibenzothiophene and benzothiophene. Results will be compared with a

polymer prepared previously which included nickel(II)-methacryloylhistidinedihydrate
monomer copolymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of 4,6-
DMDBT. Another polymer was also prepared by incorporating
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and nickel into the monomer to improve the retention of
4,6-DMDBT. This polymer is also being evaluated and compared with other polymers
for its ability to retain sulfur-containing compounds during solid phase extraction.

CHED 231

Solid-matrix luminescence of bis-phenol A in glucose glasses

Kristen Glover(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Ave, box 4011, Arkadelphia AR

71998, United States ; Sara E Hubbard(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Ouachita
Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States

The purpose of this study is to obtain solid-matrix luminescence (SML) data of

Bisphenol-A (BPA) and compare the levels of BPA among brands of water bottles.
Sugar glasses will serve as the matrix for the compounds under phosphorescent
testing. Sugar glasses are rigid and clear, give reproducible data, and low LOD's.
Bisphenol-A is intriguing because of its recurring addition to plastic products. Studies
have shown that human exposure to BPA may cause harmful side effects. BPA is an
endocrine disrupter that mimics and interrupts necessary enzymes. Human early
development such as the phases involving pregnancy, fetus development, and infancy,
are the most detrimentally influenced by BPA. In this work, the procedure for glucose
glass preparation was developed and analytical figures of merit obtained for BPA.
These methods will be used to test water heated in ―BPA-free‖ bottles and in bottles
containing BPA.

CHED 232

Toxic web: Tracking the movement of heavy metals through the invertebrate food
web

Amneh Awad(1), [email protected], 7902 Ternes, Dearborn mi, United States ;

Anne Danielson-Francois(1). (1) Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-
Dearborn, United States

Spiders are top invertebrate predators in terrestrial food webs and our recent study
demonstrated that they bio-accumulate significant levels of heavy metals. Orb-weaving
and terrestrial spiders, prey items (with and without aquatic larvae), and soil and water
samples were collected from 10 sites along the lower branch of the Rouge River in
addition to two more pristine sites; Johnson creek in Northville and the Huron River in
Pinckney. Rouge sites were sampled at the beginning and end of the summer season,
as well as for three continuous weeks to observe any short and long-term changes in

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the soil and water quality. The spiders, prey items, and soil samples were prepared for
analysis using a nitric acid microwave digestion. The samples were then analyzed for
toxic heavy metals using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Analysis
of the data was based on date collected, as well as spider size and maturity.

CHED 233

Real-time comparison polarimeter for data acquisition in determination of 0th, 1st,

and 2nd order rate constants

Edgar Perez(1), [email protected], 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg WA 98926-7539,

United States ; Printz Sarah(1); Timothy L. Sorey(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Central Washington University, Ellensburg WA 98926-7539, United States

Currently it is difficult for students to experimentally determine stereocenter chemistry

mechanisms without an expensive device that offers precision and accuracy in a time
efficient manner. In fact, it is usually the instructor that manipulates the device which
acquires data for the students to analyze. The purpose of this research is to have
undergraduate chemistry students explore optically active chemical systems using a
kinetic polarimeter to acquire and analyze data in real-time in the determination of
kinetics rate constants in the lab.

CHED 234

Teaching electrochemistry: Addressing misconceptions by the development of

educational materials that promote conceptual understanding

Alex T Madsen(1), [email protected], UMM Mail 564 600 E. 4th St., Morris
MN 56267, United States ; Maria Oliver-Hoyo(2); Sorangel Rodriguez(2). (1) Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris MN 56267, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, United
States

Students often have a difficult time comprehending electrochemical concepts due to the
level of abstraction involved. Common misconceptions exist regarding the movement of
electrons through an electrochemical cell and the relationships between voltage,
current, and resistance. The goal of this research was to develop experiments that
address specific concepts in electrochemistry to address misconceptions. Experiments
were developed to help students connect the macro and micro levels of representation
in electrochemistry by unifying physical sciences' concepts. The concepts explored
include the relationship between the concentration of electrolyte in the electrochemical
cell to the solution resistance, the relationship between the concentration of solution to
the intensity of light from a LED, and the relationship between the resistance and
voltage with varying resistors. These experiments were developed to allow students to

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construct definitions of concepts with minimal guidance from the teacher. We seek to
help students develop strong conceptual understandings of electrochemical concepts.

CHED 235

Characterization of unfaded and rapidly faded iron gall ink

Alyssa B Zrimsek(1), [email protected], 124 Hoge Summit Rd, Eighty Four PA

15330, United States ; Jennifer L Logan(1); Paul Whitmore(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Washington & Jefferson College, Washington PA 15301, United States (2)
Art Conservation Research Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15219,
United States

Iron gall inks were an essential tool of record keeping for centuries. However, overtime
they began to corrode priceless manuscripts and archival documents. In this study, iron
gall ink samples were prepared using gallic acid, ferrous sulphate, and water resulting in
a gallic acid/iron complex which gives ink its notable dark color. The prepared solid ink
particles were collected and rapidly faded. Then two aspects of the ink's composition
were studied including its organic complex and the release of iron. FTIR and GC-MS
were used to analyze changes to the organic complex while ICP-OES was used to
characterize the release of iron. By gaining a better understanding of the chemical
reactions undergone by faded ink, successful conservation treatments can be
developed to protect precious artifacts.

CHED 236

Molecular dynamics of in-silico mutated Cytochrome P450 2C9 R307

John Wyatt(1), [email protected], CSC 139 PO Box 295, West Liberty WV

26074, United States ; Amanda Semple(1); Jarrett S. Aguilar(1). (1) Department of
Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty WV 26074,
United States

Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) is an enzyme that metabolizes xenobiotics. CYP2C9

has the potential to facilitate drug-drug interactions by simultaneously binding two
molecules in its large active site. Molecular modeling and visualization software was
used to study the arginine 307 residue (R307). The R307 residue may be a potentially
important in the substrate oxidation in a CYP2C9 substrate and effector model. The in-
silico mutation of R307L has resulted in an increase in hydrogen bonding between the
substrate and effector indicating the possible importance of R307 in drug-drug
interactions within the protein. The same mutations suggest a decrease in the distance
between the substrates oxidation site and the heme iron of CYP2C9 suggesting faster
metabolism. Actual kinetics for these sytems will be studied for correlation to the
modeling studies. (Supported by NIH Grant 5P20RR016477 to the West Virginia IDeA
Network for Biomedical Research Excellence.)

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CHED 237

Extraction and quantification of hypericin and hyperforin from St. John's Wort
(hypericum perforatum) callus using riboflavin as an internal standard

Stephanie Anderson(1), [email protected], CSC 139 PO Box 295, West Liberty

WV 26074, United States ; Davonna Dempster(1); Jessica Giesey(1); Roger Seeber(1);
Jarrett S. Aguilar(1). (1) Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty
University, West Liberty WV 26074, United States

Saint John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum, contains the active chemicals hypericin and
hyperforin, both of which have been shown to be responsible for the anti-depressive,
antiviral, and antiseptic properties of the plant. These chemicals are secondary
metabolites of St. John's Wort and not believed to be produced in callus tissue. The
callus tissue was extracted from St. John's Wort strains and then analyzed using High
Pressure Liquid Chromatography. The chemicals were successfully identified and
quantified. Our data suggest that these secondary metabolites can be formed by tissue
callus and that the same callus can be used for active component quantification. The
quantification data is used to determine if a given strain of St. John's Wort callus has
mutated into an over-producer for one or both of the active compounds. Propagation of
an overproducing strain will lead to future work to establish a more efficient St. John's
Wort plant.

CHED 238

Isolation of the flavor and aroma components of Chinese Five Spice powder

Erin Wolfe(1), [email protected], 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre PA 18612,

United States ; Suzanne Szewczyk(1); Donald Mencer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre Pa 18612, United States

The flavor and aroma components of Chinese Five Spice powder were isolated using
various separation methods. Some of the techniques used included extraction,
recrystallization, distillation, and chromatography in the forms of GC, TLC, and HPLC.
Various formulations of Chinese Five Spice powder contain different ingredients
including; star anise, cinnamon, cloves, fennel, ginger, pepper and anise. Different
varieties of Chinese Five Spice powder were analyzed and compared to individual spice
component extractions. Many compounds found in the Chinese Five Spice were
isolated and identified with methods such as NMR, mass spectrometry, and FTIR.

CHED 239

Analysis of various flavored green tea extracts for their antioxidant activities

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Anaheim, CA

Chau Truong(1), [email protected], 3700 west 103rd Street, Chicago IL

60655, United States ; Bindhu Varughese(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier
University, Chicago IL 60655, United States

Green tea (Camellia Sinensis) is well known for its antioxidant and anticancer activities.
It contains many polyphenolic substances or tea tannins that include flavanols
(catechins), flavandiols, flavanoids, and phenolic acids. In this study, we have used a
variety of flavored green tea available in the market for a systematic study of various
catechin percentages in relation to their antioxidant activity. Commercialy available
flavored teas-mango, pomegranate, blueberry, lemon, Jasmine, and peach as well as a
few dietary/herbal teas are studied. It was found that not all teas have the same level of
antioxidant activity. Surprising results are obtained through HPLC analyses as well as
antioxidant activity studies (DPPH method) using UV-Vis spectroscopy. In this paper,
antioxidant activity index (AAI) calculated for these flavored tea extracts will be
discussed and compared with HPLC results to understand the relationship of catechin
percentage to their activity.

CHED 240

Laboratory exercise demonstrating systematic error in instrumental analyses:

Aberrant atomic absorption spectroscopy of cadmium

Derek D. Whitaker(1), [email protected], FH-240, Mankato MN 56001, United

States ; Trent P. Vorlicek(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Geology, Minnesota State
University, Mankato MN 56001, United States

Commercial stock solutions are routinely used to prepare calibration standards for
atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Unfortunately, these solutions contain high
concentrations of acid (e.g., 2-6 % HNO3) which may cause interferences in the AAS
signal. Using calibration standards prepared from commercial stock solutions, 200 µM
Cd (as Cd(NO3)2·4H20) test solutions were consistently quantified by air-acetylene
flame AAS to contain ~135 µM Cd. Three sets of calibration standards, ranging from 0.5
to 1.5 ppm Cd, were prepared from two commercial 1000 ppm Cd solutions and a 1000
ppm Cd solution made from 3CdSO4·8H20. The 3CdSO4·8H20 standards produced a
calibration curve with linear slope ~33% lower than the slopes of both sets of
commercial standards. Using these results as a framework, a laboratory exercise
appropriate for an Instrumental Analysis course is prepared. Students will design and
perform experiments to identify and eliminate the systematic error in Cd AAS analyses.

CHED 241

Determination of lotion ingredients using infrared spectroscopy: Applications in

forensic chemistry

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Jennifer M Bennett(1), [email protected], 3706 Sojourner St, Austin Texas

78725, United States ; Nicole Wile(1). (1) Chemistry, St. Edwards University, Austin
Texas 78704, United States

Suspects of sexual assault crimes often use lotions from bedside tables of their victims.
Currently, trace evidence scientist have no analytical scheme when comparing such
lotions. We have compiled a database of 8 lotions. The database includes chemical
composition and important physical characteristics of one hundred lotion ingredients. By
designing an extraction method that separates the water soluble and organic
compounds into two different layers, we were able to focus on the organic layer and
examine it with infrared spectroscopy. By analyzing the peak area ratios, we can see if
we can differentiate the lotions.

CHED 242

Fluorescence microscopy comparison of labeled protein/antibody on

mesoporous and nonporous surfaces

Samuel T. Mitchell(1), [email protected], Box X076 MTSU, Murfreesboro TN

37132, United States ; LaTeasha M Hughes(1); Andrew A. Yousef(1); Stephen M.
Wright(1); Andrienne C. Friedli(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State
University, Murfreesboro TN 37132, United States

Organized thin films of mesoporous silica are easily synthesized using established
templated sol-gel synthesis procedures. Here we describe a sensor based on F-127
polyether templated silica films spin-coated on glass substrates. The first challenge was
to avoid macroscopic film cracking through controlled calcining conditions. The films
were then treated with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane to allow interfacial binding of
biomolecular probes. Cyanine (Cy5)-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein was
applied to the film as 5 mm diameter spots, covalently bound, and the non-coated
regions blocked. The film was exposed to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled
BSA antibody solution. The concentrations of both fluorescent protein and antibody
were varied to find detection limits. The quality and quantity of BSA / anti-BSA binding
to the porous film was compared to that on 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane-coated glass.
Ultimately, the sensitivity of the biosensing event will be compared with label-free
sensing based on surface optical wave shifts.

CHED 243

Optimizing the elicitation of wound-response ethylene in American and Chinese

chestnut (Castanea dentata and Castanea mollissima) samples exposed to the
chestnut blight fungus

D. Ross Ellis(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 947, Emory VA 24327, United States ;
Laura J. Hainsworth(1); Frederick V. Hebard(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Emory &

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Henry College, Emory VA 24327, United States (2) Meadowview Research Farm,
American Chestnut Foundation, Meadowview VA 24361, United States

The chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) was introduced into the United
States in the early 1900's. The disease rapidly caused the near extinction of American
chestnut trees. Researchers at the American Chestnut Foundation are carrying out a
large-scale breeding program designed to produce hybrid, blight-resistant chestnut
trees. Bark plugs and stem samples taken from American and Chinese chestnut trees
were exposed to Cryphonectria parasitica and incubated for 24 hours. Headspace
analysis for ethylene was carried out by gas chromatography. Results for different
exposure methods were compared to determine which treatment gave the greatest
ethylene signal strength with significant differentiation between American and Chinese
samples.

CHED 244

Interaction of H2S with rat liver microsomes

Kevin O. Omolo(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; Liz U. Gron(1); James L. Fish(1); John A. Christie(1); Andres A. Caro(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States

Mammalian cells including hepatocytes can be exposed to H2S endogenously or from

chemical donors. The interactions of H2S with rat liver microsomes were evaluated
through H2S concentrations. The basic medium contained rat liver microsomes and
NADPH in Tris-HCl buffer (pH=7.4). When HS- (100 μM) was added to the medium, the
concentration of HS- was reduced by over 90% after 30 min of incubation at 37 °C. In
the absence of microsomes, or after denaturing the microsomes (10 min at 95 °C), or in
the absence of O2 (under N2) the concentration of HS- changed by less than 20% over
30 min. However, the addition of iron chelators did not affect the rate of HS - loss.
Concentrations of H2S were assessed colorimetrically. These results suggest that the
consumption of HS- by rat liver microsomes requires a native state protein and oxygen,
but does not require free iron.

CHED 245

Sulfur donor molecules and human hepatocytes

James L. Fish(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Ave, Conway AR 72032, United

States ; Kevin O. Omolo(1); Andres A. Caro(1); Liz U. Gron(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway AR 72032, United States

Garlic derived compounds such as diallydisulfide (DADS) and diallyltrisulfide (DATS)

have recently been identified as dietary HS- donors. Hepatocytes can be exposed to
H2S after garlic consumption and intestinal absorption. The amount of H2S produced

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and the interactions of H2S with hepatocytes were evaluated in vitro using HepG2 cells
(a human hepatoma cell line). The H2S concentration was measured colorimetrically,
while oxidation products (sulfate, thiosulfate, sulfite) were evaluated using ion
chromatography, and cellular oxidative stress was assessed using lipophilic fluorescent
probes. In these initial tests, viable hepatoma cells (106) have been grown in minimum
essential medium containing up to 1 millimolar HS- and indicate the generation of stable
oxidation products (S2O3-2), oxidative stress, and cellular consumption of H2S.
Preliminary results using NaHS as the H2S donor, indicate high oxidative stress in
Hep2G cells exposed to H2S.

CHED 246

Almond nut oil as an alternative feedstock for the preparation of biodiesel fuel:
Optimization of parameters

Samuel J Allen(1), [email protected], 400 West First Street, Chico CA

95929, United States ; Lisa S Ott(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
California State University Chico, Chico CA 95926, United States

Increasingly, biodiesel is being used as a supplementary or replacement fuel for

petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is prepared via transesterification of triglycerides to form
fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAEs). We investigated the extraction and transesterification of
triglycerides from locally grown almonds. Both Soxhlet and accelerated solvent
extraction methods were evaluated. Optimization of the transesterification reaction was
carried out by varying reaction time, temperature, catalyst, and alcohol. Resultant
biodiesel samples were characterized using 1H NMR, GC-MS, and HPLC. The presence
of monoglycerides, diglycerdies, triglycerides, FAAEs, and free fatty acids were
quantified using an optimized HPLC method. Biodiesel prepared from almond oil and
methanol has a narrow composition distribution with three main FAAEs present:
palmitate, oleate, and linoleate. The literature suggests that methyl oleate, the primary
component, may lend superior cold-flow and oxidative properties to biodiesel.
Additionally, almond oil biodiesel was compared to soybean oil biodiesel with the
advanced distillation curve method.

CHED 247

Black cohosh: Heavy metal analysis via ICP-AES

Andrew J Minnick(1), [email protected], 101 Braddock Road, Frostburg MD

21532, United States ; Peggy Biser(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Frostburg State
University, Frostburg Maryland 21532, United States

Black Cohosh, Cimicifuga (Actea) racemosa, is a wildflower native to North America

which is commonly used to treat symptoms associated with the Climacteric stage of
menopause. A minimal amount is known concerning the plant's heavy metal content;

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this research aims to yield a more thorough understanding of the dangers and/or
benefits of ingesting the plant in regards to the heavy metal content. In order to do so
this research will validate a heavy metal analysis protocol utilizing Inductively Coupled
Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometer. Rhizome material will first be subjected to
microwave digestion after it is added to a concentrated nitric acid and concentrated
hydrogen peroxide solution. Once validated, the protocol will be used to quantify the
heavy metal concentrations of various Black Cohosh populations.

CHED 248

Detection of gunshot residue at various distances in rain using inductively

coupled plasma

Matthew T Fredericks(1), [email protected], 441 Country Club Road, York PA 17403,

United States ; Gregory P Foy(1); Sherry Brown(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences,
York College of Pennsylvania, York PA 17403-3651, United States

Gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is frequently used in the determination of the distance
from shooter to target. Many references explain the patterns of GSR on targets,
however none when the shooting occurs in the rain. The primary source of GSR is from
the primer in the cartridge case, which includes barium nitrate, antimony sulfide, lead
styphante, lead azide and others. Some lead and copper could be deposited from the
bullet itself impacting the target. Using a .22 caliber semi-automatic handgun, shots
were made from several distances at the white 100% cotton T-shirt target. The source
of water was a water line with an adjustable pressure head connected to replicate a
gentle rain. Metals deposited on the T-shirts are being analyzed using inductively
coupled plasma. It will be determined if the constant rain significantly diminishes the
presence of GSR on the target as compared to a dry environment.

CHED 249

Characterizing the surface acidity of carboxylic acid terminated self-assembled

monolayers using electrochemical titration

Colin J. Trout(1), [email protected], PO Box 600, Loretto PA 15940, United States ;

Mara Weinzierl(1); D. Christopher Kurtz(1); Caitlin A. Basile(1); Rose A. Clark(1). (1)
Chemistry, Saint Francis University, PO Box 600, Loretto PA 15940, United States

A Self Assembled Monolayer (SAM) is one of the most widely used ways to study
surface attached proteins. SAM's can be created by adsorbing alkanethiols on gold
electrodes. The SAMs being studied in this experiment mainly contain carboxylic acid
and alcohol alkanethiols. The carboxylic acid is used to bind cytochrome c to the
surface through the means of electrostatic attraction. To better understand the protein
interaction with the SAM the pKa of the surface carboxylic acid monolayer needs to be
determined. The electrochemical titration of short chain, well ordered, pure carboxylic

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Anaheim, CA

acid SAMs has been achieved. The application of this technique to SAMs containing
longer chain lengths, varying composition, and a wider array of SAM head groups, is
currently under investigation. Determining the interfacial pKa will give insight into the
state of the self-assembled monolayer, allowing for a greater fundamental
understanding of the properties of systems incorporating such self-assembled
monolayers.

CHED 250

Predicting percent composition of biodiesel blends using gas chromatography-

mass spectrometry and comprehensive 2D gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry with chemometrics

Stephen P Schale(1), [email protected], 3307 Third Avenue West Suite 205, Seattle
WA 98119, United States ; Trang M Le(1), [email protected], 3307 Third Avenue West
Suite 205, Seattle WA 98119, United States ; Karisa M Pierce (1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle Washington 98119, United States

The percent composition of blends of biodiesel and conventional diesel were modeled
and predicted using partial least squares (PLS) analysis and three-way PLS (n-PLS)
applied to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and comprehensive two-
dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCxGC–MS) separations of the
blends. The PLS predictions for a test set of chromatograms were plotted versus the
actual blend percent composition as a function of data dimensionality and predicted
percent errors were compared. The GCxGC models performed best presumably due to
the multidimensional advantage of increased chemical selectivity. The chemical
components that differentiate the blends are also reported. We also developed a related
laboratory experiment for an analytical chemistry course where the students compare
PLS applied to one-dimensional GC-MS separations of biodiesel blends, versus n-PLS
applied to two-dimensional GC-MS separations of biodiesel blends. The purpose of the
experiment is to determine the percent composition of an unknown biodiesel blend.

CHED 251

Contributions of American white oak to alcohol solutions

Matthew Scott Varney(1), [email protected], 300 N. Broadway, Lexington

Kentucky 40508, United States ; Gerald L Seebach(1). (1) Division of Natural Science &
Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington Kentucky 40508, United States

The white oak tree is used in manufacturing storage barrels in the production of
alcohols such as fine wines, beers and whiskey (including bourbon). Over a period of
time, the barrel gives these alcohols some of their desired properties, such as color and
taste. This work looks at the effects white oak tree wood has at different concentrations
of alcohol. We also focus what compounds are leeching from the barrels to the alcohol.

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We will determine what kind of effects different toastings (none, light, medium, and
dark) has upon the ability to affect these different concentrations of alcohol. The
determination of what compounds transfer and their biological activity transmitted to the
alcohol could prove to be of great benefit to many companies and could help speed up
the aging and how to change the flavor of different concentrations of alcohol.

CHED 252

Multi-sample plasma oxidation system for radiocarbon dating

Kaleb B Smithson(1), [email protected], 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway AR

72035, United States ; Mary A Frères(1), [email protected], 201
Donaghey Avenue, Conway AR 72035, United States ; Lennon N Bates(1); Karen L
Steelman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Central Arkansas, Conway AR
72035, United States

Our laboratory utilizes an oxygen glow discharge to convert organic material in

archaeological and environmental samples to carbon dioxide for accelerator mass
spectrometry radiocarbon measurement. A typical plasma oxidation cycle for a single
sample takes approximately two work days. In order to increase sample throughput, we
designed a custom-built system using Conflat fittings, with a single radio frequency
generator and a turbomolecular vacuum pump. Our initial goal was to build two
separate sample chambers, with the ability to add additional chambers as desired.
USGS coal (14C-free) and ANU sucrose (modern) radiocarbon standards were used to
test the accuracy and precision of our results. Being able to oxidize multiple samples at
once will significantly increase laboratory productivity.

CHED 253

Chemical pretreatment and plasma oxidation of aboriginal paintings for

radiocarbon dating

Casey R Thurber(1), [email protected], 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway AR

72035, United States ; Jeremy L Mackey(1); Josh D Loewen(1); Lennon N Bates(1); Jo
McDonald(2); Peter Veth(3); Karen L Steelman(1); Thomas P Guilderson(4). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Central Arkansas, Conway AR 72035, United
States (2) Research School of Humanities and the Arts, Australian National University,
Canberra ACT 0200, Australia (3) National Centre for Indigenous Studies, Australian
National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia (4) Center for Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA 94550, United
States

Plasma oxidation and accelerator mass spectrometry were employed to radiocarbon

date ancient aboriginal paintings from the Western Desert of Australia. In contrast to
combustion, plasma oxidation is below the decomposition temperature of carbon-

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Anaheim, CA

containing minerals such as carbonates and oxalates; therefore, their inclusion in the
dated extract is avoided for samples with a high mineral content. Paint samples were
pretreated with one molar sodium hydroxide solution in order to remove humic acid
contamination. Exposure to an oxygen glow discharge converted organic material in the
sample to water and carbon dioxide, which is collected for 14C measurement. Bayesian
statistical calibration, SHCal04, produced ages ranging from 300 cal AD to modern.
These results will allow archeologists to associate images on shelter walls with
excavated cultural finds, as well as study the progression of artistic styles.

CHED 254

Flow injection analysis of globular proteins and pulmonary surfactants using

dynamic surface tension detection

Brittany Raab(1), [email protected], 3307 Third Avenue West Suite 205, Seattle WA
98119, United States ; Karisa M Pierce(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Seattle Pacific
University, Seattle WA 98119, United States

A dynamic surface tension detector (DSTD) was assembled and used to observe real-
time protein and lipid interactions. The instrument parameters were optimized by
changing tubing diameters and lengths, repositioning the orientation of the ―tee‖,
decreasing the membrane flexibility, and altering the mobile phase composition, etc.
The instrument was calibrated using 5% (v/v) acetic acid, which has a known literature
value for surface pressure. Proteins alpha-lactalbumin and ovalbumin were analyzed
using DSTD yielding surface pressures that match trends reported in literature. The
constructed DSTD appears viable as an automated chemical analyzer for surface-active
analytes. DSTD flow injection analysis (FIA) was used to observe the surface activity of
standard pulmonary surfactant (DPPC) interacting with a pharmaceutical used to reduce
effects of pulmonary discharge.

CHED 255

Novel method to generate IR spectra of solutes in solution state

Etsehiwot Y Gebreselassie(1), [email protected], 1104 7th Avenue South,

Moorhead Minnesota 56563, United States ; P. A. B. Marasinghe(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Minnesota State University Moorhead, Moorhead Minnesota 56563, United
States

A new method to obtain the infrared spectrum of solutes in solution without any
interference or minimal interference from thesolvent peaks is presented. The peaks of
the solvent are removed mathematically from the spectrum of the solution. It is
accomplished by minimizing or removing the negative peaks of the solvent absorptions.
This method employs only one fixed path length IR cell. This method, in principle
permits the use of any available solvent to dissolve the sample in order to generate the

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Anaheim, CA

IR spectra of sample provided the solvent do not excessively absorb in broad IR ranges.
It therefore alleviates the need to use only the few solvents and chlorinated solvents
that are commonly used to obtain IR spectra of solutes in solution state.

CHED 256

Using chromatography to identify paint binders and vehicles in ancient art

Derek A Watts(1), [email protected], 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway AR

72035, United States ; Saki Fukuda(1); Michelle McClain(1); Karen L Steelman(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Central Arkansas, Conway AR 72035, United
States

Radiocarbon dating of ancient rock art relies upon the presence of an organic vehicle or
binder added to an inorganic pigment. Identification of that organic material will increase
confidence in radiocarbon results, as well as highlight the use of technology and natural
resources by ancient cultures. For method development, modern paint samples made
with iron pigments, deer bone marrow, and yucca root were separated into aliquots with
differing sample preparations that radiocarbon samples might experience, such as acid-
base-acid washes, base-only washes, and no pretreatment. In order to determine fatty
acid content, we analyzed samples using both gas and liquid chromatography with
mass spectrometric detection. For gas chromatography, both FAME and BSTFA
derivatization were employed. Our results suggest that chemical pretreatment and
derivatization techniques all play a pivotal role in measured values.

CHED 257

Quantification of flavonoids in local beers by high performance liquid

chromatography (HPLC)

Casey L Konz(1), [email protected], 1 Hartwick Drive, Oneonta NY 13820, United

States ; John Dudek(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hartwick College, Oneonta NY
13820, United States

Recently, beer has attracted more and more attention due to the presence of
Flavonoids. In this study, beers from two local breweries, Cooperstown Brewery and
Ommegang Brewery, are studied. To determine the overall flavonoid concentration, a
colorimetric test is preformed using AlCl3 and a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of
510 nm. Then a simple HPLC method is used to quantify the individual flavonoid
concentration in each beer sample.

CHED 258

Investigation into the detection of amphetamines in urine

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Anaheim, CA

Sara Gagen(1), [email protected], 441 Country Club Rd, York PA 17403, United States
; Nadine Koenig(2); Gregory Foy(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, York College of
Pennsylvania, York PA 17403, United States (2) Department of Toxicology, Health
Network Laboraties, Allentown PA 18103, United States

Amphetamines are a class of drugs that are synthetic. These compounds have a high
potential for abuse, but they also have several medicinal properties when used in a
small capacity. Amphetamines have a very short half-life, and they can remain in the
body for up to 4 days. The drugs were extracted by using a solid phase extraction
process. HPLC coupled with a tandem mass spectroscopy offers superior specificity
and sensitivity in the drug analysis. The LOD, LOQ, and linearity were calculated. This
study focused on the validation of an LC/MS/MS method for amphetamines in urine.
SFE has been used with a variety of different drug extractions. Results of supercritical
fluid extraction methods applied to amphetamines in urine samples will be presented.

CHED 259

Comparison of LA-ICP-MS, solution-based ICP-MS, and XRF inorganic analysis

techniques in iron and copper ore provenance studies

James Thompson(1), [email protected], 1701 N State Street, Jackson Mississippi

39210, United States ; Timothy J Ward(1). (1) Deparment of Chemistry, Millsaps College,
Jackson Mississippi 39210, United States

This study examined the compatibility of LA-ICP-MS, solution-based ICP-MS, and XRF
techniques in the analysis of ore samples. The ore samples were collected from sites
throughout Albania, including the towns and villages of Babje, Gjazuj, Gjegjan,
Kurbnesh, Maliq, Munelle, Perlat, Rehovë, and Rubik, as well as Trepce, Kosovo and
Lavrios, Greece. The samples were iron-containing ores with other elements,
particularly copper. The Maliq sample from Albania is notable in that it was native
copper. The resulting provenance data could be used to determine the origin of
Albanian and Illyrian metal artifacts currently of unknown origin, such as coins, by
comparing the elemental composition of the artifacts to that of the ores. A comparison of
techniques would assess the potential usefulness of relatively nondestructive
techniques such as LA-ICP-MS and XRF in the analysis of geological and
archaeological samples, allowing artifacts to be analyzed and preserved.

CHED 260

Elucidating the role of reduced phosphorus oxyanions in biological systems

using ion chromatography - mass spectrometry

Maria Vazquez(1), [email protected], 1301 Avenida Cesar Chavez,

Monterey Park California 91754, United States ; Jean Van Buren (2); Gilbert Perez(3);
Herbe Pech(4); Lixin Shi(4); Tina Salmassi(4); Krishna L Foster(4). (1) MESA Program,

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Anaheim, CA

East Los Angeles College, Monterey Park California 91754, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York
14853, United States (3) Project SEED, Anahuacalmecac Univ Prep, Los Angeles
California 90032, United States (4) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles California 90032, United States

Despite the significant role of reduced phosphorus oxyanions in environmental and

biological systems, few analytical techniques have been developed to identify and
quantify these species in complex samples with high selectivity and sensitivity. Ion
chromatography (IC) coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been
used to identify and quantify phosphite in natural geothermal hot springs at sub-
micromolar concentrations. We have used IC/ESI-MS techniques to identify and
quantify reduced phosphorus in termite gut extracts. Our results show that
hypophosphite and phosphite ions were present in a diluted termite sample at
concentrations of 369 µM and 1.78 µM, respectively. Orthophosphate was also detected
at a concentration of 490 µM. The ratio of hypophosphite: phosphate decreases with
storage time, suggesting oxidation. This work shows that methods, originally developed
for environmental applications, can be applied to biological samples, and have the
potential to elucidate the role of reduced phosphorus oxyanions in biological systems.

CHED 261

Analysis of cosmetic additives as an introduction to LC-MS/MS in an

undergraduate analytical lab

Andrea T. Gilreath(1), [email protected], 901 S. Allen St, # B-4, State College PA

16801, United States ; Sheryl D. Rummel(1); Dan G. Sykes(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, United States

Because of expense and complexity, LC-MS/MS is rarely used as a classroom tool in

undergraduate analytical laboratories. In order to introduce this important analytical
technique in an advanced undergraduate chromatography course, we explored the
identification and quantification of select parabens and antioxidants in cosmetics using
sonication-assisted extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Different methods of
extraction, separation, and quantification of parabens and antioxidants in wash-off
cosmetic products have been reported. However, few papers employ the use of LC-
MS/MS to investigate leave-on cosmetics. Our study focuses on methyl, ethyl, propyl,
and butyl parabens and the antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole. The extraction and
LC-MS/MS methods we developed were used to test 20 leave-on products from a
variety of popular brands and are currently being adapted for use in our undergraduate
chromatography lab. Applying this cutting-edge analytical method to cosmetic science
creates a unique and engaging experience for undergraduate students.

CHED 262

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Anaheim, CA

Cell potentials for major components of red wine with copper and iron

Charlotte Burchett(1), [email protected], 300 N. Broadway, Lexington Kentucky

40508, United States ; Shelby Grant(1), [email protected], 300 N. Broadway,
Lexington Kentucky 40508, United States ; Gerald L Seebach (1). (1) Division of Natural
Science & Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington Kentucky 40508, United
States

This is a continuation of a study of the cell potentials of copper(II)/copper(I) and

iron(III)/iron(II) with some of the more prevalent compounds found in red wine. Oxidation
of wine is a vital part of the wine-making process. However, it must be carefully
controlled because over oxidation of the wine can result in a loss of flavor and
discoloration. The potentials are measured both in an air atmosphere and compared to
a nitrogen atmosphere. It is postulated that some compounds present in red wine raise
the cell potential for the copper(II)/copper(I) while others lower the reduction of iron(III)
so that copper (II) can oxidize iron(II) initiating the Fenton reaction in wine and causing
oxidation of the wine. Some pH dependency of these reactions is also presented.

CHED 263

Intercalibration of two methods for the quantification of nanomolar

concentrations of Fe(II) in aqueous medium

Daniel Hinz(1), [email protected], 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg Wa 98926, United

States ; Whitney Wood(1); Anne M Johansen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Central
Washington University, Ellensburg WA 98926, United States

The analysis of nanomolar concentrations of ferrous and ferric iron in aqueous samples
requires the use of clean and highly sensitive techniques. These types of analyses are
indispensable in the quantification of iron in pristine and remote environments such as
in the study of iron as a micronutrient to marine phytoplankton, which account for 50%
of the earth's photosynthesis. Through various NSF grants, our laboratory has acquired
equipment and instrumentation to analyze Fe(II) and reducible Fe(III) by two widely
distinct methods: (i) flow injection analysis (FIA), based on the interaction of iron (II) with
luminol to produce chemiluminescense, and (ii) long pathlength spectrophotometry,
based on the strong absorption of the Fe(II)-Ferrozine3 complex to measure absorbance
in a 200 cm liquid capillary cell. The objective of this study is to intercalibrate these two
techniques by analyzing synthetic and real atmospheric aerosol and ocean water
samples within the overlapping quantifiable range.

CHED 264

Correlation of half wave potentials of potential antimicrobial 5-nitroimidazole

drugs with calculated gas phase electron affinities

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Anaheim, CA

Maurice M. Horton(1), [email protected], 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego CA

92182, United States ; Leo V. Arzu(1); M. Naomi King(1); Kylene Monsalud(1); Gary
Tran(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San
Diego CA 92182, United States

Giardia lamblia is a water-born, diarrhea-causing protist. Currently the drug of choice is

the 5-nitroimidazole (5-NI), metronidazole, however resistant strains are appearing. It is
proposed that metronidazole is activated in vivo by reduction. If so, then the redox
potential of possible new drugs is important to consider. If the drug is too hard to reduce
(too negative E1/2) the drug will not be active. However, if it is too easy to reduce (too
positive E1/2), human cells will be attacked also. In order to guide synthetic efforts, gas-
phase electron affinities of possible new 5-NI drugs are being calculated using the DFT
(B3LYP) method. These values are then compared to experimentally determined E 1/2
values for the reversible one electron reduction of the 5-NI in DMSO. Our results so far
indicate that there is a linear correlation over a surprisingly large range of different
compounds.

CHED 265

Electrochemical studies on the voltammetry of Metronidazole in the presence of

amino acids

Christian B. Navarrete(1), [email protected], 1663s 2nd st, El Centro California

92243, United States ; Theresa R. Andres(1); M. Naomi King(1); Diane K. Smith(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego
California 92182, United States

The one electron reduction of the prodrug Metronidazole(Mz) results in a toxic free
radical that provides antimicrobial activity. To create more potent antimicrobial drugs it
is important to understand Metronidazole's mechanism of action. In this project we are
testing the reactivity of the Metronidazole radical anion with amino acids using cyclic
voltammetry(CV). In DMSO, Metronidazole undergoes a reversible one electron
reduction to a radical anion. Upon addition of most amino acids the CV remains
reversible indicating that no reaction is taking place. However with cysteine we see a
totally irreversible reduction with no return oxidation peak. This indicates that cysteine
reacts rapidly with the metronidazole radical anion. Addition of tyrosine and tryptophan
show similar behavior to cysteine but a little less drastic due to their higher pKa's.
Histidine shows unusual behavior when scanning more negative indicating a possible
reaction with the further reduced form of metronidazole.

CHED 266

Electrochemical studies of 5-nitroimidazoles under investigation as possible new

antimicrobial drugs

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Anaheim, CA

Kylene Monsalud(1), [email protected], 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego

California 92182, United States ; Gary Tran(1), [email protected], 5500 Campanile
Drive, San Diego California 92182, United States ; M. Naomi King (1); Yukiko
Miyamoto(2); Lars Eckmann(2); Diane K. Smith(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, San
Diego State University, United States (2) Medicine and Pathology, University of
California, San Diego, United States

The anaerobic protozoan, Giardia lamblia is commonly treated with metronidazole (Mz).
It is believed that metronidazole is activated in vivo by reduction of the 5-nitroimidazole
(5-NI) ring at its core. In order to counter Mz-resistant strains of Giardia, a variety of 5-
NI derivatives are being investigated as possible new drugs. In this work, the ease of
reduction of the new 5-NI's is being characterized by using cyclic voltammetry to
measure the E1/2 for their reversible one electron reduction in DMSO. Our hypothesis is
that the E1/2 values are indicative of the compound's human cell toxicity and antigiardial
activity. Compounds with E1/2 values that are too negative are not easily reduced, and
thus will not be effective against Giardia, whereas compounds with E1/2 values that are
too positive are easily reduced and will be effective against the bacteria, but also toxic
to human cells.

CHED 267

Determination of NOx in indoor library air using passive sampling

Dane W de Quilettes(1), [email protected], 24255 Pacific Coast Hwy,

Malibu CA 90263, United States ; Jane A Ganske(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Pepperdine University, Malibu CA 90263, United States

In sunny urban areas experiencing photochemical smog, measurable concentrations of

outdoor pollutants, including ozone and nitrogen oxides (NOx), can be found indoors.
These pollutants may pose risks to special collections inside museums and libraries.
Passive sampling was utilized to determine the concentrations of nitrogen oxides inside
of the Pepperdine University's Payson library and in the outside air. In the circulations
area of the library, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations ranged, respectively,
from the detection limit (DL) to 1.75 ppb and from 4.01 to 14.92 ppb. Outdoor
concentrations were nearly equal to indoor concentrations, possibly suggesting an
inefficient library heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system. Indoor generated
gases off-gassed from aging books, wood storage cases, paints, carpets and other
materials were surveyed using solid phase microextraction coupled with gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. Aldehydes and organic acids implicated in the
aging of paper materials were identified in the rare books collection air.

CHED 268

Characterization of a hydrophilic polyurethane film and the electrochemical

production of an antimony electrode for a miniature pH sensor

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Anaheim, CA

Arthur Miramontes(1), [email protected], 900 Otay Lakes Road, Chula

Vista CA 91910, United States ; Sabrina Lugo(1); Jeffery Schipper(2); David R Brown(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry, Southwestern College, Chula Vista CA 91910, United
States (2) Sierra Medical Technology, Inc., San Diego CA 92127, United States

Sierra Medical Technology manufactures a novel medical device, a miniature pH probe,

that measures the pH of patient respiration to diagnose acid reflux. IR spectra of a
hydrophilic polyurethane film applied to the tip of the probe revealed no changes after
exposure to hydrochloric acid, indicating resistance to degradation. Gas permeability
measurements involved detecting gases escaping bottles sealed with polyurethane film
containing various substances. Films showed consistently linear water vapor transfer
rates for periods of several days. Current production of antimony electrodes for the
device involves rapid crystallization of molten antimony and is prone to forming voids
and defects that represent the most common cause of device failure. To produce
antimony electrodes with greater reliability and potential cost savings, an
electrochemical method was developed. Preliminary tests of antimony electrodes used
in the device, produced via this electrochemical method, have been favorable.

CHED 269

Solid phase extraction of bisphenol-A using copper-immobilized hydroxylapatite

Benjamin J Brandt(1), [email protected], 303 E. Kearsley, Flint Michigan 48502,

United States ; Anselm I Omoike(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Michigan-Flint, Flint Michigan 48502, United States

A simple and inexpensive method for the preconcentration of trace amounts of

bisphenol-A (BPA) in water samples has been examined. Based on quenching of BPA
fluorescence signal by copper, BPA was adsorbed on copper-immobilized
hydroxylapatite (Cu-HAP). Two minicolumns, one packed with Cu-HAP, and the other
packed with HAP, were used to remove BPA from water. The Cu-HAP (6.42×10-2 mg/L
BPA ± 1.25 %) removed more BPA than HAP (2.04×10-2 mg/L BPA ± 3.44 %) at pH
6.00. Optimization of parameters including effect of pH, and flow rate are being
investigated. The application of this adsorbent for BPA preconcentration in water
samples will be evaluated.

CHED 270

Destructive analysis of Hubble Space Telescope battery cells

James A Patton(1), [email protected], 2043 College Way, Apt 6, Forest Grove

Oregon 97116, United States ; R. V. Whiteley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific
University, Forest Grove Oregon 97116, United States

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In May of 2009, after 19 years of continuous use, the Ni/H2 batteries of the Hubble
Space Telescope were replaced. Three returned cells were analyzed, one of which a
―virgin‖ cell tested on Earth and brought to Hubble, but neither connected to the battery
nor used. Analyses performed include gas analysis of the headspace, electrolyte,
KOH(aq), distribution between cell components, Ni electrode state of charge (Ni3+ vs
Ni2+), and electrode integrity (corrosion, delamination, and blistering). Results of the
analyses are presented.

CHED 271

Novel non-invasive method to determine maturity in cultured white sturgeon

(Acipenser transmontanus) females

Sarah A Servid(1), [email protected], One University Blvd, La Grande Oregon 97850,

United States ; Anna G Cavinato(1); Mariah Talbott(2); Molly Webb(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Oregon University, La Grande Oregon 97850,
United States (2) Montana State University, Bozeman Montana 59717, United States

This project aims to optimize caviar yield from white sturgeon (Acipenser
transmontanus) at harvest. We report a rapid and non-invasive method based on short
wavelength near infrared spectroscopy that has the potential to replace measurement of
oocyte polarization index (PI), which requires surgical biopsy. In this study, cultured
white sturgeon from both California and Idaho were sampled to determine the stages of
ovarian maturity. Spectra were collected on anesthetized females early in fall and again
at harvest time from January through June, depending on rate of maturity. Data were
analyzed using Principal Component Analysis and Soft Independent Modeling of Class
Analogy with cross validation in order to determine whether distinct groups of spectra
were associated with different values of oocyte PI. Best results were achieved using
0.18 PI value as threshold to discriminate eggs with low and medium/high PI. Work
continues to build a model predicting PI in real time.

CHED 272

Towards the development of a DNA aptamer sensor for bacterial detection

Jordan Malone(1), [email protected], One University Blvd, La Grande Oregon 97850,

United States ; Sarah A Servid(1); Emily A Byrd(1); Anna G Cavinato(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Oregon University, La Grande Oregon 97850,
United States

Current tools for environmental assessment of fish pathogens have low sensitivity and
require involved protocols. The use of ELISA, FAT and PCR to detect Renibacterium
salmoninarum (Rs), a pathogen responsible for causing kidney disease in salmonids,
requires that fish be sacrificed. Attempts to use ELISA or PCR to detect Rs in water
samples have not been successful. We report the ongoing efforts to identify through the

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SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential amplification) process a

specific DNA aptamer that binds to p57 or Major Soluble Antigen (MSA), the principal
antigenic protein found on the cell surface of the Rs bacterium. Six protein fragments
were constructed from the full length MSA protein and currently SELEX is being
performed on a 19 kDa subunit that displays high solubility and, therefore, appears to
be a suitable SELEX candidate. Fluorescence labeled DNA was utilized for
visualization, thus eliminating the need for radioactive labeling.

CHED 273

Effects of amide hydrogen bonds on the aprotic electrochemistry of 2,3,5,6-

tetramethylphenylenediamine

Shawn Pavlovsky(1), [email protected], 3753 1/2 4th Ave., San Diego Ca

92103, United States ; Tiffany Franco(1); Laurie Clare(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego Ca 92182, United States

In order to better understand the mechanistic pathway of proton coupled electron

transfer reactions, the electrochemistry of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenylenediamine (H2PD)
is being studied in acetonitrile, in the presence of various amide bases with varying
hydrogen bonding strengths. H2PD undergoes two reversible oxidations in acetonitrile,
first to a radical cation (H2PD+), and then to a dication (H2PD2+). As H2PD is oxidized, it
transitions from being basic, and interacting with acids, to being acidic and interacting
with bases. The amides used in this study are very weak bases and should not be able
to deprotonate H2PD2+. Therefore any effects are likely due to hydrogen bonding alone.
UV-Vis and CV simulations will be used to verify the results.

CHED 274

Determining relative concentrations of volatile organic compounds in

tuberculosis biomarkers

Niger Washington(1), [email protected], 170 E. Sixth Street, #1665,

Claremont California 91711, United States ; Charles Taylor(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont California 91711, United States

The detection of tuberculosis has become a standardized procedure involving breath

samples analyzed by Gas Chromatography to determine a quick, accurate result;
however, it is often convenient to have to use such large and expensive equipment.
While these GCMS samples also provide insight into the Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs) present in tuberculosis biomarkers, the relative concentrations of these VOCs
are difficult to determine. Thus, the purpose of this study is twofold: first, to identify and
determine concentrations of relevant volatile organic compounds found in tuberculosis
using Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) headspace samples. A second purpose is to
explore the development of a portable apparatus to test for tuberculosis, as opposed to

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Anaheim, CA

use rather large and expensive GCMS equipment, while delivering results with the
same accuracy. Such an apparatus can serve as a way to test people for tuberculosis in
regions that do not have immediate access to GCMS instruments.

CHED 275

Analysis of sunscreen lip balm components by high performance liquid

chromatography

Jacob A Hill(1), [email protected], 2300 W. Innes St., Salisbury NC 28144, United

States ; Carly M Sabat(1); Elizabeth P Noble(2); Mark S. Sabo(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Catawba College, Salisbury North Carolina 28144, United States (2) Filltech
USA LLC, Rockwell North Carolina 28138, United States

This paper will report on the development and validation of a method for the analysis of
oxybenzone and octinoxate in sunscreen lip balm products. Oxybenzone and octinoxate
are used to absorb ultra violet radiation. It is an active ingredient found in many
sunscreen cosmetics, including sunscreen lip balm. This method involves a simple
extraction procedure and analysis using reverse-phase high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). Modifications were made to simplify the sample preparation
procedure. The advantages of this method and the analytical figures of merit will be
reported. The method development described above was done through the Catawba
Analytical Research Laboratory (CARL), an industrial-academic partnership at Catawba
College. Interaction with area industry provides undergraduate students an excellent
opportunity to experience the practice of chemistry in today's society. Students develop
problem-solving skills based upon scientific inquiry and context-based examples.
Through these experiences, students will not only learn technical and scientific
knowledge, but also learn how to apply that knowledge to the problem at hand and think
independently, creatively, and critically.

CHED 276

Improved chromatographic and electrophoretic separation methods for the rapid

generation and analysis of heparin oligosaccharides for biochemical studies

Jonathan A George(1), [email protected], 900 North Benton Ave, Springfield

Missouri 65802, United States ; Benjamin L Rogers(1), [email protected], 900
North Benton Ave, Springfield Missouri 65802, United States ; Tia M Young(1); Chris
Yates(1); Saemi Park(1); Mallori Emerick(1); Albert K Korir(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Drury University, Springfield Missouri 65802, United States

The generation of heparin-derived saccharide libraries is a valuable resource for

studying structure-function relationship of biologically significant heparin
oligosaccharides. Heparin and the related heparan-sulfate are complex carbohydrates
that regulate many biological functions through interactions with a variety of proteins.

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However, the structural complexity and diversity of these compounds pose challenges
with respect to separation and structure elucidation. Analytical methods for the rapid
generation and characterization of important saccharide sequences are required for
progress in glycomic and biochemical studies. The research presented demonstrates an
analytical strategy for the fast separation of heparin-derived oligosaccharides using ion-
pairing reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Capillary
electrophoresis (CE) will also be used for evaluating the purity or complexity of
saccharide components that are low in abundance. Although NMR spectroscopy will
predominantly be used for structure elucidation in this research, the chromatographic
conditions developed will be amenable for analyses involving direct coupling with mass
spectrometry.

CHED 277

Analysis of allelopathic compounds from Chenopodium ambrosioides

Wyatt Olson(1), [email protected], 5000 N Willamette Blvd, Portland Oregon 97203,

United States ; Angela Hoffman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Portland,
Portland Oregon 97203, United States

Chenopodium Ambrosioides plants are known to exhibit strong allelopathic behavior

against other weeds. We show that non-volatile root extracts from this plant will prevent
radish seed germination. Methanol extracts were separated using a hexane to ethyl
acetate gradient. Fractions collected with 15-28% ethyl acetate to hexane were
particularly active. After further separation by HPLC, the most active fractions inhibited
radish seed germination at 0.028 µg/µL. Extracts of soil surrounding the plant showed
similar results. All active fractions show a dark green spot on TLC analysis in 9:1
chloroform/methanol on silica gel plates when stained with vanillin and H2SO4. The Rf
value for this spot ranges from 0.568 to 0.609. Further purification of root extracts using
flash chromatography and HPLC is currently underway to isolate and identify the active
compound(s).

CHED 278

Analysis of fungal products before and after epigenetic modification

Valerie Chiong(1), [email protected], 5000 N Willamette Blvd, Portland Oregon 97203,

United States ; Angela Hoffman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Portland,
Portland Oregon 97203, United States

Organisms often have genes that are only used in certain circumstances. They may be
turned on or off to prevent synthesis of unnecessary products. By adding methyl
jasmonate (a growth regulator) or azacytidine (a DNA methylation disruptor) to a fungal
culture that was isolated from Taxus chinensis, gene methylation was altered and
different products were made. These changes were observed by silica gel TLC after

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Anaheim, CA

reaction with a vanillin-H2SO4 solution. Products made before and after the
modifications are being isolated and identified.

CHED 279

Comparison of proton-coupled electron transfer with quinones in the presence of

acids to phenylenediamines in the presence of bases

Christina Newell(1), [email protected], 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego CA

92182-1030, United States ; Patrick A Staley(1); Diane K. Smith(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego CA 92182-1030,
United States

Developing and understanding the mechanism for how hydrogen bonding and
protonation work together in redox reactions is essential given that the major energy
transduction processes in living organisms are centered around these reactions. In this
study the effect of hydrogen bonding and proton transfer on the redox chemistry of
2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenozoquinone (duroquinone) is examined by looking at the cyclic
voltammetry of duroqinone with and without the presence of added weak acids such as
methanol, trifluoroethanol and benzoic acid. As the quinone is reduced, first to the
radical anion and then to the dianion, it becomes more basic and interacts more
strongly with the added acids. This system is compared to 2,3,5,6-
tetramethylphenylenediamine which instead undergoes two reversible oxidations and
becomes more acidic as it is oxidized. Addition of bases to the phenylenediamine
produces similar effects as adding acids to the quinone, indicating that similar
mechanistic pathways exist for both systems.

CHED 280

FTIR measurements of atmospherically relevant mixtures: Implications for

climate modeling

Tiffany Lopez(1), [email protected], 800 N. State College Blvd, Fullerton CA

92834, United States ; Roger Martinez(1); Cristina Robitu(1); Paula Hudson(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton,
Fullerton CA 92834, United States

Atmospheric aerosol can affect climate directly by absorbing and scattering incoming
solar radiation (ultraviolet or visible) or outgoing terrestrial radiation (infrared). Typical
atmospheric aerosol include inorganic salts as well as organic acids. The concentration
of these individual aerosol change as a function of relative humidity (RH) (becoming
more dilute with increasing RH). Further, the individual aerosol (ammonium sulfate or
dicarboxylic acid) can react together creating aerosol with varied ratios. As a result, the
infrared spectrum of ammonium sulfate (AS), dicarboxylic acids (DA) and mixtures of
AS and DA were measured as a function of concentration and AS:DA ratio. Shifts in

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Anaheim, CA

infrared peak position are observed with changing concentration of the individual
components. In mixtures, the ammonium sulfate SO peak is highly resistant to changing
concentrations of organic acid as opposed to the organic CO peak. The additivity of
Beer's Law is also examined.

CHED 281

Chemical warfare agent (CWA) surrogate detection by metal-organic frameworks

as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) material

Michael D. Swayze(1), [email protected], Building 753, West Point NY

10997, United States ; Dawn E Riegner(1); Mary Ann Thomas(1); Zach T Lachance(1);
Sarah E Kaplan(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military
Academy, West Point New York 10996, United States

Typical solid-phase microextraction (SPME) materials such as polyvinyldimethylsiloxane

(PDMS), divinylbenzene, carboxen, and polyacrylate have been evaluated in the past
for their abilities to extract chemical warfare agent (CWA) surrogates via headspace
analysis. This work seeks to examine the ability of a relatively new class of porous
materials called metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Through strong covalent bonds,
metal-organics form a pocket in which specifically sized chemicals can bind. This work
seeks to show that MOFs could be a viable option for CWA detection. Previous work
with PDMS yielded detection limits that were not low enough for current materials
break-through testing standards. The SPME was integrated with an off the shelf Gerstel
auto-sampler and a Torion gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS). An
absorptive porous polymer coated SPME and an MOF coated SPME, in conjunction
with the Torion GCMS, were evaluated for their effectiveness in detecting CWA
surrogates.

CHED 282

Separation and characterization of carotenoids produced by Streptomyces

coelicolor through reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and
mass spectrometry

William Wong(1), [email protected], 390 Hofstra University, 608B Nassau

Hall, Hempstead New York 11549, United States ; Ling Huang(1); Alisa Gaskell(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead NY 11549, United States (2)
Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead NY 11549, United States

The genome of Streptomyces coelicolor was previously sequenced yet much is still
unknown about the soil dwelling bacterial organism including its carotenoid production
pathway. In this investigation, carotenoid production in S. coelicolor is characterized by
separation and identification through reverse phase high performance liquid
chromatography and mass spectrometry. Carotenoid samples were extracted from six

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samples of S. coelicolor; three which were grown under dark conditions of 48 hours and
another three that were grown in 24 hours of darkness in addition to approximately 15
hours of exposure to light. Each of the two light condition groups consisted of a control
sample known as the wild type M600 and two mutant type strains which had their ΔsigM
gene deactivated while the other was reactivated with the complimentary gene. Initial
runs from M600 control produced eight possible absorption peaks at the 450 nm range
with retention times of approximately 5.7 minutes.

CHED 283

Extraction and characterization of barbiturates

Sara M Grossarth(1), [email protected], Country Club Rd., York PA 17403, United

States ; Gregory P Foy(1). (1) Physical Sciences, York College of Pennsylvania, York PA
17403, United States

Efficient extraction and quantitation of illicit drugs as well as prescription drugs is

becoming increasingly important in the field of forensic science. An optimum method
would allow for an efficient extraction while providing an inert matrix for quantitative
identification. Several barbiturates were chosen as standards in this study. Initial
analysis was performed on the gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer detector
(GC-MS). Standard extraction methods were then performed followed by comparison to
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide. Prior to GC-MS analysis, the
barbiturates were butylated to avoid tailing of the polar substances. Extraction
efficiencies and GC-MS identification data will be highlighted.

CHED 284

Chromatographic and spectrophotometric analysis of fungal secondary

metabolite production during growth

Clarice Daubert(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway, San Antonio TX 78209,

United States ; Yu-Yu Chu(1); Julian Davis(1); Ana C. Vallor(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Department of Biology, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio TX
78209, United States

This project utilized thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass

spectroscopy to analyze secondary metabolite production by three clinically relevant
species of Aspergillus. We investigated the pattern of production for each species over
time and identified the time point at which maximal production occurred for each
species. Every 48 hours, metabolites were extracted from a plate of growing cells with
acetone/chloroform and sample solutions were evaporated to dryness over night. Dried
precipitates were suspended in acetone and spotted onto silica thin layer
chromatography fluorescent plates. Known fungal metabolites were also spotted to
serve as control standards. The ideal solvent system used in these studies which

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yielded the best separation consisted of 30 % ethyl acetate:70% dichloromethane. The

results of this project demonstrated striking differences in the production and number of
secondary metabolites produced by each species over time. Further studies are
ongoing to further evaluate and identify these metabolites.

CHED 285

Concentrations of trace elements throughout a female's life

Alexandra M Wachtveitl(1), [email protected], 115 Carpenter ct, Mukwonago WI

53149, United States ; Gregory T Marks(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Carroll
University, Waukesha WI 53186, United States

Taking a hair sample and running an analysis and being able to determine the age
bracket the person is in based on the concentrations of trace elements can be very
useful in forensic science. It will allow the unknown hair sample to be put into an age
category that can help solve what age the sample came from. We will be looking at the
trace elements throughout a female's life to see if the concentrations vary. The
concentrations of the heavy metals can be determined by flame atomic absorption
spectroscopy. The concentrations of lead, chromium, zinc, iron, and copper have been
determined in infancy, puberty, pregnancy, menopause, and old age. With the varied
levels of concentrations for the elements age can be determined from a hair sample.

CHED 286

Characterization of TMOS: Acetone sol-gels

Mike B Arnold(1), [email protected], 500 W. Franklin St. Apt. 1233,

Milledgeville Georgia 31061, United States ; Matthew Yonz(1); Richard P Crumpton(1);
Catrena H Lisse(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Physics and Astonomy, Georgia
College & State University, Milledgeville Georgia 31061, United States

Sol-gels have many practical industrial applications; however, sol-gels typically require
several weeks to solidify. Many attempts have been made to add drying agents, such as
dimethylformamide (DMF), to sol-gels in an effort to decrease the drying time while
maintaining a crack-free monolith. A type of sol-gel which is comprised of TMOS,
acetone, and water was found to have a substantially shorter drying time—a matter of a
few days—while maintaining an optically transparent, crack-free monolith. The
synthesis, characterization, and functional properties of these materials will be
presented.

CHED 287

Sensitive analysis of proteins by nonlinear laser wave mixing and capillary

electrophoresis

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Ashley Warren(1), [email protected], 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego CA

92182-1030, United States ; Marcel Hetu(1); Tiffany Neary(1); Marc Gregerson(1); Manna
Iwabuchi(1); William G. Tong(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San
Diego State University, San Diego CA 92182, United States

Multi-photon nonlinear laser wave-mixing spectroscopy is presented as a highly

sensitive absorption-based detection technique for a wide range of biomedical
applications including early diagnosis of viral infections. Laser wave mixing offers
inherent advantages over other optical methods including parts-per-quadrillion or
zeptomole level detection sensitivity, small probe volumes, small sample requirements,
compact portable detector designs, and high spatial resolution that is suitable for
analysis of protein content in a single-cell. The analytical signal is a coherent laser-like
beam, and hence, it can be collected with virtually 100% collection efficiency and with
no optical background noise. The excitation wavelength is tuned to the analyte
absorption wavelength maxima. The signal has a cubic dependence on laser power and
a quadratic dependence on analyte concentration. In a typical wave-mixing setup, two
laser beams are focused and mixed inside a capillary where theanalytes are separated
and detected. In this work, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is used to separate and
identify protein analytes. Wavemixing detection sensitivity levels are comparable or
better than those of widely used fluorescence detection methods and yet wave mixing
does not require the use of fluorescence labels and probes and many biomolecules can
be detected in their native form. Potential applications include early disease diagnosis,
sensitive detection of biomarkers and bio agents, cellular protein studies and protein
interaction studies. This nonlinear detection method can be easily integrated into low-
cost portable devices for use in the field where resources are limited.

CHED 288

Correlation studies of potassium in soil of switchgrass

Fabrin J Fenton(1), [email protected], WCM 417, Warrensburg Missouri 64093,

United States ; Fanson Kidwaro(2); Scott McKay(1); Gija Geme(1). (1) Department of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physics, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg
Missouri 64093, United States (2) Department of Agriculture, University of Central
Missouri, Warrensburg Missouri 64093, United States

The Chemistry department at the University of Central Missouri is investigating the

possibility of using switchgrass as a source of green energy. Energy that would be
reliable, renewable, and relatively inexpensive; one that would have reduced nitrogen
and sulfur emissions and that will not produce as many green house gasses. In our
research we examined the effects of switchgrass on the environment. In this experiment
several different species of switchgrass were grown in different plots, each type of
switchgrass was then treated with a range of Nitrogen. These soil and switchgrass
samples from the plots were collected over a period of three years and were tested to
see the effects that continual growth of switchgrass can have on the soil. We also

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wanted to see if there is a correlation between the amount of potassium in the soil and
the amount of potassium in the switchgrass.

CHED 289

GCSU undergraduate investigates the water quality in Kenya, Africa

Chelsey Williams(1), [email protected], 5163 Cobblestone Park Dr., Milledgeville

GA 31061, United States ; Catrena Higginbotham Lisse(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Physics, & Astronomy, Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville Georgia 31061,
United States

During the summer of 2010, water samples from Kenya, Africa were
taken from rivers, concrete holding tanks, and rain water collection tanks all
used by the people in the area for drinking purposes. The water was collected from
Narok, Morijo,
and The Fig Tree Inn on the Masai Mara and transported back to the United
States following EPA preservation methods.
The preserved water samples were tested for turbidity, pH and nutrient
levels using HACH water testing kits as well as for volatile organic compounds
using various analytical techniques such as a purge and trap auto-sampler
coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The
experimental design and results will be presented in this paper.

CHED 290

Preparation and characterization of low melting point glass doped with rare earth
metals

Nichole E Boyer(1), [email protected], 101 University Avenue Apt. A305, 520.5

Paula Drive, Clarksville TN 37042, United States ; Ashley Piasecki(2); Patryk Piasecki(2);
Carrie B Brennan(1); Steve Morgan(2). (1) Austin Peay State University, Clarksville
Tennessee 37042, United States (2) Fisk University, Nashville Tenneessee 37208,
United States

Rare earth metals have previously been used in a variety of optical materials including
inorganic glasses. These inorganic glasses have potential use as laser media and in
other optical devices. Although most of these glasses have had high melting ranges
(900oC to 1800oC), low melting point glasses have been tested. Low melting point
glasses melt around 450oC and have shown great potential in their use as optical
media. However, the chemical nature of these glasses makes their use difficult; most
low melting point glasses are phosphate based and have low durability when exposed
to the humidity in the air. As a result, experimental data obtained using these glasses
varies widely and the success of these glasses is low. One goal of this research is to
develop a durable low melting point glass that can withstand the effects atmospheric

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humidity. Another goal of this research will be to successfully dope this glass with the
rare earth metal, erbium, and characterize its physical properties. The optical properties
of the glass will be measured using RAMAN, luminescence, and UV-vis spectroscopies.
Optical properties will be measured before and after doping to determine any major
effects the doping may have on the intrinsic properties of the glass. Structural and
thermal properties will analyzed using electron dispersion spectroscopy/x-ray diffraction
and differential scanning calorimetry,
respectively.

CHED 291

Primer directed biocement and kinase searches from Phragmatopoma lapidosa

and Pectinaria gouldii cDNA

James C Robertson(1), [email protected], 1250 Siskiyou Blvd, Ashland OR 97520,

United States ; Maria A. Dean(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Southern Oregon
University, Ashland OR 97520, United States (2) Chemistry Department, Coe College,
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52402, United States

The marine worms Phragmatopoma lapidosa and Pectinaria gouldii secrete a

proteinaceous biocement. Both worms select sand grains from their intertidal
environment, dab cement on the grains, and set them in place to construct their reef
and tube structures. Total RNA was isolated from the worms, converted to cDNA and
amplified with primers specific for kinases and cement precursor proteins. The kinase
primers were designed from homologous protein kinases; the cement primers were
designed from reported cement precursor proteins of another cement-secreting marine
worm. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was sequenced as a result of PCR with the
kinase primers. Promising matches were also found for phosphofructokinase and
calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase. Future work involves redesigning cement
precursor protein-specific primers to obtain cement protein sequences; the goal is to
determine the proteins involved in producing the cement so that more can be known
about it and its potential as a biomedical adhesive.

CHED 292

Sequencing cDNA libraries of two marine worms for biocement and related
proteins

Alicia Drapkin(1), [email protected], 902 N. Cascade, WB 1657,

Colorado Springs CO 80946-1657, United States ; James Robertson(2); Maria Dean(3).
(1) Colorado College, United States (2) Southern Oregon University, United States (3)
Coe College, United States

Pectinaria gouldii and Phragmatopoma lapidosa are marine annelids that secrete
proteinaceous biocements to glue sand grains together to build protective homes. The

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biocement of these two worms is of interest for its potential use in industry and medicine
as it sets quickly in sea water. Random clones from a cDNA library of each worm were
sequenced to find biocement and other related proteins. The libraries were sequenced
by amplifying, purifying, sequencing, and analyzing the cDNA to find viable mRNA
sequences. Based upon amino acid content, serine- and histidine-rich proteins were
identified as possible biocement proteins for each species. Other interesting proteins
include an osteonectin-like protein, a calcium-dependent-like kinase, and several
ribosomal proteins. The new genes will provide probes for further characterization of the
biocement glands. Future investigations will involve creating a new library from just the
biocement glands to increase the chances of finding more biocement and biocement-
related proteins.

CHED 293

Engineering various colored apoptosis reporters

Charnell Chasten(1), [email protected], NCAT BOX 1727 1601 E Market St,

Greensboro NC 27411-1727, United States ; Samantha Nicholls(2); Jeanne Hardy(2). (1)
Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro NC 27411, United States
(2) Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst MA 01003, United
States

Apoptosis is a biological process, which is involved in over 50% of all diseases lacking
suitable treatment, which is dependent on the action of caspase proteins. We previously
developed a reporter of apoptosis called Caspase Activatiable-Green Fluorescent
Protein (CA-GFP). Prior to cleavage by caspase, CA-GFP is in a ―dark‖ state and has
no fluorescence intensity. After caspase cleavage, CA-GFP shifts to a ―bright‖ state. For
various applications, other colors of reporters would be useful. Our goal here is to
expand the spectrum to include cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent
protein (YFP). Using quikchange methods for site-directed mutagenesis we produced a
number of vectors to express CA-CFP and CA-YFP. These vectors allow experiments
to be conducted both in vitro and in cells to monitor the utility of these new reporters.
Both CA-CFP and CA-YFP are in a ―dark‖ state before cleavage and have potential to
become fluorescent after cleavage.

CHED 294

pH of the buffer compound N-tris-(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic

acid (TES) at I = 0.16 m from 5 to 55 °C

Zachary M. Downs(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave, Springfield Missouri

65802, United States ; Stephen Rocchio(1); Meagan A. Harmon(1); Lakshmi N. Roy(1);
Rabindra N. Roy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Drury University, Springfield Missouri
65802, United States

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The pH values for the amino compound TES have been calculated from experimental
emf data collected in the temperature range of 5 to 55 °C. The potentiometric technique
of the cell type: Pt, H2 (g, 1 atm)|TES (m1) + NaTESate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl, Ag was
studied. Data will be presented at 5, 25, 37, and 55 °C. The pH value at 37 °C for 0.02
m TES + 0.04 m NaTESate + 0.12 m NaCl is 7.475. Three buffer solutions were studied
resulting in an isotonic saline media of I = 0.16 mol·kg-1. The Bates-Guggenheim
convention was used for the calculation of γCl, the activity coefficient of the chloride ion.
This buffer solution has been recommended as a primary standard for physiological
solutions.

CHED 295

Comparison of the physiological pH values of the two zwitterionic buffer

compounds TAPSO and TRICINE in the temperature range 5 to 55 °C

Jessica M. Stegner(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave, Springfield Missouri

65802, United States ; Shay A. Sechler(1); Blake M. Bodendorfer(1); Lakshmi N. Roy(1);
Rabindra N. Roy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Drury University, Springfield Missouri
65802, United States

It is of utmost importance to control the pH in the range of 6.5 to 8.0 for biomedical
studies. The pH values for the buffer compounds TAPSO and TRICINE have been
calculated from experimental emf values obtained using emf measurements from 5 to
55 °C. The cells studied were without liquid junction and of the type: Pt, H 2 (g, 1
atm)|BUFFER (m1) + NaBUFFERate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl, Ag. Data will be presented
at 5, 25, 37, and 55 °C. The pH values at 37 °C for both TAPSO and TRICINE are 7.332
and 7.342, respectively. The results will be interpreted in terms of using it as a primary
standard for biological specimens.

CHED 296

Standard pH values of the buffer compound BICINE from 5 to 55 °C

Meagan A. Harmon(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave, Springfield Missouri

65802, United States ; Jaime A. Veliz(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave,
Springfield Missouri 65802, United States ; Lakshmi N. Roy(1); Rabindra N. Roy(1);
Zachary M. Downs(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Drury University, Springfield
Missouri 65802, United States

Determination of the pH in the physiological range of 6.0 to 8.0 is of importance in

clinical chemistry and biomedicine. The pH values for three BICINE buffer solutions at
the temperatures 5, 25, 37, and 55 °C have been calculated and analyzed.
Potentiometric measurements were made using a cell of the type: Pt, H2 (g, 1
atm)|BICINE (m1) + NaBICINEate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl, Ag. The pH values at 25 and
37 °C are 7.962 and 7.776, respectively. The results are explained and compared with

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the results of similar buffer compounds in terms of pH standards for biological

specimens.

CHED 297

Studies of the buffer MOPS for use in biological specimens

Alexis L. Jenkins(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave, Springfield Missouri

65802, United States ; Kathleen A. Allen(1); Casey J. Mehrhoff(1); Lakshmi N. Roy(1);
Rabindra N. Roy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Drury University, Springfield Missouri
65802, United States

The zwitterionic buffer MOPS has been studied in the temperature range of 5 to 55 °C.
Experimental emf measurements have been made using the Harned cell of type: Pt, H 2
(g, 1 atm)|MOPS (m1) + NaMOPSate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl, Ag. Data will be presented
at 5, 25, 37, and 55 °C. Three solutions consisting of an isotonic saline media (I = 0.16
mol·kg-1) have been studied. The Bates-Guggenheim convention has been used to
calculate the single-ion activity coefficient, γCl , of the chloride ion. The pH values of
0.02 m MOPS + 0.04 m NaMOPSate + 0.12 m NaCl buffer solution at 25 and 37 °C are
7.510 and 7.241, respectively, and are recommended as pH standards in biomedicine.

CHED 298

Optimization of glycoprotein analysis using lectin affinity chromatography

Justin M Copeland(1), [email protected], 3800 University Parkway, Natchitoches

Louisana 71497, United States ; Daniel F Clark(1); Heather Desaire(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence Kansas 66045, United States

The Desaire research group studies the glycosylation on HIV vaccine candidates and
other glycoproteins. One important challenge in these analyses is detecting the
glycopeptides, which are present in complex mixtures of non-glycosylated peptides.
This project seeks to determine the effect of introducing a column packed with
immobilized lectin, proteins with a highly specific binding affinity for certain glycans on
glycopeptides, to aid in glycoprotein analysis. The methodology includes introducing
proteolytically-digested proteins into lectin columns of different sizes using High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), followed by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)
for salt removal. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-
ICR-MS) is used to identify the glycopeptides that bound to the column and those that
flowed through. During the course of this project, it has been shown that the use of a
lectin column gives cleaner mass spectra leading to more glycoforms
being found as well as a reduced amount of nonspecific binding.

CHED 299

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Quantitative analysis using GC/MS of the fatty acid profile of patients treated with
weight loss medication

Casey A Rimland(1)(2)(3), [email protected], 8304 Shinkansen Drive, Charlotte North

Carolina 28213, United States ; Thiago Inácio Barros Lopes(1); Anita J Marsaioli(1);
Bruno Geloneze Neto(4); Sabrina Nagassaki(4); Samara Clemente de Abreu(4). (1)
Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de
Química, Campinas Sao Paulo, Brazil (2) University of North Carolina at Charlotte,
Campinas Sao Paulo, Brazil (3) Department of Chemistry, University of Florida,
Campinas Sao Paulo, Brazil (4) Department of Medical Sciences, Universidade
Estadual de Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo, Brazil

Severe cases of obesity often require medication to produce significant weight loss. The
safety and effectiveness of these weight loss medications has been extensively studied
in the literature. However, the effects these drugs have on cellular and molecular levels
have yet to be addressed. Therefore, this project envisages monitoring the fatty acid
profile of patient's blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes. Phospholipids and
cholesterol esters, due to their important roles in proper cell functioning, were chosen to
be examined. Thin layer chromatography was used to separate different lipid classes,
which were then analyzed by GC-MS. Optimization of methodology was time
consuming and blood from a non-treated participant was first studied. Results suggest
significant alterations do exist between pre- and post-treatment fatty acid profiles in
patients treated with certain weight loss medications. The treatment and results
obtained still require further evaluation. Optimization of the methodology and these
preliminary results will be presented.

CHED 300

Redox states of heme centers in anaerobically-isolated mitochondria from

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Michael J. Moore(1), [email protected], PMB #1555 109 University Square, Erie

PA 16541, United States ; Nick Williams(2); Gregory Holmes-Hampton(2); Nema Jhurry(3);
Allison Cockrell(3); Sean McCormick(2); Paul A Lindahl(2)(3). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Gannon University, Erie PA 16541, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College Station TX 77840, United States (3) Department of Biophysics
and Biochemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77840, United States

Recent methods have been developed to isolate mitochondria anaerobically (~1ppm

O2) in an effort to examine heme centers in a physiologically-relevant state. Described
below are observations of the redox state of heme centers in pure mitochondria from
the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, via UV-Vis spectroscopy. Cytochrome C
(Complex IV) exhibits various features in the wavelength range of 500-610 nm that are
indicative of a reduced (ferrous) state, which diminish under oxidizing (ferric) conditions.
UV-Vis spectroscopy of anaerobically ―as-isolated‖ mitochondria illustrates that these

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centers are originally in the ferrous state. Addition of O2 into the anaerobically-sealed
cuvette leads to the successive conversion of these centers to the ferric state.
Subsequently over a 5-10 minute time period, the centers experience a ―recovery
phase,‖ which involves the reversion to ferrous centers. These experiments imply a
poised ferrous state and a transient redox phenomenon in functional mitochondria.

CHED 301

Role of cell surface carbohydrates and plasma membrane components in the

internalization of cell-penetrating peptides

Yefim Zaltsman(1), [email protected], 606 E Ann St, Apt 1, Ann Arbor MI 48104,
United States ; Chérine Bechara(1); Isabel D Alves(1); Chen-Yu Jiao(1); Astrid Walrant(1);
Fabienne Burlina(1); Gérard Chassaing(1); Sandrine Sagan(1). (1) Laboratoire des
Biomolécules, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris France 75005, France

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have emerged as promising vehicles for drug delivery,
given their unique ability to cross the plasma membrane and deliver cargo into cells.
Their mechanism of internalization remains controversial and so to facilitate its study we
have developed a direct method of peptide quantification following cellular uptake.
Utilizing MALDI-TOF MS and an internal standard, we studied the internalization of
(R/W)9 and penetratin, at both 4 °C and 37 °C. Wild-type K1, glycosaminoglycan-
deficient pgsA 745, and sialic acid-deficient Lec2 CHO cell lines were used. We found
that internalization of penetratin and (R/W)9 is a multimechanistic process involving both
direct translocation (active at 4 °C and 37 °C) and endocytosis (active at 37 °C).
Endocytosis was found to rely strongly on the presence of glycosaminoglycans and not
significantly on that of sialic acid. Preliminary results showed that depleting cholesterol
with methyl-β-cyclodextrin results in increased internalization of penetratin at high
concentration.

CHED 302

Isolation of Yeast Alcohol dehydrogenase

Megan A Mathis(1), [email protected], 1050 Union University Dr, Jackson TN 38305,

United States ; David A Wing(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Union University, Jackson
Tennessee 38305, United States

The purpose for this research was to test three dye-affinity resins for affinity purification
of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase using arginine elution. Arginine was the elution of
choice because the typical elution with NAD, was found to significantly reduce the
protein's activity, unless removed. Yeast Protein Extraction Reagent (Y-PER) was used
to extract the proteins from the yeast cells. 8% Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was then
used to precipitate out interfering proteins. One mL of PEG supernant was applied to
each of the three columns: Cibacron Blue 3GA-agarose, Reactive Red 120 agarose,

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and m-Aminophenylboronic acid-agarose. 15 mL of isolation buffer was applied to each

column and then eluted with 10 mL of 1.0M arginine. One mL fractions from each
column were pooled together for comparison and tested for protein activity. The specific
activity for the Cibacron Blue, Reactive Red, and m-Aminophenylboronic resins were
5.72, 4.95, and 1.88 units/mg respectively. After testing for protein activity and analyzing
with gel electrophoresis, it was found that the Cibacron Blue 3GA-agarose resin was the
best choice for isolating the protein, alcohol dehydrogenase.

CHED 303

Development of a Phytophthora sojae-sensitive polydiacetylene liposome

biosensor

Lauren E Quick(1), [email protected], 1050 Union University Dr, Jackson TN 38305,

United States ; David A Wing(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Union University, Jackson
Tennessee 38305, United States

Phytophthora sojae is a pathogen that is known to infect and kill the roots of Glycine
max. The development of a biosensor, specific to P. sojae, would alert farmers of its
presence, before all crops are infected. Recently, there has been research using
polydiacetylene (PDA) liposome sensors to detect the presence of specific gram-
negative bacteria. This experiment investigated the application of this technique to
develop a PDA biosensor that would be specific to P. sojae. Due to suspected
premature photo-polymerization, a limited amount of significant data has been obtained.
Research is on going.

CHED 304

Synthesis of an "optical tongue" for a biosensor using various amino acids

Trey Smith(1), [email protected], 1050 Union University Dr, Jackson TN 38305, United
States ; David A Wing(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Union University, Jackson TN
38305, United States

Polydiacetylene liposmes were used to synthesize an ―optical tongue‖ that could be

used as a biosensor for detecting pathogens. Various amino acid derivatives were then
attached to the polydiacetylene. These amino acids would respond with a visible color
change when exposed to the desired analyte. The amino acids that were used in the
synthesis of the biosensor were Glycine, Toluene, and Phenylalanine. Spectral data
was taken to support the formation of the desired derivative. Sonication and UV
irradiation was then used in order to polymerize the polydiacetylenes and form the lipid
bilayer. These liposomes were then used to test for the presence of an analyte.

CHED 305

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Small molecules capable of stabilizing the West Nile Virus envelope glycoprotein
dimer at low pH

Nathan S Steiner(1), [email protected], 304 Henry Street, CMB #2516,

Ashland VA 23005, United States ; Nora S Green(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Randolph-Macon College, Ashland VA 23005, United States

The West Nile Virus (WNV), a member of the flavivirus family, is spread to humans
through the bite of an infected mosquito. Currently the only effective prevention for West
Nile infection is utilizing toxic insect repellents and wearing long clothing to prevent
mosquitoes from biting. When the virus enters the cell, through receptor-mediated
endocytosis, the pH changes from 7.4 to 6.4 and a conformational change in the WNV
envelope protein (E-protein) from dimer to trimer results. This conformational change
must take place in order for the virus to replicate inside the host cell. The effects of
small molecules like n-octyl-β-D-glucoside, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid on the
conformational change were probed using limited proteolysis, a hemolysis assay, and
thermal denaturation.

CHED 306

Chemical modification on the surface of cobalt oxide

Katelyn J Smiley(1), [email protected], Advanced Technology and Science Hall 263,

Slippery Rock PA 16057, United States ; Min S Lim(1); Ellen S Gawalt(2). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock PA 16057, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh PA 15282,
United States

Cobalt alloys have been widely used for the orthopedic implants due to their hardness
and resistance to wear. However, even successful implants are subject to bacteria
adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation. This may lead to serious infection and
revision surgery. Chemical modification of the surface may retard biofilm formation.
Thus, the surfaces of cobalt oxide were chemically modified by growing thin films of
octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) using a self-assembly method. The nature of the
film-substrate bond and film stability was investigated using atomic force microscopy
(AFM), diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), and matrix
assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
This data collectively showed that ODPA formed an ordered and stable film on the
surface of cobalt oxide through a monodentate bonding motif.

CHED 307

Long term effect of antioxidants on cognitive functions in aging mice

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Linh T Nguyen(1), [email protected], 1845 East Northgate Drive Box 22, Irving
TX 75062, United States ; Michael Forster(2); Nathalie Sumien(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Dallas, Irving TX 75062, United States (2) Department of
Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Forth
Worth TX 76150, United States

One of the prominent signs of age-associated loss in the brain is a declining of cognitive
functions, such as learning, memory, and spatial discrimination. Previous studies have
shown that losses of these brain functions result from an accumulation of molecular
oxidative damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the long term effect of
the antioxidants vitamin E (VitE), vitamin C (VitC) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ)- in
improving the cognitive functions in aging mice. It was hypothesized that combination of
these three antioxidants, in interacting through their recycling mechanisms, would
decrease the negative effect and protect against oxidative stress, consequently
improving the cognitive function of the aging brain. Groups of mice (C57BL/6 strain), at
the age of 10 months, were supplemented with different combinations of antioxidants.
After receiving these diets for 12 months, the mice were tested in different behavior
tests to measure their learning ability, memory, and spatial discrimination. All mice
learned the location of the platform during the water maze test. Using the learning index
(average path length sessions 2-4), all groups supplemented with antioxidants seemed
to have a lower learning index than the controls, indicating improved performance,
although it was only significant for VitE+VitC. All mice also learned how to navigate the
visible platform test. There was no effect of the diets on this test. The performance of
the mice on the T-maze suggested non-significant beneficial trends. The preliminary
data suggest beneficial effects of some of the antioxidant combinations on cognitive
function. The data indicated improvement of spatial learning with vitamin E and vitamin
C. The diets containing both antioxidants seemed to improve performance of the mice
more than each alone. These results support the hypothesis that decline of cognitive
functions involves accumulation of oxidative damage.

CHED 308

Protein SUMOylation of talin

Naveen Hassin(1), [email protected], 2000 Clayton State Blvd, Morrow

Georgia 30236, United States ; Richard H Singiser(1), [email protected], 2000
Clayton State Blvd, Morrow GA 30236, United States ; Richard O McCann(2). (1) Natural
Sciences, Clayton State University, Morrow Georgia 30260, United States (2) Basic
Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon Georgia 31207, United States

Talin is a cytoplasmic protein consisting of approximately 2500 amino acids with a

molecular weight of approximately 270kDa. Talin is an integral link between the extra-
cellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton mediated through integrins. Talin forms
macromolecular protein complexes including focal adhesions and costameres, which
are important for cell signaling and cell migration. SUMOs are ubiquitin-like proteins that

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form covalent conjugations with targeted proteins. Protein SUMOylation is a cascade of

events that plays an important role in a variety of cellular events including protein-
protein interactions and protein localization. Sequence analysis suggests that talin has
consensus sequences for protein SUMOylation. Protein SUMOylation of talin could
provide a mechanism to regulate the variety of protein-protein interactions in which talin
participates. Regulation of talin function by protein SUMOylation could provide insight
into a variety of disease processes.

CHED 309

Discovery of substantial inconsistencies in two lots of phospholipase D from

Streptomyces species

Colleen R Anderson(1), [email protected], 1845 E. Northgate Dr., Box # 128,

Irving TX 75062, United States ; Marshall D Moulis(1), [email protected],
1845 E Northgate Dr., Box # 817, Irving TX, United States ; Benjamin J Russo(1); Scott
C Boegeman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Dallas, Irving TX 75062,
United States

Phospholipase D (PLD) is a ubiquitous enzyme implicated in numerous cellular

processes. PLD is widely used by the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of rare
and synthetic lipids. Two lots, 09K10461 (PLDss'07) and 129K8718 (PLDss'10), of PLD
from Streptomyces species (Type VII, Sigma-Aldrich) were examined for consistency.
Each lot was analyzed using mono Q anion-exchange FPLC under identical conditions;
PLDss'07 eluted at 12.05 minutes, while PLDss'10 eluted at 20.16 minutes. Using
PAGE, the PLDss'07 was observed to have a double band, at 57.9 kDa and 57.5 kDa,
while PLDss'10 was found to have a single band at 60.1 kDa. Employing isoelectric
focusing gels gels, the pI of PLDss'07 was determined to be 4.6, while the pI of
PLDss'10 was 6.5. Our research illustrates that these lots of Streptomyces species PLD
substantially changed characteristics between 2007 and 2010, which suggests they
contain different enzymes.

CHED 310

Fate of dipicolinic acid upon release from Bacillus subtilis spores

Michelle Scotland(1), [email protected], 4245 East Avenue, Rochester New

York, United States ; Alicia Carroll(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Nazareth College of
Rochester, Rochester New York 14618, United States

Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is a gram positive soil bacterium that forms metabolically
dormant spores under starvation conditions. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is a small soluble
molecule found within the spore core often chelated to calcium. The large concentration
of DPA in the core plays a pivitol role in the spore's resistance to wet heat and UV
radiation. When nutrients become available, DPA is released from the core and

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activates a cortex lytic enzyme, CwlJ. Although it has been shown that DPA is released
from the core during germination, the fate of DPA after release has not been fully
investigated. In the current work, Ca2+-DPA was found to be a nutrient source for as yet
to be identified microorganism(s), but not for B. subtilis. We will present results
from ribosomal RNA sequencing of these unknown microorganism(s) that utilize Ca 2+-
DPA. Once identified, the metabolic pathway(s) in which Ca2+-DPA is
utilized will be studied.

CHED 311

Progressive glomeruli damage in type 2 diabetic rats

Leigh Ann Lamagna(1), [email protected], 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock PA 16057,

United States ; Kayce Tomcho(1); Paul J Birckbichler(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock PA 16057, United States

Type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes can lead to

diabetic nephropathy, the most common cause of end stage renal disease. The effects
and progression of diabetes can be studied through the examination of the glomerulus
in kidney cells, an organelle that aids in the removal of waste from the body. The
glomerulus becomes thickened and scarred as a result of diabetes damage ultimately
leading to the alteration of the structure and functionality of the kidney. In this study,
trichrome-stained kidney sections were prepared from both non-diabetic and diabetic
BBZDR/Wor rats up to fourteen months of age. Diabetes progression in these animals
mimics type 2 diabetes in humans. Kidney damage was analyzed independently
through visual semi-quantitative estimation of overall sclerotic damage, glomerular
damage, and quantitative measurements of glomerular diameters. A timeline was
developed for measurable changes in kidney morphology during the progression of
diabetes.

CHED 312

Binding affinity of the Cre binding site with varying flanking sequences upon
methylation

Naomi Yonis(1), [email protected], 1030 Columbia Avenue, #976, Claremont

CA 91711, United States ; Mary Hatcher-Skeers(2). (1) Department of Joint Sciences,
Scripps College, Claremont CA 91711, United States (2) Department of Joint Sciences,
Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont CA 91711, United States

The binding affinity of 7-amino actinomycin D, an anti-tumor drug, to the Cre binding site
was determined for 3 different sequences varying in flanking nucleotides: creAAA,
creAGA, and creTTC, as well as their methylated counterparts,. The binding affinity was
then compared with the phosphate backbone conformations, as determined by NMR.
%BII for each nucleotide step was calculated using an empirical relationship between

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31
P chemical shift and %BII. CreAGA and creTTC both bound well to the drug, although
their pattern of BI/BII conformers is different. Importantly, neither had extreme BI or BII
conformations. CpG methylation of these sequences induced sharpened BI/BII steps
and decreased drug binding. Alternatively, creAAA was significantly B I and
demonstrated poor drug binding, regardless of methylation state. These results
demonstrate the importance of flanking sequences on drug binding as well as the
effects of CpG methylation.

CHED 313

Electrochemistry of Mimosa pudica pulvini

Kara D. Baker(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd., Huntsville AL

35896, United States ; Alexander G Volkov(1). (1) Chemistry, Oakwood University,
Huntsville AL 35896, United States

The pulvinus of Mimosa pudica shows elastic properties and we found that electrically
or mechanically induced movements of the petiole were accompanied by a change of
the pulvinus shape. As the petiole falls, the volume of the lower part of the pulvinus
decreases and the volume of the upper part increases due to the redistribution of water
between the upper and lower parts of the pulvinus. During the relaxation of the petiole,
the volume of the lower part of the pulvinus increases and the volume of the upper part
decreases. Here, the biologically closed electrochemical circuits in electrically and
mechanically anisotropic pulvini of Mimosa pudica are analyzed using the charged
capacitor method for electrostimulation at different voltages. The detailed mechanism of
seismonastic movements in Mimosa pudica is discussed.

CHED 314

Bioelectrochemistry of the Venus flytrap

Ma’Resha S Gay(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd., Huntsville

AL 35896, United States ; Alexander G Volkov(1). (1) Chemistry, Oakwood University,
Huntsville Alabama 35896, United States

The total hunting cycle of the Venus flytrap consists of 5 stages: Open state; closed
state; locked state; constriction and digestion; semi-open state. The opening of the trap
after digestion consists of 2 steps: opening of the lobes, and changing of their curvature
from concave to convex shape. Different stages of the hunting cycle have different
electrical characteristics. The biologically closed electrochemical circuits in the Venus
flytrap are analyzed using the charged capacitor method. If the initial voltage applied to
the Venus flytrap is 0.5 V or greater, changing the polarity of the electrodes between the
midrib and one of the lobes results in a rectification effect and in different kinetics of
discharge capacitance. These effects can be caused by the fast transport of ions
through ion channels. The electrical properties of the Venus flytrap were investigated

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and equivalent electrochemical circuits within the upper leaf were proposed to explain
the experimental data.

CHED 315

Biologically closed electrochemical circuits in plant

Astian J Waite(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd., Huntsville AL 35896,

United States ; Joseph D. Wooten(1); Alexander G. Volkov(1). (1) Chemistry, Oakwood
University, Huntsville AL 35896, United States

Biologically closed electrochemical circuits operate over large distances in biological

tissues. The activation of such circuits can lead to various biochemical and biophysical
responses. It is often convenient to represent the real electrical and electrochemical
properties of biointerfaces with idealized equivalent electrical circuit models consisting
of discrete electrical components. In the present work we investigated the biologically
closed electrical circuits in plants and proposed the equivalent electrical circuits.
Although this nerve-like cellular equipment has not reached the same level of great
complexity as in animal nerves, a simple neural network has been formed within the
plasma membrane of a phloem or plasmodesmata enabling it to communicate efficiently
over long distances. In contrast to chemical signals such as hormones, electrical signals
are able to transmit information rapidly over long distances. Electrical potentials have
been measured at the tissue and whole plant levels.

CHED 316

Nonlinear properties of electrochemical circuits in leaves of Aloe vera L

Lawrence O’Neal(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd., Huntsville AL

35896, United States ; Alexander G. Volkov(1). (1) Chemistry, Oakwood University,
Huntsville AL 35896, United States

The biologically closed electrochemical circuits in the leaves of Aloe vera were analyzed
using the charge stimulation method with Ag/AgCl electrodes inserted along a leaf. The
electrostimulation was provided with different timing and different voltages. Strong
electrical anisotropy of the leaves was found. In the direction across the leaf the
electrical circuits remained passive and linear, while along the leaf the response
remained linear only at small voltages not exceeding 1 V. At higher potentials the
circuits became strongly non-linear pointing to the opening of voltage gated ion
channels in the plant tissues. Changing the polarity of electrodes located along
conductive bundles led to a strong rectification effect and to different kinetics of
capacitor discharge. Discharge of the capacitor at night was faster than during the day
and is probably related to crassulacean acid metabolism. The equivalent electrical
circuits within the leaf were proposed to explain the experimental data.

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CHED 317

DNA binding studies of thiosemicarbazone ligands and their square planar

palladium complexes

Julia Filer(1), [email protected], Dixie Avenue, Cookeville TN 38506, United States ;

Victoria Holcomb(1); Keyuri Patel(1); Edward C Lisic(1). (1) Chemistry, Tennessee
Technological University, Cookeville TN 38506, United States

Thiosemicarbazones have a range of medicinal properties such as antitumor,

antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial abilities. These compounds are vividly colored,
ranging from fluorescent red to orange. We have studied the DNA binding properties, by
utilizing UV-VIS spectroscopy, of a series of thiosemicarbazone molecules, and some
metal complexes of Pd2+ using these thiosemicarbazone ligands. The
thiosemicarbazones include quinolinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and alloxan
thiosemicarbazone. The ligands are mostly planar molecules, as well as the metal
complexes, where the central palladium atom is in a square planar environment
surrounded by these tridentate ligands. This planarity offers the possibility of these
complexes to physically intercalate into DNA. The binding constants of these molecules
will be presented.

CHED 318

Bi-functional peptides act as copper chelators and arrest ROS production of Cu-
Amyloid-β

Madeleine K Jensen(1)(2), [email protected], MC 3178, 3000 Broadway, New

York NY 10027, United States ; Peter Faller(2)(3); Christelle Hureau(2); Isabelle Sasaki(2).
(1) Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York NY 10027, United States
(2) Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, New York NY 10027, United
States (3) Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31077, France

Aggregation of Amyloid-β (Aβ) monomers into amyloids and production of reactive

oxygen species (ROS) have been linked to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology. It is
thought that Cu2+ can bind to Aβ, modulate aggregation, and facilitate ROS generation.
Prior studies have looked to copper chelators and β-sheet breaker moieties as AD
therapies. Here, we investigate the multifaceted action of the bi-functional peptides
Aβ12-20, Aβ13-20, and Aβ13-21, which contain both copper chelating and β-sheet
breaker sequences. We provide evidence that these peptides 1) capture Cu2+ from Aβ,
2) inhibit ROS production by Aβ-Cu2+, 3) hinder Aβ aggregation in initial testing, 4)
exhibit non-toxicity in preliminary cell culture trials and may offer protection against Cu-
Aβ. Such capabilities indicate the potential for further studies and improvement of these
peptides as possible therapies against the progression of AD.

CHED 319

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Effects of metformin on glycolysis of yeast cells

Thanh M Nguyen(1), [email protected], 360 Pasteur Hall, Winona Minnesota

55987, United States ; Myoung E Lee(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Winona State
University, Winona MN 55987, United States

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with escalating occurrence worldwide.

Metformin, a biguanide (dimethyl biguanide) anti-hyperglycemic agent is one of the
most popular drugs used for type 2 diabetes treatment. However, the mechanism of
metformin or how it works to treat diabetes in the body is still left unclear. The effects of
metformin on glycolysis of yeast cells was researched. The rate of glycolysis in yeast
cells was analyzed by C-13 NMR. NMR signals as a function of time of glycolytic
products were analyzed. Glycolysis with metformin took longer to complete than that
without metformin. It is still unclear how metformin made glycolysis of yeast cells slow
down. An effort is made to explain the contradictory behavior.

CHED 320

Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to explore the BI/BII character of

DNA dodecamers

Janista Lek(1), [email protected], 1030 Columbia Ave #483, Claremont CA

91711, United States ; Mary Hatcher-Skeers(1). (1) Joint Science Department, Scripps
College, Claremont CA 91711, United States

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is an established technique used to

characterize nucleic acid structure. Although many IR bands have been correlated to
information regarding the nucleic acid structure, there is no established marker for the
BI/BII backbone substates of B-DNA. In this project FTIR was used to analyze three
Eco-RI dodecamers and their methylated counterparts. By comparing FTIR spectral
information with previous NMR data, we were able to assign FTIR markers for the BI/BII
substates. Accordingly, FTIR is a feasible method to determine the overall BI/BII
character of DNA sequences.

CHED 321

Degradation of the nucleotide GDP from the ras protein Cdc42 wild type

Erika Russell(1), [email protected], 1690 Dunn Ave APT 516, Daytona

Beach fl 32114, United States ; Paul D Adams(2). (1) Chemistry, Bethune-Cookman
University, Daytana Beach fl 32114, United States (2) Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Ar 72701, United States

The research focused on studying, at the molecular level, protein structure and function
in Ras protein Cdc42 and its involvement in abnormal cell regulation signals that leads

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to oncogenesis. The specific purpose of the research was to examine possible new
ways to liberate GDP from the protein of interest Cdc42Hs. Two experiments were tried
to try to create apo-Cdc42Hs. First, the fluorescent analogue of GDP was degraded
using Alkaline Phosphatase. Secondly, Cibracon Blue was used as possible affinity
matrix due to its high affinity for ADP-binding proteins and because it binds to ADP it
should also bind to GDP. Alkaline Phosphatase successfully degraded the fluorescent
analogue of Cdc42 wt. which gives reason to believe that it would do the same in
Cdc42Hs. With apo-Cdc42Hs there will be a better understanding of the structure of
Cdc42Hs. which could potentially reveal insights on GDP dissociations and how this
leads to cell proliferation.

CHED 322

Elucidating the interaction of LPA with model membranes

Rivkah Rogawski(1), [email protected], 245 Lexington Avenue, New York New York
10016, United States ; Evan Mintzer(1), [email protected], 245 Lexington, New York
New York 10016, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stern
College for Women, Yeshiva University, New York New York 10016, United States

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid produced intracellularly and

extracellularly by a variety of enzymes. Through its interaction with G-protein coupled
receptors (GPCRs), LPA is able to cause a range of downstream physiological
reactions. LPA is thereby implicated as a signaling mediator in a plethora of cellular
processes including nociception, inflammation, chemotaxis, cell development, and
cancer growth. However, in addition to its role as a ligand for GPCRs, LPA may be able
to affect the physical properties of bilayer membranes due to its amphipathic structure.
This could in turn affect the physical properties of nearby lipid-lipid and lipid-protein
interactions, including GPCRs, which reside in highly ordered lipid domains. Although
putatively significant, the thermodynamic and mechanistic parameters of LPA's
interaction with bilayer membranes remains unknown. Using isothermal titration
calorimetry (ITC), we explored the interaction of LPA with model membranes
constructed of the phospholipids POPC and DPPC. These experiments indicated that
LPA does indeed interact endothermically with bilayer membranes. This suggests that
the interaction is driven by entropic rather than enthalpic forces. Additionally, we
observed that the LPA/membrane binding exhibited a breakpoint at a ratio of 0.5,
implying that the LPA molecules intercalate primarily into the outer leaflet of the
membrane. These experiments clearly indicate an interaction of LPA with membranes
that may have implications for its role as a regulatory molecule in cellular signaling
pathways.

CHED 323

Effect of potassium ions on the DNA backbone: An FTIR study

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Lillian Brown(1), [email protected], 1030 Columbia Avenue, Claremont CA

91711, United States . (1) Joint Science, Scripps College, Claremont CA 91711, United
States

The effect of K+ and Na+ ions on the structure of EcoRI containing sequences was
investigated using FTIR spectroscopy. The DNA sequences d(AAAGAATTCTTT)2,
d(TTCGAATTCGAA)2, and, d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 were studied in 100 mM sodium
phosphate or potassium phosphate buffers at pH 7.4.The spectra results obtained were
compared to a spectral peak library of nucleic acids for analysis. DNA in sodium and
potassium buffer generally assumed B form, but the sugar conformations in potassium
treated DNA were more stable. Previous studies indicate that when ion concentration
increases, the high number of ion interactions with the negatively charged DNA
backbone causes a helical conformational change deviating from the B form. Thus, we
also investigated concentration effects. Concentrations of K+ ions that ranged from 0.1
to 1.0 M were used. Our data show that higher concentrations result in a more
condensed helix but the degree is somewhat sequence dependent.

CHED 324

Detection of protein-protein interactions using MAT-FLAG-tagged HMGB-1

protein

Mark D. Nicolas(1), [email protected], 525 S. Main Street, Ada OH 45810, United

States ; Ronald Peterson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio
Northern University, Ada OH 45810, United States

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) protein is a nonhistone nuclear protein

approximately 25 kDa in size which is indicated in binding numerous nuclear structures
and proteins. In order to better characterize these interactions, the focus of the project
was to produce a MAT-FLAG-HMGB-1 protein. The metal affinity tag (MAT) allows for
easy purification of the recombinant protein by Ni-His metal affinity chromatography
while the FLAG tag is an epitope which allows for anti-body detection by Western Blot.
We have shown that the recombinant MAT-FLAG-HMGB-1 does bind to TATA-binding
protein (TBP) which indicates that the MAT-FLAG-HMGB-1 binds as expected. This
behavior suggests that the MAT-FLAG-HMGB-1 is suitable for additional work involving
the study of protein-protein interactions. Current work and problems with production and
purification will be discussed.

CHED 325

Characterization of singlet oxygen generated DNA-protein cross-links

Amanda M Duran(1), [email protected], 480 Rolling Hills Rd., Buda Texas

78666, United States ; Morwena J Solivio(2); Edward J Merino(2). (1) Department of
Biochemistry, Texas State University-San Marcos, San Marcos Texas 78666, United

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States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio 45221,

United States

Cancer cells have been shown to be under an increased level of oxidative stress. DNA
is prone to oxidation at the guanine base. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OdG)
is the primary oxidation product and is a biomarker of cellular oxidative damage. 8OdG
is a potent mutagen that leads to a G to T transversion when left unrepaired. However,
8OdG detection proved unreliable as it has an even more favorable oxidation potential
than dG which leads to hyper-oxidation and the formation of several well-known
adducts. These adducts have been shown to occur in cells treated with heavy metals.
An oxidative DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) is one such product. To study DPCs, we used
pancreatic ribonuclease A protein, short DNA molecules with a guanine repeat, and
photo-oxidants (riboflavin or rose bengal) to facilitate DPC formation. DPCs were
analyzed by gel electrophoresis and differential staining. DPCs were additionally
characterized as replication stops in a primer extension assay.

CHED 326

Role of force orientation on the mechanical respose of the tubulin dimer

Maycee E Newberry(1)(2), [email protected], 61 Harris Hall, Provo Utah 84604,

United States ; Kelly E Haines(1); Ruxandra I Dima(1). (1) Chemistry, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio 45221, United States (2) Chemistry, Brigham Young
University, Cincinnati Ohio 45221, United States

The tubulin dimer is the building block of microtubules (MTs). Because MTs play crucial
roles in the ability of the cell to preserve or change its shape, they experience constant
tension. Thus, determining their mechanical response to force is fundamental for
understanding cell behavior. We used molecular simulations of tubulin to determine the
origin of its mechanical response to tension. Force is a vector, thus both its magnitude
and direction are important parameters characterizing the mechanical behavior of
biomolecules. We chose various orientations for forces applied to the tubulin dimer
which are important for the structural organization of the MT lattice 1 and are likely to
have functional implications. For each orientation, we compared the responses to
various pulling speeds. We found that small changes in the orientation or the pulling
speed lead to significant changes in behavior indicating that MTs are finely tuned to
recognize changes in their environment.

CHED 327

Metal selectivity in the ferric uptake regulator

Megumi Sugawara(1), [email protected], 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego CA 92110,

United States ; Jourdain Artz(1); Michelle Dominguez(1); Stephen A Mills(1). (1)

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Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, S CA 92110,

United States

This research is focused on understanding how metal selectivity is produced in the

Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur). Fur is a repressor protein found in bacterial cells that,
when activated by metal, binds to DNA and blocks transcription of genes that promote
iron intake. We have cloned and expressed Fur from several organisms, including
Shewanella oneidensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using metal titration methods,
the affinities of the different homologues were measured for various metals, including
Co(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), and Fe(II). Surface binding assays and gel shift assays were used
to determine the affinity of each Fur homolog for DNA with different metals bound.
These affinities, in conjunction with the sequences of the proteins, will be used to
identify the amino acids that may be important for metal selectivity in Fur.

CHED 328

Genetic and bioinformatic analysis of mating proteins encoded on the

conjugative element ICEBs1 of Bacillus subtilis

Stephanie J. Laurer(1), [email protected], 41 Temple Street, Boston Ma 02114,

United States ; Melanie B. Berkmen(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk
University, Boston Ma 02114, United States

Bacterial mating, or conjugation, is the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another
by direct cell-to-cell contact through a mating pore. Through mating, bacteria can gain
genes that allow for new functions and adaptation to environmental changes. ICEBs1 is
an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) in Bacillus subtilis. ICEBs1 contains 24
putative genes, about half of which have been previously characterized. We present a
bioinformatic analysis of all 24 gene products in terms of their known or putative
localization, function, and homology. Previously, several ICEBs1 genes (yddB, yddC,
yddD, conE, yddG) were shown to be required for transfer of ICEBs1 and may be
components of the mating pore. yddB was required for ConE-GFP's localization at the
cell poles. Here, we are testing whether yddD is also required for ConE's localization.
We hypothesize that ConE and YddB form a multi-protein complex with other ICEBs1
proteins that facilitates DNA transfer.

CHED 329

Synthesis of a ligation-independent (LIC) cloning vector for study of the FCHo2

gene

Tyler J Willman(1), [email protected], 1450 Alta Vista St., Dubuque Iowa 52001,
United States ; Kate M Cooper(2). (1) Department of Biochemistry, Loras College,
Dubuque Iowa 52001, United States (2) Department of Biology, Loras College,
Dubuque Iowa 52001, United States

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The Pombe Cdc15 Homology (PCH) family of proteins contains an EFC domain that
has been linked to endocytosis. A novel gene that codes for a member of this family of
proteins is the FCHo2 gene. The function of this protein in Danio rerio (zebrafish) is
currently unknown. This research project aims to create a ligation-independent cloning
vector to be used in the over-expression of the FCHo2 gene in zebrafish.

CHED 330

Assessing the bioenergy potential and genetic diversity of yeast strains in

Lincoln, NE

Deborah K. Schneiderman(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St., Morris MN

56267, United States ; Steven D. Harris(2). (1) Department of Science and Mathematics,
University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris Mn 56267, United States (2) Department of
Plant Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln NE, United States

In order for biofuels to become feasible substitutes for traditional petroleum fuels there
are several obstacles that must be overcome. One issue is the inherent nutritional and
monetary value of the corn-derived starches currently used to produce biofuels. A
second barrier is the toxicity of the biofuel to the producer organism; this
problem is one of the major factors preventing the commercial production of biobutanol.
Here we describe work evaluating the presence of fungal phenotypes that are of interest
for biofuel production. Yeast were isolated from soil and plant samples in Lincoln, NE
and screened for butanol tolerance as well as the ability to utilize cellulose and xylose.
Internal transcribed spacer regions of the yeast strains of interest were amplified and
sequenced to establish their phylogenetic relationship to known yeast strains.

CHED 331

Photo-controlled cell-cell junctions

Charlene J Chan(1), [email protected], 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta Georgia 30322,

United States ; Khalid Salaita(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta
Georgia 30322, United States

Cells respond to the chemical and physical properties of their environment through
membrane receptors. One challenge in this area pertains to investigating receptor
response to the physical properties of a signaling ligand in situ. Herein, we describe the
development of a photoactivatable platform to precisely control the physical release of
biomolecules with high spatial and temporal resolution. This system requires
photocleavable tethers to selectively release anchored biomolecules from a lipid
membrane surface. To anchor a variety of biomolecules, we employ a universal DNA
tether that is easily multiplexed and labeled with ligands of interest. Biotin-streptavidin
anchoring chemistry is used to incorporate oligonucleotide capture strands,
functionalized with a 5'-modified 2-nitrophenyl phosphoramidite, into the membrane.

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These strands are complementary to ligand-oligonucleotide DNA conjugates that can be

released upon photo-irradiation. This presentation will describe the synthesis and
properties of these model membranes and their potential use in studying mechanical
transduction in biology.

CHED 332

Inhibition of bovine plasma amine oxidase with 1,10-phenanthroline

Christopher R Bodle(1), [email protected], 319 South Market Street, New

Wilmington Pennsylvania 16172, United States ; Larry S Miller(1). (1) Chemistry,
Westminster College, New Wilmington Pennsylvania 16172, United States

Bovine plasma amine oxidase (BPAO) belongs to the larger family of enzymes known
as copper amine oxidases. There are three major classes of these amine oxidases, one
of which is retina specific. Past research has indicated that a lipid-derived pyrrole
modified protein in the retina will trigger an immune response that results in
degeneration of the retina. The objective of this study is to examine the inhibiting
capacity of 1,10-phenanthroline on bovine plasma amine oxidase and to obtain the
inhibition constant which will lead to further understanding of potential target
compounds for drug design. Benzylamine will react with the enzyme to produce
benzaldehyde, the absorbance of which is measurable using UV-VIS at 250nm. Trials
were run with varying concentrations of benzylamine and 1,10-phenanthroline. Each
trial measured absorbance at 250nm at 30°C for 5 minutes. The inhibition constant
determined in this study will be compared with other constants from other inhibitors to
determine the best inhibitors to test in the next phase of the study.

CHED 333

2D electrophoresis of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans grown with lepidocrocite,

nitrite or nitrate

Elise Wall(1), [email protected], 700 College Street, Beloit WI 53511, United States ;
Kristene Henne(2); Carol Giometti(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Beloit College, Beloit
WI 53511, United States (2) Department of Biology, Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne IL, United States

Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans, isolated from aquifers contaminated with uranium,

has been shown to influence the redox state of uranium. Uranium, when in the U(VI)
state, is soluble and, therefore, can be mobilized in the groundwater table, creating an
environmental hazard. In the presence of A. dehalogenans, through as yet undefined
mechanisms, soluble uranium(U(VI)) is converted into the insoluble U(IV) state which
cannot spread within the environment. Laboratory studies have suggested that this
uranium transformation is linked directly to the reduction of iron oxides by A.
dehalogenans. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in A.

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dehalogenans-influenced metal reduction processes, growth experiments were done

using nitrate or nitrite as the control electron acceptor and lepidocrocite, an iron oxide
found in contaminated aquifers as the experimental electron acceptor. Protein profiles
from cells grown with the different electron acceptors were compared to identify
differentially expressed proteins in order to elucidate metabolic pathways involved in
iron reduction. Proteins from strain 2CP-C and Strain K A. dehalogenans cells grown
with nitrate, nitrite or lepidocrocite were analyzed by two-dimensional gel
electrophoresis. Proteins showing differential expression were excised from replicate
gels and the proteins were identified by peptide mass spectrometry. The protein
identifications made will be used in future analysis of proteins from A. dehalogenans
grown in the presence of uranium to determine whether or not the same metabolic
pathways are involved. These studies will aid in determination of whether the reduction
of uranium in the presence of A. dehalogenans occurs through direct microbial or
indirect microbe-associated processes.

CHED 334

Tertiary structure prediction for Agaricus bisporus tyrosinase

Elizabeth R. Neeley(1), [email protected], Science Building, Terre Haute IN 47809,

United States ; Jennifer K. Inlow(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics, Indiana
State University, Terre Haute IN 47809, United States

Plant and fungal tyrosinases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of
phenolic substrates to produce quinones, which further react nonenzymatically to form
dark colored polymers that are the source of browning in fruits, vegetable, and
mushrooms. Partially purified tyrosinase from the white button mushroom Agaricus
bisporus is available commercially, making the mushroom enzyme a popular
experimental model for the study of tyrosinase. An x-ray crystal structure has been
determined for a bacterial tyrosinase, as well as tyrosinase from sweet potatoes and
wine grapes (more commonly called catechol oxidase or polyphenol oxidase in these
plant species). Given the absence of an experimentally determined structure for
mushroom tyrosinase, we have predicted the tertiary structure of this enzyme using
homology modeling via the I-TASSER online server. An analysis of the
predicted structure will be presented. The structure will provide insight concerning
experimental data described in the literature.

CHED 335

Theoretical investigation of the conversion of D-lactate into non-toxic biological

molecular species

Roy Williams(1), [email protected], 4901 E. University Blvd, Odessa TX 79762,

United States ; Kyle A Beran(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, The University of
Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa TX 79762, United States

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There is strong evidence that D-lactate at blood plasma levels as low as 8 mmol/L is
responsible for the profound neurological depression often observed in diarrheic
neonatal calves. A compound that will facilitate the rapid in vivo conversion of D-lactate
into a non-toxic specie, such as pyruvate, is highly desirable in order to reduce calf
mortality. The reaction energetics of D-lactate with a variety of chemical species;
including B2O3, other related boron compounds, CO2C2NH3, N(CH3)2- , and O(CH3)2
have been investigated by utilizing various theoretical models. Theoretically generated
potential energy profiles of the deprotonation reaction of D-lactate in the presence of
each proposed reactive species is strongly dependent upon the initial molecular
orientation between the two reactants, as to be expected. Preliminary results suggest
that boron-based reactants, in particular B2O3, result in an activation energy that is up
40% lower relative to other tested reactants.

CHED 336

Computational screening for cation-π interactions in RNA crystal structures

Elizabeth Dourlain(1), [email protected], Laney Hall, Conway AR 72035, United

States ; Lori Isom(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Central Arkansas,
Conway AR 72035, United States

Cation-π interactions are important interactions that aid in DNA/protein stability and
molecular recognition. Since cation-π interactions are prevalent in DNA and protein
structures, RNA crystallographic structures were computationally analyzed to determine
if magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) ions participate in cation-π interactions with the
nucleotides. RNA structures were selected in the PDB by applying the following criteria:
contain either Mg or Ca, and have resolution equal to or better than 3 Å. The subset of
RNA structures generated was further parsed by retaining the highest resolution
structure for duplicates. After the screening of potential RNA molecules, they will be
analyzed to determine if cation-π interactions between the ions and nucleic bases are
present. To do so, the structures will be computationally screened for interactions that
fall within the 5.0 Å and 50o angle geometric criteria and the resultant interactions will be
characterized with respect to sequence specificity and/or deformation/stabilization
induction.

CHED 337

Substantial inhibitory effects of selected azuliporphyrin analogs on the growth of

Leishmania cells following light treatment

Sheila Behzadi-Teshnizi(1), [email protected], campus box 4160, Normal Illinois

61725, United States ; Victoria H Nguyen(1), [email protected], campus box 4160,
Normal Illinois 61790-4160, United States ; Marjorie A Jones(1), [email protected],
304 Macallen Lake Road, Carlock Illinois 61725, United States ; Ghislaine M.
Feussom(1); Mari Vazquez Hernandez(1); Jaqueline D Hooker(1); Timothy D Lash(1). (1)

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Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal Illinois 61790-4160, United

States

Leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease caused by Leishmania parasites. The

experiments reported here were carried out to forward the development of drugs to fight
leishmaniasis. Since Leishmania do not make their own porphyrins, analogs have the
potential to disrupt their normal metabolism. Following addition of selected
azuliporphyrin analogs to cultured cells, the light or dark treatment effects of four
different compounds were tested on the viability of Leishmania tarentolae. Viability was
evaluated using the MTT assay. Our results indicate that two of the compounds
substantially inhibited cell growth at a concentration of 5 µM especially following a two
hour exposure to a fluorescent lamp (350-750 nm; 750 Lux). These compounds also
affected cell motility and cell shape. Two other compounds appeared to have no
negative effects indicating selectivity related to structure. For the effective compounds,
confocal microscopy revealed that superoxide was being produced by the Leishmania
and likely contributes to cell death.

CHED 338

Synthesis of isoflavanone derivatives as potential anti-breast cancer drug

candidates

Hannah Agard(1), [email protected], Nunn Drive, Highland Heights KY 41076, United

States ; Kevin Bonfield(2); James M. Keeler(2); David Roy(2); Tony Bankemper(2); Erica
Amato(2); Stefan Paula(2); Lili Ma(2). (1) Washington and Lee University, Lexington VA
24450, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Nothern Kentucky University,
Highland Heights KY 41076, United States

Approximately 2.5 million women in the U.S. are living with breast cancer, a cancer
caused by the overproduction of estrogens. A new line of therapy is to inhibit the
enzyme aromatase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of estrogen. We present here the
design and synthesis of different isoflavanone derivatives and their inhibitory effects
against aromatase. The results showed that isoflavanone compounds with hydrogen-
bonding and/or hydrophobic interactions exhibited moderate to good inhibitory effects
against aromatase. These compounds could potentially be useful in the treatment of
breast cancer.

CHED 339

Design of a four-fold sequence and structure symmetric TIM-barrel

William Proffitt(1), [email protected], 1900 Belmont Blvd., Nashville TN

37212, United States ; Rachel Rigsby(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Belmont University, Nashville TN 37212, United States

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In 2010, the Meiler Lab at Vanderbilt University showed it was possible to rationally
create a sequence and fold symmetric (βα)8-barrel based on a protein from the histidine
biosynthesis pathway (HisF). Using Rosetta, various decoys, created by the duplication
and concatenation of permutations of the backbone of HisF (pdb code 1THF), were
evaluated and it was discovered that the lowest energy structure resulted from the
duplication and concatenation of residues 94 to 215 of HisF. While this research shows
that it is possible to use computational techniques to rationally find sequences to design
a 2-fold symmetric TIM-barrel protein, little research has been done on generating
rationally designed TIM-barrels that exhibit 4-fold symmetry, which is the highest
amount of symmetry possible in this protein. This project seeks to computationally
design a TIM-barrel that has perfect four-fold symmetry in sequence and structure by
minimal re-design of an existing TIM-barrel protein.

CHED 340

Determining the bioavailability of chemical stimulants in energy drinks after

digestion

Vinh Mai(1), [email protected], 1900 Belmont Blvd., Nashville TN 37212,

United States ; Alison Moore(1); Rachel Rigsby(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Physcis, Belmont University, Nashville TN 37212, United States

Energy drinks are used for improvement in mental performance and reduction in
sleepiness because they contain high levels of caffeine, vitamins, and many other
supplements. This project determines the bioavailability of chemical stimulants from
most common ingredients in the energy drinks by using pepsin digestion under
simulated gastric condition (37°C and pH1.2). The available products after pepsin
digestion will be characterized using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a
chromatographic technique that can separate mixture of compounds to identify, quantify
and purify the individual components of the mixture. The digestion products will be
varied due to the digestion time of each ingredient.

CHED 341

Synthetic pyrazolines series as effective antiamebic compounds

Caitlin McNally(1), [email protected], One Old Ferry Rd., Bristol RI 02809,

United States ; Avelina Espinosa(1). (1) Department of Biology, Roger Williams
University, Bristol Rhode Island 02809, United States

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes 50 million infections and

100,000 deaths annually. These parasites use a fermentative pathway for their energy
metabolism rather than mitochondria, which they lack. Instead E. histolytica uses a bi-
functional enzyme known as Entamoeba histolytica alcohol dehydrogenase 2
(EhADH2). Because this enzyme is crucial to the survival of the survival of the parasite

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and it is significantly different from the human alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase
enzymes, EhADH2 is an ideal target for potential amebiasis treatments. Four series
sets of 3-8 compounds per series) of pyrazoline analogues were synthesized and
evaluated in their abilities to inhibit amebic growth and EhADH2 enzymatic activities.
Series 1a (1,3-diphenyl-1-carbamoyl-2-pyrazoline); series 1b (3-diphenyl-1-
ropylcarbamoyl-2-pyrazoline); series 2 (1,3,4-triphenyl-1-carbamoyl-2-pyrazoline)
compounds showed capabilities to inhibit amebic growth and the two enzymatic
activities. Pyrazolines have shown good therapeutic drugs in multiple diseases. The
efficacy of these compounds depends on the functional group halogens, for example,
chloride affects activity more than bromide. The affinity of each inhibitor for the enzyme
(Ki) should determine which of the pyrazoline inhibitor compounds is the most effective
in blocking amebic growth and enzyme activities.

CHED 342

Elucidating the role of BCAL2021 in Burkholderia cenocepacia through suicide

vector-induced gene knockout

Julia L. Malik(1), [email protected], 9118 Slayter Un., Granville OH 43023, United

States ; Kimberly M. Specht(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Denison
University, Granville OH 43023, United States

The penicillin-binding protein (PBP) BCAL2021 identified in Burkholderia cenocepacia is

homologous to E. coli's PBP1a, which is a high molecular weight, bi-functional enzyme
with transglycosylase and transpeptidase activity. To determine whether BCAL2021 is
important in maintaining the structural integrity of the cell wall, a knockout strain will be
created using a suicide vector containing an internal fragment of BCAL2021's
transglycosylase region. Transformation of the bacteria will be verified by antibiotic
selection and interruption of the gene will be verified by blue-white screening. The
knockout strain will be characterized by morphology, viability, and antibiotic resistance
compared with the untransformed strain.

CHED 343

Factors affecting protease levels in snake venom

AhYoung Byun(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Ave, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; Randall A Kopper(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College,
Conway AR 72032, United States

Venom is produced by snakes for self-defense and food acquisition. Differences in

venom composition, even within the same species, have been found based on age,
ontogeny, diet, and geographic location. However, these studies were typically
performed on pooled venom from numerous snakes, which masks individual
differences. Some of the important venom components in many snakes are protease

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Anaheim, CA

enzymes. A specific protease in copperhead snakes can hydrolyze insoluble protein

substrates such as muscle tissue. Venoms from individual copperhead snakes were
analyzed and compared for this protease activity. The activity was compared between
individual animals and from the same animal between successive venom collections.
This establishes variation between and within individual snakes upon venom
regeneration. Differences due to various physiological and environmental factors were
then determined. The results reveal the effect of external factors on protease production
in snake venom.

CHED 344

Comparison of phosphodiesterase levels in individual snake venoms

Hilary T Box(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Ave, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; Randall A Kopper(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College,
Conway AR 72032, United States

Snake venom is used for both prey acquisition and self-defense from predators. Snake
venoms have been shown to vary with geographical location, ontogeny, and diet.
Virtually all studies of snake venoms are carried out on pooled venom from several
snakes in order to obtain larger samples. However, under these conditions, differences
between individual snakes or variations within a single snake between venom
expenditures are masked. This study investigates phosphodiesterase activity in the
venom from individual snakes. Activities were compared between individuals and from a
single individual after successive venom expenditures. Phosphodiesterase catalyzes
the hydrolysis of nucleic acids and nucleotides leading to hypotension and shock in the
envenomated individual. Changes in phosphodiesterase activity were studied in relation
to physiological and environmental factors. The results of these investigations reveal the
effects of these factors on venom biosynthesis.

CHED 345

Regeneration of snake venom phospholipase A2 following venom expenditure

Nathan Taillac(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Ave, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; Randall A Kopper(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College,
Conway AR 72032, United States

Snake venom is a complex mixture of enzymes used by snakes for self-defense and
food acquisition. Most published studies of snake venom composition are based on the
analysis of pooled venom from several individuals. This provides larger sample volumes
but can mask individual differences. This study investigates the regeneration of
phospholipase A2 in individual copperhead snakes following venom expenditure. This
enzyme is involved in general tissue destruction and facilitates the distribution of other
venom components throughout the envenomated tissue. Phospholipase A2 activity was

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assayed in venom collected from individual snakes at various times following complete
venom depletion. Enzyme levels were determined both titrimetrically and
spectrophotometrically by published procedures. The results of these analyses show
the rate and extent of phospholipase A2 regeneration at various times after venom
expenditure and provide comparison between several individual snakes.

CHED 346

Designing cysteine protease inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents

Michel N Darazi(1), [email protected], Conant Science Building,

Bridgewater MA 02325, United States ; Edward J. Brush(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater MA 02325, United States

Cysteine proteases play important physiological roles, however their over expression is
associated with various diseases making them important therapeutic targets. We
reported that 3-methyleneoxindole (MOI) is an effective inhibitor of papain, a cysteine
protease model, and may have potential as a therapeutic agent. This current work
focused on whether MOI inhibits papain as a reversible or irreversible inhibitor. 3-
Bromooxindole acetic acid, MOI, and the ethyl ester of 3-bromooxindole acetic acid
were synthesized and characterized by H-1 NMR. Commercial papain was activated
using DTT, dialyzed, and kinetic analysis suggests that MOI is a time dependant
irreversible competitive inhibitor of papain, with a KI of ca. 3 mM. We are evaluating the
ethyl ester of 3-bromooxindole acetic acid as a potential papain substrate, and, through
the subsequent release of MOI, a Trojan horse inhibitor. This research was supported
by the Bridgewater State University Adrian Tinsley Program.

CHED 347

Hyaluronidase enzyme levels in venom from different snake species

Hope Burks(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Ave, Conway AR 72032, United

States ; Randall A Kopper(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway AR
72032, United States

Venomous snakes produce a complex mixture of enzymes and other proteins that the
snake uses to defend itself against predators and capture prey. There is also evidence
that venom enzymes contribute to the digestion of prey. The enzyme hyaluronidase is a
component of many venoms. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of complex
carbohydrates such as hyaluronan, which compose the extracellular matrix. In addition
to general tissue destruction, hyaluronidase functions as a spreading factor by
increasing tissue permeability to facilitate the diffusion of other venom components into
the envenomated tissue. In this study, the hyaluronidase activity in five different snake
species will be compared and related to the levels of other enzymes with it may act in a

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synergistic manner. This will contribute to our understanding of the function of

hyaluronidase in snake venoms.

CHED 348

Competitive binding studies of indole- and oxindole-based ligands to papain

using kinetic analysis and AutoDock Vina

Joshua T Weaver(1), [email protected], Conant Science Building,

Bridgewater Massachusetts 02325, United States ; Edward J. Brush(1); Frank Gorga(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater MA 02325,
United States

Cysteine proteases are involved in protein degradation and play a vital role in
metabolism, but over-expression can lead to diseases such as atherosclerosis,
osteoporosis, and cancer. As these enzymes are important therapeutic targets, our
research group has been working to design reactive molecules based on 3-methylene-
oxindole (MOI) as specific ―Trojan Horse‖ inhibitors of papain, our model cysteine
protease. This project involved a kinetic survey of seven indole and oxindole
compounds as potential inhibitors, as compared to the known papain inhibitor antipain.
Only MOI and isatin gave kinetic evidence for inhibition, with competitive K I's of ca. 3
mM. We applied the AutoDock Vina molecular modeling program to calculate relative
binding energies. From these we calculated KD values of the same order of magnitude
as the kinetic studies and obtained evidence that MOI and isatin bind near the active
site cysteine. This research was supported by the Bridgewater State University Adrian
Tinsley Program.

CHED 349

Photodynamic therapy of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using a

cationic based porphyrin sensitizer

Natalie S Winters(1), [email protected], 1 Park Place, Elmira NY 14901, United

States ; Corey E. Stilts(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Elmira College, Elmira NY
14901, United States

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique that has been traditionally used in the
treatment of cancer. PDT involves the use of a light activated photosensitizer and a
laser. This study examines the use of a cationic porphyrin based sensitizer on Gram-
negative and Gram-positive bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermis, E. faecalis, B.
subtilis, S. marcescens). The sensitizer chosen was 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(methyl-4-
pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine-tetra-p-tosylate salt (TMPP) a cationic sensitizer. A 30mW
635nm diode laser was used as the light source. The effectiveness of the sensitizer
concentration and exposure length were examined. The experiments were carried out in
a dark room to eliminate any extraneous light exposure. In order to prove a

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photodynamic effect controls were carried out with trials using the light source only and
the sensitizer only. The studies showed that the major determination on the success of
a trial was the sensitizer exposure length and the morphology of the bacteria used.

CHED 350

Cation-induced phosphate collapse is correlated to DNA bending in protein/DNA

complexes

Bryce Grant(1), [email protected], Laney Hall, Conway AR 72035, United States ;

Lori Isom(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Central Arkansas, Conway AR
72035, United States

DNA flexibility is crucial in many biological functions including protein/DNA recognition,

gene transcription, and DNA packaging inside the cell. This project involves the
investigation of the relationship between cation-induced phosphate collapse and DNA
bending. Phosphate crowding around high density cationic protein residues in
protein/DNA complexes was considered. In this project, crystal structures of
protein/DNA complexes with resolution of 2.5Å or higher were selected from the PDB.
Structures containing DNA breaks and modified bases were excluded. Each structure
matching the criteria was then analyzed and assigned two crowding functions: one that
reflected each phosphate's collapse with respect to other phosphates and one reflecting
the cation density around each ion. These values were then be analyzed for correlation
between cation density and phosphate collapse. The resulting correlation values are
then be compared to the type of DNA distortion present in the complex.

CHED 351

Cloning the nitrobenzene dioxygenase genes from Comamonas sp. strain JS765

Paul Davis(1), [email protected], 3900 Bethel Drive #652, Saint Paul Minnesota
55112, United States ; Matthew Neibergall(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Bethel
University, Saint Paul Minnesota 55112, United States

Due to extensive use of nitroaromatic compounds in the production of dyes, pesticides,

explosives, and their harmful effects on the environment, bacteria capable of utilizing
these compounds as nutrient sources are of high interest. One example, the
Comamonas sp. strain JS765, grows on nitrobenzene as its sole carbon, nitrogen and
energy source. This bacterium contains a nitrobenzene dioxygenase enzyme system
that incorporates O2 into the nitrobenzene ring to form catechol and nitrite. In this
project, the genes that code for the dioxygenase enzyme were cloned then transformed
into an expression vector for overexpression in E. coli. This overexpression system will
facilitate purification of the normal enzyme and of mutant forms for mechanistic studies.

CHED 352

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Probing the active site of alanine racemase by incorporation of non-canonical

amino acids

Kim J Jacobs(1)(2), [email protected], 139 1/2 Liberty Street, Clarion

Pennsylvania 16214, United States ; Yane-Shih Wang(1); Wenshe Liu(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77840, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, College Station Texas
77840, United States

Alanine racemase (AlaR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of L- to D-

alanine. In the catalytic mechanism of the racemization, the focus for kinetic study is on
the protonation-deprotonation step involving tyrosine 265 (Y265) and lysine 39 (K39) of
AlaR and the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. To probe the mechanism of this step, the
non-canonical amino (NAA) acids p-amino-L-phenylalanine (pNH2F) and p-nitro-L-
phenylalanine (pNO2F) are introduced into the Y265 position by site-specific
mutagenesis with the TAG stop codon. NAAs were incorporated by tyr-tRNACUA and
volved Mj tyrosyl aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pairs by optimized pEVOL plasmids. The
pKa for tyrosine is ~9.5, while the pKa for p-amino-phenylalanine is ~4.4, which could
result in a change in the kinetics of the racemization. The purified AlaR will be used to
understand the detailed mechanism of the protonation-deprotonation step of Y265 by
the studies of michaelis-menten kinetic and pH profiles in the near future.

CHED 353

Peptide based inhibitor of HIV1 entry

Angel Luna(1), [email protected], 1301 Avenida Cesar Chavez, Monterey Park

Ca 91754, United States ; John T Ngo(2); David A Tirrell(3). (1) MESA Program, East Los
Angeles College, Monterey Park California 91754, United States (2) Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
California 911125, United States (3) Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United
States

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is the causative agent of AIDS. HIV
enters target cells through viral membrane fusion mediated by the HIV Envelope
Glycoprotein (Env). The N. peptide sequences derived from the Env. Protein itself has
been shown to serve as an effective inhibitor of viral fusion is most effective as a trimer,
but the sequence favors the monomeric form. Synthesis of the peptide with an azide
bearing non-canonical amino acid, we can use a copper catalyzed reaction to link the
peptides to a trivalent scaffold, thus generating the desired peptide trimer from
monomeric subunits. With the development of our N. peptide sequence, we anticipate
inhibition of membrane fusion at nanomolar concentrations.

CHED 354

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Isolation and characterization of a protease from the periodontal pathogen,

Tannerella forsythensis

Ashli Clark(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton, Springfield MO 65802, United

States ; Karli Courtney(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton, Springfield MO 65802,
United States ; Beth A Harville(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Drury University,
Springfield MO 65802, United States

This poster describes the isolation and characterization of a previously unidentified

protease from the periodontal pathogen, Tannerella forsythensis. This cell-associated
protease was found to cleave gelatin and was inhibited by the metalloprotease inhibitor,
1,10-phenanthroline, in a dose-dependent manner. T. forsythensis cells were
subfractionated and each subcellular fraction was assayed for gelatinase activity by
monitoring fluorescent peptides generated from digestion of fluorescein-labeled gelatin.
Gelatinase activity was found associated with the membrane fraction. Further
purification of this fraction occurred using column chromatography. Column fractions
containing gelatinase activity were pooled and subjected to SDS-PAGE to determine
sample purity. Inhibition of protease activity was assessed by monitoring fluorescein-
labeled gelatin hydrolysis in the presence and absence of a variety of enzyme inhibitors.

CHED 355

Porphyrin interactions with DNA: Viscocity studies

Jeff Langdon(1), [email protected], 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara CA 95053,

United States ; Nathaniel Tseng(1), [email protected], 500 El Camino Real,
Santa Clara CA 95053, United States ; Amy Shachter(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara CA 95053, United States

Tetra(N-R-pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin and tetra(N-R-pyridinium-3-yl)porphyrin derivatives

were synthesized with R= 3, 6,and 8 carboxylic acid chains and R=3 allyl and alcohol
side chains. By using viscosity measurements, the binding mode to calf thymus DNA
was comparatively studied, along with methylated derivatives that are known
intercalators. Results exploring the effects of chain length, functionality and position on
the pyridine ring will be presented.

CHED 356

Effect of the compound PdCl2(2,5,6-trimetylbenzothiazole)2 in the isoenzyme

CYP450 2D6

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Anaheim, CA

Janaliss Velez(1), [email protected], 2250 Ave Las Americas, Suite 606,

Ponce Puerto Rico 00717-9997, Puerto Rico ; Lizette Santos(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce Puerto Rico 00717-
9997, Puerto Rico

The objective of this investigation was to know the effect of the compound PdCl 2(2,5,6-
trimetylbenzothiazole)2 (S30) in the activity of the isoenzyme CYP 2D6 using Chinese
hamster ovarian cells. S30 was synthesized in the laboratory of Dr. Hernandez. CHO
cells were cultivated according to established protocols and treated with S30 10µM for a
period of 92 hours. After incubation, the enzymatic essay P450- Glo® for the isoenzyme
CYP450 2D6 was determined. CYP 2D6 activity for the control group was 0.03238 pmol
d-Luciferin/pmol CYP2D6/minutes. Cytochrome P450 concentration increased
significantly (control= 1.622 µM, experimental= 1.625 µM). The results of the
investigation showed hat compound S30 inhibits the activity of the isoenzyme CYP 2D6
in CHO cells.

CHED 357

His-Tag Protein Purification of the MalA enzyme from bacterial predator

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

Greg Kirkpatrick(1), [email protected], 1500 N. Warner, Tacoma WA, United

States ; Jordan Carelli(1); Mark O Martin(1); John Hanson(1). (1) University of Puget
Sound, United States

The recently published genome of the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

contains the malA gene, coding for an α (1->4) glucosidase-like enzyme. A glucosidase
could potentially be relevant in both predation and metabolism, meaning detailed
characterization of MalA may contribute to poorly understood dimensions of this
bacterial predator. Thin layer chromatography of MalA using crude cell extract indicated
that the enzyme acts on small sugars such as maltose, but not larger polysaccharides.
To obtain a purified MalA preparation, the gene of interest was cloned into a vector
containing a histidine tag. Multiple issues were resolved during the cloning process, the
most interesting being digestion of the insert by multiple restriction enzymes. The
plasmid has been transformed into E. coli strain BL21(DE3). Results of overproduction,
purification, and assay will be discussed.

CHED 358

Effects of ethanol and amitriptyline on caffeine metabolism by cytochrome P450

enzymes in CD-1 mouse liver microsomes

Camron Frederick(1), [email protected], 1 Seton Hill Dr., Greensburg PA, United

States ; Diana Hoover(1). (1) Division of Natural and Health Sciences, Seton Hill
University, Greensburg PA 15601, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Caffeine is a stimulant commonly found in foods and beverages, such as coffee and
chocolate. These products are often consumed on a daily basis, possibly in combination
with other drugs like alcohol and antidepressants. Enzymes of the Cytochrome P450
(CYP) family metabolize caffeine in the human body. Ethanol, an inducer of CYP
enzymes and the antidepressant amitriptyline, an inhibitor of CYP enzymes can both
lead to potential drug interactions when consumed with caffeine. In this study, in vitro
experiments were performed to examine the effects of ethanol and amitriptyline on
caffeine metabolism by CYP enzymes in mouse liver microsomes. The metabolites of
caffeine were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with UV
detection. It was determined that ethanol does induce CYP activity in this system,
indicated by a decrease in metabolized caffeine. Further studies will examine the effects
of amitriptyline alone and in conjunction with ethanol on caffeine metabolism.

CHED 359

Investigation of a Streptomyces nodosus dehydratase

Aaron Peterson(1), [email protected], 1501 State Street, Marshall MN

56258, United States ; Noelle J. Beyer(1). (1) Department of Science, Southwest
Minnesota State University, Marshall MN 56258, United States

We are investigating the expression of a proposed GDP-4,6-dehydratase from the

biosynthetic pathway of the antifungal drug Amphotericin B (AmB). This enzyme is
proposed to catalyze an early step in the biosynthesis of mycosamine, which is the
sugar component of AmB. We have attempted expression in Eschericia coli in the past
without success. We are now attempting expression in a more closely related Gram
positive bacterial strain, Streptomyces venezuelae. We will report the results of our
investigations.

CHED 360

Spectroscopic characterization of proximal and distal heme-NO complexes in

cytochrome c'

Dustin R Keys(1), [email protected], One University Blvd, La Grande Oregon 97850,

United States ; Kelsey C Irish(1); Colin R Andrew(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Eastern Oregon University, La Grande Oregon 97850, United States

The heme protein cytochrome c' from the soil bacterium Alcaligenes xylosoxidans forms
an unusual five-coordinate heme nitrosyl complex (5c-NO) in which NO resides at the
proximal position in place of the endogenous His ligand. The mechanism of proximal 5c-
NO formation is believed to involve a transient distal 5c-NO species. Recently, crystal
structures were reported of R124 variants with Arg124, adjacent to the proximal His
ligand, replaced with Ala, Glu, Phe, Lys, or Gln residues. All variants formed 5c-NO
complexes, although there were differences in the Fe-NO coordination, including the

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Anaheim, CA

presence of a distal/proximal 5c-NO mixture in the Ala variant. Here, we report

spectroscopic studies of these R124 variants aimed at distinguishing the different heme-
NO environments.

CHED 361

Investigation of a Streptomyces nodosus glycosyltransferase

Guillaume Onyeaghala(1), [email protected], 1501 State Street,

Marshall MN 56258, United States ; Noelle J. Beyer(1). (1) Department of Science,
Southwest Minnesota State University, Marshall MN 56258, United States

As part of a long-term goal of creating a more effective derivative of the antifungal drug
Amphotericin B, we are investigating the expression of a proposed glycosyltransferase
enzyme from the AmB biosynthetic pathway. We are testing expression in both
standard Escherichia coli and in Streptomyces venezuelae, which is more closely
related to the enzyme's species of origin. We are using a polyhistidine tag at one end of
the enzyme in order to detect low levels of production and facilitate purification once
expression is achieved. The results of our studies will be presented.

CHED 362

Investigation of a Streptomyces nodosus aminotransferase

Priya Budhathoki(1), [email protected], 1501 State Street, Marshall MN

56258, United States ; Noelle J. Beyer(1). (1) Department of Science, Southwest
Minnesota State University, Marshall MN 56258, United States

We are investigating the expression of a proposed aminotransferase, AmphDII, from the

biosynthetic pathway of Amphotericin B (AmB), an antifungal drug. Expression of this
aminotransferase will provide insight into the function of a GDP-specific
aminotransferase and into the biosynthetic pathway of AmB. We have attempted to
express AmphDII previously without success, and we are now attempting expression
with alternate vectors, host strains, and induction conditions. Our results will be
presented.

CHED 363

Characterization of a flavin-dependent amine hydroxylase required for

siderophore biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans

Christopher T. Calderone(1), [email protected], 1600 Grand Avenue, Saint

Paul Minnesota 55105, United States ; Christina M. Fitzsimmons(1); Alese M.
Colehour(1). (1) Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul Minnesota
55105, United States

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Anaheim, CA

To obtain iron from their environment, fungi utilize a class of small molecules known as
siderophores. Triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) and ferricrocin, siderophores produced by
members of Aspergillus spp., bind environmental iron by chelation via three Nδ-acyl-Nδ-
hydroxyornithine hydroxamate moieties. Our research aims to characterize the activity
of SidA, the ornithine hydroxylase that catalyzes the first enzymatic step of hydroxamate
biosynthesis in A. nidulans. We observed that SidA requires flavin and nicotinamide
cofactors for its activity and is specific for FAD and NADPH. SidA shows slow NADPH
oxidase activity in the absence of amine substrates. Among hydroxylation substrates
tested, L-ornithine, L-lysine, and 1,4-diaminobutane activate NADPH oxidation, and L-
ornithine is efficiently hydroxylated. Additionally, we observed limited hydroxylation of
1,4-diaminobutane. The identification of 1,4-diaminobutane as a non-physiological
substrate for SidA may provide insights toward the design of inhibitors for amine
hydroxylases in related pathways.

CHED 364

Stereochemical predictions of the products from a carbonyl reductase from

sporobolomyces salmonicolor through docking and molecular dynamics

Phung-Hoang T Nguyen(1), [email protected], 11935 Abercorn St.,

Savannah Ga 31419, United States ; Brent Feske(1); Scott Mateer(1); Clifford W
Padgett(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong Atlantic State
University, Savannah GA 31419, United States

Forty-six substrates were docked into the Sporobolomyces Salmonicolor carbonyl

reductases and were modeled using the Molecular Operating Environment software
package (MOE). Through the modeling of the interaction between the binding site,
cofactor, and the substrate, we hope to predict the final stereochemistry of the product.
The Sporobolomyces Salmonicolor carbonyl reductase is serving as a model enzyme,
allowing us to workup an efficient protocol to screen many substrates on related
enzymes. The results are compared to experiment work found in the literature on this
enzyme. The ultimate goal is to develop a model that can be transferred to related
enzymes. Results from our simulations will be presented.

CHED 365

Acetoacetic acid assay development for urine analysis as a dietary stress

indicator

Holly R Duckworth(1), [email protected], 310 Gaither, PO Box 1264,

Montreat NC, United States ; Mark T Lassiter(1). (1) Department of Natural Sciences,
Montreat College, Montreat NC, United States

Approximately thirty-four percent of today's Americans are considered obese. Many

Americans realize their predicament and will attempt a weight loss and exercise

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Anaheim, CA

regimen. However, with the current means to measure lipid metabolism it should be no
surprise that so many people become discouraged within the first thirty days. Measuring
lipid mass through current means of measurement can produce skewed results and
discourage dieting. If dieting goals could be followed with physiological measures then
healthy dieting practices can be encouraged. Acetoacetic Acid is a biological stress
indicator observed in the urine during strenuous lipid metabolism while fasting or in
individuals with untreated diabetes. This investigation developed a urine assay for
Acetoacetic Acid and was used to measure lipid metabolism. A test subject was
identified to have expelled Acetoacetic acid in the urine during a designated fasting
period, and other urine analysis comparisons were made.

CHED 366

Extracellular matrix proteoglycans and Alzheimer's disease

Joseph W. Levy(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3711, Arkadelphia

AR 71998, United States ; Lauren Bailey(2); Hina Mehta(2); Paul Gottschall(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United
States (2) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for
Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205, United States

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients show neuronal death in regions of the brain important
for the acquisition and maintenance of memories. It is thought that a possible structural
and/or functional difference in a family of proteoglycans called lecticans in an AD brain
may be a cause of the neuronal death. Lecticans make up the structure of the
extracellular matrix and an overly rigid extracellular matrix could hinder synapse
formation. This inability to form synapses could be the precursor to synapse loss and
eventually the death of the neuron. A DEAE column was used to acquire samples of AD
and control proteoglycans. Western blot analysis of degradation assay samples
indicated that the metalloproteinase ADAMTS4 was more effective in degrading
brevican from age matched control tissue when compared to brevican isolated from AD
brain. This indicates that in AD a functional difference in brevican could be a factor in
the neuronal death observed.

CHED 367

Characterizing the substrate binding specificity of an aldo-keto reductase

YDL124w

Faye Montgomery(1), [email protected], 11935 Abercorn St., Savannah GA

31419, United States ; Scott C Mateer(1), [email protected], 11935
Abercorn St., Savannah GA 31419, United States ; Beth Budden (1); Mandy Beers(1);
Michael Page(1); Andrea Orrego(1); Eric Davis(1); Crystal Archer(1); Timothy Simpson(1);
Clifford Padgett(2); Brent Feske(2). (1) Biology, Armstrong Atlantic State University,

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 CHED Session Abstracts
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Anaheim, CA

Savannah GA 31419, United States (2) Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong Atlantic
State University, Savannah GA 31419, United States

Optically active reduced carbonyl compounds are highly desirable as building blocks in
pharmaceuticals. Enantiomeric and diasetereomeric mixtures are, however, difficult and
costly to achieve by chemical and industrial methods. Yeast reductases are known to be
promiscuous and accept a wide range of α and β-keto esters. Aldo-keto reductases
(AKR) can produce the reduced carbonyl compounds that are used in pharmaceuticals.
Our work seeks to explore and characterize the stereoselectiviy of a particular yeast
reductase, YDL124W. Additionally, we have looked for insights into which amino acid
residues are important for substrate binding and orientation. The sequence of
YDL124W was aligned with the sequence of 2,5-DKGR, a member of the AKR family
whose structure is known. It appears that AKR stereoselectivity is determined (at least
in part) by the number of amino acid residues found in their Substrate Specificity Loop A
(ALoop) region. Residues in the A Loop region were systematically mutated using
alanine-scanning mutagenesis. The mutant YDL124w enzymes were expressed as
GST-chimeras using GST-expression plasmids which were transformed into the BL21
(DE3) strain of E. coli. Crude lysates were obtained and the
mutant protein's ability to reduce a panel of α and β-keto esters were examined
using an In vitro assay system. At various time points after the addition of our keto-ester
substrates, aliquots were removed, extracted with ethyl acetate, and the resulting
organic layer analyzed using a chiral column in conjunction with GC/MS. One of our
mutants, S123A, exhibited a delayed ability to convert 2-chloro-3-phenyl propionic acid
ester into a reduced alcohol. We are currently designing a kinetics assay for further
exploring the affected activity of mutant S123A.

CHED 368

Influence of PPAR gamma ligands on retinoid metabolism

Andrea T Kirkpatrick(1), [email protected], 201-A Laney Hall, Conway AR

72035, United States ; Melissa D Kelley(1); Lance C Bridges(1). (1) Chemistry, University
of Central Arkansas, Conway AR 72035, United States

Vitamin A and its analogs, retinoids, are essential for many critical life processes
including vision, proliferation, and immune function. All-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) and 9-
cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) serve as ligands for retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and
retinoid X receptors (RXR) that are involved in regulating immune function by
modulating cellular adhesion and proliferation. These receptors form heterodimeric
partners with other receptors including peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor
gamma (PPARγ). Troglitazone, a PPAR g ligand, is involved in anti-inflammatory
pathways. In the current study, we examined t-RA metabolism in presence or absence
of troglitazone in the human pro-red blood cell line K562. Retinoid metabolites were
profiled using liquid-liquid extraction and reverse-phase HPLC with photodiode array

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Anaheim, CA

detection. Our data suggests that troglitazone may affect retinoid availability within this
cell line.

CHED 369

Kinetics of the maltose cleavage reaction catalyzed by α-glucosidase

Gina M Policastro(1), [email protected], 50 South Lincoln Street, Box

863, Washington Pa 15301, United States ; Patricia Brletic(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Washington & Jefferson College, Washington Pa 15301, United States

Beer is a popular alcoholic beverage worldwide. Many biochemical reactions are

involved in the malting, mashing, and fermentation processes necessary for the
production of beer. One such reaction is the hydrolysis of maltose to form glucose which
is catalyzed by the enzyme α-glucosidase. This study involves the isolation of α-
glucosidase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis yeast, followed by an investigation of
the enzyme kinetics for the maltose cleavage reaction using polarimetry.

CHED 370

9-cis-Retinoic acid stimulated B-cell adhesion is attenuated upon corticosteroid

exposure

Jabin Miller(1), [email protected], 201-A Laney Hall, Conway AR 72035,

United States ; Melissa Kelley(1); Lance C Bridges(1). (1) Chemistry, University of Central
Arkansas, Conway AR 72035, United States

Cellular adhesion is a key event in a spectrum of biological processes, including gamete

fusion, wound healing, and inflammation. Within immune cells, adhesion and
proliferation are impacted by oxidative metabolites of Vitamin A known as retinoids. Our
previous studies demonstrated that exposure of certain human lymphocytes to 1.0 μM
9-cis-retinoic acid augments B-cell adhesion. Our new results demonstrate that
adhesion can be increased by concentrations of 9-cis-RA as low as 10 nM. We also
examined if the cell adhesion persisted after retinoid stimulus was removed or if the
presence of corticosteroids dampened the augmented immune cell adhesion. We report
here that while adhesion persisted for briefly after retinoid removal, subsequent
generations of cells did not exhibit elevated levels of adhesion. In addition,
administration of the synthetic corticosteroids MPSS or dexamethasone potently
inhibited retinoid-dependent adhesion. These data suggest that retinoids may be key
modulators in adhesion events during inflammation.

CHED 371

Probing the aggregation behavior of beta amyloid peptide in the presence of

sodium dodecyl sulfate

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Anaheim, CA

Grace A Jairo(1), [email protected], P.O Box 359, Sheboygan WI 53082, United

States ; Manying C Szetu(1); Jeffery M Schwehm(1). (1) Natural Science Division,
Lakeland College, Sheboygan WI 53082, United States

Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was

used to probe the distribution of secondary structure present in a series of four model β-
amyloid peptides and the wild-type β-amyloid peptide (1-42) in the presence of Sodium
Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) while undergoing numerous heating (37ºC) and cooling cycles
(25ºC). The sequence of these model peptides is based on the core sequence of the
wild-type β-amyloid peptide (1-42) that is critical for the formation of protein aggregates.
Our results indicate that sub-CMC (critical micelle concentration) levels of SDS have a
greater effect on the distribution of secondary structures present (β-sheet and α-helix)
than concentrations of SDS above the CMC. Since previous studies have shown that
there is a correlation between the increasing propensity of peptides to aggregate and
the increasing presence of β-sheet secondary structure, we can say that our results are
consistent with those results that have been previously reported.

CHED 372

Fluorous oxytocin: A model peptide for probing the thermal properties of

peptides and antibiotics

Sarah M. Frampton(1), [email protected], 195 SW 132 Terrace, Newberry FL

32669, United States ; Maureen K Murphy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Huntingdon College, Montgomery AL 36106-2148, United States

Results from a model study of oxytocin, a simple peptide, and nine fluorous oxytocin
derivatives will be presented. The energy-minimized structure and dipole moment of
oxytocin were calculated at thirty-one temperatures from 4-304 K using HyperChem 7.1
molecular mechanics software. Each amino acid in oxytocin was fluorinated one at a
time, and the resulting minimized energy and dipole moment were calculated from 4-
304 K. Perfluorinated oxytocin was studied under the same conditions. We obtained a
profile of dipole moments and minimized energies for oxytocin, perfluorinated oxytocin,
and nine fluorous oxytocin derivatives at variable temperatures. Activation parameters
(ΔH and ΔS) were calculated from the variable temperature data to gauge the thermal
stability of the simple peptide and the nine fluorous derivatives. Our report represents
the first systematic computational model to study the effects of fluorination upon the
thermal stability of oxytocin, a model for small peptides and antibiotics.

CHED 373

Effect of temperature on the spontaneous conversion rate of a yeast prion

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Anaheim, CA

Brent T Blahnik(1), [email protected], PO Box 359, Sheboygan Wisconsin 53082,

United States ; Hannah Allen(1); Greg R Smith(1). (1) Natural Science Division, Lakeland
College, Sheboygan Wisconsin 53082, United States

Prions are infectious proteinaceous agents known to cause Chronic Wasting disease in
deer and elk, Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease in humans, and Mad Cow disease in cattle.
These diseases occur when a protein in the normal cellular state changes conformation
and converts to the infectious prion state, disrupting cellular function. The frequency of
these spontaneous conversions is thought to be dependent on factors affecting protein
stability, including protein sequence, temperature, pH, and salinity. In Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, the Sup35p protein is associated with translation termination and also
undergoes this spontaneous conversion from the normal cellular state ([psi-])to the
infectious prion state([PSI+]). In this research, counts of [PSI+] cells and a statistical
method known as a Maximum Likelihood Estimation will be used to determine the
effects of temperature on spontaneous conversion rate.

CHED 374

Inhibitory effects of decavanadate on Leishmania secreted acid phosphatase

Matthew L Beio(1), [email protected], 116 w. Locust apt 4, Normal Illinois 61761, United
States ; Victoria H. Nguyen(1); Timothy L. Turner(1); Alexander C. Su(1); Craig C.
McLauchlan(1); Marjorie A. Jones(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Illinois State
University, Normal Illinois 61790, United States

Leishmania are parasites that cause the disease leishmaniasis for which there are
currently few treatments. Leishmania have been reported to secrete an acid
phosphatase that is implicated in host parasite interactions (Ilg, et al., PNAS 1991).
Because orthovanadate, VO43-, has been shown to inhibit a variety of phosphatases, we
have evaluated the effect of the related decavanadate, V 10O286-, on this secreted acid
phosphatase. Using anion-exchange chromatography, the secreted acid phosphatase
was partially purified from supernate from promastigote or amastigote forms of
Leishmania tarentolae cells. Using a spectrophotometric assay with p-nitrophenyl
phosphate (pNPP) as the artificial substrate, the partially purified acid phosphatase
activity was evaluated at 405 nm. Both the promastigote and the amastigote eluates
showed positive enzyme activity in comparison to a media only control. The enzyme
activity was completely inhibited upon the addition of 10 µM decavanadate. Thus,
decavanadate has a potential to negatively affect host-parasite interactions by inhibiting
the parasites' ability to infect the host.

CHED 375

Investigation of the role of JNK in plumbagin- and rapamycin-induced cell death

in p53-mutant U138MG glioblastoma cells

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Anaheim, CA

Jason L Kingsolver(1), [email protected], 500 College Hill, Box 1061,

Chem. Dept., Liberty MO 64068, United States ; Lori A Wetmore(1). (1) Chemistry,
William Jewell College, Liberty MO 64068, United States

Plumbagin and rapamycin are pro-autophagic agents that may provide effective
treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, a devastating brain cancer that is resistant to
traditional therapeutic efforts that induce apoptosis (Lefranc, 2007). Both of these drugs
contribute to the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pro-survival signaling pathway (Kuo, 2006;
Faivre, 2006). As a member of the mitogen-activated protein MAP kinase family, c-Jun
N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important mediator in apoptotic and autophagic cell death,
directly affecting P53 phosphorylation. However, colorectal carcinoma cells lacking P53
display reduced autophagic cell death (Park, 2009). Thus, the role of JNK in p53-mutant
cancer cells to pro-autophagic chemotherapy should be investigated. The apoptotic
resistant p53-mutant U138MG glioblastoma cell line provides a good model to
investigate the mediating role of JNK. After exposure to plumbagin and rapamycin
U138MG cells will be harvested and analyzed for JNK activation using western blotting
and flow cytometry.

CHED 376

Improving the methodology of creating deletion mutants of Fusarium

verticilloides

Abigail G Zieman(1), [email protected], 1301 W 23rd St, Cedar Falls IA 50613, United
States ; Nalin Goonesekere(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls IA 50613, United States

The objective of this project was to improve the methodology of creating deletion
mutants of the fungus Fusarium verticilloides by homologous recombination. In this
method, three rounds of PCR are performed to create a double-joint PCR fragment
containing a 2.5 Kb Hygromycin Resistance gene (HYG), joined to the 5' and 3' flanks of
the target gene. This fragment is subsequently cloned, and transformation into F.
verticilloides. To attempt to improve the process of creating deletion mutants, the right
and left flanks of the double-joint fragment for two genes in F. verticilloides were
increased from 1.5 Kb up to 5.0 Kb. The cloning step was also skipped in select cases
to determine its necessity. While the DJ-PCR and cloning steps were performed
successfully for many large flank sizes, increasing the size of the flanks failed to
produce the desired deletion mutants.

CHED 377

Elucidating preferred structures in dimers of Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptide

Abigail Bradner(1), [email protected], 101 Sims Science Building, Rock Hill SC

29733, United States ; Chelsea Russell(1); Robin K. Lammi(1). (1) Department of

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Chemistry, Physics and Geology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill SC 29733, United
States

Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a protein of 39-43 amino acids that self-associates into toxic
aggregates linked to Alzheimer's disease. Although Aβ fibrils were long believed to be
the disease-causing agents, recent evidence links Alzheimer's progression to increased
concentrations of Aβ dimers and trimers. We have employed Forster resonance energy
transfer (FRET) to probe for preferred structures in Aβ40 dimers. Using single-molecule
fluorescence methods, we have investigated surface-tethered Aβ dimers, one at a time,
identifying two characteristic FRET efficiencies. These results are matched by
measurements of fluorescence lifetimes in bulk solution, suggesting that the single-
dimer FRET efficiencies reflect solution structures, unperturbed by surface tethering.
Filtering of single-dimer intensity profiles reveals that approximately 35 percent of
dimers visit two characteristic FRET efficiencies, likely indicative of time-dependent
structural dynamics. Collectively, these results are consistent with the observation of
two characteristic dimer structures that may interconvert over time.

CHED 378

Cloning and identification of a human, cell membrane cyclic AMP (cAMP)

receptor

Dale S. DiSalvo(1), [email protected], 1871 Old Main Drive, Shippensburg PA 17257,

United States ; Thomas Frielle(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Shippensburg
University, Shippensburg PA 17257, United States

The agonists of 60% of all cloned human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have
not been identified; consequently, these unidentified GPCRs are termed ―orphan
receptors.‖ When the deduced primary structure of one human orphan GPCR is
compared to the several thousand GPCRs from all species, it is similar to only four
previously identified GPCRs, all from the cellular slime mold, D. discoideum. These
GPCRs bind the agonist, cAMP, initiating chemotaxis and cellular development,
suggesting that the orphan GPCR may also bind cAMP. The orphan GPCR cDNA was
ligated with the green fluorescent protein cDNA in one continuous reading frame. The
two proteins will be expressed in transfected mammalian cells as a single tandem
protein allowing detection of the orphan GPCR on the cell membrane. cAMP binding
and the intracellular signaling pathway of the orphan GPCR will be assessed to
determine if it is a homolog of the D. discoideum GPCRs.

CHED 379

Biochemistry of blood transfusions: Internship

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Anaheim, CA

Jenna M Forzano(1), [email protected], 324 Euclid Avenue, Greensburg

Pennsylvania 15601, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Seton Hill University,
Greensburg Pennsylvania 15601, United States

During the summers of 2009 and 2010 I worked as an intern for The Institute of
Transfusion Medicine Clinical Services, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The
position I held was an Assistant Technician. The lab's main focus is on the pre-
transfusion testing and delivery of blood products to patients. My poster presentation
will provide a description of the duties I performed while working as an intern and also a
biochemical view of how the blood products interact within the body during a
transfusion.

CHED 380

Protein expression and purification of Toc75 towards structural and functional

studies

Joel G. Teko(1)(2), [email protected], c/o NPaiva, 1405 N. 4th Ave. PMB 4215,
Durant OK 74701, United States ; Haiyun Pan(2); Shih-Chi Hsu(3); Kentaro Inoue(3);
Xiaoqiang Wang(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Computer and Physical Sciences,
Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant OK 74701, United States (2) Plant
Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Durant OK 74701, United States
(3) Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, United
States

Toc75 (Translocon at the Outer envelope membrane of Chloroplast, 75kD) is important

in plant cell embryogenesis, since it functions as a protein import translocon channel in
chloroplasts. Toc75 belongs to the Omp85 (Outer Membrane Protein, 85kD)
superfamily, a group of β-barrel pore proteins found in outer membranes of Gram-
negative bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Omp85 proteins contain N-terminal
polypeptide transport-associated (POTRA) domains, which recognize substrates and
allow protein complex formation. Most bacterial Omp85 homologs contain five POTRA
domains, whereas chloroplastic Toc75 contains only three, with unknown functions and
structures. The N-terminal POTRA domain region of Arabidopsis Toc75 was expressed
in E. coli and highly purified by subsequent nickel-affinity and size exclusion column
chromatography. A dynamic light scattering study showed that Toc75 exists as a dimer.
These studies established a basis for future structural and biochemical studies of
Toc75, which may provide insights into evolutionary events that led to its chloroplast
function.

CHED 381

Environmental effects on assays in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices

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Anaheim, CA

Zachary C. Allan(1), [email protected], 300 Fraser Purchase Road,

Latrobe PA 15650, United States ; Matthew A. Fisher(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Saint Vincent College, Latrobe PA 15650, United States

Developing a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) allows for rapid

detection of disease or infection in developing countries. A µPAD is a small piece of
paper that can run multiple assays at once on any fluid of interest; these are developed
by selectively polymerizing photoresist on chromatography paper to create
different channels allowing for multiple assays to be conducted with one sample. In
control experiments, glucose and protein assays are conducted in the channel using
artificial urine and colorimetric results are quantified using Adobe Photoshop. In many
developing countries, where µPADs would be used, it is impossible to protect these
devices from exposure to environmental variables such as temperature extremes,
humidity, or dust. We are testing µPADs under these different environmental conditions
to measure their stability and accuracy as a function of these variables.

CHED 382

Mode of inhibition of xanthine oxidase by fruit and vegetable extracts

Ashley Lemming(1), [email protected], 300 Fraser Purchase Road,

Latrobe PA 15650, United States ; Matthew A FIsher(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
St. Vincent College, Latrobe PA 15650, United States

Xanthine oxidase produces free radicals when it enzymatically converts xanthine to uric
acid. These free radicals can lead to a variety of disease states such as cancer and
atherosclerosis. Compounds and mixtures such as juices, spices and tea have been
shown to inhibit the enzyme. This research focuses on determining the mechanism of
inhibition of these various mixtures on xanthine oxidase to find the most effective
inhibitor. The most effective inhibitor is one that inhibits non-competitively, therefore
working at all substrate concentrations. Absorbance of uric acid at 290 nm serves as a
convenient way to monitor reaction rates. Kinetic parameters such as Km and Vmax will
be determined for each inhibitor and compared to determine the mechanism of
inhibition.

CHED 383

AID and Gadd45a: Involved in active DNA demethylation of the 3'RR and in class
switch recombination?

Tsipora Huisman(1), [email protected], 150 E 35th street, New York NY 10016,

United States ; Sanjukta Chatterjee(2); Sabrina Volpi(2); Barbara Birshtein(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stern College for Women of Yeshiva
University, New York NY 10016, United States (2) Department of Cell Biology, Einstein
College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx NY 10461, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Antibody genes undergo class switch recombination, which is regulated by a distal 3'
regulatory region (3' RR). The 3' RR undergoes DNA demethylation during CSR,
beginning with replication-independent active demethylation. My work was to ask
whether active DNA demethylation is critical for CSR. The lab focused on two proteins
implicated in active DNA demethylation, i.e. AID, and Gadd45a. In previous work, I
found no significant difference in 3' RR demethylation between wild-type (WT) and AID
knockout (KO) mice. Subsequently, we performed a lentivirus-mediated shRNA
knockdown of Gadd45a in a cell line that regularly switches from IgM to IgA, but found
no significant difference in switching in these cells. We conclude that (1) there is no
connection between AID and active demethylation of the 3' RR, and (2) there is no
direct link between Gadd45a, demethylation and CSR.

CHED 384

Malaria proteins localize to the parasite plasma membrane

Kiera N Hayes(1), [email protected], 700 College St., Beloit Wisconsin 53511, United
States ; Ashley M Vaughan(2); Stefan H. I. Kappe(2). (1) Department of Biochemistry,
Beloit College, Beloit Wisconsin 53511, United States (2) Seattle Biomedical Research
Institute, Seattle Washington 98109, United States

Since treatments for malaria are not fully effective or universally accessible, much
research has focused on developing vaccines using genetically attenuated parasites
that arrest in the initial liver stages of infection. As a result, we used a rodent
Plasmodium yoelii model of malaria to assess the location of three proteins with
supposed participation in host-parasite interactions. The three proteins contained
transmembrane domains and signal peptides, characteristics associated with
involvement in host-parasite interactions. The proteins were epitope tagged, integrated
into the parasite genome, and analyzed by immunofluorescence assay.
All three analyzed proteins co-localized with a parasite plasma membrane (PPM)
protein in blood stage parasites. Previous research suggests that proteins localized to
the PPM participate in parasite motility, cell invasion, and/or nutrient uptake. As a result,
these findings encourage continued research into the function of these proteins and
their developmental importance during malaria liver stage progression.

CHED 385

Investigations of lipid-protein interactions

Sean McCarthy(1), [email protected], 1 Cunningham Square,

Providence. Rhode Island 02918, United States ; J. J. Breen (1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Providence College, Providence Rhode Island 02918,
United States

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The aim of our project is to experimentally test the extended lipid hypothesis. In the
extended conformation the non-polar tails of a lipid contained in a lamellar phase extend
in opposite directions. As postulated by P. K. J. Kinnunen and coworkers, the extended
conformation is a way to relieve the packing strain experienced by lipids with the
propensity to form HII- phases (Chem. Phys. Lipids 1992, 63, 251-258). Kinnunen's
group also proposes the extended conformation is more likely to occur when there is no
hydrophilic barrier to the extended conformation, as would be the case with the
adsorption of a protein with a hydrophobic channel. In this poster we describe
experiments monitoring the adsorption and desorption of cytochrome c from lipid
vesicles containing N-acylated phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids and vesicles
containing phosphatidylglycerol (PG) lipids with different acyl chains (18.1-cis Δ9, 16.0,
14.0, 12.0, 10.0, 8.0).

CHED 386

Determination of tetrodotoxin in extracts obtained from the red-spotted newt,

Notophthalmus viridescens, from Franklin County, Pennsylvania

Jason R. Unrath(1), [email protected], 1105 Bard Drive, Shippensburg Pennsylvania

17257, United States ; Pablo R. Delis(2); Robin L. McCann(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg Pennsylvania 17257, United States
(2) Department of Biology, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg Pennsylvania
17257, United States

Tetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin which acts by specifically blocking voltage-gated

sodium ion channels, resulting in paralysis and death in victims. Tetrodotoxin is
produced in a wide variety of terrestrial and marine animals for anti-predatory purposes.
The red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, found commonly in the eastern
United States, is known to produce and secrete tetrodotoxin from its epidermal glands.
There currently exists no reliable method for the quantitative analysis of tetrodotoxin. A
competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and
optimized for the quantification of tetrodotoxin in skin extracts from N. viridescens. Data
were obtained from a population of newts collected from South Central Pennsylvania to
investigate the effects of size and sex on tetrodotoxin production. Continued data
collection from future generations, in the same population of newts, will allow us to
study the effects of environmental stressors such as pollution on tetrodotoxin
production.

CHED 387

Probing the interaction of the protein translocation nanomachine p97 with the
peptide tag Ssra by using a molecular docking approach

Brittany Taylor(1), [email protected], 1400 Brush Row Rd., Wilberforce Ohio

45384, United States ; Manori Jayasinghe(2); George Stan(2). (1) Chemistry, Central

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Anaheim, CA

State University, Wilberforce Ohio 45384, United States (2) Chemistry, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio 45221, United States

The P97 nanomachine, a member of the AAA+ superfamily, assists unfolding and
translocation of tagged substrate proteins in endoplasmic reticulum-associated
degradation. Structurally, P97 is a homo-hexameric assembly that encloses a central
pore and each P97 subunit contains two ATP binding domains, D1 and D2. Two
conserved amino acids found in D2, Arg 566 and Arg 579, are suggested by mutational
studies to assist the p97 function via non-specific interactions with the substrate. To
probe the functional role of these amino acids, we use molecular docking of the Ssra
recognition tag peptide to the wild type and mutant D2 pore. We generated a library of
2000 pore-ligand complexes and analyzed it to evaluate the loss of solvent accessible
surface area by the D2 pore due to the ligand binding. Our results reveal that both
Arg586 and Arg599 act as binding sites for the SsrA peptide and that their mutation
disrupts the pore-ligand interaction. In addition, these results indicate that a hydrophobic
region adjacent to these two amino acids participates strongly in ligand binding.

CHED 388

Molecular dynamics and thermodynamic integration studies of EGFR kinase

mutants suggest a shift in equilibrium between inactive and active states and a
difference in binding affinity for Gefitinib

Mike W Staude(1), [email protected], 1227 West 27th Street, Cedar Falls Iowa 50614,
United States ; Adrian Elcock(2); Shun Zhu(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls Iowa 50614, United States (2)
Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City Iowa 52242, United States

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in cell signaling.
EGFR kinase has been an important therapeutic target for numerous years, and many
small molecule inhibitors have been designed in the process. Much has been studied
about various mutants of EGFR, and binding affinity of the small molecule inhibitors.
Molecular dynamics and free energy calculations were used to compare to experimental
data and trends. The experimental data suggests a shift in equilibrium from the inactive
state to the active state in the L858R mutation. This result is also seen in our MD
simulations and free energy calculations as the difference in ΔG between Inactive and
Active states is ~-7 kcal/mol. Along with showing the shift in equilibrium between
inactive and active states of EGFR, free energy calculations involving Gefitinib were in
good qualitative agreement with experimental data illustrating a greater binding affinity
of Gefitinib to the L858R mutant.

CHED 389

Photochemical cleavage of leader peptides

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Anaheim, CA

Nicholas Herrman(1)(2), [email protected], 5019 Kellogg Center, Albion College,

Albion MI 49224, United States ; Noah Bindman(1); Remco Merkx(1); Robert Koehler(1);
Wilfred A van der Donk(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois 61801, United
States (2) Department of Chemistry, Albion College, Urbana Illinois 61801, United
States

The field of leader peptide-guided biosynthesis is rapidly expanding, with the

development of techniques to utilize biosynthetic enzymes in vitro greatly aiding this
research. However, the in vitro reconstitution of the protease activity that removes the
leader peptide has been unsuccessful. A variety of compounds allow for site-specific
photolytic cleavage of peptides, but these linkers generally result in non-natural termini
on the cleavage fragments. In this work, a photolabile linker was developed that affords
native termini on the product after cleavage to ensure proper folding. This linker is
shown to be completely compatible with Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis, with a
wide variety of amino acids tested both N- and C-terminal to the linker. The linker is also
amenable to Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cyclo-addition, and successful tests of the
linker in conjunction with leader peptide-guided biosynthetic enzymes suggest that it
has broad applicability to the study of posttranslationally modified natural products.

CHED 390

Studying the aggregation of glutamine and alanine-based tripeptides using

infrared spectroscopy

Kelly A Gilmore(1), [email protected], 1 College St, Worcester MA 01610,

United States ; Sarah A Petty(1); Marianne T Bauer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
College of the Holy Cross, Worcester MA 01610, United States

Huntington's disease is associated with an extension of glutamine repeats at the N-

terminus of the Huntingtin protein which change the protein's structure. Similarly, Prion
diseases are caused by a structural change in the Prion protein that appears to be
nucleated by β-sheet formation in residues 113-120, AGAAAAGA.

Here, we analyzed the formation of β-sheets in glutamine and alanine-based tripeptides.

Of those that form stable β-sheets, we analyzed the ability they have to induce β-sheet
formation in those dipeptides and tripeptides that would not produce β-sheet on their
own. The ability of each tripeptide to form stable β-sheets was monitored at varying
temperatures and concentrations and in different buffers via infrared spectroscopy.

We have found that while triglutamine and trialanine are able to form β-sheets, certain
combinations of glutamine and alanine remain disordered. Additionally, triglutamine is
able to induce β-sheet formation in diglutamine, which is disordered in isolation.

CHED 391

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Formation and disappearance of β-sheets in poly-L-lysine

Lindsey A Tonge(1), [email protected], 1 College St, Worcester MA 01610,

United States ; Sarah A Petty(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of the Holy
Cross, Worcester MA 01610, United States

A protein's structure is crucial to its ability to function correctly; protein misfolding is

associated with many diseases such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease.
Misfolded proteins often contain increased amounts of β-sheet, which are typically very
stable, preventing the protein from refolding to its native structure. However, we have
found that the formation of β-sheet is actually reversible in the model peptide, poly-L-
lysine (PLL). Using Infrared Spectroscopy, we monitored β-sheet formation and
destabilization in PLL as a function of time, pH, and temperature. We found that cooling
to 4°C destabilizes the β-sheets and that their formation is entirely reversible over
several days. Additionally, bulky, inert ―crowding agents‖ which mimic the crowded
environment of cells, are seen to stabilize the formation of β-sheets and minimize their
disaggregation. These studies provide insight into the mechanism of disaggregation,
which could be exploited to recover function in misfolded proteins, reversing the effects
of disease.

CHED 392

Novel d6 Re(CO)3 iodide compounds

Bertha G. Baroody(1), [email protected], 1 College St., Worcester MA 01610,

United States ; Richard S. Herrick(1); Christopher J. Ziegler(2); Christopher Masi(3). (1)
Department of Chemistry, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College St., Worcester MA
01610, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron OH
44325, United States (3) Department of Physical Science, Westfield State University,
Westfield Ma 01086, United States

Rhenium d6 compounds are being studied as potential catalysts for syn/gas conversions
and as potential therapeutic agents incorporating β- -emitting nuclides 186Re and 188Re.
Another possible use stems from the large mass of the rhenium. If stable, water-soluble,
compounds of rhenium can be developed, they may be useful as contrast agents in
medical imaging. As a first step in this area, we thought we would create compounds
that contain rhenium and a clinically useful heavy atom, iodine. Easily generated
Re(CO)5(OTf) was used to generate the little studied Re(CO)5I, generating the product
in high yield. The iodide was used to to generate a series of novel Re(CO)3L2I
compounds. Their syntheses and characterizations will be presented. Also presented
will be several crystal structures including the pentacarbonyl iodid and triflate
compounds and a novel D3h dimeric anion. The triflate compound had a surprising
structure that provides information about this common reagent.

CHED 393

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Effect of wine polyphenols on CYP2E1 activity in HepG2 cells

Tyler Lewis(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; Andres Caro(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway
AR 72032, United States

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is a liver enzyme that metabolizes ethanol to

acetaldehyde, and is induced by ethanol resulting in metabolic tolerance. Wine is an
alcoholic beverage containing an average of 12% (v/v) of ethanol, together with
polyphenols including flavonols, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. The objectives of our
work were to evaluate the effect of wine polyphenols on CYP2E1 activity in vitro
(isolated liver microsomes) and in situ (intact hepatocytes). Wine polyphenols
significantly inhibited CYP2E1 activity in isolated rat liver microsomes, assessed as
PNP hydroxylation. In addition, wine polyphenols significantly inhibited CYP2E1 activity
in situ in hepatocytes overexpressing CYP2E1, assessed as 7-ethoxycoumarin de-
ethylation. These results suggest that wine intake might modulate CYP2E1 activity
through induction by ethanol, and inhibition by polyphenols.

CHED 394

Quantifying CYP2E1-derived DNA radicals in HepG2 cells by immuno-spin

trapping

Sinehan Bayrak(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; Andres Caro(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway
AR 72032, United States

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is a liver enzyme that is induced by ethanol,

metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde, and actively generates reactive oxygen species
(ROS, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical). Cellular DNA is
a sensitive target for oxidative attack by ROS, generating transient DNA radicals and
stable hydroxylated products. DNA radicals can not be directly quantified because of
their very short half life. The objectives of our work were to quantify indirectly by
immuno-spin trapping, DNA radicals generated by oxidation mediated by CYP2E1-
derived ROS in intact HepG2 cells. DNA radicals were generated by a Fenton system
(copper and hydrogen peroxide) or by increased CYP2E1 activity in the presence of
oxygen and iron chelates. DNA radicals were trapped with DMPO, and the stable
DMPO adducts quantified by EIA using specific antibodies anti-DMPO. DNA radicals
were successfully detected, demonstrating that this technique is sensitive to detect
CYP2E1-dependent DNA oxidation.

CHED 395

Oxidative effects of mitochondrial CYP2E1 overexpression in HepG2 cells

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Anaheim, CA

Jadon Wiese(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; Andres Caro(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway
AR 72032, United States

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is a liver enzyme that metabolizes ethanol to

acetaldehyde, and is induced by ethanol resulting in metabolic tolerance. Although
CYP2E1 is mainly expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum, a low percentage of
CYP2E1 activity can be found in mitochondria. CYP2E1 actively generates oxidants
derived from oxygen even in the absence of substrates. The objectives of this work
were to evaluate the effects of mitochondrial CYP2E1 overexpression in intact
hepatocytes on oxidative metabolism. Mitochondrial CYP2E1 overexpression in HepG2
cells produced oxidative stress, detected as oxidation of DCFH-DA, a fluorogenic probe.
Mitochondrial CYP2E1 overexpression decreased mitochondrial DNA content
(assessed by real time PCR) by 50% without affecting DNA integrity (assessed by long
qPCR). These results suggest that mitochondrial CYP2E1 overexpression contributes to
hepatocyte oxidative stress.

CHED 396

Hydrogen sulfide increases oxidative stress in CYP2E1-overexpressing HepG2

cells

Jonathan Tackett(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; Andres Caro(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway
AR 72032, United States

Hydrogen sulfide is toxic to mammalian cells, although it can also function as an

antioxidant. The objectives of our work were to evaluate the antioxidant or prooxidant
activity of hydrogen sulfide in HepG2 cells. Hydrogen sulfide induced oxidative stress in
HepG2 cells overexpressing an oxidative heme-protein, cytochrome P450 2E1
(CYP2E1), but not in regular HepG2 cells not expressing any cytochrome P450.
Oxidative stress was detected by flow cytometry in the cytosolic compartment (with
DCFH-DA, a water-soluble probe), and also in the membrane compartment of HepG2
cells (with C11-BODIPY, a lipophilic probe). Oxidative stress by hydrogen sulfide was
inhibited by amphipatic antioxidants such as trolox. These results suggest that hydrogen
sulfide only produces oxidative stress in the presence of prooxidants such as CYP2E1.

CHED 397

Effect of Mg2+on poly U:poly dA:poly U triple helices

Daniel Hood(1), [email protected], 50 South Lincoln, Box # 752, Washington

Pennsylvania 15301, United States ; Mark Harris(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Washington & Jefferson College, Washington Pennsylvania 15301, United States

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Anaheim, CA

The stabilization of nucleic acid triple helices has the potential to be used in the medical
field by inhibiting the transcription and translation of harmful genes. As part of an
ongoing project to assess the effect of multivalent cations on the relative stabilities of
homopolymer triple helices differing in DNA/RNA composition, the current study
examines the stabilization of an RNA:DNA:RNA hybrid (poly U:poly dA:poly U).
Complexes were prepared in a PIPES buffer (pH 7.110) with constant concentrations of
NaCl and EDTA and with varying concentrations of Mg2+. Melting curves were
performed to determine the temperatures at which complexes dissociated. Mixing
curves were then used to identify whether triple helices actually formed or if only double
helices were observed.

CHED 398

Induction of cell stress by a novel naphthaquinone with modified anthracycline

ring system

Kevin A. Bohn(1), [email protected], 800 South Tucker Avenue, Tulsa Oklahoma

74104, United States ; Robert J. Sheaff(1); John C. DiCesare(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States
(2) Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro Georgia 30460,
United States

12,13-Dihydro-N-methyl-6,11,13-trioxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]naphthalen-5,12-
imine (hereafter called TU100) was synthesized as a potential chemotherapeutic agent.
Cell viability studies showed TU100 rapidly kills a variety of cancer cell lines by inducing
apoptosis. This project further characterized the cellular stress pathways activated by
exposure to TU100. Transformed and untransformed tissue culture cells were treated
with TU100 for varying times and effects on cell adhesion analyzed by microscopy.
Alteration of signal transduction pathways and the stress response was monitored by
generating cell extracts and determining levels of relevant proteins by polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis and western blotting. In contrast to other well known anthracyclines,
TU100 exposure caused rapid loss of cell adhesion. Contribution of detachment to cell
death was evaluated. Furthermore, TU100 induced specific patterns of heat shock
protein expression, providing clues regarding the type of cell stress induced and
potential molecular targets.

CHED 399

Reaction of halogenated hydrocarbons with cysteine and nucleotides

Brittany Morgan(1), [email protected], 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079,

Bowling Green KY 42101-1079, United States ; Kevin M. Williams(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green KY 42101, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Our objective is to develop a simple, inexpensive model to better understand the

biologically relevant reactions of halogenated hydrocarbons using NMR spectroscopy.
We currently have a model that mimics the adduct created by the reaction of ethylene
dibromide (a known toxin and carcinogen) with cysteine and guanosine 5'-
monophosphate. Early attempts led to side products including ethylene oxide and
ethylene glycol; however, our most promising method to date reacts cysteine with 2-
bromoethanol in sodium methoxide/methanol followed by reaction of the 2-hydroxyethyl
adduct with HCl and later with guanosine 5'-monophosphate. By reacting other
halogenated hydrocarbons through the same method, we can directly compare their
unknown reactivity to the known reactivity of ethylene dibromide in order to determine
similarities and differences between the expected biological activity and/or toxicity.

CHED 400

Effects of conserved heme edge residues on reduction potential and

intramolecular electron transfer in human sulfite oxidase: Role of steric solvent
exclusion

Matthew Cornelison(1), [email protected], 1306 E. University Blvd, Tucson

Arizona 85721, United States ; Asha Rajapakshe(1); Gordon Tollin(1); John H Enemark(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
85721, United States

Human sulfite oxidase (HSO) catalyzes the oxidation of toxic sulfite to sulfate in a
mechanism that includes two intramolecular electron transfers (IET) between the
molybdenum and heme domains. Previous studies of IET in HSO have focused on
mutations near the molybdenum active site and of the polypeptide tether linking the two
domains. However, by analogy to previous studies of heme b5 (Rivera et al.
Biochemistry, 1998, 37, 1485), altering the exposure of the heme edge of HSO to
solvent should change the reduction potential and IET rates. This work investigates the
effects of mutating conserved residues Y83 and F79 near the heme edge of HSO to the
smaller, less bulky, alanine, in order to increase the exposure of the heme edge to
solvent. The characterization of these mutants using steady state kinetics,
spectroelectrochemistry, and laser flash photolysis studies of IET will be presented.

CHED 401

Rational design of Mtb enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase inhibitors

Mina C Nakhla(1), [email protected], 3001 South Congress, Austin Tx 78704,

United States ; Eamonn F Healy(1). (1) Chemistry, St. Edward[apos]s University, Austin
Tx 78704, United States

The inhibition of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase
InhA by arylamides has been the focus of much study and investigation. Inhibition of

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Anaheim, CA

this protein leads to the in-ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to biosynthesis fatty

acids which eventually leads to cell lysis. The focus of our research involves an in-silico
study and subsequent synthesis of inhibitors of InhA protein of tuberculosis. The goal is
to use computer-based molecular modeling to rationally guide inhibitor design, and to
test this design methodology by synthesis and inhibition assays. Our specific focus has
been on modifications of previously reported pyrrolidine carboxamide homologs, with all
modifications guided by consensus-scored docking poses for a wide range of
substituted homologs.

CHED 402

Acetylenic inhibitors of ADAM10 and ADAM17: In silico analysis of potency and

selectivity

Moises Mejia(1), [email protected], 3001 South Congress, Austin Tx 78704,

United States ; Eamonn F Healy(1). (1) Chemistry, St. Edward[apos]s University, Austin
Tx 78704, United States

The matrix metalloproteinase family has been a pharmaceutical target for most of the
last three decades, but success has been hampered by unwanted side-effects caused
by lack of selectivity, poor oral bioavailability and decreased potency in vivo. The
surface-expressed metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17, the latter also also
referred to as TACE, play important roles in various physiological processes, especially
involving tissue repair and development. Because of its role in the release of the
cytokine TNF-alpha TACE has been a key target for pharmaceutical intervention in the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. An extensive body of structural activity data has been
developed for a series of small molecule inhibitors of TACE based on a sulfonamide
scaffold containing key acetylenic substituents. We have undertaken an extensive
molecular modeling study of select members of this ligand group to better understand
the structural nuances involved in the development of ever more potent TACE inhibitors,
and identify those elements of structure-based design that would enhance the selectivity
of such inhibitors for TACE over ADAM10. Results include the identification of a flexible
loop, comparable to that found in other MMPs, that plays a subtle, yet significant, role in
determining inhibitor potency.

CHED 403

Detection of cystathionine ketimine and lanthionine ketimine in the urine of those

with Down Syndrome

Hannah Robinson(1), [email protected], 7400 Bay Road, SE 272, University Center MI

48710, United States ; Tami L. Sivy(1), [email protected], 7400 Bay Road, SE 272,

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Anaheim, CA

University Center MI 48710, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Saginaw

Valley State University, University Center MI 48710, United States

Down Syndrome (DS) is a disorder resulting from an extra chromosome number 21,
leading to birth defects, intellectual disabilities, and multiple health issues. We have
hypothesized that the overexpression of the gene coding for cystathionine β-synthase
(CBS) (located on chromosome 21) increases flux through the metabolic pathways in
which it is active, leading to increased levels of pathway products cystathionine ketimine
(CK) and lanthionine ketimine (LK). An increase in the levels of LK may cause oxidative
damage, resulting in some of the symptoms associated with DS. We have devised an
HPLC-MS method to detect and quantify derivatized LK and CK in urine samples.
Deuterated LK is used as an internal control, and creatinine is detected as a measure of
urine clearance. Future implementation of this method will allow for the comparison of
the levels of LK and CK in urine control samples to urine samples from those with DS.

CHED 404

Control of reaction specificity in 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA ligase

Richard Dannebaum(1), [email protected], One Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo CA

93407, United States ; Marcos Perez(1); Barbara Skaggs(1); Emily J. Fogle(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San
Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) dependent enzymes are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze a
wide variety of reactions including racemization, transamination, decarboxylation,
carbon-carbon bond cleavage. The ability of PLP dependent enzymes to catalyze
multiple types of chemistry begs the question of how an individual enzyme maintains
specificity for its particular reaction. An intriguing example of reaction specificity occurs
in the alpha-oxoamine synthase family of PLP dependent enzymes. All members
catalyze a condensation between an amino acid and an acyl-CoA thioester and then
catalyze decarboxylation of an enzyme bound intermediate—except 2-amino-3-
ketobutrate CoA ligase (KBL). KBL does not catalyze decarboxylation despite using a
substrate that could easily decarboxylate. To address the question of how KBL prevents
decarboxylation, KBL was first overexpressed as an N-terminal 6 His fusion and purified
by affinity chromatography. Finally, initial kinetic characterization, including inhibitor
studies,were performed.

CHED 405

Exploration of the prion species barrier using a yeast chimeric protein

Sarah D. Neuman(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 359, Sheboygan WI 53082,

United States ; Gregory R. Smith(1). (1) Department of Biology, Lakeland College,
Sheboygan WI 53082, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles that have been implicated in several
mammalian diseases. Prion proteins assume an abnormal three-dimensional
conformation that allows them to aggregate, resulting in the loss of protein function.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains several proteins capable of forming prions,
including the translation termination factor Sup35p. Many other yeast species have
Sup35p homologs, and each has a uniquethree-dimensional conformation. Therefore, a
species barrier exists between Sup35p from different species,preventing prion cross-
infection. In this study, a chimeric protein consisting of portions of Sup35p from two
yeast species, S. cerevisiae and Pichia methanolica, was synthesized. The ability of this
chimeric protein to cross the species barrier was assessed via fluorescence microscopy
and phenotypic colony screening. Preliminary resultssuggest that the chimeric protein
can self-aggregate, but cannot convert S. cerevisiae Sup35p to the prion conformation.
These data indicate that the chimeric protein was unable to cross the species barrier.

CHED 406

Site-directed mutants of nitrobenzene dioxygenase

Kailey Nelson(1), [email protected], 3900 Bethel Drive #1810, St. Paul MN

55112, United States ; Paul Davis(1); Matthew B Neibergall(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul Minnesota 55112, United States

Rieske dioxygenases catalyze interesting reactions in general because they break the
O-O bond of a dioxygen molecule and insert both oxygen atoms into aromatic
substrates to produce cis-diols. Nitrobenzene dioxygenase (NBDO), isolated from
Comamonas JS765, is especially interesting because this Rieske dioxygenase initiates
the oxidative catabolic processes that degrade nitrobenzene which, along with other
nitroaromatic compounds, has been shown to contaminate soil and water samples near
facilities that produce dyes and explosives. Although important details of the Rieske
dioxygenase mechanism have already been established, there are key intermediates
that have yet to be fully characterized. This study focused on generating specific
mutations in the NBDO gene, which was cloned previously. These mutations will allow
for future mechanistic studies and development of environmental applications.

CHED 407

Effect of cytosine derivatives on DNA-protein crosslinking from guanine

oxidation

Marina Abramchayeva(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Rd., Los

Angeles CA 90049, United States ; Danielle Lara(1), [email protected], 12001
Chalon Rd., Los Angeles CA 90049, United States ; Zitadel Anne Perez(1),
[email protected], 12001 Chalon Rd., Los Angeles CA 90049, United States ;
Amanda Madison(1); Eric D.A. Stemp(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, Mount St.
Mary[apos]s College, Los Angeles CA 90049, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Oxidative damage contributes to disease. Here, the effect of cytosine modification on

DNA-protein crosslinking resulting from guanine oxidation was examined. 5-
bromocytosine (BrC) is a weaker base than 5-methylcytosine (MeC) and should favor
formation of the more reactive guanine radical cation. In duplexes which contained
either BrC or MeC, BrC DNA exhibited more DNA-protein crosslinking after oxidation. In
addition, competition experiments were executed using the A-rich strand 5'-
AAAAAGGATATATAXXAAAA-3' (X=BrC or MeC), with the complementary strand
containing MeC or BrC, respectively. Crosslinking was detected using the gel shift
assay under native and denaturing conditions. Under all conditions, guanines on the A-
rich strand across from MeC exhibited more crosslinking. In DNAs with only one type of
cytosine present, the DNA with the more reactive radical gives more crosslinking.
However, when both MeC and BrC are present, the crosslinking occurs preferentially at
the site where the more stable neutral radical is formed, across from MeC.

CHED 408

Cytoskeletal protein level determination involved in cellular motility

Andrew S. Frazee(1), [email protected], 8600 University Blvd., Evansville Indiana

47712, United States ; Jeannie T. B. Collins(1), [email protected], 8600 University Blvd.,
SC 2255, Evansville Indiana 47712, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Southern Indiana, Evansville Indiana 47711, United States

Antibodies against the following antigens: actin, actin binding protein 34, alpha actinin,
alpha tubulin, beta tubulin, ezrin p81, gelsolin, kinesin 4 (head region), kinesin 5 (tail
region), and vimentin, were used to examine the protein extracts from the experimental
organism Stemonitis flavogenita. The target antigens were cytoskeletal proteins, thus
being the foundation of cellular motility. The proteins extracted were analyzed using
denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blot, and slot blot analyses.
Proteins in the crude extract sample crossreacted with antibodies against actin, actin
binding protein 34, alpha tubulin, ezrin p81, kinesin 4, and kinesin 5. Antibodies against
actin, actin binding protein, ezrin p81, kinesin 4, and kinesin 5 crossreacted with
proteins in the pellet sample. Antibodies against actin, actin binding protein 34, alpha
tubulin, ezrin p81, kinesin 4, and kinesin 5 crossreacted with proteins in the supernatant
sample. Correlation to cellular motility will be presented.

CHED 409

Biophysical characterization of myocilin single nucleotide polymorphisms

Chandler Walker(1), [email protected], 615 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh NC 27607,

United States ; Raquel Lieberman(2); Joyce N. Burns(2). (1) North Carolina State
University, Raleigh NC, United States (2) Department of Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta GA 30336, United States

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

The current worldwide leading cause of blindness is

glaucoma, which is characterized by increased intraocular pressure and
irreversible vision loss. The
inherited early-onset form of glaucoma is linked to mutations in myocilin
through a gain-of-function mechanism. There are three different forms of
myocilin: wild-type, disease-causing mutants and single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs). There have
been numerous studies investigating wild-type myocilin and disease-causing
mutants, but there have not been any studies investigating SNPs in myocilin in
relation to glaucoma. Three SNPs have
been identified within the olfactomedin domain of myocilin: E352Q, E396D,
K398R. The aim of this project is to characterize these three SNPs based on their
biophysical properties. The
hypothesis is that the disease-causing mutants are less stable than wild-type,
resulting in a decreased melting temperature. There is currently no data
suggesting that these SNPs are disease-causing, and we seek to know whether
they are similar to wild-type or disease-causing mutants.

CHED 410

West Nile Virus oral vaccine approach with recombinant candidate antigens

Reece Knippel(1), [email protected], 1910 University Drive, Boise Idaho

83725-1520, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State
Univeristy, Boise Idaho 83725, United States

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a flaviviruse that has caused more than 30,000 infections and
1,000 deaths since it emerged in the US in 1999. An oral or intranasal vaccine for
humans would be ideal for ease of delivery. Two outer membrane proteins,
premembrane (PrM) and envelop (domain III or DIII) are known targets for protective
humoral immunity. To aid in vaccine development, large quantities of recombinant WNV
proteins are necessary. The genes for prM and DIII were amplified and expressed in E.
coli and Brevibacillus, and purified using Ni-affinity chromatography. E. coli yielded low
quantities of soluble antigen (200 ug/L). Solubilized E. coli inclusion bodies yielded
more antigen (10mg/L). The Brevibacillus expression system secreted large amounts of
recombinant antigen (10-20 mg/L). The recombinant antigens were used successfully
for ELISA and Western blot applications. Mucosal vaccines have been constructed with
prM and DIII antigens loaded into crystalline dextran microparticles.

CHED 411

Stimulating effects of nicotine ventral tegmental area of dopamine

Vanessa C Mackey(1), [email protected], 886 Parsons, Atlanta GA

30314, United States ; Zachary A Rodd(2); Gerald A. Deehan1(2). (1) Spelman College,

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Anaheim, CA

Atlanta, GA 30314, United States (2) Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University

School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202, United States

Individuals that suffer from alcoholism are more likely to use NIC at rates that far
exceed those of the general population. NIC activates the reward pathway in the brain
increasing dopamine (DA) levels. The alcohol-preferring (P) rat line is an animal model
for alcoholism and exhibits a greater sensitivity within their DA reward pathway
compared to Wistar rats. The current research tested the hypothesis that DA neurons in
the pVTA of P rats are more sensitive than Wistar rats to the stimulating effects of NIC.
The rats received injections of NIC directly into the posterior pVTA while microdialysis
was used to extract dopamine. P rats responded more for NIC directly into the pVTA
and showed greater DA levels after microinjections of NIC into the pVTA. The
hypothesis that there may be a general genetic predisposition underlying alcohol and
NIC abuse is supported by this research.

CHED 412

Mechanism of firefly luciferase inhibition by novel naphthaquinone with modified

anthracycline ring system

Rebecca Bedford(1), [email protected], 3134 E 5th Pl, Tulsa OK 74104,

United States ; Maddi Laizure(1); Jamie Potter(1); Daniel LePage(1); Rachel Hoffmann(1);
John DiCesare(2); Robert J Sheaff(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Tulsa, Tulsa OK 74104, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Georgia Southern University, Statesboro GA 30460, United States

12,13-Dihydro-N-methyl-6,11,13-trioxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]naphthalene-
5,12-imine (hereafter called TU100) was synthesized as a potential chemotherapy drug.
It shows effectiveness against a variety of cancer cell lines. Unexpectedly, its analysis in
a luciferase-based cell viability assay suggested that TU100 inhibits luciferase activity.
The goal of this project was to characterize the mechanism of inhibition compared to
other luciferase inhibitors such as resveratrol. A cell-free assay system was established
using the substrate luciferin and firefly luciferase obtained by overexpression in tissue
culture cells. Product formation (light emission) was measured on an Alpha-tech imager.
Resulted confirmed that TU100 inhibits luciferase as effectively as resveratrol, while
other well known chemotherapeutic agents had no effect. A kinetic analysis suggests
the TU100 mechanism of inhibition is different from that of resveratrol. Pre-incubation
experiments indicate TU100 slowly but irreversibly inactivates luciferase, raising the
possibility it is a novel class of suicide substrate.

CHED 413

Novel role for ubiquitin in protein degradation

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Hannah R Berrett(1), [email protected], 8805 E. 109th Pl S, Tulsa Oklahoma

74133, United States ; Robert J Sheaff(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is disrupted in many human

diseases. Current models suggest covalent attachment of ubiquitin targets and tethers
proteins to the proteasome, where they are unfolded and degraded. We tested this
model by generating model substrates lacking lysines, the ubiquitin attachment site. The
substrates were then expressed in tissue culture cells along with the wild type version to
measure their stability. Cell extracts were prepared and protein levels determined by
western blotting. As expected, one substrate (cyclin E) could no longer be degraded
because it lacked ubiquitination. Surprisingly, however, we identified a different
substrate (p21) that could still be degraded despite the absence of ubiquitination.
Because cyclin E is structured while p21 is not, we hypothesize ubiquitin is required for
protein unfolding.

CHED 414

Inhibition of Renilla luciferase by novel naphthaquinone with modified

anthracycline ring system

Rachel Hoffmann(1), [email protected], 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa OK 74104,

United States ; Rebecca Bedford(1); Maddi Laizure(1); Jamie Potter(1); Daniel LePage(1);
John DiCesare(2); Robert J. Sheaff(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Tulsa, Tulsa OK 74104, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Georgia Southern University, Statesboro GA 30460, United States

A potential chemotherapy drug combining structural elements of naphthaquinones and

anthracyclines was synthesized and named TU100. It displayed efficacy against cell
growth (using a protein expression-based assay) and cell viability (using a resazurin-
based fluoresecent assay). Surprisingly, however, TU100 appeared to have no effect on
cell viability using a luciferase-based reporter assay. Closer inspection nevertheless
revealed the cells were dying, suggesting TU100 was inhibiting luciferase activity. This
hypothesis was confirmed using firefly luciferase. This study seeks to determine if
TU100 inhibits Renilla luciferase. Renilla luciferase was obtained from overexpression
in tissue culture cells. Its activity was measured as the production of light quantified on
an Alpha-Tech imaging system. Our results show that TU100 inhibits Renilla luciferase
while resveratrol (a known inhibitor of firefly luciferase) did not. Efforts are currently
underway to characterize the mechanism of lufierase inhibition and determine the
implications for understanding TU100 effects on cancer cells.

CHED 415

Is Coronin-1 involved in Danio rerio cell mobility in a ubiquitin dependent fashion

Page 201 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Priyanka Parajuli(1), [email protected], 1450 Alta Vista Street, Dubuque

Iowa 52001, United States ; David Speckhard(1). (1) Program of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Loras College, Dubuque Iowa 52001, United States

Coronin is an actin binding protein found in lower as well in higher eukaryotes. The loss
of Coronin gene results in cells with impaired chemotaxis and phagocytosis. It is known
to be involved in many aspects of cellular physiology especially metabolism of proteins,
including both degradation and recycling pathways including endocytosis (Reyes-Turcu
et al., 2009 Annu. Rev. Biochem.78:363-397). Dr. Rob Piper has suggested that
ubiquitin may be involved in Coronin action. One new way to investigate the role of
ubiquitin in a process is to construct fusion protein containing a protein known or
suspected to be involved in endocytosis and binding or ligating ubiquitin with an active
de-ubiquinating (DUB) protein domain from Herpes Simplex (M48) (Piper et al., 2009,
University of Iowa, Personal Communication ). We are cloning DNA samples of Danio
rerio Coronin, DUB and mutant DUB followed by construction of recombinant cloning
vector with the appropriate target and DUB elements as well as the fluorescent protein
marker and promoter. DUB segment will be inserted into Coronin-1vector at the C-
terminus of the Coronin-1 in a vector; the vector will contain both DsRed2 marker and
the myeloperoxidase promoter. Once large amount of the construct is isolated, RNA for
the construct will be prepared and injected it into transgenic zebrafish expressing GFP
in their neutrophils. Florescence microscope will be used to evaluate the migration
(speed and direction) of neutrophils expressing the DsRed2-Cro-1DUB construct to
determine if Coronin-1 ubiquitin ligase activity or binding is necessary for normal
neutrophil cell migration in the Danio rerio embryos.

CHED 416

Effects of non-nearest neighbor base pairs on the stability of RNA GNRA

tetraloops

Teresa S. Horwitz(1), [email protected], 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis MO, United States
; Brent M. Znosko(1), [email protected], 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis MO, United
States ; Pamela Vanegas(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, United
States

It is well known that the 3D structure of RNA is responsible for RNA function. Although
many 3D structures of RNA have been identified, there is an abundance of sequences
for which the 3D structure is unknown. While X-ray crystallography and NMR are useful
tools for the determination of RNA 3D structure, development of a method to predict 3D
structure from nucleotide sequence alone would be most beneficial. A possible first step
of predicting 3D structure is to accurately predict secondary structure. A common
method used to predict RNA secondary structure is free energy minimization using the
Nearest Neighbor Model. This model predicts the total free energy of an RNA
secondary structure by summing the free energy contributions of the Watson-Crick
nearest neighbor base-pairs and any non-canonical secondary structure motif. The

Page 202 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Nearest Neighbor Model assumes that the free energy contribution of a secondary
structure motif is dependent only on the identity of the nucleotides in the motif and its
adjacent neighbors; non-nearest neighbors do not affect the stability of the motif. In
order to test this assumption, different stem-loop sequences were optically melted to
experimentally determine thermodynamic parameters. In each of these sequences, the
hairpin loop sequence and the closing base pair were held constant, while the first non-
nearest neighbor base pair was varied. Results show the thermodynamic contributions
of the hairpin loop was dependent upon the identity of the first non-nearest neighbor;
therefore, non-nearest neighbors do affect the stability of an RNA tetraloop.

CHED 417

Structure of Human ETHE1, a glyoxalase-like protein

Nicole Adams(1), [email protected], 701 East. High Street, Oxford Ohio 45056,
United States ; Pattraranee Limphong(1); Michael W Crowder(1); Christopher A
Makaroff(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxcord Ohio 45056,
United States

Mutations in human ETHE1 are connected with the metabolic disorder ethylmalonic
encephalopathy (EE). Although the genetic alteration responsible for EE is known, the
physiological alterations underlying the disease are still unclear. The overall objective of
this research is to characterize the ETHE1 protein, biochemically and structurally to gain
insight into its biochemical role in humans. It was recently shown that ETHE1 exhibits
sulfur dioxygenase activity. The specific goals of this research are to use spectroscopic
and structural studies on HuETHE1 to determine the overall structure of the enzyme
and the role of the metal center in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. HuETHE1 was
over-expressed as a maltose binding protein fusion protein. The tagged HuETHE1 was
purified using an amylose affinity column then isolated by a Q-sepharose column. ICP
showed that the protein bound 1equivalence of Fe. EPR results suggested the metal is
Fe (III). Initial NMR studies showed the metal center was silent so metal loading
experiments under anaerobic conditions are underway. Crystal screening has also been
initiated. Kinetic studies using an oxygen electrode were performed and compared to
previous research results; these findings will also be presented.

CHED 418

Thermodynamic characterization of RNA duplexes containing non-naturally

occurring 1x2 nucleotide internal loops

Angela N. Hoynacki(1), [email protected], 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis MO, United
States ; Brent M. Znosko(1), [email protected], 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis MO,
United States ; Jaya Badhwar(1); Cody Cass(1); Sarada Karri(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Saint Louis University, United States

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

A recent study [Badhwar, Karri, Cass, Wunderlich, and Znosko (2007) Biochemistry 46,
14715-14724] reported the sequences and stabilities of the most frequently occurring
RNA 1x2 nucleotide internal loops in nature. Does nature select for the most stable
internal loop sequences or are there other factors that affect the frequency of
occurrence in nature? In order to address this question, a variety of 1x2 nucleotide loop
sequences that rarely occur in nature were optically melted in order to determine their
stability. The stability of these rare sequences will be compared to the stabilities of the
most frequently occurring sequences.

CHED 419

Comparison of protein concentrations in musth and non-musth elephant urine

Tresor O. Mukiza(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR

72032, United States ; Randall A. Kopper(1); Thomas E. Goodwin(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States

Mature male African and Asian elephants periodically experience a rut-like state called
musth, involving elevated serum testosterone, swollen and draining temporal glands,
urine dribbling, lowered appetite, increased aggression, and enhanced reproductive
success. In Asian elephants, proteins play transport and sequestering roles before
pheromone interactions with sensory receptors. Frontalin, a chemical signal of musth in
older males, is linked to albumin in the temporal gland secretion (L. E. L. Rasmussen et
al., Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2003, 31, 37). Likewise, Z-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate, the
preovulatory urinary pheromone, is bound to urinary albumin (J. Lazar et al.,
Biochemistry 2002, 41, 11786). As a part of our study of chemical signals of musth in
male elephants, we are investigating the relative concentrations of elephant urinary
proteins. Samples of musth and non-musth urine were analyzed for protein
concentration. The proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and the relative amounts of
urinary proteins were compared by scanning densitometry.

CHED 420

Kinetic study of the esterase activity of albumins

Amy D. Melton(1), [email protected], 4525 Downs Dr., Saint Joseph MO

64507, United States ; Samantha L King(1), [email protected], 4525
Downs Dr., Saint Joseph MO 64507, United States ; Trevor C. Rawlings(1),
[email protected], 4525 Downs Dr., Saint Joseph MO 64507, United
States ; Matthew King(1); Hillary Turner(1); Kristin D. Cozad(1); Bridget M. Janssen(1);
Curtiss E. Lane(1); Austin B. Limle(1); Jason D. Rogers(1); Jeffrey N Woodford(1);
Benjamin Caldwell(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Missouri Western State University,
Saint Joseph MO 64507, United States

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Albumins have long been associated with many types of binding and transporting fatty
acids, drugs, and other substrates. A much lesser known activity of albumin is that it
may also function catalytically as an esterase. In this study the esterase activity of
human, bovine, and ovine serum albumins were examined using the substrates para-
nitrophenylacetate (pNPA), related longer chain nitrophenyl esters, and an esterase
inhibitor aminoethylbenzenesulfonylfluoride (AEBSF).Upon hydrolysis, pNPA forms
para-nitrophenolate which absorbs strongly at 410 nm, allowing the kinetics of esterase
activity to be monitored by UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The kinetic analysis of the esterase
activity of these albumins will be presented.

CHED 421

Identification of circadian clock-associated proteins in the filamentous fungus

Aspergillus nidulans by 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS

Wendy S. Dria(1), [email protected], Attn. Rebecca Corbin, 401 College Ave,

Ashland OH 44805, United States ; Andrew V. Greene(1); Rebecca W. Corbin(1). (1)
Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Ashland University, Ashland OH 44805, United
States

Circadian rhythms are daily oscillations in behaviors such as spore formation in fungi.
These rhythms can free-run in the absence of temporal cues with approximately 24-hr
periods, and they are controlled within single cells by protein-based oscillators. Among
the fungi, circadian rhythms have been most extensively studied in Neurospora crassa,
and in N. crassa, most rhythmic activity depends upon the FREQUENCY protein.
Aspergillus exhibits circadian rhythms in spore development and gene expression,
however, no detectable ortholog of the FREQUENCY protein exists in the sequenced
genomes of any Aspergillus species. The objective of our research is to identify
oscillator components in Aspergillus, by using 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS
analysis. To date, we have identified cycling proteins including GAPDH
(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase), and an
ortholog of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Sfc4, a transcription factor subunit. We now
seek to confirm rhythmic expression of these genes using real-time PCR or northern
blotting.

CHED 422

siRNA stabilization and transfection by cationic polymers and polymer-

functionalized paramagnetic particles

Xaira Y. López Corcino(1), [email protected], CUH Station, Humacao Puerto

Rico 00791, United States ; Carlos A. Lazu Arroyo(1); Valerie Badillo(1); Betzaida Castillo
Cruz(1); Gabriel L. Barletta(1). (1) Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico - Humacao,
Humacao Puerto Rico 00791, United States

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Anaheim, CA

This study seeks new materials to stabilize and transfect short interfering RNA's
(siRNA) overcoming toxicity issues while simultaneously targeting cancerous cells and
exploiting magnetofection. siRNA's have shown tremendous potential over the last
decade as powerful therapeutics against cancer and other diseases. However, they are
unable to transfect cells and are rapidly hydrolyzed in serum. The approach to
overcome this has been to employ a variety of viral and non-viral vectors, but the
success of these materials is somewhat overshadowed by new problems such as
cytotoxicity, poor siRNA release and in the final secretion of the material. In this study
we tested a series of modified magnetic nanoparticles to stabilize and transfect siRNA
in HeLa and CHO-k1cell lines. Our results show that the transfection efficiency of some
of these materials is higher than that of polyethylene imine (PEI). Magnetofection was
also explored as an alternative technique to transfect siRNA. In addition to the improved
transfection efficiency, these materials are less toxic than PEI, even when a magnetic
field is applied. This systematic study of siRNA and DNA transfection, plus cell toxicity
with and without an applied magnetic field to the cells, demonstrates the relationship
between toxicity to transfection efficiency (transfection efficiency and stability is
improved by reducing cell toxicity effects). Furthermore, the embedded magnetite
nanoparticle adds an extra tool by which these nanoparticles can be guided to
cancerous cells and tissue in future studies.

CHED 423

Enzymatic saccharification by ionic liquid pretreatment for biofuels production

Michael Mazzotta(1), [email protected], 540 Lancaster Avenue, Richmond KY

40475, United States ; L. Hope Ellison(1); Laurel A. Morton(1); Martin Brock(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond KY 40475, United
States

Indigenous plant sources, such as switchgrass, make the possibility of manufacturing

biofuels domestically tangible as these plant materials can be broken down into simpler
carbohydrates that can then be consumed by high oil content algae. While a multitude
of physical and chemical pretreatment procedures have been employed on switchgrass,
ionic liquids possess a great potential as many can solubilize cellulose, allowing for
efficient saccharification. Use of enzymes for purposes of saccharification is pragmatic
due to the effectiveness and the recyclability of such enzymes. The goals of this
research include the use of ionic liquids in the pretreatment of switchgrass to solubilize
cellulose, and the investigation of the effects of such ionic liquids on cellulases and
thermophilic enzymes during saccharification. Results of preliminary studies into the
effective pretreatment of switchgrass and saccharification by enzymatic methods will be
presented.

CHED 424

Improvements in RNA phosphoramidite monomers for automated synthesis

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Wezley Griffin(1), [email protected], 100 Henderson St., Arkadelphia

Arkansas 71999, United States ; Vincent Dunlap(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Henderson State University, Arkadelphia Arkansas 71999, United States

In recent years, chemical synthesis of RNA has become a valuable biochemical tool. As
a result, the demand for RNA phosphoramidite monomers has increased significantly.
While improved silyl protecting group reagents have been developed to improve 2'-OH
selectivity in the ribosyl monomers, yields from these reactions still require
improvement. In order to improve these yields, we have developed structural analogs of
the 5'-OH protecting dimethoxytrityl molecule (DMT). Combined with existing silyl
protecting group technology, these structural modifications have led to improvements in
2'-OH selectivity and greater efficiency in RNA monomer synthesis. These modifications
were examined for their compatibility with the major RNA bases as well as the entire
phosphoramidite chemical synthesis process.

CHED 425

Effect of metal ions on DNA damage induced by photoactivated daunomycin

Julia Von Alexander(1), [email protected], 1001 E. University, Georgetown

TX 78626, United States ; Maha Zewail-Foote(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Southwestern University, Georgetown TX 78626, United States

Daunomycin, an anthracycline antibiotic, interacts with DNA through intercalation. We

have previously shown that photoactivation of daunomycin leads to high levels of
guanine specific oxidation. The damage profile is consistent with a photoinduced one
electron transfer from guanine to daunomycin and then to molecular oxygen to produce
superoxide radicals. Transition metal ions can mediate the damage process by forming
complexes with daunomycin or DNA, or by catalyzing redox reactions to produce DNA
reactive hydroxyl radicals. Here, we examined the effect of copper ions on DNA
damage induced by photoactivated daunomycin. Our results show that copper ions
increase damage in a concentration and irradiation time dependent manner.

CHED 426

Specificity of an RNA silencing suppressor for DNA of varying lengths

Elizabeth A. Alaimo(1), [email protected], 414 N. Meridian St. #6178,

Newberg OR 97132, United States ; Jeffrey M. Vargason(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, George Fox University, Newberg OR 97132, United States

RNA silencing is a specific pathway in which the expression of complementary mRNA is

inhibited due to double-stranded RNA. In plants RNA silencing exists as a defense
mechanism against molecular parasites and as a result some plant viruses express
proteins to suppress RNA silencing. Several silencing suppressor proteins have been

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shown to bind RNA of varying lengths with different affinities in a sequence independent
manner. However, it has been shown that a few of these will not bind an equal length of
DNA potentially in a conformation that mimics the A-conformation. The goal of this
research project focuses on identifying the affinity and specificity of a silencing
suppressor protein for various types and lengths of DNA. Here we report the affinity of a
silencing suppressor protein for certain lengths of DNA (19-bp, 20-bp, and 23-bp)
containing a 3'-Cy3 label, a 5'-phosphate, and using fluorescence polarization.

CHED 427

Arabidopsis thaliana Male Meiocyte Death1 gene plays a role in tapetal cell
development

Katherine Babbitt(1), [email protected], 160 Hughes Laboratories, 701 East High

Street, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States ; Xiaohui Yang (1); Christopher Makaroff(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford Ohio 43220,
United States

Mutations in the Arabidopsis Male Meiocyte Death1 (MMD1) gene cause male
meiocytes to die during meiosis. In this study we investigated whether MMD1 also plays
a role in tapetal cell development and if alterations observed in the male meiocytes
could be due, in part, to defects in the tapetal cells, which provide nutrients and
developmental signals to the meiocytes. Anther cell development in the mmd1 mutant is
being compared to that of the wild type anthers at different stages of anther
development. Wild type and mutant buds of varying ages were fixed and embedded in
Spurr's resin. Semi-thin sections (.5μm) of the anthers were generated and are being
analyzed. Preliminary results indicate that alterations in tapetal cells are in fact present
in mmd1 anthers. The results of a detailed analysis of anther development and the
potential role of MMD1 in tapetal cells will be presented.

CHED 428

Magnetic ferritin as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease

L. Naomi Martineau(1), [email protected], 136 W 400 N APT 29, Provo UT

84601, United States ; Richard K Watt(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo UT 84601, United States

Several neurodegenerative diseases have elevated iron levels. Iron is known to

catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage neurons. In
Alzheimer's disease, MRI studies show increased magnetism in damaged tissue. The
magnetism has been traced to magnetite formation in ferritin. The natural iron core of
ferritin is an Fe(III) mineral of ferrihydrite (FeOOH). Magnetite is an Fe(II,III) oxide
Fe3O4. Therefore, chemical reduction of ferritin may be an important step in both ROS
formation and magnetite formation in Alzheimer's disease. We have identified several

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natural metabolites capable of reducing the mineral core of ferritin and forming
magnetite ferritin. These samples are characterized by Electron Microscopy and X-ray
Powder diffraction. We propose that conditions capable of disrupting metabolic
pathways that allow the build-up of metabolites capable of reducing ferritin may be an
important step in the oxidative damage and progression of Alzheimer's disease.

CHED 429

Detection of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in U138MG

glioblastoma cells

Luke G Chambers(1), [email protected], 500 College Hill, Box 1061, Bio.

Dept., Liberty MO 64068, United States ; Lori A Wetmore(2). (1) Department of Biology,
William Jewell College, Liberty MO 64068, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
William Jewell College, Liberty MO 64068, United States

Autophagy can be defined as the process of sequestrating cytoplasmic proteins or even

entire organelles into the lytic compartment (i.e., the lysosome) and can lead to non-
caspase-mediated cell death that can be regulated by P53. Due to the deregulation of
pathways involved in caspase-mediated apoptotic programmed cell death, glioblastoma
multiforme, the most prevalent form of brain cancer, is highly resistant to traditional
therapeutic efforts. The p53-mutant U138MG glioblastoma cell line serves as a good
model to assess the effectiveness of new autophagy-inducing compounds, such as
rapamycin and plumbagin, in highly resistant p53-mutant glioblastomas (Lefranc, 2007;
Kuo, 2006). Detection of LC3-II can serve as a marker of autophagosome formation
(Thorburn, 2008; Song, 2009). Thus, western blot detection of LC3-II in p53-mutant
U138MG cells after exposure to rapamycin and plumbagin will lend weight to the
hypothesis that these drugs are inducing autophagy in these highly resistant
glioblastoma cells.

CHED 430

Expression and purification of recombinant NAP-1 from Xenopus laevis in E. coli

for in-vitro chromatin reconstitution

Emily Barks(1), [email protected], 700 E. Broadway, Monmouth Il 61462, United

States ; Kevin Askew(1); Katie Clarizio(1); Amanda Murdock(1); James Godde(1). (1)
Department of Biology, Monmouth College, Monmouth Il 61462, United States

The histone code hypothesis predicts that chemical modifications of the histone tails
affect processes like transcription, replication, and chromosome condensation. In order
to test this hypothesis, formation of long nucleosomal arrays can be used to study the
role that changes in linker histone subtype play in chromatin folding and gene
expression. The purpose of this research is to express and purify NAP-1 (nucleosome
assembly protein 1) for future experiments in vitro. NAP-1 is a chaperone protein

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required for the formation of chromatin in vitro. NAP-1 was expressed in transformed E.
coli cells and the GST-fusion protein then purified by affinity column chromatography.
SDS-PAGE analysis was used to determine purity of the protein. The GST (glutathione
S-transferase) tag is now being cleaved through protease digestion. NAP-1 will then be
used to bind H1 linker histone subtypes B4 or H1A to nucleosomes in order to form long
nucleosomal arrays for further research.

CHED 431

Removal of a GST tag by enterokinase and exploring proteolysis kinetics with

SPR in the undergraduate research laboratory

Erin C. Dunnington(1), [email protected], 3307 Third Avenue West Suite 205, (Care of
Benjamin McFarland), Seattle WA 98119, United States ; Nicholas J. Maurice (1); Carter
J. Swanson(1); Benjamin J. McFarland(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seattle Pacific
University, Seattle WA 98119, United States

Binding between NKG2D, a natural killer cell protein, and MICA, a protein expressed by
virus infected or tumorigenic cells, triggers the natural killer cell to destroy MICA-
expressing cells. We mutate the NKG2D-MICA binding interface to increase binding
affinity between the two proteins. Several MICA constructs have been targeted and
expressed based on favorable RosettaDesign affinity predictions. One MICA construct
used also expressed a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) tag. In order to compare GST-
MICA to MICA, enterokinase, a restriction protease, was applied to remove the GST
domain from GST-MICA. GST removal was verified by SDS-PAGE and proteolysis
kinetics were determined by experiment. We also attempted to observe on-chip
proteolysis kinetics in real time with surface plasmon resonance using a BIAcore X with
a GST-specific antibody. The BIAcore X is often available used at a price that may be
incorporated into undergraduate research, bringing SPR into the undergraduate
laboratory experience.

CHED 432

Stabilizing the NKG2D-MICA protein-protein interface by systematically

combining rationally designed MICA mutations

Nicholas J. Maurice(1), [email protected], 3307 Third Avenue West Suite 205, (Care of
Benjamin McFarland), Seattle WA 98119, United States ; Erin C. Dunnington (1); Carter
J. Swanson(1); Benjamin J. McFarland(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seattle Pacific
University, Seattle WA 98119, United States

We investigated the binding interaction between recombinant constructs of the

extracellular domains of human MHC-I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) and the
activating immunoreceptor NKG2D. Binding between the two proteins triggers an
autoimmune response to eliminate stressed, virus-infected, and potentially oncogenic

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cells. Nine rationally designed single mutants in the MICA polypeptide located at the
MICA-NKG2D binding interface were found to increase binding affinity between the two
proteins, determined using kinetic and thermodynamic surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) data. By systematically combining the beneficial point mutations and
accumulating kinetic data, we are identifying which mutations are context-dependent
and -independent, with the goal of creating a MICA mutant with additive binding effects
between several mutant residues. To date we have identified one potentially context-
independent mutant residue. Additionally, we are obtaining thermodynamic data using
van't Hoff analysis to analyze the relationship between enthalpic heat release, protein
structure, and protein-protein affinity.

CHED 433

Using stable isotope analysis of Hawaiian monk seal pups to determine maternal
foraging success

Amber R Thomas(1)(2), [email protected], One Old Ferry Rd, Box 7220, Bristol
RI 02809, United States ; Paul Webb(1); Charles Littnan(3). (1) Department of Biology,
Roger Williams University, Bristol RI 02809, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Roger Williams University, Bristol RI 02809, United States (3) National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu HI 96814, United States

Hawaiian monk seals (Moachus schauinslandi)are critically endangered and continue to

decline in number despite numerous conservation efforts. Threats disproportionately
affect juveniles, resulting in 80% mortality before adulthood. Previous studies have
demonstrated that body condition and survival of young seals increase during El Niño
years, but the biological mechanism for this pattern remains unknown. It is theorized
that this environmental phenomenon causes a shift in foraging strategies for pregnant
females. We used stable isotope ratios in pup tissues collected between 1995-2005 to
determine if their mother's trophic position differs between typical and El Niño years.
Preliminary results (n=28) indicate no difference between 12C/13C ratios (p=0.814) or
14 15
N/ N ratios (p=0.099) in typical versus El Niño years. The data suggest, however, that
individuals may have unique feeding preferences that remain relatively stable across
several years regardless of environmental condition.

CHED 434

Induced monitoring -flash-quench-induced oxidative damage to guanine via

HPLC: Dependence on quencher

Ludmila Youchkovets(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Rd., Los Angeles

California 90049, United States ; Eric Stemp(1). (1) Department of Physical Chemistry,
Mount St. Mary[apos]s College, Los Angeles CA 90049, United States

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Oxidative damage is important because it contributes to aging, cancer, and various

types of diseases. Here oxidative damage to guanine was monitored by HPLC. The
oligonucleotide strand, 5'-ATATGATATGGATATGATAT-3' and its complement were
made and purified. The duplex DNA was subjected to flash-quench treatment using
Ru(phen)2dppz2+ as the photosensitive intercalator and using Ru(NH3)63+ or
Co(NH3)5Cl2+ as the quencher. The DNA was digested with phosphatase to the
nucleotide level and the mixture was then analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. The
nucleotides were observed by UV absorbance. With Ru(NH3)63+ as the quencher, 8-oxo-
G was detected. With Co(NH3)5Cl2+ as the quencher, no peak for 8-oxo-G was
observed. When Lysine-Lysine-Lysine is also present during the flash quench
treatment, two extra peaks were observed, consistent with formation of a crosslinked
product. Attempts to isolate this product are underway.

CHED 435

Copper-binding properties of XIAP

Joseph J. Shearer(1), [email protected], 1600 Grand Ave., St. Paul MN 55105,

United States ; Valerie T. Tripp(1), [email protected], 1600 Grand Ave., St. Paul
MN 55105, United States ; Kathryn E. Splan(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Macalester
College, St. Paul MN 55105, United States

The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is a zinc metalloprotein that has
recently been implicated in copper homeostasis. XIAP mediates apoptosis via the
inhibition of caspase enzymes through multiple baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domains,
wherein zinc is coordinated by three cysteine amino acids and one histidine amino acid.
XIAP binds copper ions directly at one or more unspecified sites, indicating the protein
may function as a copper sensor. Herein we report the copper-binding properties of an
XIAP construct containing the BIR2 and BIR3 domains. XIAP exhibits only a low-to-
moderate affinity for Cu(II), but a strong affinity for Cu(I). Moreover, binding of Cu(I) is
mediated by one or more surface cysteine residues. Mutagenesis-based experiments
aimed at identifying the relevant copper-binding residues will be presented.

CHED 436

Interactions of decavanadate and other vanadium compounds with

phosphoglycerate mutase

Timothy L. Turner(1), [email protected], Campus Box 4160, Normal Illinois 61790-4160,

United States ; Craig C. McLauchlan(1); Marjorie A. Jones(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal Illinois 61790-4160, United States

Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM; EC 2.7.5.3) is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the

conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate. This enzyme involves a
phosphohistidine mechanism and thus induces phosphate transfer. In vivo, this enzyme

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is important in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, thus, regulation of this enzyme is of

potential therapeutic interest and has been reported to be inhibited by orthovanadate
(VO43-). Interactions between PGAM and ammonium decavanadate hexahydrate (NH4)6
V10O28 6H2O (V10) have not yet been reported. Activity of PGAM was measured as a
coupled reaction by monitoring the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm as NADH is
oxidized to NAD+. The inhibitory effects of varying concentrations of V10 and several
novel vanadium complexes relative to VO43- will be reported.

CHED 437

Comparative kinetic characterization of three Borrelial MTA/SAH nucleosidases

Meghan Fonken(1), [email protected], 1910 University Dr., Boise ID

83725-1520, United States ; Nikhat Parveen(2); Ken Cornell(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry & Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise ID 83725, United States (2)
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School,
Newark NJ 07103, United States

Lyme borreliosis is a tick-vectored disease with increasing prevalence in the United

States. In order to respond to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, new drugs must
be developed to novel targets. Borrelia produces three MTA/SAH nucleosidases: Pfs,
BgP and mtnN that are important for nutrient salvage and quorum sensing. The three
nucleosidases are found in different cellular compartments (cytoplasmic, cell surface,
secreted). Inhibition of these enzymes should selectively kill the spirochetes through
limitation of methionine and adenine, and interruption of metabolic pathways. To better
understand their role as novel drug targets, the recombinant enzyme activities were
characterized. The nucleosidases have distinct pH profiles and differences in their
substrate specificities. Inhibitor analysis has shown that all are inhibited by potent
transition state analogs with low nanomolar to picomolar inhibition constants that
represent potential anti-borrelial drugs.

CHED 438

Heterotropic cooperativity in cytochrome P450 eryF

Kerry A. Guyer(1), [email protected], 2056 Wheelock Student Center, Tacoma WA

98416, United States ; Dmitri R. Davydov(2); Jeffrey S. Grinstead(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma WA 98416, United States (2) Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla CA 92093, United States

Cytochromes P450 metabolize most chemicals that enter the body, including drugs and
environmental toxins. The cooperative binding of more than one drug in the P450 active
site can lead to cooperative effects on drug metabolism-one cause of toxic drug-drug
interactions, where metabolism of a given substrate can change upon the binding of a

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second ligand. Using the bacterial enzyme P450 eryF, this study examined the
cooperative binding behavior of 4-chlorophenylimidazole (4-CPI) and 9-
aminophenanthrene (9-AP) with the goal of determining how 9-AP binding alters the
position of the 4-CPI ligand. In UV-Vis titrations, 4-CPI bound with a classic hyperbolic
spin state change (KD = 25.8 μM ± 7.2), whereas 9-AP bound with a sigmoidal
spin state change (fitting to the Hill equation yielded S50 = 5.8 μM and n = 1.2). Proton-
heme distance measurements were made using NMR paramagnetic relaxation
enhancement (PRE) techniques.

CHED 439

Reconstruction of redox-sensitive GFP indicator by introduction of a thioredoxin

motif

Takuma Aoba(1), [email protected], 55-220 Kulanui St., Box 1967, Laie HI

96762, United States ; Mark B Cannon(1). (1) Department of Biochemistry and Physical
Sciences, Brigham Young University-Hawaii, Laie HI 96762, United States

Redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins (roGFP) have been constructed to monitor

intracellular thiol-disulfide equilibria in ―real-time‖ using fluorescence excitation
ratiometry. Previous research has indicated a slow response rate and a narrow redox
monitoring range. Thioredoxin is a ubiquitous reductase which responds to ambient thiol
redox status with the fast kinetics and flexible redox potential that we desire to impart to
roGFP. Introduction of a thioredoxin motif to one of the loops of roGFP may cause
redox-dependent structural tension to the protein. Site-directed mutagenesis was used
to place a new cysteine pair in a position on GFP (Y74C/M78C) suggested by modeling
to resemble the thioredoxin active-site loop. In this study we characterize the
biochemical properties of this mutant as a redox-biosensor and compare the
reconstructed roGFP to the original roGFPs. While overall fluorescence is significantly
decreased in this new mutant, preliminary data suggest some promise as an alternative
GFP-based redox biosensor.

CHED 440

Evidence for lack of expression of Cytochrome P450 1A1 in paddlefish

Marta C Stueve(1), [email protected], UC# 3393, 2043 College Way, Forest

Grove OR 97116, United States ; Jeannine M Chan(1); Deke Gunderson(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Pacific University, Forest Grove Oregon 97116, United States
(2) Department of Environmental Science, Pacific University, Forest Grove OR 97116,
United States

The induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) in fish is a classic biomarker for a
polluted aquatic ecosystem. In 2000, Gunderson et al. found no indication of CYP1A1
induction in paddlefish of the Ohio River water system, though a number of pollutants

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known to induce CYP1A1 expression were present in their aquatic habitat. In the
present study, samples of hatchery paddlefish, known to be exposed to minimal
pollutants, as well as hatchery paddlefish injected with β-naphthoflavone, a known
inducer of CYP1A1 in other fish species, were tested for CYP1A1 activity using a 7-
ethoxy-o-deethylase (EROD) assay. Presence of the enzyme was also assessed using
Western blot analysis. Consistent with the prior study, no EROD activity was found in
any of the paddlefish samples, suggesting that CYP1A1 in paddlefish is not a viable
option for a biomarker in the Ohio River.

CHED 441

Separation and detection of the methylbutenol isomers responsible for a dose-

dependent cytotoxicity

Marvin Pollum(1), [email protected], 7400 Bay Road, SE 272, University Center MI

48710, United States ; Tami L. Sivy(1), [email protected], 7400 Bay Road, SE 272,
University Center MI 48710, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Saginaw
Valley State University, University Center MI 48710, United States

Isoprenoids receive a great deal of attention because of their impact on atmospheric

chemistry, as well as their applications in the pharmaceutical industry. In recent studies,
cytotoxicity was observed with increased flux through either of the two biochemical
pathways from which isoprenoids are biosynthesized, i.e., the methylerythritol
phosphate and mevalonic acid pathways. This suggests the presence of intermediates
that are common to both acting as toxic metabolites, most likely dimethylallyl
diphosphate (DMAPP) and/or isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). We have observed the
cytotoxicy in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in a dose-dependant manner with
treatment by the DMAPP and IPP cell-permeable alcohol analogues, the
methylbutenols. To monitor the uptake of the methylbutenols, we have developed a
novel GC-MS quantitative method that separates and detects the two isomers after
derivatization with a silylating agent. This method is used for further analysis of the
underlying cause for the isoprenoid-pathway related cytotoxicity.

CHED 442

Effect of SigB transcriptional regulators in hyaluronidase regulation in

Staphylococcus aureus

Dustyn Barnette(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Street, Box 4362, Arkadelphia

AR 71998-0001, United States ; Mark Hart(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Ouachita
Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998-0001, United States (2) Division of
Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson AR 72079, United
States

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Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium and a leading cause of both

community-associated and hospital-acquired infections. This microorganism is known to
produce hyaluronidase, which is an enzyme that degrades hyaluronic acid, a
polysaccharide found in abundance in the extracellular matrix of most human tissues.
Hyaluronidase expression has been shown to be repressed by SarA, a DNA binding
protein known to be a global virulence gene regulator in S. aureus, suggesting that
hyaluronidase is a virulence factor. Additional studies using a plate assay for the
detection of hyaluronidase activity suggest SigB, a transcription initiation factor, may
also play a role in regulating hyaluronidase activity for S. aureus. To further explore the
role of SigB in hyaluronidase expression, a northern blot analysis was used to detect
the expression of hyaluronidase in S. aureus Newman and its sigB mutant. No
difference in the hyaluronidase expression levels was detected between the parent
strain and the sigB mutant, indicating that SigB is not a regulator of hyaluronidase at the
transcriptional level. This result suggests that other sigma factors expressed by S.
aureus are most likely involved in the transcription of the hyaluronidase gene.

CHED 443

Helicobacter pylori aldo-keto reductase: Expression, purification, and inhibitor

design

Brian Reilly(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo CA 93407,

United States ; Kim Mosher(1); Ashley Mostowy(1); Joe Bulleri(1); Lori Robins(1). (1)
Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
CA 93407, United States

Helicobacter pylori can successfully colonize in the acidic conditions of the stomach.
This often leads to inflammation of the gastric mucous which can cause ulcers and in
some cases, gastric cancer. Current treatment of H. pylori infection involves a mixture of
proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics but, alternative treatment methods are necessary
due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of H. pylori. One possible target is
an aldo-keto reductase, HpAKR, which is required for H. pylori survival in acidic
conditions. HpAKR is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily which is
mostly composed of (a/b)8-barrel proteins that are NAD(P)H dependent
oxidoreductases. The over-expression, purification, and initial kinetic analysis of HpAKR
will be presented. In addition, the synthesis of potential inhibitors based on solid phase
peptide chemistry will be investigated.

CHED 444

Effects of DNA mismatches on DNA-protein crosslinking from guanine oxidation

Zitadel Anne Perez(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Rd, Los Angeles CA

90049, United States ; Kelsey Miller(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Rd,
Los Angeles CA 90049, United States ; Amanda Madison(1); Eric DA Stemp(1). (1)

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Department of Physical Sciences, Mount St. Mary[apos]s College, Los Angeles CA

90049, United States

Oxidative DNA damage contributes to aging, cancer, and disease. Here, we investigate
how the base pairing partner of guanine influences its reactivity in oxidative DNA-protein
crosslinking reactions for 5'-ATATGATATGGATATGATAT-3', with mismatches
incorporated across from the 5'-G of the GG doublet. Radicals were created via flash-
quench, and crosslinking was detected using agarose and polyacrylamide gel shift
assays. Under native and denaturing conditions, crosslinking decreased as follows: G:G
> G:A > G:T ∼ G:C ∼ G:U. Emission measurements indicated slight quenching
differences, and Tm values were lowered by ~15°C for all mismatched DNAs. However,
neither duplex quenching nor stability explained the observed trend. The enhanced
reactivity for guanine-purine mismatches was attributed to the formation of a lower
oxidation potential sink. Analogous experiments with 8-oxo-G across from the mismatch
followed a similar trend with less pronounced differences. Therefore, in DNA
mismatches, guanine reactivity in oxidative DNA-protein crosslinking reactions depends
on its base pairing partner.

CHED 445

Synthesis of Presenilin-1 active site and analysis of folding-refolding interactions

by NMR spectroscopy

Phoebe Cooper(1), [email protected], 2000 W University ST, Siloam Springs AR

72761, United States ; Susan Newton(1); Denise Greathouse(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, John Brown University, Siloam Springs AR 72761, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR
72761, United States

This project investigates the folding and refolding properties of a proposed active site of
Presenilin-1. Presenilin is a portion of g-secretase, which catalyzes proteolysis involved
in Alzheimer's disease and Notch receptors. Previous biochemical studies have
indicated an active site of Presenilin different from its binding site. However, there are
limited NMR studies of the folding and refolding of this possible active site. After
synthesis of a short section amino acids surrounding L166 in the Presenilin sequence,
the folded and refolded structure are analyzed with NOESY and COSY proton NMR.

CHED 446

Validate new HPLC/MS technique to determine fatty acid concentrations in

aquarium foods

Heidi J Kunkel(1), [email protected], 1747 West Hill, Northfield VT 05663, United

States ; Nancy Breen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol
RI 02809, United States

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Gas chromatography is the traditionally used method to determine fatty acid

concentrations. This method however is labor intensive and does not give complete
results. Therefore, a new method of using HPLC/MS for this application is being
investigated. This method cuts down on sample workup time, increases throughput rate,
and gives added information on molecular ion results. Four target fatty acids were
analyzed in this study, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, docosaoentanoic
acid, and arachidonic acid. These fatty acids are significant developmental biomarkers
in eggs, larvae, and aquacultured fish. Comparison of the two instrument methodologies
has determined that HPLC/MS has a greater detection limit, does not require extensive
sample preparation, has a faster run time, and returns to initial conditions more quickly
for the next sample.

CHED 447

Understanding the role of Y-family DNA polymerase in lesion bypass of the

chemotherapeutic drug Cisplatin

Kristina Sigman(1), [email protected], 131 Summer Street, Bridgewater

MA 02325, United States ; Kathryn McAvoy(1); Joann DeLouchrey(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater Massachusetts, United States

Cancer is a disease that is a major killer of humans with millions of new cases each
year. Chemotherapeutic drugs have been developed to kill cancer cells. Cisplatin is a
chemotherapeutic drug that has been shown to be effective against a variety of cancers.
Cisplatin works by cross-linking the bases of DNA within the tumor cell that prevents
them from replicating and eventually causes them to die. However, certain individuals
become resistant to Cisplatin after several treatments. One possible way resistance
develops is through translesion DNA synthesis by a novel class of DNA polymerases,
the Y-family. In an effort to understand how Cisplatin resistance occurs, we have
performed single nucleotide extension assays with DNA that have been site-specifically
modified with Cisplatin. We will present the role of the Y-family DNA polymerase yeast
Rev1 in the insertion and extension steps during replication across from Cisplatin
damaged DNA.

CHED 448

Function of Dpo4 augmented with Pol Kappa's N-clasp

Everton M Pacheco(1), [email protected], 131 Summer Street,

Bridgewater MA 02325, United States ; Samer Lone(1). (1) Department of Chemical
Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater ma 02780, United States

Internal and external chemical agents are constantly attacking our body and damaging
our cells. These chemical agents can attack our DNA and lead to mutations that can
result in a variety of diseases, including cancer. Most of the damaged DNA is quickly

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repaired, but some damage remains and can cause the replication machinery to stall.
Polκ in humans and Dpo4 in Archaea have been recently discovered to be able to
replicate damaged DNA. Comparisons of the homologous proteins reveal that Polκ has
an extra appendage, termed the N-clasp, that is not present in Dpo4. To examine
whether the N-clasp is responsible for the function differences between these two
proteins, we are creating a synthetic protein of Dpo4 that contains the N-clasp domain
of Polκ. The resulting chimeric Dpo4 protein containing the Polκ n-clasp will be
examined for its replication ability across mismatched DNA.

CHED 449

Characterization of a novel topoisomerase inhibitor

Allison M. Price(1), [email protected], 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa OK 74104,

United States ; Lindsey Crane(1); Rebecca Bedford(1); John DiCesare(2); Robert J.
Sheaff(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa OK
74104, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro Georgia 30460, United States

Topoisomerase is responsible for relaxing DNA supercoiling. Inhibitors of this enzyme

are common chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer, but new less toxic
versions are needed. 12,13-Dihydro-N-methyl-6,11,13-trioxo-5H-
benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]naphthalen-5,12-imine (hereafter called TU100) was
synthesized as a potential drug candidate. To determine if TU100 inhibits
topoisomerase, we established an activity assay using partially purified enzyme and
supercoiled plasmid DNA. Relaxation of the supercoilded plasmid by topoisomerase
can be visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis followed by ethidium bromide staining
of the DNA. Initial experiments determined the concentration of enzyme required for
efficient plasmid DNA unwinding. Next the ability of TU100 to inhibit the reaction was
compared to other well known topoisomerase drugs like camptothecin and etoposide.
Current efforts are focused on determining the mechanism of inhibition, which may
involve redox regulation of the topoisomerase enzyme.

CHED 450

Temperature dependence of trifluoroethanol activation of calf intestinal alkaline

phosphatase

Kayarash Karimian(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway, Lexington

Kentucky 40508, United States ; Eva Csuhai(1). (1) Department of Natural Sciences and
Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington Kentucky 40508, United States

Most enzymes are inactivated in the presence of relatively small amounts of organic
solvents. Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase enzyme is special: it shows the peculiar
property that is actually activated by trifluoroethanol in the presence of a carbonate

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buffer solution at pH 10. This activation is not seen, however, in a Tris buffer solution at
pH 8. We have set out to examine the temperature dependence of the activation seen
for calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase at pH 10 in carbonate buffer. We have examined
the enzyme's behavior at 45 °C, 65 °C, and 85 °C. We have also extended our
investigation to pH 8 in Tris buffer.

CHED 451

Mitochondrial stress induced by a modified napthaquinone

Daniel P LePage(1), [email protected], 800 S Tucker Dr, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104,

United States ; John DiCesare(2); Robert Sheaff(1); Paul Polen(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States
(2) Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro Georgia 30460,
United States

TU100 (12,13-Dihydro-N-methyl-6,11,13-trioxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-
b]naphthalene-5,12-imine) was recently synthesized and shown to exhibit
chemotherapeutic properties. Previous work using cell viability assays has shown that
this drug kills a broad range of cancer cells through apoptosis. Current work is focused
on characterizing how TU100 accomplishes this and any possible relation to redox
reactions within the cells. Human tissue culture cells were treated with TU100 and then
examined using inverted light microscopy. Mito-Trax Red staining revealed that TU100
had a dramatic effect on the mitochondria within the cells. Varying concentrations of
drug along with time-lapse photography was used to characterize this action. Previous
work has also shown that TU100 has a dramatic effect on cell adhesion. Future work
will determine whether these two events are related or if they represent two distinct
actions for the drug.

CHED 452

Effects of plant growth regulators on the inhibition of tomato seed germination by

allelochemicals in the berries of common buckthorn

Kyle Van den Bosch(1), [email protected], 1600 E. Golf Road, Des Plaines
Illinois 60016, United States ; Agnieszka Szarzec(1); Jinu Thomas(1); Michael Carr(1);
Thomas Firak(1); Gary Mines(1); Terry Trobec(1). (1) Division of Science and Health
Careers, Oakton Community College, Des Plaines Illinois 60016, United States

Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) is an aggressively invasive shrub in North

America which is believed to limit the growth of native plants in part via the release of
allelochemicals. Previous work by our group has shown that unidentified chemicals in
aqueous buckthorn berry extract inhibit the germination of tomato seeds. Current
preliminary experiments indicate that pretreatment of tomato seeds with the plant
growth regulators (PGRs) gibberellic acid and auxin may mitigate the inhibitory effect of

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the extract on tomato seed germination. Demonstration of inhibition mitigation by

specific PGRs may help identify the physiological mechanism of the allelopathy. In
addition, PGR pre-treatment of native seeds may aid in restoration efforts of buckthorn-
invaded areas.

CHED 453

Effect of Cortisol on the growth and morphology of Neisseria meningitides

Rachael Hayes(1), [email protected], 1701 Ennis Joslin Rd., Apt. 1020, Corpus
Christi Texas 78412, United States ; Lillian Waldbeser(1). (1) Biomedical Sciences,
Texas A&M University- Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi Texas 78412, United States

Neisseria meningitides is a gram-negative diplococcus that colonizes in the

nasopharynx and is transmitted via aerosol. Prior studies found a correlation between
elevated glucocorticoid cortisol levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of severe bacterial
meningitis. The study was performed to determine the concentration of cortisol that
affects the growth of N. meningitidis. 107 of N. meningitidis was treated with different
concentrations (50ng, 100ng, 250ng, and 500ng) of cortisol in GC broth. Samples were
incubated at 37ºC in a CO2 incubator. Optical density was measured using a
spectrophotometer at 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hour intervals for estimation of bacteria cell
count. Results found that cortisol significantly enhanced the growth of N. meningitidis at
16 and 24 hours when treated with 100ng (2uL) of cortisol and decreased at when
treated with 500ng (5uL) of cortisol. The post treatment bacteria colonies became very
mucoid indicating cortisol may effect bacterial gene expression.

CHED 454

Analysis of the translation regulation activity of the fragile X mental retardation

protein isoforms 1-3

Jessica N Rabuck(1), [email protected], 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh Pa 15282,

United States ; Timothy L Evans(2); Mihaela-Rita Mihailescu(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh Pa 15282, United States
(2) Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown Pa
15904, United States

Fragile X Syndrome, the most common form of inherited mental retardation, is caused
by loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression due to the expansion
of trinucleotide CGG repeats in the 5'-untranslated region of the fmr1 gene. FMRP binds
RNA and is proposed to regulate the translation of specific messenger RNAs (mRNA).
FMRP has been shown to use its arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG) box domain near its C
terminus to bind with high affinity to G quadruplex-forming mRNAs. FMRP undergoes
alternative splicing, creating different isoforms, three of which are the object of this
study. An FMRP target that forms a G quadruplex, microtubule associated protein 1B

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(MAP1B) mRNA, is bound in vivo by FMRP and in vitro by a synthetic FMRP RGG box
peptide. In this study, we used the G quadruplex-forming sequence of MAP1B mRNA in
reporter gene assays to analyze the translation regulator function of three FMRP
isoforms.

CHED 455

Co-crystallization of human estrogen receptor-α and bisphenol A

Julianne L. Unterbrink(1), [email protected], 903 E, Racine Ave., Waukesha WI

53186, United States ; Gregory T. Marks(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Carroll
University, Waukesha WI 53186, United States

Human Estrogen Receptor's (ER) ability to bind directly to DNA allows it genes involved
in female reproductive system. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor which
mimics the body's hormones, and its ability to mimic estrogen's binding to ER-a can
lead to severe health defects. BPA is a common molecule that is an environmental
contaminant from everyday plastics, and its interaction with ER-a has been shown to
affect a woman's reproductive system with affects include hormone irregularities,
cancers, and fertilization problems. The poster describes the methods of co-
crystallizationof the BPA bound to ER-a. The crystal will be used to determinethe
structure of BPA bound to ER-a by x-ray crystallography.

CHED 456

Investigating the amino acids in close proximity to the heme of human sulfite
oxidase

Kimberly T. Meyers(1), [email protected], 1150 E. 8th Street, Tucson

Arizona 85719, United States ; John H. Enemark(1); Asha Rajapakshe(1). (1) Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona 85721, United States

Sulfite oxidase is responsible for oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. The enzyme is composed
of a molybdopterin and heme cofactor. Inherited defects in this enzyme lead to sulfite
oxidase deficiency, which results in neurological disorders and ultimately death. This
study focuses on amino acid residues that are near the heme of the enzyme, and their
effect on the enzyme's electron transfer pathway. Histidine 90, phenylalanine 57 and
serine 89, reside in close proximity to the heme of sulfite oxidase. Histidine 90 was
mutated to phenylalanine and tyrosine, serine 89 was mutated to proline and
phenylalanine 57 was mutated to alanine and tyrosine. The recombinant proteins were
purified and the effects of the mutations were investigated by steady-state kinetics and
by laser flash photolysis studies of intramolecular electron transfer rates. The
experimental results for the mutant proteins will be compared with those for the wild-
type enzyme.

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CHED 457

Determining reactivity and stability of myeloperoxidase

Lauren M Bergstresser(1), [email protected], 700 E. Broadway, Monmouth IL

61462, United States ; Bradley E Sturgeon(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Monmouth
College, Monmouth Illinois 61462, United States

Myeloperoxidase is a critical host defense enzyme in mammalian systems. To study

peroxidase activity, we used the UV-vis to determine its enzymatic kinetics by
measuring its changing absorbance of the reaction product of ABTS (405 nm) over a
period of time. Figure 1 models the cycle that a peroxidase undergos when treated with
a peroxide. The ABTS serves as an electron donor to the peroxidase. After donating an
electron, an ABTS radical is formed. This radical is what produces the color change that
we detect using the UV-vis. Previously, we have been able to calculate the activity of
Horseraddish Peroxidase (HRP) using ABTS as the reducing substrate. Because many
peroxidases have the same characteristics, we plan to used this method to compute the
activity of myeloperoxidase. Data will be presented measuring the activity and stability
of HRP. We plan to apply this method to myeloperoxidase to better understand the
process of phagocytosis and the mammalian defense system.

CHED 458

Nanoparticles as nucleants for protein crystallization

Gustavo Resendiz Jr.(1), [email protected], 2234 Harvard Yard Mail

Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, United States ; Denise Benoit(2); Vicki
Colvin(2). (1) Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston Texas 77005, United States

The NIH's Protein Structure Initiative seeks to determine the structure of every protein in
the human body, an achievement that would accelerate the advancement of proteomics
and help to ensure more efficient drug development. To determine protein structure
researchers most often rely on X-Ray crystallography; a procedure that requires high
quality protein crystals. However, crystallization of many proteins has proven difficult.
Although heterogeneous crystal nucleants assist protein crystallization the effects of an
individual nucleant are generally only applicable to a small number of proteins.
Researchers are currently searching for a nucleant that can effectively initiate
crystallization in several different proteins. In this study, we present our progress in
assessing the effectiveness of gold nanoparticles in nucleating lysozyme, glucose
isomerase, xylanase, myoglobin, and human serum albumin (HSA) under a variety of
conditions. Vapor diffusion was used to induce protein crystallization and the
nanoparticles used were coated with polyethylene glycol of varying chain lengths.
Specifically, we found that nanoparticles were effective nucleants for some of the
proteins tested.

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CHED 459

Ajulemic acid induced apoptosis in cells of Ewing's sarcoma

Emily R Coffman(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita St., Box 3465, Arkadelphia AR

71998, United States ; Amy Eubanks(1); Lori Hensley(1). (1) Department of Biology,
Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States

The aim of this project was to show that death induced by ajulemic acid in Ewing's
sarcoma cells was apoptotic, a preferred form of cell death that has no effect on
surrounding tissue. Initial testing with an ssDNA ELISA indicated cell death by apoptosis
in cells treated with the cannabinoid. A cancer pathway finder array confirmed these
results, indicating differential gene expression in three genes involved in apoptosis. Two
of the genes, Fas and the phosphorylated form of BAD, were investigated further using
the Western blot method. Results from these tests and others in the lab have allowed
for the development of a novel bioluminescent mouse model of Ewing's Sarcoma. The
animals are currently undergoing treatment with ajulemic acid.

CHED 460

Potent antioxidant dendrimers lacking pro-oxidant activity

Samik K Upadhaya(1), [email protected], Dow 343, Mount Pleasant MI 48859,

United States ; Ajit Sharma(1); Choon Y Lee(1); Rich A Held(1); Rebecca L Uzarski(2); Hao
Xu(1); Jae Eun Cheong(1); Julie L Nelson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Central
Michigan University, Mount Pleasant MI 48859, United States (2) Department of
Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant MI 48859, United States

Antioxidants are molecules that scavenge free radicals produced by metabolism and
inflammation, thus preventing oxidative stress-mediated disorders. Unfortunately, in the
presence of transition metals, antioxidants including polyphenols with potent antioxidant
activities may also exhibit pro-oxidant effects, which may irreversibly damage DNA. The
research reports two unique antioxidant dendrimers with surfaces rich in multiple
phenolic hydroxyl groups, benzylic hydrogens and electron donating ring substituents
that contribute to their potent free radical quenching property. They exhibited potent
radical scavenging properties: 5 times stronger than quercetin and 15 times more potent
than Trolox according to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The
antioxidant dendrimers also protected low-density lipoprotein, lysozyme and DNA
against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced free radical
damage. Unlike common polyphenols, these dendrimers lacked pro-oxidant effect on
DNA due to their metal chelating tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) core. The dendrimers
also showed no cytotoxicity towards Chinese hamster ovary cells.

CHED 461

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Synthetic methods for determination of ketoreductase stereospecificity

Joe Jordan(1), [email protected], 3203 Helms #204, Austin TX 78705, United

States ; Adrian Keatinge-Clay(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, United States

Polyketides are a diverse class of natural products, many of which possess antibiotic
properties. They are formed in pathways similar to the synthesis of fatty acids by
repetitive Claisen condensation of malonyl-COA derived subunits followed by
processing of the β-carbonyl. One type of processing is the stereocontrolled reduction of
the β-carbonyl to an alcohol, which can also set the stereochemistry of α-alkyl
substituents. This processing step is performed by a ketoreductase (KR) type enzyme.
The subunits are delivered to the active site of these KRs in vivo by an acyl carrier
protein (ACP), but it has been shown that stereospecificity can be maintained with
shorter and more general extender arms. In order to probe the minimum extender arm
length that is necessary to ensure the correct stereochemistry has been set, synthetic
techniques that would allow facile determination of specificity via reverse phase high
performance liquid chromatography have been explored.

CHED 462

Investigating the role of histidine 304 in the enzymatic function and active site
structure of human sulfite oxidase

Amanda C. Davis(1), [email protected], 5441 N. Swan Rd #115, Tucson AZ

85718, United States ; Asha Rajapakshe(1); Kayunta Johnson-Winters(1)(2); Andrei V.
Astashkin(1); Gordon Tollin(1); John Enemark(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85719, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Arlington, Tucson AZ 85719, United
States

Human sulfite oxidase (HSO) is an essential molybdoenzyme that catalyzes the

oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, which includes two intramolecular electron transfers (IET)
between the b-type heme and the molybdenum domains. Histidine 304 is hydrogen
bonded to the phosphate group of the molybdenum cofactor and partially exposed at
the surface of the protein. H304 is a conserved residue among eukaryotic sulfite
oxidases and is in close proximity to a possible docking site of the heme during IET.
Five catalytically competent mutants have been made to better understand the
significance of the size, aromatic character, charge, and hydrogen bonding capability of
H304. Each has been characterized using steady state kinetics, laser flash photolysis,
and EPR, so as to observe changes in electron transfer rates and active site structure.
The details of their activity will be discussed.

CHED 463

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Anti-tumor effects of cannabidiol on Ewing's sarcoma

Grace Whitaker(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita St. OBU Box 4069, Arkadelphia
ARkansas, United States ; Sean Daly(1); Lori Hensley(1). (1) Department of Biology,
Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia Arkansas 71998, United States

Ewing's Sarcoma, a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET), is an aggressive

pediatric cancer of the bone that normally manifests between the ages of 5 and 18. The
current 5-year survival rate is only 30%. My research focused on the effects of
cannabinoids on SK-ES Ewing's sarcoma cells in vitro. Cannabidiol is a cannabinoid
derivative of the active ingredient in marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but it is
non-psychoactive. Cannabidiol was also found to be largely non-toxic to normal human
osteoblasts differentiated in culture. Using MTT assays to determine cell viability, a
dose-dependent effect was observed and a time-course was constructed. The drug was
shown to induce most cell death within the first 24-hours of treatment, and data from
single-stranded DNA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) suggest the
mode of death to be apoptotic. Our lab has also created an animal model to study
effects of cannabidiol in vivo.

CHED 464

Correlation between amino acid sequence and their structures as a model for
larger proteins

Amanda Hoff(1), [email protected], WBSH 6018, Youngstown OH 44555,

United States ; Ganasaratnam Balendrian(1), [email protected], WBSH 6017,
Youngstown OH, United States ; John Lisko(1); Matthias Zeller(1). (1) Youngstown State
University, United States

Chemical properties and biological activities of a molecule depend on its functional

groups as well as its shape and structure. In order to better understand the relationship
between the structure and biology of a molecule we chose to employ naturally existing
amino acids because of the variety they can be made from the commonly available 20
naturally occurring proteinogenic L-amino acids, their availability, and the established
chemical methods for their synthesis and handling. There are over 400 combinations of
dipeptides that could be coupled from the 20 amino acids. Most of these permutations
are part of protein sequences, but a large number of dipeptides themselves also occur
independently in nature, with many of them being physiologically interesting. Research
on dipeptides yields information on the characteristics of larger proteins, as well as to
operate as a base on which to begin more intensive research into pharmacologically
active dipeptides and their variations. For example the dipeptide, alanylglycine (AlaGly)
is a repeating unit in the silk peptide. We plan to present structure determination in the
solid and solution states as well as FTIR, and Raman spectroscopic characterization
and compare the results with predicted structures and properties from energy
minimization.

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CHED 465

Flexible C-terminal arm of the Lassa arenavirus Z-protein mediates interactions

with multiple binding partners

Aristotle M Mannan(1), [email protected], 930 North University Avenue, Chemistry

2006, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States ; Eric R May(1); Roger S Armen(1);
Charles L Brooks III(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Program in Biophysics,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States

The arenavirus genome encodes for a Z-protein, which contains a RING domain that
coordinates two zinc ions, and has been identified as having several functional roles at
various stages of the virus life cycle. Z-protein binds to multiple host proteins and has
been directly implicated in the promotion of viral budding, repression of mRNA
translation, and apoptosis of infected cells. Using homology models of the Z-protein
from Lassa strain arenavirus, replica exchange molecular dynamics (MD) was used to
refine the structures, which were then subsequently clustered. Population-weighted
ensembles of low-energy cluster representatives were predicted based upon optimal
agreement of the chemical shifts computed with the SPARTA program with the
experimental NMR chemical shifts. A member of the refined ensemble was identified to
be a potential binder of budding factor Tsg101 based on its correspondence to the
structure of the HIV-1 Gag late domain when bound to Tsg101. Members of these
ensembles were docked against the crystal structure of human eIF4E translation
initiation factor. Two plausible binding modes emerged based upon their agreement with
experimental observation, favorable interaction energies and stability during MD
trajectories. Mutations to Z are proposed that would either inhibit both binding
mechanisms or selectively inhibit only one mode. The C-terminal domain conformation
of the most populated member of the representative ensemble shielded protein-binding
recognition motifs for Tsg101 and eIF4E and represents the most populated state free
in solution. We propose that C-terminal flexibility is key for mediating the different
functional states of the Z-protein.

CHED 466

Horseradish peroxidase enzyme kinetics experiment for a biochemistry

laboratory

Sorillian J. Boklan(1), [email protected], Río Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931,

United States ; Rosa V. Flores(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto
Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931, United States

We have been developing an enzyme kinetics experiment for a new Biochemistry

Laboratory where students determine the Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters (i.e., Km,
Vmax, kcat) for the oxidoreductase Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-
ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) as one substrate, while keeping a constant

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Anaheim, CA

high concentration of peroxide (H2O2), the second substrate. Oxidation of ABTS

involves removal of one electron to form the blue-green radical cation of ABTS, which
exhibits a maximum absorbance at 415 nm.
Students determine the optimum enzyme concentration for the kinetic assay by
following product formation with time using a spectrophotometer, at saturating levels of
ABTS for various enzyme levels. Students confirm the time period of the kinetic assay in
which product formation assumes a linear rate. Using the optimum enzyme
concentration and time period previously determined, students collect kinetic data using
various ABTS concentrations while keeping the H2O2 concentration high and constant,
to determine the kinetic parameters of the system. This laboratory experiment teaches
students how to: (1) record spectra and retrieve data from the ultraviolet/visible
spectrophotometer, (2) analyze the data in Microsoft Excel
spreadsheets to obtain the best linear fit in the Absorbance vs. Time, Lineweaver-Burk
and Eadie-Hoffstee plots, (3) analyze the data using Mathematica to obtain the best
hyperbolic fit in the Michaelis-Menten plot, and (4) calculate the propagation of error in
the kinetic parameters determined. Preliminary data show that the experimental kinetic
parameters are in agreement with the kinetic parameters reported in the literature for
the HRP-ABTS-H2O2 system. We are currently working on a microplate-format of the
enzyme kinetics experiment, which would reduce the amount of reagents and
instrument time use needed to obtain the enzyme kinetic data.

CHED 467

Stimulating effects of nicotine ventral tegmental area of dopamine

Vanessa Mackey(1)(2), [email protected], 886 Parsons Street Apt.4B,

Atlanta GA 30314, United States ; Zachary A Rodd(2); Gerald A. Deehan(2). (1) Spelman
College, Atlanta GA 30314, United States (2) Department of Psychiatry, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA 30314, United States

Individuals that suffer from alcoholism are more likely to use NIC at rates that far
exceed those of the general population. NIC activates the reward pathway in the brain
increasing dopamine (DA) levels. The alcohol-preferring (P) rat line is an animal model
for alcoholism and exhibits a greater sensitivity within their DA reward pathway
compared to Wistar rats. The current research tested the hypothesis that DA neurons in
the pVTA of P rats are more sensitive than Wistar rats to the stimulating effects of NIC.
The rats received injections of NIC directly into the posterior pVTA while microdialysis
was used to extract dopamine. P rats responded more for NIC directly into the pVTA
and showed greater DA levels after microinjections of NIC into the pVTA. The
hypothesis that there may be a general genetic predisposition underlying alcohol and
NIC abuse is supported by this research.

CHED 468

Synthetic studies toward dioicine analogs

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Anaheim, CA

Breanna Wyman(1), [email protected], 600 Chestnut Street, Science S35E, Terre

Haute IN 47809, United States ; Richard Fitch(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Indiana State University, Terre Haute IN 47809, United States

Dioicine is a novel prenylated purine from the Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus

dioicus, L, K. Koch). The presence of this alkaloid supports the reputed use of this tree
as a coffee substitute by early Midwest settlers. On acid hydrolysis the labile
prenadienyl side chain is lost, yielding a bioisosteric analog of paraxanthine, the major
metabolite of caffeine in man. Dioicine presents both interesting structure and biological
activity. Collaborators have observed interesting developmental effects in zebrafish,
prompting us to examine the semisynthesis of dioicine from paraxanthine as well
analogs from theobromine and theophylline. Our synthetic studies to date will be
described.

CHED 469

Comparison of group I intron activity based on sequence length using an in vivo

screening system

William G. Register(1), [email protected], ASU Station #10892, San Angelo Texas

76909, United States ; Edith M. Osborne(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Angelo State University, San Angelo Texas 76909, United States

Group I introns catalyze their excision out of mRNA sequences, and are found in a
variety of organisms, though slight nuances makes each group I intron unique.
Azoarcus and Tetrahymena group I introns are compared, because their lengths differ
by 42 nucleotides. The effect of length on activity provides a better understanding of the
structure and function of ribozymes. Developing a rapid in vivo selection for ribozymes
provides a method of detection for the activity of introns. A DNA sequence encoding a
group I intron is inserted into a stable loop of gene gIII, encoding protein pIII in the
bacteriophage M13. The insert is designed so that correct self-splicing removes a stop
codon or alters the reading frame of the mRNA, allowing pIII production. As pIII is
required for infection of E. coli cells, formation of phage plaques indicates correct
splicing. Selected plaques undergo DNA sequencing to further validate splicing.

CHED 470

In vitro stability studies of an RNA triplex

Mary E. Leffel(1), [email protected], 2610 W. Avenue N, San Angelo TX 76909,

United States ; Edith Osborne(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Angelo
State University, San Angelo TX 76909, United States

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Anaheim, CA

RNA triple helices are found in a variety of structured RNAs, including pseudoknots. A
triple helix contains a Watson-Crick base paired duplex with a third strand binding in the
major groove due to Hoogstein base pairing. In this study, a series of RNA triplexes
were studied that are formed from two RNA strands. One strand makes up of the
Watson-Crick duplex. The second strand contains the complement of the first strand, a
loop region, the third strand of the triplex, and a hairpin, which is not part of the triplex. A
series of UV-Vis thermal denaturation experiments, circular dichroism (CD) thermal
denaturation experiments, and gel-shift assays were used to study the structure and
stability of these RNAs.

CHED 471

Cholesterol oxidase immobilization on carbon nanofiber electrode

Johary Rivera(1), [email protected], PO Box 401, Orocovis Puerto Rico 00720,

Puerto Rico ; Damaris Suazo(1); Carlos R Cabrera(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931, Puerto
Rico

Cholesterol biosensors have recently gained much attention due to the high rate of
clinical disorders, such as heart disease, coronary artery disease, and cerebral
thrombosis among others. The development of a biosensor that integrates cholesterol
oxidase for the detection of cholesterol is important as a diagnosis tool. In this
investigation carbon nanofiber electrodes were used for protein immobilization. There
exist frequently used techniques for this procedure such as: Entrapment, Physical
Absorption and Covalent Bonding. However, covalent bonding that is based on the
binding of functional group of the enzymes and matrix via covalent bonds, improves
uniformity, density and distribution of the bound protein. Characterization of the
biosensor was done using surface and electrochemical analysis to guarantee
successful immobilization of cholesterol oxidase.

CHED 472

Carbonic anhydrase as a model for matrix metalloproteinase inhibition

Tessa Woodruff(1), [email protected], 701 E. High St., Oxford Ohio, United

States ; David L Tierney(1); Todd Brophy(1); Mary Kate Graham(1); Erin Swigart(1); Nikita
Wagle(1); William K Myers(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami
University, Oxford Ohio, United States

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is being used to model matrix metallproteinases (MMPs), as

both are zinc-dependent enzymes that bind to zinc in a His3(OH) environment. CA is
being used to screen potential zinc chelators, such as maltol and acetohydroxamate, via
spectroscopic examination of their binding to Zn-CA and cobalt substituted CA,

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including UV-visible, XAS, NMR and EPR. Detailed comparisons between carbonic
anhydrase and small molecule analogs will be presented.

CHED 473

Developing a methodology to clone and overexpress a serine carboxypeptidase

at the undergraduate level

Kaila Pavelka(1), [email protected], 3001 S. Congress Avenue, Austin Texas

78704, United States ; Mary A. Kopecki-Fjetland(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, St.
Edward[apos]s University, Austin Texas 78704, United States

Serine Carboxypeptidase II (SCP) is an exopeptidase that hydrolyzes the carboxyl

terminus of a peptide bond similar to another class of enzymes known as serine
proteases. Somewhat untypically, while SCP and serine protease have similar
structures, their functions differ. Both use what is known as the catalytic triad: serine,
histidine, and aspartic acid, located in the active site to aid in peptide cleavage. This
unique relationship appears to be an example of convergent evolution. In order to
confirm our hypothesis, SCP was purified from its current non-expression vector, ligated
into an expression vector, and overexpressed. Current work requires a successful
ligation be performed. Consequently, we use a multitude of vector to DNA ratios in order
to determine which ligation ratio proves most successful. Future work includes
verification of the isolated clone using DNA sequencing, purification of the fusion protein
using affinity chromatography and performing kinetic studies.

CHED 474

Identification of microbial volatile organic compounds in fungal strains isolated

from Atriplex canescens

David Stephens(1), [email protected], 3001 South Congress Avenue, Austin

Texas 78704, United States ; Mary A. Kopecki-Fjetland(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
St. Edward[apos]s University, Austin Texas 78704, United States

Over twenty different microbes have been isolated from Atriplex canescens. These
microbes are believed to be the producers of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds
(MVOCs), microbial metabolites released during mold growth. In Las Cruces, NM, the
USDA isolated four specific fungal strains: Alternaria, Cladosporium, Phoma, and
Nigrosporium. The purpose of this research is to develop a method to produce, isolate,
and identify MVOCs released during the growth of each fungal strain. Currently
Alternaria is being grown on Malt Extract Agar (MEA) for a period of six days. After the
growth period, Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) is used to collect the volatile
compounds over an exposure period of twenty-four hours. Any volatile compounds
collected will then be identified using gas chromatography coupled with mass
spectrometry. Future studies may include implementing a different isolation technique

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and determining if the MVOCs are produced by the Atriplex plant or by the microbe
infecting the plant.

CHED 475

Identification of plant volatile organic compounds in Atriplex canescens

Kyralyssa Hauger(1), [email protected], 3001 South Congress Avenue, Austin

Texas 78704, United States ; Mary A. Kopecki-Fjetland(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
St. Edward[apos]s University, Austin Texas 78704, United States

Every plant has a specific make-up of essential oils, which gives the volatile aroma.
Terpenes, which are a type of essential oil, vary between species of plants and make up
the plant's volatile organic compounds (PVOCs). Currently, the USDA is working in the
Jornada Experimental Range in Las Cruces, New Mexico to extract PVOCs in order to
study which terpenes attract herbivores and which may deter them. Our goal is to
develop a method to identify volatile compounds in the essential oils in the arid desert
plant Atriplex canescens. The volatiles are extracted using the technique of solid phase
microextraction (SPME) and then identified using retention indices along with gas
chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We have found consistency between
samples of micropropagated Atriplex and are currently comparing these results with
field samples. Future work includes identification of additional PVOCs in Atriplex and
application of the method to Creosote Bush, a similar arid desert plant.

CHED 476

Effects of antioxidants from goji juice on DNA-protein crosslinking via guanine

oxidation

Stephanie Juson(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Road, Los Angeles CA

90049, United States ; Angelica Marquez(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon
Road, Los Angeles CA 90049, United States ; Eric Stemp(1). (1) Chemistry Department,
Mount St. Mary’s College, 12001 Chalon Road CA 90049, United States

Oxidative damage to DNA can cause various diseases and damage. It is common at
guanine (G) because it is the most easily oxidized base. We looked at the effects of
antioxidants from goji juice on DNA protein-crosslinking through the flash quench
method, which is used for guanine oxidative and can induce DNA-protein crosslinking.
Crosslinking was detected by the chloroform extraction assay and agarose gel shift
assay. After flash quench, pUC19 DNA showed a drop in mobility and highly crosslinked
DNA remained in the wells. Adding goji juice to the sample made the plasmid run as a
single band, even after the flash quench method. Thus, minimal protein crosslinking
was observed when goji juice was present. Goji juice holds known antioxidative
properties and therefore inhibition of DNA oxidation was expected. Transient absorption
spectroscopy experiments on analogous systems suggest that the mechanism involves

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reduction of the guanine radical by phenolic compounds. Although it is highly colored,

goji juice did not strongly interfere with the irradiation process, eliminating one trivial
explanation for the inhibitory effects.

CHED 477

Using microfluidic devices for the analysis of single cells

Patrick Barney(1), [email protected], 213 CBC Building, Manhattan KS 66506, United

States ; Eve Metto(1); Amita Sharma(1); Christopher Culbertson(1). (1) Chemistry, Kansas
State University, Manhattan KS 66506, United States

A microfluidic device has been developed that is capable of rapid and efficient single
cell analysis. Studying the heterogeneity of cells allows for early detection of precursors
associated with neurodegenerative diseases andcancers. Microfluidic devices are
essential in this study because their channels have appropriate dimensions to handle
the transport of cells. Also, injection volumes into the devices are on the same order of
magnitude as the cell volumes which results in little dilution. As part of this summer
project we compared the lysis of individual cells in both glass and polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS) glass hybrid devices. The devices were loaded using Jurkat and macrophage
cells labeled with Oregon green carboxylic acid diacetate. Cell lysate was detected at
various distances downstream along the separation channel using laser induced
fluorescence (LIF) detection. Data was collected at a rate of 100Hz. With these devices
we are able to analyze over 30 cells per minute. The PDMS glass hybrids provided
easier and more reproducible devices than the glass counterparts. Jurkat cells were
easier to manipulate in the devices than the macrophages. Jurkat cells, being non-
adherent, adhered less to the walls of the
channels and therefore produced fewer channel blockages.

CHED 478

Parametrization of ligands associated with the RNA dependent RNA polymerase

found in hepatitis C virus

Katelyn M Erickson(1), [email protected], 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore MD 21250,

United States ; Ian F Thorpe(1); Kathleen Heasley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of MD Baltimore County, Baltimore MD 21250, United States

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a wide spread health concern and affects approximately
35,000 new cases in the U.S. each year. Though there are treatments available, they
cause many unpleasant side effects and are not completely effective. HCV contains a
positive sense single-stranded RNA genome and replicates with the aid of RNA
Dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Certain naturally occurring ligands have been
found to exhibit allosteric properties towards RdRp. These inhibitors are termed
―allosteric‖ because they bind to the enzyme at locations other than the activation site.

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Our goal is to discover the properties of such ligands that bond to the enzyme in this
manner. We will computationally model these chemicals and compare them to others
that may demonstrate the same traits in order to take a multi-faceted approach to
allosterically inhibit RdRp. By utilizing programs such as CHARMM (Chemistry at
HARvard Molecular Mechanics) and Gaussian, as well as molecular visualization
programs, we will model and view the ligands to further understand the properties that
make them unique. The information obtained from our computational modeling of the
ligands will be compiled and processed with the information obtained from the protein
they bind to and combined together to determine the nature of their interaction.

CHED 479

Amyloidogenesis rate of bovine α--‐lactalbumin III is consistent with systematic

variations of hydrodynamic radii of hydrophobic interface

Frank Petitto(1), [email protected], 2911 Centenary Blvd., Box 770, Shreveport

LA 71104, United States ; Troy C. Messina(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Centenary
College of Louisiana, Shreveport LA 71104, United States (2) Department of Physics,
Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport LA 71134-1188, United States

Alzheimer's disease is an amyloid-implicated progressive mental disease causing

cumulative dementia and eventually leading to death. Although there are hypotheses
surrounding the kinetics of amyloid formation, their mechanism and driving force remain
largely unresolved. The presence of a hydrophobic surface induces a protein's
conversion from nonpathogenic, monomeric units into pathogenic amyloid polymer
conformations. In this present work, we display the effects of systematically varying the
hydrodynamic-radii of lipid vesicles to observe resulting kinetic effects on the rate of
amyloidogenesis of a model protein, bovine α-Lactalbumin III, using dynamic light
scattering and fluorescent spectroscopy and thereby enhance a mechanistic
understanding of amyloid formation.

CHED 480

Determining heavy metal content in tattoo inks using inductively coupled plasma
and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

Rebecca E Rose(1), [email protected], 400 The Fenway, Boston MA 02048,

United States ; Christine Jaworek-Lopes(1); Patrick Gordon(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Emmanuel College, Boston MA 02048, United States

Using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, we have determined the concentration of

copper in a variety of green and blue tattoo inks. Using inductively coupled plasma
(ICP) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, the concentration of heavy
metals such as copper, cadmium, and lead will be determined. Laboratory development
for both majors and non-science majors will be discussed.

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CHED 481

Chemical innumeracy: Reducing it to a molar concept in practical exercises for a

chemistry common core on the human journey in a Catholic university

Angela C. Bylo(1), [email protected], 5151 Park Avenue, Fairfield CT 06825-

1000, United States ; Dhia A. Habboush(1). (1) Chemistry, Sacred Heart University,
Fairfield CT 06825-1000, United States

Experiments were carried out to estimate a granular molar mass and molar volume of
sand, using beach sand samples, i.e. based on the average mass and size of a sand
grain. Comparisons were drawn with these quantities at the molecular level, i.e., of
silica, SiO2. This model is to serve as an educational exercise for non-chemistry
students to grasp the hugeness of numbers in chemical systems. Similarly, the model is
employed to look at planet earth, solar system, galaxies and the universe in a molar
perspective.

CHED 482

Chemistry of a tragedy: A laboratory activity that explains how melamine-

contaminated food kills

Alyson R. Marmet(1), [email protected], 162 County Highway 12, Laurens

New York 13796, United States ; Kelly R. Gallagher(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, SUNY College at Oneonta, Oneonta New York 13820, United States

The tragic deaths of four Chinese infants and the sickness of another 50,000 due to
melamine-contaminated formula became a worldwide scandal in the fall of 2008,
following a spate of U.S. animal deaths in 2007 from contaminated pet food. The deaths
have been attributed to the pH-dependent formation of an insoluble hydrogen-bonded
complex between melamine and cyanuric acid in the kidneys. A laboratory activity has
been developed, which models the formation of this complex as a function of pH. In a
complementary activity, students use computational chemistry software to visualize the
molecules and examine the balance of forces that result in insoluble complex formation.
It is hoped that this project will enhance students' ability to connect microscopic
chemical phenomena to macroscopic consequences and provide an appreciation for the
impact of chemistry on everyday events.

CHED 483

Comparison of biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastics

Alyson R. Marmet(1), [email protected], 162 County Highway 12, Laurens

New York 13796, United States ; Kelly R. Gallagher(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, SUNY College at Oneonta, Oneonta New York 13820, United States

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Consumer demand for "green" products has fueled advances in the production and
performance of biodegradable materials. These developments and the high price of
petroleum- the raw material for conventional plastics- have made bio-based polymers
price competitive with conventional plastics. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable
polymer derived from renewable resources (i.e., corn starch, sugar cane). PLA has
become a popular material for "environmentally friendly" plastic tableware, which has
become a significant factor in the plastics market. We have developed a series of
activities that guide students through a comparative analysis of biodegradable PLA and
non-degradable polystyrene. Each polymer is subjected to a number of physical and
chemical tests in the laboratory. Computational techniques are used to determine the
bond dissociation energy of the polymer link to elucidate the relationship between
microscopic chemical properties and the performance of the plastic.

CHED 484

Retention of science majors through different avenues of general chemistry

education

Benjamin P Bilodeau(1), [email protected], 201 High Street,

Farmville Virginia 23909, United States ; Melissa C Rhoten(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry & Physics, Longwood University, Farmville Virginia 23909, United States

For the past two academic years, the chemistry division at Longwood University has
implemented POGIL methodology in some sections of the general chemistry sequence
for science majors. Initially we were interested in determining if students exposed to
POGIL were more successful in general chemistry than those students that were not
exposed to this teaching pedagogy. Subsequent studies compare conceptual learning
outcomes of POGIL versus non-POGIL students and also try to determine if SAT and
GALT scores are a good predictors of student success in general chemistry. This
project also addresses the following question: do science majors exposed to POGIL
pedagogy in first semester general chemistry demonstrate increased success in
subsequent chemistry courses compared to those students with no POGIL experience?
Details about POGIL implementation and challenges as well as the methods of
assessment used will be discussed in this poster.

CHED 485

Newberry College chapter of the American Chemical Society: Abundance of

chemistry!

Mickey Bigg(1), [email protected], 2100 College Street, Newberry SC 29108,

United States ; John Taylor(1); John Addy(1); Brandon Davis(1); Tonya Tuberville(1);
Amanda Campbell(1); Brandy Chambers(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Newberry
College, Newberry SC 29108, United States

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Details regarding the yearly activities of our chapter are highlighted. Activities include:
Governor's School for the Science and Mathematics chemistry activity days, CSI Nights,
Sci-Fi Night, Western Carolina ACS Meetings, and social functions. The events are
arranged by age groups, highlighting the broad spectrum of students and community
members that our chapter reaches on an annual basis.

CHED 486

Merger of freshman chemistry classroom concepts into the laboratory

John J. Matthis(1), [email protected], 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh PA 15219,

United States ; Laura M Gable(1), [email protected], 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh
PA 15219, United States ; Jeffrey D Evanseck(1); Patricia Bordell(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh PA 15219, United States

Reinforcement of freshman chemistry classroom concepts in the laboratory is reported.

Three computational laboratories have been designed and tested for honors freshman
chemistry over the last two years (~25 students/year). First, the practical use and
technical application of GaussView and Gaussian (computational software) is taught to
visualize molecular systems, create three-dimensional models, execute basic
commands, and compute molecular properties. A second laboratory couples and
reinforces freshman chemistry concepts, such as Lewis structures, VSPER theory,
thermodynamics, and resonance with the creation and visualization of three-
dimensional models. The students strengthen chemical concepts through a hands-on
approach. Finally, a third laboratory emphasizes chemical bonding, where the students
learn about intermolecular forces, and the alternate explanations between
hyperconjugative and steric forces in the determination of the different conformations of
ethane. The next step is to integrate these laboratories into the larger and mainstream
general freshman chemistry class of greater than 300 students.

CHED 487

Modification of aminosilane-derivatized slides by fluorescent tags

Dimitri J. Fountas(1), [email protected], 845 W. Taylor Street, Rm 4500, Chicago IL

60607, United States ; Donald J. Wink(1); Carolyn Sehorn(1). (1) Chemistry, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, United States

The creation of sensors to enable the rapid and reversible detection of environmental
conditions is investigated. Using results developed through a module for undergraduate
general chemistry lab, developed under the Center for Authentic Science Practice in
Education, we have investigated the systematic modification of aminosilane-derivatized
glass slides. Slides are prepared by treatment by mixtures of trialkoxypropyl silane and
aminobutyltrialkoxysilane or aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes (alkoxy=ethoxy or methoxy).
Labeling by fluorescent tags is then done with amine-specific tags including sulfonyl

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chloride and isothiocyanate derivatives. This poster will report studies of the effect of
modifcation on the contact angle of the slides, the fluorescence (or lack of fluoresence)
of the labels, and the use of fluorescence quenching for the analysis of solutes including
acids, bases, and metal ions.

CHED 488

Chemical education and outreach developments at SLCC

Peter Iles(1), [email protected], 4600 South Redwood Road, Salt Lake City UT
84130, United States ; Ron Valcarce(1); Neil Bastian(1); Luther Giddings(1); Tonia
VanMoorhem(1); Spencer Bremer(1); Tanner Firzlaff(1); Jordan Meadows(1); Charles
Kambourian(1); Lindsey Carr(1); Matt Boyle(1); Lei Adi Darmawan(1); Clint Cote(1); Vu
Nguyen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Salt Lake Community College, Salt Lake City
UT 84130, United States

The chemistry department and ACS student affiliates work together to develop new and
novel chemical education aids and outreach activities to promote better understanding
of chemical principles in our classes and the community at large. Here three current
projects are reported to provide ideas for other colleges and to gain feedback on our
work. The projects are: Firstly, the development of a quick reference study guide for
organic chemistry which is produced in both hard and soft formats with the eventual aim
of use as a phone application. Secondly, the enhancement of our outreach to
elementary schools, called ―Elemental Expeditions‖. And thirdly an open to the public
golf tournament called ―Mole in One Day‖ held on Mole Day in National Chemistry
Week.

CHED 489

Developing an effective professional development program to enhance the K-12

teachers' content understanding and pedagogical strategies in chemistry and
biology

Tara Rojas(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway, San Antonio TX 78209, United

States ; Baochau N Vo(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway, San Antonio TX
78209, United States ; Bonnie McCormick(1); Edward E Gonzalez(1); Alakananda R
Chaudhuri(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of the Incarnate Word, San
Antonio TX 78209, United States

The professional development program described here aimed at extending the

conceptual understanding of the middle and high school science teachers in the San
Antonio area schools in the areas of chemistry and biology and exposing them to
innovative instructional strategies. The overall goal of the program is to increase
significantly the number of highly effective science teachers in middle and high school
campuses of high-need school districts and provide collaborative support system for

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teachers to enhance the student achievement in their own classrooms. The components
of the program include summer content workshops, classroom implementation,
systemic support and building communities of practice. The assessment of the program
is based on pre-post test analysis; classroom observations; teacher peer observations
to document their efforts to change the instructional approaches; lesson plan
development; teacher portfolios; focus group interactions and teachers' self reflection on
adapting new pedagogical practices in creating a student-centered classroom.

CHED 490

Changing perspectives: Understanding the epistemological development of

chemistry students

Kristina M Ruggless(1), [email protected], 601 S. College Road, Wilmington NC

28403, United States ; Nathaniel P Grove(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington NC 28403, United
States

Research has documented the importance that students' epistemological views, i.e.,
their views about the nature and structure of knowledge, play in influencing how they
approach their study of chemistry. Previous work conducted by our group led to the
development of CHEMX, a valid and reliable survey instrument designed to measure
these epistemological views. Using CHEMX, we documented how students'
epistemological views changed as they progressed through the courses required of a
typical chemistry degree and are currently in the beginning phases of a long term
longitudinal study that we hope will allow us to identify the factors that helped influence
and shape epistemological development In chemistry students. This poster will present
preliminary results collected from the first round of student interviews conducted with
general chemistry students and discuss areas for future exploration.

CHED 491

Growing up scientists: An exploration of students' native questioning abilities

Alisa E Fairweather(1), [email protected], NDSU Dept 2735, PO Box 6050,

Fargo ND 58102, United States ; Erika G Offerdahl(1). (1) Department of Chemistry &
Biochemisry, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58108, United States

Science is a dynamic discipline driven by questions about the natural world. As a result,
one goal of the undergraduate science curriculum should be to develop our students'
abilities to pose meaningful questions. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the
nature of students' scientific questioning throughout the undergraduate curriculum. We
explored students' questioning through the use of reading questions - student-generated
questions submitted prior to unit of formal instruction that make student thinking explicit
to both the instructor and student. Questions were collected four times each in a

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freshman-level introductory and two junior-level science courses. Progression of

students' questions was characterized throughout the semester and compared across
courses. Preliminary results indicate no change in students' questioning over the
semester and no difference in questioning between courses. Further, students'
questioning ability was found to be independent of students' approaches to learning (as
measured using the Study Process Questionnaire).

CHED 492

Evaluation of the appropriateness of a placement exam for chemistry

Timothy Eric Cargal(1), [email protected], Box 255, Westminster College,

New Wilmington PA 16172-0001, United States ; Martha R. Kellner(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Westminster College, New Wilmington PA 16172-0001, United States

Many colleges use placement exams to help determine what level of class is
appropriate for an introduction to the field. If a student is placed into too challenging a
class, the student may become frustrated, whereas a student placed into too basic a
class may become bored. Westminster College uses a placement exam designed by
the faculty to place students into the appropriate first chemistry course. This study
examines student results on this placement exam over a seven year period and
evaluates the possibility that exceptional student success on certain questions is due to
a lack of distracters, and whether students and professors of first year chemistry
courses think that these courses and the placement exam place the focus on the same
general topics. The ultimate goal is to rewrite our placement exam so that it serves as a
more effective tool for placing new chemistry students into their classes.

CHED 493

What's in our water? Studying a research-based environmental lab for general

chemistry

Sarah J Murphy(1), [email protected], 1021 S. Brown St, Apt 17, Mt. Pleasant MI
48858, United States ; Mary C Martin(1), [email protected], 522 N. Lincoln Rd, Mt.
Pleasant MI 48858, United States ; Ryan Burke(1); Janice Hall Tomasik(1); Sharyl
Majorski(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant MI
48858, United States

The purpose of this research is to study the research-based lab approach for teaching
freshman laboratory. This poster discusses the development, implementations, and
evaluation of a such a lab using HACH water kits to test the water quality of various
samples from the Mt. Pleasant, Michigan area. Students determine if the samples meet
EPA quality level tests for nitrates, nitrites, oxygen, phosphates, sulfates, pH, and
hardness. Student results of potential ―hot spots‖ are then reported to the Michigan
Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ).

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The lab was piloted with eighteen Central Michigan University Honors Chemistry 131
students during the Fall of 2010. Qualitative observations during the pilot study and the
results of student focus-group interviews are presented. Results of the pilot lab
evaluation will be used to modify the lab so that it will next be implemented in the larger
general chemistry population of over 600 students a semester.

CHED 494

Effects of Learn by Doing Lab experience on K-12 student perceptions of

scientists

Christopher J Corley(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave., San Luis Obispo

California 93407, United States ; Seth D Bush(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo California 93407, United
States

The Learn by Doing Lab (LBDL) is a nexus for recruiting and training new science
teachers and encouraging careers in STEM disciplines among 4th–8th grade students.
Based on a model implemented at CSU Chico, the LBDL offers students an opportunity
to use inquiry-based, standards-appropriate pedagogical approaches to actively engage
the students. To assess the impact of this experience on students' perceptions of
scientists, and more specifically, their perceptions of themselves as scientists, we asked
over 2000 students to draw a picture of a scientist before and after the LBDL experience
and analyzed the drawings using a rubric based on the Draw A Scientist Test (DAST).
While we did not see overarching perception changes, there was a statistically
significant change in students' perception of scientists' gender, as a greater proportion
of students drew female scientists after the LBDL experience, more closely representing
the gender distribution of the 4th–8th graders.

CHED 495

Employing magnetic levitation to monitor reaction kinetics: Development of a

novel undergraduate laboratory experiment

Lauren Benz(1), [email protected], 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego CA, United
States ; Karen E. Cesafsky(1), [email protected], 5998 Alcala Park,
San Diego CA, United States ; Katherine A. Mirica(2); Joseph Salameh(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemsitry, University of San Diego, San Diego CA
92110, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge MA 02138, United States

Magnetic levitation can be used to distinguish small changes in the density of a

diamagnetic material in a paramagnetic solution. Herein, magnetic levitation is used to
measure the kinetics of a pseudo-first order reaction between a leucine-functionalized
polystyrene resin and 2,5-diiodobenzoic acid. Temperature dependence of this reaction

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is explored, and the Arrhenius equation is applied to determine activation energy. This
method presents an inexpensive and accessible alternative to commonly employed
spectroscopic techniques to monitor kinetics. Furthermore, it presents an interesting
laboratory experiment appropriate for the undergraduate level which merges the areas
of chemical kinetics and physics.

CHED 496

ChEmory: Emory University's undergraduate ACS affiliate

Anthony Oddo(1), [email protected], 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta Georgia, United

States ; Rachel Reiff(1); Charlene Chan(1); Doug Mulford(1); Tracy Morkin(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta Georgia 30322, United States

ChEmory, Emory University's Undergraduate Chemistry Club, promotes quality

chemistry awareness to college students at Emory and to elementary and middle school
students throughout the Atlanta community. On Emory's campus, ChEmory increases
perceptions of science outside of the classroom with events like National Chemistry
Week and demonstration shows. During National Chemistry Week, ChEmory organizes
a week of events, including a Periodic Table of Cupcakes, a demos show, and Mole
Day. ChEmory also hosts a Student-Faculty Trivia night, to help foster a chemistry
community amongst faculty and students. Finally, ChEmory has a demonstrations
subcommittee that holds regular demos events for the Emory student body and
performs at a local schools in Atlanta. These demos bring out a large crowd by blending
interest in natural phenomena and chemistry with outreach education and showing
chemistry's role in our everyday lives.

CHED 497

Inspiring youth through chemistry: Outreach where it matters

Meaghan E VanWert(1), [email protected], 7400 Bay Road, University Center MI

48710, United States ; James R Polega(1); Anthony J Lucio(1); David S Karpovich(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center MI 48710,
United States

Many are aware of the struggling secondary education system in the United States,
especially in the sciences. Saginaw High School in Saginaw, MI is no exception to this
sad trend. Saginaw High School is in an economically depressed city district where
budgets are tight, facilities are out-of-date, and classes are large. Teachers work hard to
gain the attention of students whose interests are on other things. The Chemistry Club
of SVSU is now lending a hand at Saginaw High. Members attend once per week to
tutor students on classroom assignments. They also bring laboratory demonstrations to
the classroom since the students would not otherwise experience any lab activities. The

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goal is to help the students at Saginaw High School gain a better understanding and
appreciation of chemistry and perhaps this will inspire a few careers in chemistry.

CHED 498

Protein purification and characterization of Taq polymerase in the undergraduate

biochemistry lab

Rocio Salomon(1), [email protected], 2000 Clayton State Blvd, Morrow

GA 30260, United States ; Richard H Singiser(1), [email protected], 2000 Clayton
State Blvd, Morrow GA 30260, United States ; Richard O McCann(2). (1) Department of
Natural Sciences, Clayton State University, Morrow GA 30260, United States (2)
Department of Basic Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon GA
31207, United States

Taq polymerase is an eminent enzyme used extensively in polymerase chain reactions

to amplify DNA. Since being isolated from Thermus aquaticus, Taq polymerase was
found to retain high enzymatic activity at a broad range of temperatures. Function at a
variety of temperatures allows for specificity in running PCR reactions. Additionally, high
annealing rates have made Taq polymerase ubiquitous in the amplification of cDNA
target sequences. A purification process of Taq polymerase using E. coli transformed
with a pTaq plasmid and modified protocols for large-scale Taq purification were
investigated for use as a biochemistry lab. Techniques explored include growing and
inducing transformed E. coli cells, cell lysis, centrifugation, and dialysis. Purification of
the polymerase can be verified through use a PCR. This experiment is suitable for an
undergraduate biochemistry lab as an introduction to various molecular techniques.

CHED 499

Because more than chemists, we are ACS-RUM behind the scenes

Suasy C Acevedo(1), [email protected], P.O. BOX 9000, Mayaguez Puerto Rico

00680, Puerto Rico ; Nelvin Acevedo(1); Christine Jusino(1); Samantha Gonzalez(1);
Hector Ocasio(1); Keishla Rodriguez(1); Giselle Martinez(1); Nayda Lopez(1); Sherry
Rivera(1); Nilka Rivera(1). (1) Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Puerto
Rico 00680, Puerto Rico

ACS has been active at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus since 1954.
We have been helping our community and members by developing their academic and
professional skills. During this year's National Chemistry Week: Chemistry behind the
scenes, our activities included: Gooffy Games, Lab tours, Mole Day, Periodic Table of
Cookies sale, and White Coat Ceremony for freshmen students. We also celebrated the
―Festival de la Química‖ at ―El Paseo de La Princesa‖ for which we chose the movie
―Flubber‖, and we demonstrated how chemistry was behind the scenes. All those
activities show how we demonstrate the Chemistry students at our university. Our goals

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are to make our association a group that feels like a big family, in which members can
enjoy friendship as well as acquire the knowledge of chemistry. We are focused on the
ACS vision: "Improving people's lives through the transforming power of chemistry‖.

CHED 500

New chemical and biological Engineering/Chemistry wing opens at South Dakota

School of Mines and Technology

Stephany K Bjustrom(1), [email protected], 1221 E Oakland St,

Unit A, Rapid City SD 57701, United States ; David J Bowles(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City SD 57701,
United States

Construction of the new South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSMT)
Chemical and Biological Engineering/Chemistry Building (CBE/C) began in the summer
of 2009 and has recently been completed. The facility, consisting of 45,000 square feet
of multi-disciplinary laboratory space, will enhance undergraduate and graduate
education while facilitating state of the art research in chemical and biological sciences.
We present the highlights of the new facility as well as how the new building has
affected the SDSMT Student Members of the ACS.

CHED 501

From the periodic table to the kitchen

Kevin Danley(1), [email protected], 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield CA

93311, United States ; Sam Hudson(1); David Saiki(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield CA 93311, United States

All too often, chemistry is seen as a mysterious activity relegated to obscure labs using
'black-box type instruments' not to really be understood by the public or especially
students. The purpose of this project has been to 'strip-away' some of the veils that get
in the way of understanding this ―central science‖. In this project, highschool students
and teachers have developed a series of demonstrations and experiments that revolve
around electrochemistry and use cheap, commonly available items that ably
demonstrate many scientific principles. In addition, teachers and students worked
together to create a lab manual to take back to school and home. This manual will
address California Science Standards for each demonstration and is intended to be a
resource that teachers and take and use in the classroom.

CHED 502

Northeastern University Student Affiliates of the American Chemical Society

(NUSAACS)

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Anaheim, CA

Christine Dunne(1), [email protected], 121 St. Stephen Street, Apt #7, Boston
MA 02115, United States ; Victoria A Ronga(1); Rhiannon Thomas(1); Kathleen Lenau(1);
Alexandra Wallace(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston MA
02115, United States

The Northeastern University Student Affiliates of the American Chemistry Society

(NUSAACS) have made many advancements for the 2010-11 year of the chapter. At
one of the meetings ice cream was made using liquid nitrogen. The chapter has visited
the Samuel Adams Brewery and is visiting Amgen and Merck in the near future. The
American Society of Cosmetic Chemists came to speak to us and many more speakers
are planned. We attended the Ig Nobel awards at Harvard University and collaborated
with the Biochemistry club to organize groups to attend the Museum of Science college
night. Members also participated in Show Me the Science, a science fair for young girls,
K-5. As a part of the College of Science Athletic Association, NUSAACS competed in
capture the flag versus other science clubs. For the upcoming year there are many trips
and activities planned.

CHED 503

Goals and accomplishments of the University of Utah ACS Student Afilliates

Marcus Tofanelli(1), [email protected], 1027 East emerson ave, Salt Lake

City Utah 84105, United States ; Erik Hasenoehrl(1), [email protected], 1276
south 1300 east, Salt Lake City Utah 84105, United States ; Anita Orendt(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Utah 84112, United States

The main goal of the University of Utah ACS Student Affiliates is to increase the size of
our group and to increase member involvement. This year the group has experienced a
decrease in active members. Although the new strategies that have been attempted
appeared to be insufficient in increasing the amount of members, efforts are still being
made to expand membership. The goals of the student affiliates reach far beyond the
immediate interest of just the collegiate members. There is a large interest among the
group to develop an understanding of chemistry throughout the community. The
community outreach program developed by the student affiliates achieves this goal.
Most outreach is preformed in classrooms, and by performing chemistry demonstrations
children are able to learn basic scientific principles. Also participating members have
been offered career and graduate school advice from faculty members at the University
of Utah.

CHED 504

Comparison of online and written homework for first-semester organic chemistry

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Nylvia Martinez(1), [email protected], PO Box 6866, Fullerton CA 92834, United

States ; Philip A Janowicz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Fullerton, Fullerton CA 92834, United States

Organic chemistry is often viewed as a difficult subject, and any method to aid students'
understanding of the concepts is welcome. One method of aiding students'
understanding is by providing opportunities for online homework with immediate
feedback so students can simulate the learning process from home on their own time.
The hypothesis is that students completing online homework will achieve higher
quantitative gains than students completing traditional written homework using pencil
and paper. Two random samples of students in a first-semester organic chemistry
course were created with one group receiving written homework and the other online
homework. Both sections received identical homework problems that differed only in the
format of submission. Each section also received identical exams from the same
instructor. Students completing online homework were monitored to measure the
amount of time spent on each task. Students completing written homework received a
survey to measure time on task. Both quantitative and qualitative results will be
presented.

CHED 505

Improving question design in organic chemistry using an eye-tracker to measure

student attention and cognitive load

Sergio Cruz(1), [email protected], PO Box 6866, Fullerton CA 92834, United

States ; Philip A Janowicz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Fullerton, Fullerton CA 92834, United States

Whenever a student is given a problem to complete, the student must first decipher
what the question is asking before answering. Thegoal of any well written question is to
provide the necessary information in aformat that is easily understood by students in a
timely fashion. For organic chemistry, not all questions involve words, and structures
are often produced symbolically. In order to test whether students' attention is focused
on the correct places when answering questions with both words and symbols, an
eyetracker was used to track eye movements and cognitive load. Students in various
stages of their college careers responded to organic chemistry questions, in which
molecules remained the same but were presented in different symbolic ways. The
wordings of questions were also changed. The main goal was to reduce
miscommunication and increase efficiency. More time focusing on the learning may
generate superior understanding of the material.

CHED 506

Inner city high school outreach: Bringing green chemistry to the community

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Anaheim, CA

Nickolas B. Nelson(1), [email protected], Speer Blvd. and Colfax Ave., Denver

Colorado, United States ; Susan M. Schelble(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Metropolitan State College of Denver, Denver Colorado 80217, United States

The ACS Student Chapter and Chemistry Club at Metropolitan State College of Denver
engage inner city students in classroom activities (interactive presentations and
demonstrations), intended to encourage and foster interest in careers in chemistry, and
more specifically, careers that apply the principals of ―green chemistry‖. Presentations
and interactive demonstrations are carried out at four high schools in the Denver
Metropolitan area to a target audience of high school chemistry students. A follow-up
―Green Chemistry Day‖ with interested students is presented at the Chemistry
Department at Metropolitan State College of Denver. In-school presentations include
interactive components intended to engage the students in hands-on activities and
highlight the importance of the application of responsible chemistry. Presentations
encourage, as well, the further educational, career, and employment opportunities that
are available to high school students as they either enter the work force upon
completion of their undergraduate studies or continue with graduate school.

CHED 507

Student affiliates of Roger Williams University

Ana K Malone Oliver(1), [email protected], 1 Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI

02809, United States ; Amber Thomas(1), [email protected], 1 Old Ferry Road,
Bristol RI 02809, United States ; Stephen K O[apos]Shea(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol RI 02809, United States

Chemistry is a demanding aspect of science and therefore, can be shared with general
audiences through hands-on and visual demonstrations as well as activities. This year,
the Roger Williams University Student Affiliates celebrated Mole Day with the entire
campus community by using liquid nitrogen to make home-made ice cream. Similar
demonstrations will take place this spring when the Student Affiliates reach out to local
high-schools and aid the student's scientific learning by showcasing demonstrations that
the students are not likely to encounter. Highlights this year include participation in the
annual school wide Thanksgiving Turkey Basket competition, a campus wide drive to
collect old batteries for proper disposal, and a friendly competition against the
University's Tri Beta Biology Honor's Society. The ACS is also proud to host this
semester's distinguished chemist Carlo Bignozzi as part of our distinguished lecture
series.

CHED 508

Tablet-PC & classroom recorded video lectures: A comparison of effective and

affective properties in asynchronous learning

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Skyler Schubel(1), [email protected], PO Box 6866, Fullerton CA 92834, United

States ; Philip A Janowicz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Fullerton, Fullerton CA 92834, United States

The ability to have convenient access to educational material is a hallmark of

asynchronous learning. The use of tablet-pc generated and classroom recorded
educational videos are both forms of asynchronous learning currently used via the
Internet. We have investigated three aspects of effectiveness in the presentation of
learning educational material. These include the choice for whether or not participants
would choose the same medium again, the ability to maintain participant attention on
the subject matter, and whether or not the participants feel any sense of motivation by
watching the videos to learn the material. The hypothesis was that tablet-PC generated
educational videos would be chosen more frequently, and would be more effective in
maintaining participant attention and motivation over the classroom recorded video
lectures. Surveys were createdthat measured both qualitative and affective outcomes,
while the use of an eye-tracker measured the quantitative facets of attention and
cognitive load.

CHED 509

Measuring affective and effective gains in supplemental instruction for organic

chemistry

Daryll De Vera(1), [email protected], PO Box 6866, Fullerton CA 92834, United

States ; Philip A Janowicz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Fullerton, Fullerton CA 92834, United States

The most efficient form of learning is through active participation and engagement.
Participation comes in varying forms from small group activities to a reverse student-
teacher role. The function of this research is to decipher which form of participation is
most effective, as measured through grade increases. Students at California State
University, Fullerton who attend Supplemental Instruction (SI) sessions for Organic
Chemistry, Physics, and Biology were experienced varying participation styles. Within
each SI session, groups remained constant – each group with a different participation
style. Grades were collected at the end of the semester and compared with those for a
control group of non-SI students. If there is no conclusive result as to which one of the
specific participation types is the most effective, the increase of grade could be studied
by measuring each individual rather than group, for certain styles could be most
effective for certain personalities or for certain subjects.

CHED 510

Connecting chemistry through creativity

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Chris Nommensen(1), [email protected], PO Box 6866, Fullerton CA 92834,

United States ; Philip A Janowicz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton CA 92834, United States

Performance in science in the United States schools has been falling. Based almost
entirely on textbooks, science curricula fail to inspire and educate youth. The objective
of this research is to analyze student performance by teaching science in a different
environment – a Boys and Girls Club program for youth grades six through eight. The
members will meet three times a week for a hands-on laboratory activity illustrating a
fundamental concept of general chemistry. Dialogue describing the concepts will be
oriented towards children to ensure a memorable experience. Student performance will
be analyzed using ―Classical Test Theory‖ with pre- and post-tests based on the
Chemistry 11 AP curriculum. By introducing material through laboratory activities,
students' kinesthetic learning styles will assist them in relating to the scientific concepts
introduced. Perhaps children cannot visualize the complexity of real chemistry, but
creative representations of ideal situations may be enough to inspire young scientists.

CHED 511

From chemical-free to green, organic, and natural: Measuring greenness in

cleaning products and food print ads

Jessica A Gephart(1), [email protected], 1102 Oxford Commons, Oxford OH

45056, United States ; Stacey L. Bretz(1); Mary E. Emenike(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford OH 45056, United States

Chemists routinely use the word 'chemical' to reference any substance encountered in
their workplaces. In everyday parlance, however, the word 'chemical' is less well-
defined and often brings up negative responses to chemicals and chemistry. In their
everyday lives, students are inundated with an informal and inconsistent use of the word
―chemical‖, while the media is replete with advertisements of chemical-free products
and products that are considered ―all-natural‖ or ―organic‖. Food and household
cleaning product advertisements in the quarterly issues of Better Homes and Gardens
and Good Housekeeping were sampled every four years from 1964-2008 to measure
the level of ―greenness‖ of advertisements over time. A modified version of the
MECCAS (Means-End Conceptualization of the Components of Advertising Strategy)
was used to analyze advertisements regarding the presentation of ―chemical free‖
products, misrepresentations of science, and the use of the words ―green‖, ―natural‖,
and ―organic‖. Specific advertisements and results will be presented.

CHED 512

California State University Chico SAACS: More than just chemists

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Anaheim, CA

Bruce Johnson(1), [email protected], 400 West First St., Chico

California, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University Chico, Chico California 95929, United States

On May 29th, 1956, the California State University Chico chapter of the Student Affiliates
of the American Chemical Society (SAACS) was officially recognized as a club. This
academic year, we mark the 55th year of Chico State's SAACS and we continue our
vibrant tradition of elementary and high school activities, community events, and social
gatherings. One of our club's most important services is free tutoring offered for all
chemistry students. Other activities, which are directed towards promoting chemistry in
younger generations, include High School Chemistry Day, elementary school demos,
Family Science Night, and elementary school science fair judging. The club also stays
active with other organizations on campus by participating in annual softball and
bowling tournaments. Chico State's SAACS continues to succeed at servicing the
community and providing its members with unique opportunities.

CHED 513

Musical chemical chairs

Paloma R Sanchez(1), [email protected], 4559 Globe Willow, El Paso Texas

79922, United States ; Fernando De Leon(1), [email protected], 6329 Cougar
Ridge, El Paso Texas 79912, United States ; James E Becvar(1); Juan C Noveron(1);
Wen-Yee Lee(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso
Texas 79902, United States

The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) incorporated Peer-Led Team Learning

(PLTL) into the first semester general chemistry course starting in fall 2000. This
student-directed intervention increased the passing rate from ~53% to >65%. Students
work in small sections overseen by an undergraduate student (the peer leader), who
has a good understanding of the concepts. Musical Chemical Chairs is a collaborative
learning activity designated to facilitate the understanding of chemistry and resembles
'musical chairs'. One of several variations is for each student and each chair to be
assigned the name of a cation and an anion, respectively. The person left without a
chair when the music stops must identify the compound formed between their cation
designation and one of the anions left. If incorrect, as judged by all students, the student
leaves and one chair is removed. This activity stimulates learning and provides an
enthusiastic and academically challenging environment.

CHED 514

Identifying factors of student success in general chemistry for pre-engineering

students

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Anaheim, CA

Diana L Merritt(1), [email protected], 1109 Gilman Hall, Ames Iowa, United States ;
Thomas Holme(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa
50010, United States

In a one-semester chemistry course for engineers, performance on the multiple choice

questions of four, hour-long exams focused on principles of chemistry and properties of
matter explained in terms of modern chemical theory was analyzed with respect to five
criteria. The topics of interest were: use of specific chemistry terminology, direct
engineering applicability, reading difficulty, and math complexity. Preliminary results of
the correlation between these topics and student success will be discussed.

CHED 515

Interest and attitude in chemistry: Do different instructional strategies have an

impact on student achievement?

Tasha M. Frick(1), [email protected], 5035 Mitchell Rd., Big Lake MN 55309,

United States ; Rebecca A. Krystyniak(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, St. Cloud State
University, Saint Cloud MN 56301, United States

One focus of Chemistry education research is the interest and attitudes of students
towards chemistry. This research focused on the impact of student interest and attitude
on achievement, and to identify how that correlates with instructional method. At Saint
Cloud State University the introductory chemistry class is taught with learning assistants
integrated into some sections of the course with a focus on active learning, while in
other sections more traditional teaching strategies were utilized. In order to assess the
impact of learning assistants on the students' interest and attitude a survey was
designed and presented to all sections at the completion of their semester which was
correlated with student achievement. This data, along with classroom observations and
instructor interviews will be presented

CHED 516

Development of a multifaceted synthesis project for the organic chemistry

laboratory

Stephanie Knezz(1), [email protected], 645 Berkley Rd., Indianapolis IN 46208,

United States ; John J Esteb(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Butler University,
Indianapolis IN 46208, United States

In the undergraduate laboratory, students are often unable to connect concepts from
class to the experiment being performed. Since this connection is so important, a
project has been developed that further encourages the conceptualization of the
reactions that are being performed. In this project, all students are given a target
molecule to synthesize (1,2-diphenylethanol), and each student must come up with a

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Anaheim, CA

valid pathway using the reactions learned in lecture. Possible pathways include
Grignard reactions of benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde, reduction of stilbene
oxide, reduction of deoxybenzoin, and hydration of trans-stilbene. After this pathway
has been approved, the students will search the literature to find an experimental
procedure similar to one they have proposed and will proceed with the experiment.
Analysis by GC/MS and NMR will be used to confirm the formation of the product.
Results related to the optimization of the syntheses involved in this experiment will be
presented.

CHED 517

GC/MS analysis of FAMEs isolated from omega-3 polyunsaturated fist oils: A

biochemistry laboratory experiment

Pavlin E Dimitrov(1), [email protected], 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las

Vegas Nevada 89154-4003, United States ; Lawrence J Tirri(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas Nevada 89154, United States

This experiment provides students with an opportunity to experience the use of Gas
Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) techniques. The sensitivity and
versatility of the GC/MS instrument makes it an exceptional laboratory tool to use in
teaching and research providing students with an opportunity to experience an
instrument used to identify chemical contaminants in water supplies, components of
complex mixtures, and forensic analysis among many other uses. This laboratory
exercise is designed to detect and quantify the relative amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids present in various over-the-counter fish oil nutritional supplements. The
mixture of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) derivatives, experimentally isolated from
these fish oils, is analyzed and the results compared with package labeling information.
This experimental procedure is an excellent educational laboratory tool which provides
students with the essential skills to prepare real world samples, operate sophisticated
laboratory instrumentation, and interpret analytical data.

CHED 518

Novel undergraduate biochemistry lab procedure designed to demonstrate free

radical inhibition

Christin B. Monroe(1), [email protected], 301 Lake Street, Dallas PA

18612, United States ; Charles F. Saladino(1), [email protected], 301 Lake
Street, Dallas PA 18612, United States ; Kristopher Pfirman(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry/ Biochemistry, Misericordia University, Dallas PA 18612, United States

This procedure demonstrates free radical inhibition using luminol and the antioxidant
ascorbic acid (AA). It can be carried out in approximately 2.5 hours and requires a
relatively inexpensive luminometer, which quantifies photons produced as a result of the

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Anaheim, CA

free radical reactions. Single point and 10-second kinetic data were obtained in triplicate
when 3% H2O2 in FeCl3 was used as the initiator of the luminol free radical reaction. An
excellent asymptotic dose response curve was obtained for inhibition with AA at 9.03e-3
M, 1.70e-5 M, 1.70e-3 M, 1.70e-4 M, 7.38e-3 M, respectively. For a single concentration
of AA (1.70e-5 M), there was a 25% (p<0.05) inhibition over 10 sec. Thus, this lab
exercise successfully demonstrates free radical production and inhibition with a well-
known antioxidant, and it is a unique lab exercise easily carried out at the under
graduate level. Future studies will explore determining the Eact of the radical reactions
using Arrhenius data.

CHED 519

Understanding the molecular basis of recognition by the ykkCD sensor RNA – a

collaborative project that strengthens the undergraduate teaching-research
nexus

Laura A Edwards(1), [email protected], Cooper Physical Science Building, room

305, Muncie Indiana, United States ; Krystal Roark(1); Delores James(1); Kelly Roberts(1);
Timea Gerczei(1). (1) Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie Indiana 47306, United
States

With emergence of bacterial strains that are resistant to multiple treatments, there is an
increased urgency to understand how bacterial defense mechanisms are triggered in
the presence of antibiotics. Bacteria break down or, with the help of efflux pumps,
export toxic compounds from the bacterial cell. The ykkCD riboswitch is an RNA
molecule that is encoded in the bacteria's DNA right next to a multidrug-resistant efflux
pump. Riboswitches are RNA aptamers that regulate gene expression via allosteric
structural changes triggered by binding of a small molecule. When toxin levels rise to a
critical threshold the sensor is able to bind to the antibiotics and trigger production of a
multidrug-resistant efflux pump that in turn gets rid of the antibiotics. The antibiotic
tetracycline appears to upregulate expression of both monomers of the ykkCD efflux
pump heterodimer. To indentify which part of the riboswitch sensor is important for
specifically recognizing the antibiotic tetracycline we performed site directed
mutagenesis studies where we changed evolutionarily conserved parts of the riboswitch
and evaluated whether these riboswitch mutants retained or lost their ability to
recognize tetracycline. This project was carried out in collaboration between the
Undergraduate Biochemistry Teaching lab (CHEM 465) and the PI's research
laboratory: mutants were designed, made and initially tested by students in CHEM 465
and analyzed in detail by the PI's research lab. We believe this setup is excellent at
strengthening the undergraduate research-teaching nexus by engaging undergraduate
students in a hypothesis-driven real-life research project while teaching them a variety
of biochemistry lab techniques: bioinformatics, primer design, site-directed
mutagenesis, plasmid preps, protein purification and fluorescent binding assays.

CHED 520

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Development of a transmission FTIR flow reactor to study heterogeneous

reactions on mineral dust surfaces as a function of relative humidity

Morgan Conine(1), [email protected], 828 Watkins St., Conway Arkansas 72034,

United States ; Hannah G Kloss(1); Courtney D. Hatch(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Hendrix College, Conway AR 72032, United States

Mineral aerosol has significant impacts on global climate, atmospheric chemistry,

biogeochemical cycles, visibility and health. However, current knowledge of mineral
aerosol heterogeneous chemistry is limited to experimental studies performed for single
atmospheric gases at room temperature under dry conditions. A transmission Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer equipped with an Aabspec #S reaction chamber
has been assembled and characterized. This system has the capability of measuring
condensed-phase reactants and products during the course of heterogeneous chemical
reactions on mineral dust surfaces as a function of reactant gas pressure, temperature
and relative humidity. Preliminary results will be presented.

CHED 521

Toward understanding the effects of mineral dust aerosol deposition on ocean

bioproductivity: Phytoplankton biomarker studies

Cameron C Crane(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Ave., Campus Box

3281, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States ; Colin E Thompson(1); Gracie Kloss(1);
Courtney D Hatch(1). (1) Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United
States

Iron is the fourth most abundant element on Earth's crust; hence it makes up a
significant portion of mineral dust aerosol in the Earth's atmosphere. Millions of tons of
dust are deposited each year into the world's oceans, but only a small portion of the iron
content is bioavailable (soluble) to phytoplankton, whose growth affects the ocean
ecosystem and CO2 sequestration. Phytoplankton cultures have been used as
biomarkers to determine the effects of mineral dust deposition in simulated iron-limited
ocean environments. Relative phytoplankton growth rates and variability of iron
dissolution from iron-containing clay minerals in these simulated iron-limited
environments have been measured in the laboratory to better understand the effects of
mineral dust aerosol deposition on primary productivity in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll
(HNLC) regions of the remote oceans.

CHED 522

Toward understanding the effects of mineral dust aerosol deposition on ocean

bioproductivity: Iron dissolution from montmorillonite clay

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Colin E Thompson(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Ave., Campus

Box 4341, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States ; Cameron C Crane(1); Gracie
Kloss(1); Courtney D. Hatch(1). (1) Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas
72032, United States

Atmospheric mineral aerosol deposition is an important source of micronutrients to the

world's oceans and can impact biogeochemical cycles. Mineral aerosol ocean
deposition and nutrient dissolution can alter ocean bioproductivity and carbon
sequestration, thus influencing the foundation of the marine food chain, atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentrations, and climate. Iron-containing clay minerals are a common
component in atmospheric mineral dust plumes, yet their contribution to mineral
deposition is not fully understood. A greater understanding of the impact clay has in the
release of bioavailable iron from major dust plumes is warranted.

Bulk iron dissolution experiments have been performed under conditions simulating
mineral dissolution from chemically-processed (i.e., acidified) Na-montmorillonite clay
mineral particles. The resulting soluble iron phases, including Fe2+, Fe3+, and total
dissolved Fe were quantified colorimetrically using a UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer.
Rate constants for the dissolution of Fe2+, Fe3+, and total dissolved Fe from the clay
have been determined.

CHED 523

ATR-FTIR study of water adsorption on clay minerals as a function of relative

humidity: Implications for atmospheric aerosol hygroscopicity

Gracie Kloss(1), [email protected], Campus box 3742, 1600 Washington Ave.,

Conway Arkansas 72032, United States ; Kenneth J Harris(1); Courtney D Hatch(1). (1)
Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States

Mineral dust aerosol accounts for approximately 45% of the total atmospheric aerosol
loading and can contribute to the indirect aerosol effect on climate by taking up water
and altering the radiative properties and lifetimes of clouds. In the present study, water
adsorption on the three most abundant types of clays found in the Earth's atmosphere,
kaolinite (KGa-1b), illite (IMt-1), and montmorillonite (SWy- 2), was studied as a function
of relative humidity (RH) using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy equipped with a flow cell. The results showed that when
RH is increased the amount of water adsorbed onto the surface of the clay also
increased. Of the three clays, montmorillonite adsorbed the most water, illite followed,
and kaolinite adsorbed the least. The quantitative results were fitted using the Brunauer,
Emmett, and Teller (BET) and Frendulich adsorption isotherm models.

CHED 524

Kinetic study of an alkynyl chloroformate ester

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Jaci Knapp(1), [email protected], 120 N State St, Dover DE 19901, United

States ; Malcolm J D[apos]Souza(1); Dennis N Kevill(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Wesley College, Dover DE 19901, United States (2) Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL 60115, United States

Alkynyl chloroformate esters like 2-butyn-1-yl chloroformate are important intermediates

in the synthesis of carbacephem antibiotics and in herbicidal compositions. Therefore, it
is crucial that we understand the mechanism of reaction of such compounds in a variety
of aqueous and organic solutions. One goal of our research laboratory is to evaluate the
electronic effects of the R groups present in a series of substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl
and aryl chloroformate esters. In this study, the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation
is used to determine the effects of solvent variation on the specific rates of solvolysis of
2-butyn-1-yl chloroformate and the previously studied propargyl chloroformate. The
results obtained are consistent with our previous suggestion that these compounds
solvolyze by dual addition-elimination and SN1 mechanisms that are heavily dependent
on the solvents ionizing ability and the nature of the R group present.

[This project was supported by NIH NCRR INBRE grant number; 2 P20 RR016472-10]

CHED 525

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of potentially toxic metals in natural

products

John Tran(1), [email protected], 2100 MOORPARK AVE, SAN JOSE CA

95128, United States ; Phat Huynh(1), [email protected], 2100 MOORPARK
AVE, SAN JOSE CA 95128, United States ; Jose Cabrera(1). (1) CHEMISTRY, SAN
JOSE CITY COLLEGE, SAN JOSE CA 95128, United States

At San Jose City College a significant portion of students enrolled in science courses
have demonstrated a strong interest in the biological applications of chemistry. To better
address the interest of our students we have undertaken work that incorporates natural
products with flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). Our work involves the
study of heavy
metals in Magnolia leaves found on our campus. Our interest stems from the fact that
heavy metals may be toxic and potentially harmful to biological systems- in large
concentrations. We have qualitatively and quantitatively characterized the heavy metal
content of Magnolia leaves via FAAS for Fe, Hg, Pb, and Cd. This work demonstrates
the effective use of FAAS in the chemistry curriculum to better address the diverse
interests of the student body at San Jose City College. We will show that this work may
be easily adapted and adopted by other institutions.

CHED 526

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Quantitative characterization of heavy metals in northern California lakes:

Introducing field work in the undegraduate curriculum

Christopher Bravo(1), [email protected], 2100 MOORPARK AVE, SAN JOSE

CA 95128, United States ; Jose Cabrera(1). (1) CHEMISTRY, SAN JOSE CITY
COLLEGE, SAN JOSE CA 95128, United States

Freshwater lakes play an important role in the biodiversity of the surrounding community
and use for recreational activities. Over the years, anthropogenic pollution has
degraded the quality of these lakes by introducing heavy metals. Prolong exposure to
heavy metals or consumption of contaminated fish can cause harmful effects to the
human body and other wildlife. In our work, we have employed atomic absorbance
spectroscopy to characterize and quantify the heavy metal content (Hg and Pb) in Lake
Cunningham, Lake Merced, and Lake Merritt. These Lakes, which are located in
northern California, have been selected by location and large use for recreational
activities. Our studies demonstrate how the effective use of instrumentation can be
combined with field work in the undergraduate curriculum. The results have been
analyzed and compared to EPA standards and FDA regulations for safe consumption of
freshwater fish.

CHED 527

Cataloging pesticides found and used in Delaware

Aaron Givens(1), [email protected], 120 N State Street, Dover DE

19901, United States ; Ghada J Alabed(1); Malcolm J D[apos]Souza(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Wesley College, Dover DE 19901, United States

This project's goal is to create a working and usable database of pesticides commonly
found and administered in Delaware. Delaware does a lot of business through the
agricultural endeavors of farming crops. The presenting author's family (for many
generations) are resident farmers and throughout the course of a season could
administer at least one type of pesticide from the eleven distinct classes. However most
of the basic information for the pesticides, including water solubility, is sometimes
missing from the manufacture's provided data. This project uses the commercial
KnowItAll® Informatics System (Bio-Rad Laboratories) to build a database of pesticides
containing individual chemical structures, water solubility and available toxicological
data. The main goal of the project is to make information of these pesticides more
globally accessible.

This project was supported by NIH NCRR INBRE grant number 2 P20 RR016472-10, a
NSF-ARI R2 grant (0960503), and a NASA Space Grant NNG05GO92H.

CHED 528

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Insights into the solvolytic mechanism of alkyl thioesters

Brian P Mahon(1), [email protected], 120 N State St, Dover DE 19901, United

States ; Malcolm J D[apos]Souza(1); Dennis N Kevill(2); Yelin Lee(3); Jin Burm Kyong(3).
(1) Department of Chemistry, Wesley College, Dover DE 19901, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL 60115,
United States (3) Department of Chemistry & Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University,
Kyunggi-do 425-791, Republic of Korea

Esters of thiolcarbamic acids are important in environmental chemistry, in medicinal

chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry. Previous research from our laboratories on
mechanistic studies of the solvolysis of haloformate esters has shown that the dominant
mechanism can vary with the R group of ROCOX, with sulfur-for-oxygen substitution,
and with changes in solvent. For example in most solvents, ethyl chloroformate
solvolyses via a dominant addition-elimination channel and only in the more ionizing and
least nucleophilic solvents, does the principal reaction channel involve ionization.
However, for ethyl chlorothioformate, the relative importance of the two reaction
channels is reversed, and for the majority of solvents the ionization pathway is
dominant. Thus it is of importance to evaluate and compare and contrast the solvolytic
trends observed for t-butyl chlorothioformate, isopropyl chlorothioformate, s-isobutyl
chlorothioformate, and methyl chlorothioformate.
[The authors acknowledge the NIH NCRR INBRE grant 2 P20 RR016472-10 and an
NSF ARI R2 grant 0960503]

CHED 529

Differential cytotoxicity of PCBs bound to alumina nanoparticles

Elani Fourie(1), [email protected], 588 Wethington Health Sciences Building,

Lexington KY 40508, United States ; Brad Newsome(1); Leonidas Bachas(1); Bernhardt
Hennig(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40508,
United States

Nanoparticles are used in many industries, including medicine, environmental

remediation, and engineering. The cytotoxicological effects of these materials are
increasingly coming into question. In nature, nanoparticles are predominantly found in
soil or are airborne, and there is evidence that environmental pollutants can be
associated with nanoparticles. Because of their small size, nanoparticles are able to
pass through cell membranes both actively and passively. Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) are persistent in the environment and, due to the hydrophobic nature of PCBs,
they tend to preferentially accumulate in mammalian adipose tissue instead of entering
other cells. We hypothesize that nanoparticles may serve as carriers to introduce PCBs
into cells, and that this complex may have increased cytotoxicological effects. Our data
suggest that PCBs can be adsorbed onto alumina nanoparticles. Adsorption was
confirmed by GC-MS analysis, and size analysis was conducted using dynamic light

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

scattering (DLS). Cell viability of human alveolar basal epithelial cells was studied to
determine cytotoxicity as compared to nanoparticles and PCBs alone. Compared to
PCB77 alone, cytotoxicity was further enhanced when PCBs were adsorbed on alumina
nanoparticles. Continued testing with a bacterial cell model is underway and will help
determine additional environmental effects of these PCB-nanoparticle complexes.

CHED 530

Landfill toxic leachate remediation

Truc Le(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave., San Jose CA, United States ;
Omar Hernandez(1); Kim Nguyen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, San Jose City
College, San Jose California 95128, United States

Throughout the US, waste disposal facilities such as landfills can cause gradual quality
degradation of subsurface freshwater reservoirs. Heavy metals are of particular concern
as a groundwater contaminant since heavy metals are toxic to humans. Representative
heavy metals are zinc, lead, copper, cadmium and nickel. The main objective of this
work is to investigate a cheap and easy way to neutralize many of these heavy metal
toxins by reducing and trapping them with iron powder that could be fielded in form of
suitable, low cost scrap metal waste. A standard liquid chromatography setup is used to
simulate slow movement of a leakage plume containing dissolved heavy metals that
when coming into contact with the iron powder is being reduced and immobilized.

CHED 531

Seasonal variation in the phenolic secondary metabolites of Zostera noltii from

the Bay of Cádiz

Robert W. Newberry(1), [email protected], 2204 San Gabriel St. Apt.

304, Austin TX 78705, United States ; Emily J. Tollefson(2); María Jesús Ortega(3); Eva
Zubía(3); Joanne G. Romagni-Colvin(4). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78705, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma Washington 98447, United States (3)
Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain (4) Office of
Sponsored Research, Bucknell University, Lewisburg Pennsylvania 17837, United
States

Phenolic secondary metabolites are known to serve a variety of functions within plants,
including as colorants and free radical scavengers. The pathways responsible for the
synthesis and interconversion of these compounds are complex and interconnected,
allowing plants to respond to different environmental stresses. Zostera noltii is a
seagrass that grows within the Bay of Cádiz (Spain) and provides habitat for a variety of
fishes and molluscs. Here we report the isolation of four phenolic compounds (apigenin,
diosmetin, luteolin, and rosmarinic acid) from specimens of Z. noltii collected at the

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Anaheim, CA

inner part of the bay and the differences found in the abundance of these metabolites
between spring and summer collections. The results were compared with those
obtained from specimens growing in the outer part of the bay. The abundance of each
compound may reflect on the health of the plant or surrounding environment, though
these ideas have yet to be explored.

CHED 532

Investigation of BisPhenol-A derived from polycarbonate: An instrument-

intensive experiment in the pre-nursing chemistry curriculum that promotes
awareness and environmentally sound alternatives to disposable plastic water
bottles

Jeff W. Coffron(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128, United
States ; Alisa Matsuzaki(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA
95128, United States ; Madeline Adamczeski(1). (1) Chemistry, San Jose City College,
San Jose CA 95128, United States

Due to the ever increasing usage and accumulation of disposable plastic water bottles,
growing concern has risen among health and environmental advocates regarding the
adverse effects of the organic compounds used in the manufacturing of these plastics. It
is especially poignant to promote awareness and discuss environmentally sound
alternatives within the chemistry curriculum to future allied-health professionals now, so
that they can advocate for positive actions tomorrow. This flexible laboratory experiment
was designed to introduce first semester pre-nursing students to the process of
investigating multiple types of polymers used in the manufacture of plastic. Students
study polymer molecular structures, synthesis, and toxicity as well as isolate Bisphenol-
A (BPA) from a thermoplastic, polycarbonate plastic water bottles. The chemical
composition is further investigated via chemical tests and spectroscopic techniques. In
the second semester, pre-nursing students will revisit this experiment with focus on
BPA's long-term adverse (a) health effects on the endocrine system and (b)
environmental effects (including air, terrestrial, and especially marine life) of disposable
plastic water bottles. Students will learn the implications of plastics in terms of waste
management, as well as responsibilities and regulations implemented by agencies
including the EPA and FDA. Highlights of this presentation will include a summary of
laboratory and literature results as well as proper operation of instrumentation and safe
experimental protocols. In addition, we will provide several avenues by which this
experiment can effectively be integrated and adapted into the pre-nursing chemistry
curriculum.

CHED 533

Determination of the rate of photolysis of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene

in seawater and pure water in the presence of nitrate and dissolved organic
matter

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Michael Eisenberg(1), [email protected], 101 Buchanan Road, Annapolis Maryland

21412, United States ; Dianne Luning Prak(1); Daniel O[apos]Sullivan(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis Maryland 21412, United States

Previously, the rates of photolytic degradation of nitroaromatic compounds have been

studied in ground water and freshwater systems. The differences between marine
aquatic systems and freshwater systems may cause variances in both the rates of
reaction and the by-products formed by photochemical reactions. The photolysis rates
of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) in pure water and
seawater with added nitrate and dissolved organic matter were measured in this study.
Samples were exposed to simulated sunlight using a Suntest CPS+® solar simulator
and a cuvette container furnished with various cutoff filters to examine the different
regions of the solar spectrum. Subsequent to the irradiation, the samples were analyzed
via HPLC to determine the photolysis rates of 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT. This poster will
present the rates of degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in seawater
and pure water in the presence of nitrate and dissolved organic matter.

CHED 534

Non-covalently functionalized sorbents: New functional groups for heavy metal

sorption

Kara M Sherman(1), [email protected], 611 E porter street, Albion MI 49068, United

States ; Sean Fontenot(1); Darren W Johnson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University
of Oregon, Eugene Oregon 97403, United States

The ability to remove and monitor concentrations of heavy metals, like mercury (Hg),
cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), in natural waters is critical for human and environmental
health. This work focuses on developing a filtration media, based on functionalized
mesoporous supports, which targets and removes heavy metals from water. Previous
work has shown that directly functionalizing mesoporous silicon dioxide materials with
thiols result in a material that targets Cd, Hg, and Pb in aqueous solutions. These
materials outperform commercially available sorbents, like unfunctionalized activated
carbons. MCM-41, a mesoporous silica material, was functionalized with an initial
covalently bonded monolayer of self-assembled phenyl groups. The phenyl-terminated
layer allows the non-covalent attachment of another aromatic molecular active surface
layer, which consists of a synthesized dithiophthalide
compound that binds thiophilic metals. This compound functionalized MCM-41, the
materials we characterized. The non-covalently functionalized sorbents have the
potential to recycle all material but the active layer.

CHED 535

Exploration of the products of waste biomass fermentation with Ruminococcus

albus

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Jeanna C Nicholson(1), [email protected], PO Box 17, Point Lookout MO 65726,

United States ; Kenneth E Garrison(1). (1) Chemistry, College of the Ozarks, Point
Lookout MO 65726, United States

The products of cellulose fermentation by R. albus include acetic acid, butanoic acid,
formic acid, and ethanol. Bio-ethanol yield is of special interest due to its acceptance as
a viable replacement for crude oil-based energy. The products of the fermentation of
waste biomasses, such as Johnson-grass, Saw dust, and yard clippings, have been
quantitatively determined by fractional distillation, and subsequent gas chromatography
and mass spectrometry of the fractions. Results will be reported.

CHED 536

Bioaccumulation studies of zinc in aquatic tissue samples using flame atomic

absorption spectroscopy

Patricia M Walworth(1), [email protected], 4001 W. McNichols Rd., Detroit MI

48221, United States ; Michael D Leonard(1); R. Graham Greenland(1); Jeremy M
Bezzo(1); Ervis Fama(2); Gregory Grabowski(2); Katherine C Lanigan(1); Lisa Cocco(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit MI
48221, United States (2) Department of Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit MI
48221, United States

Bioaccumulation patterns of zinc in fish, snails, worms, and shrimp were examined
using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The purpose of this research was
to develop a method for metal detection in brackish water based on biological uptake by
aquatic species. Samples were immersed in zinc solutions containing sodium or calcium
ions ranging from 0-10 ppm. The sodium was used as an osmotic control for the other
cations and calcium was used to examine whether or not the presence of another
divalent cation would compete with zinc in the gill's co-transporter. Tissue digestion and
metal extraction methods were developed. The individual tissues of a Carassius auratus
including the muscle, kidney, gills, liver and intestine were tested. Whole organism
analysis of platyhelminthes, snails, and shrimp with respect to zinc, sodium, and
calcium concentrations were measured after exposure. Analysis of snails and shrimp
was carried out with and without the exoskeleton.

CHED 537

Optimizing the extraction of emodin from buckthorn biomass

Kristina L Kaney(1), [email protected], 100 North East Avenue, Waukesha

Wisconsin 53186, United States ; Heather A Banuelos(1), [email protected], 100
North East Avenue, Waukesha Wisconsin 53186, United States ; Joseph J Piatt (1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Carroll University, Waukesha Wisconsin
53186, United States

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Anaheim, CA

The extraction of emodin from Buckthorn leaves was optimized using multiple extraction
and clean-up methodologies. Common (Rhamnus cathartica) and glossy (Rhamnus
frangula) buckthorn are invasive plant species that contain the compound emodin, an
anthroquinone. Interest in emodin has medical applications as it is a potential cancer
treatment agent and environmental applications as it may have negative impacts on
aquatic organisms. Leaf samples were collected from the Carroll University Greene
Field Station, dried, and ground into a fine powder. The powdered leaves were
extracted by ethanol extraction with sonication, ethanol extraction with orbital shaking,
and soxhlet extraction with chloroform. The extracts were cleaned up using two
methods: silica gel and solid phase extraction. These samples were analyzed and
quantified using reverse-phase HPLC with UV/VIS detection. The comparative recovery
of emodin from the different extraction and clean-up procedures will guide the selection
of the best combination of methodologies.

CHED 538

Characterization of an active photoproduct of enrofloxacin

Jacob E. Sundberg(1), [email protected], 2115 Summit Ave., OSS 402, St.

Paul MN 55105, United States ; Kristine H. Wammer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of St. Thomas, St. Paul MN 55105, United States

Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial compound, used primarily in veterinary

medicine, that has been detected in various natural waters. Previous work has shown
that enrofloxacin can degrade rapidly in some natural waters by direct photolysis,
yielding a variety of photoproducts. Select photoproducts were isolated by using HPLC
equipped with a preparative column and collecting fractions manually. Antibacterial
activity testing was performed by measuring the growth inhibition of E. coli DH5a cells
over six hours in the presence of varying concentrations of enrofloxacin or its
photoproducts. Through this testing, one of the major photoproducts of enrofloxacin was
found to be biologically active. Preliminary results suggest the product is as active as
both enrofloxacin and another minor enrofloxacin photoproduct, ciprofloxacin. The major
active product was further isolated and characterized using high resolution mass
spectrometry, NMR analysis, and a DNA supercoiling assay to study its mode of action.

CHED 539

Diurnal variation of NOx and Ozone in urban and rural areas in southeastern
Texas

Wilmarie Marrero(1)(2), [email protected], PO Box 23346, San Juan, PR Puerto

Rico 00931, United States ; Simon W. North(1); Justine Geidosch(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77842-3012, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, College Station TX 77842-3012,
United States

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Anaheim, CA

The chemical composition of the atmosphere has a diurnal variation, especially in urban
areas. The most important pollutants in these areas are NOx compounds and ozone.
During the Summer of 2010, in situ measurements of O3, NO2, and NO were compared
in urban and rural sites in Southeastern Texas. Measurements were taken in Lick Creek
Park, located in College Station, and compared with two TCEQ monitoring sites in
Houston, TX and Tomball, TX. NOx was analyzed using chemiluminescent techniques
and O3 was measured by UV absorption. Mixing ratios of up to 60 ppb O 3 and 15 ppb of
NOx were observed in the College Station area. During the night, NOx was removed
from the gas phase through conversion to N2O5. Calculated steady state lifetimes for
N2O5 in Lick Creek Park from [O3] and [NO2] indicate very low concentrations of N2O5 in
the College Station area.

CHED 540

Kinetic study of rhodium-catalyzed dechlorination reaction of groundwater

contaminates

Hang Zhang(1), [email protected], 37 S. College Ave, St. Joseph MN, United

States ; Mikala Foehrenbacher(1); Alicia A. Peterson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
College of Saint Benedict, Saint Joseph MN 56374, United States

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloromethane (DCM)

and chloroform are all groundwater pollutants. They are on the Environmental
Protection Agency's list of high priority pollutants. Transition metals, such as rhodium,
are found as effective catalysts for dechlorination reaction of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The catalytic system used a heterogeneous catalyst, rhodium on alumina, and
dihydrogen was used as the reducing agent. All reactions were performed under
ambient reaction conditions using deionized water as the solvent. GC/FID was used to
monitor the degradation of substrate and growth of products. TCE, DCM and chloroform
followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rates of reaction depend on the structure of the
substrates. Preliminary results indicate catalytic system appears to have a preference
for sp2-hybridized C-Cl bonds over sp3-hybridzied C-Cl bonds. The effects of inorganic
salts found in groundwater systems are currently being examined on the rate of
dechlorination and the activity of the catalyst.

CHED 541

Polymeric membrane supported palladium nanoparticles for the remediation of

trichloroethene

Jeremy J. Covell(1), [email protected], 611 E. Porter St., Albion MI 49224, United

States ; Becca A. Putans(1); Kevin M. Metz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Albion
College, Albion MI 49224, United States

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Anaheim, CA

The persistence and increasing abundance of trichloroethene (TCE) within the

environment, particularly ground water, is of great concern. This has prompted the
development of several remediation technologies that utilize the catalytic properties of
metal nanoparticles. Ex-situ approaches have been proposed that combine the catalytic
properties of nanoparticles with the ease of use offered by membrane supports. In this
study we present a method for the fabrication of membrane supported palladium
nanoparticles (PdNPs). Furthermore, we will present results from the characterization of
PdNPs on membrane supports and the analysis of their catalytic hydrogenation of TCE.

CHED 542

Nanomaterial stability in an electro-Fenton reactor, as a model for waste water

advanced oxidation processes

Kelly L. McNear(1), [email protected], 611 E. Porter St., Albion MI 49224, United

States ; Kevin M. Metz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Albion College, Albion MI
49224, United States

The increased production and use of engineered nanomaterials will inevitably lead to
the entrance of these materials into municipal water supplies. When nanomaterials,
such as silver nanoparticles or quantum dots, go through municipal water treatment
facilities they have the potential to decompose into more toxic substances, e.g., silver or
heavy metal ions. These ions may then enter the drinking water supply, from the waste
water treatment plant, leading to unintended consequences. There is currently much
interest in understanding the impact waste water treatments will have on the fate of
engineered nanomaterials. This work has examined the impact of electro-Fenton's
processes, an advanced oxidation process used in some waste water treatment plants,
on engineered nanomaterials. Current results will be presented.

CHED 543

Fate and determination of fungicides and insecticides in treated wooden windows

Carl A Sedgeman(1), [email protected], 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand

Forks ND 58202, United States ; Jana Stavova(1); Alena Kubatova(1). (1) Department of
North Dakota, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks ND 58202, United States

Fungicides and insecticides are preservatives used to protect wood products against
microbiological attacks in the environment. However, the effectiveness of the wood
treatment may be affected by the fungicides/insecticide's biodegradability with the harsh
conditions the windows are exposed to. Therefore in this study, the fate of fungicides
and insecticide in windows was examined. Nine chambers containing treated wood
were designed to simulate various conditions, a combination of temperature (25 °C, 55
°C, and 80 °C), humidity (20, 50, and 80 %), and light source (daylight, no light, and UV
light) over a wide time range (7-21 weeks). The top three 1/8‖ layers of the wood were

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Anaheim, CA

cut and then grinded to increase surface area prior to the extraction. A 4-hr Soxhlet
extraction with acetone was used to extract the remaining fungicides/insecticide from
the treated wood. A solid phase extraction (SPE) method was adapted to ensure
purification of all analytes. The fungicides and an insecticide were analyzed employing
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

CHED 544

Study of photochemical reaction of humic acids and divalent mercury using UV-
Vis spectroscopy

Zachary E Andreasen(1), [email protected], 433 W 7th St #B4, Cookeville TN

38501, United States ; Hong Zhang(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Tennessee
Technological University, Cookeville TN 38501, United States

Photochemical decomposition of humic acids can control Hg redox changes and its
environmental cycling. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to study photochemical
decomposition of two commercial humic acids (Acros and Aldrich) to examine its effect
on Hg redox changes. Experiments were conducted to observe changes of the UV-Vis
spectra of humic acids in light at different concentrations in the absence and presence
of Hg(II) in different salts (nitrate or perchlorate). The UV-Vis spectra were obtained by
scanning the samples of the humic acid solutions exposed to UVB light at various time
intervals. Interpretation of the data indicated humic acids showed observable
spectroscopic changes in the UV range in the absence and presence of Hg(II); the
presence of nitrate may have a special effect on spectra. Future
research will be performed to further explore how UV-Vis spectroscopy may be used to
assist the study of the interaction between humic acids and Hg(II).

CHED 545

Evaluating the changing surfactant capabilities of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate

with changing salinity

George Kiplagat(1), [email protected], 700 Pelham Road North, Jacksonville Alabama

36265, United States ; Alfred Nichols(1); David Steffy(1). (1) Department of Physical and
Earth Sciences, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville Alabama 36265, United
States

We investigated the surfactant which was used to disperse oil from the 2010 oil spill in
the Gulf of Mexico. The surfactant, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, is an organic sulfonic
acid salt which can disrupt the interfacial tension between salt water and crude oil. This
disruption is maximum above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The CMC for the
surfactant was determined to be 0.09 moles/L at a pH of 7.2 and a temperature of 21
°C. The CMC was not influenced by the salinity of the water. Solubilization tests

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indicated that tar balls generated from the spill would dissolve in less than 24 h after
exposure to a solution of the surfactant.

CHED 546

Beach sand and other photochemical sources of hydrogen peroxide in surf zone
waters

Lillian Burns(1), [email protected], One University Drive, Orange CA

92866, United States ; Catherine D Clark(1), [email protected], One University
Drive, Orange CA 92866, United States ; Jeanette Pineda(1); Warren J De Bruyn(1). (1)
Schmid College of Science, Chapman University, Orange CA 92866, United States

Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are an important indicator of microbial water quality at
Southern California beaches. Daily cycling in FIB in recreational marine bathing waters
has been attributed in part to photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),
which is known to occur from chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in natural
waters. We have previously measured concentrations, production and destruction rates
in surf zone waters in Orange County, California. In this study, we examine the potential
contribution of non-CDOM sources (intertidal beach sand, senescent kelp and
seagrass, oil patches) to hydrogen peroxide in beach waters. Sand and plant samples
were immersed in ocean water collected from Corona Del Mar Beach and irradiated by
natural sunlight and a solar simulator to replicate daily maximal light levels. Hydrogen
peroxide levels were determined by the fluorescent peroxidase method. For sand
samples, hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the 50 to 200 nM range were obtained;
levels increased with irradiation time, consistent with photochemical production. The
potential contribution of iron minerals in the sand via a photo Fenton effect was
examined. Production from senescent kelp and sea grass and oil seepage patches
were also studied as potential additional sources. Production rates from plant sources
were significantly less than production rates observed for sand.

CHED 547

Melanin-based coatings for environmental applications

Diane Lye(1), [email protected], 119 Woodland St., Oberlin Ohio 44074,

United States ; Christine Moore(1), [email protected], 119 Woodland St.,
Oberlin Ohio 44074, United States ; Micah Ellowitz(1), [email protected],
119 Woodland St., Oberlin Ohio 44074, United States ; Jason M Belitsky (1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin Ohio 44074,
United States

While ―melanin‖ is a well-known biochemical entity among the general public, scientists
know surprisingly little about the fundamental chemistry of melanins. Nevertheless
melanins have fascinating properties that can be exploited for non-biological

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applications. Eumelanin, the black to brown human pigment, is known to bind a wide
range of metal ions and organic compounds, suggesting applications in water
purification. We have developed procedures for immobilizing melanin from human hair
and various synthetic analogs on hydrophobic supports and methods for testing the
binding of these materials with heavy metals and organic dyes as model pollutants.
Serendipitously, some of the synthetic coatings change color upon binding lead, and
could potentially be used as lead sensors. This poster will describe our efforts toward
heavy metal sequestration and other environmental applications.

CHED 548

Effects of tetrahydrofuran (THF) on the reproduction of Daphnia pulex:

Recommendations for fullerene (C60) toxicity testing

Dale A Wieselman(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 359, Sheboygan WI 53082,

United States ; Daniel D Wilk(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 359, Sheboygan WI
53082, United States ; Jeffery M Schwehm(1). (1) Natural Sciences Division, Lakeland
College, Sheboygan Wisconsin 53082, United States

The purpose of this study was to address a controversy dealing with the eco-toxicity
testing methods being used with Fullerenes. These particles have potential applications
in the fields of medicine and material science, but little is known about their effects on
the environment. Eco-toxicity studies have been performed using Tetrahydrofuran
(THF) to solubilize C60 and then the toxicity of solubilized C60 is determined by its effects
on the reproductive behavior of Daphnia. The concern is that residual amounts of THF
may be affecting the results of these tests. In our study we addressed this concern by
testing how small amounts of THF affected Daphnia reproduction and then compared
our results with other studies. Our results showed that small amounts of THF when
compared to a control group had no significant difference. This caused us to believe
that using C60 solubilized with THF will not affect the results of toxicity testing.

CHED 549

Design and construction of an off-grid water chlorination system

William S LePage(1), [email protected], 800 Tucker Dr., Tulsa OK 74104, United

States ; Bradford H Johnson(1); Kyle B Hampton(1); Kevin J Mayer(1); John M
Henshaw(1); Gordon H Purser(2). (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, The
University of Tulsa, Tulsa OK 74104, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa OK 74104, United States

Access to clean drinking water is a major factor in the health and well-being for any
community. Waterborne pathogens continue to be a serious problem leading to disease
for people in developing nations. Low population densities make a centralized water
treatment process, like that which exists in industrialized countries, unreasonable. The

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subject of this presentation is the design, development and testing of an off-grid water
treatment system. In this system, photovoltaic cells charge a lead-acid battery that is
used to provide the energy to electrolyze sodium chloride solutions producing solutions
of hypochlorous acid. The resulting hypochlorous acid is used to disinfect surface water.
Experiments leading to the evaluation of the feasibility of the system are presented. The
design and construction of the simple electrolytic cell are also presented.

CHED 550

Examination of the use of room temperature ionic liquids and calixarenes for the
removal of sodium ions from coal or coal waste waters

Andrew C. Bender(1), [email protected], 1300 West Park St., Butte Montana

59701, United States ; Josiah J. Norby(1), [email protected], 1300 West Park St.,
Butte Montana 59701, United States ; Douglas Cameron(1). (1) Chemistry and
Geochemistry, Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte Montana 59701,
United States

Coal is and will be for the near future a major source of energy throughout the world.
Unfortunately, many coal reserves are of lower economic value because of the high
concentration of sodium in the coal. Water washing with ion exchange techniques are
useful in cleaning the coal; however, there are resulting economic and environmental
issues with these procedures. This project focuses on the use of ionic liquids and
calixarenes to remove sodium from either the waste water from washing coal or from
the coal directly. Using coals from different sources, water washing removes varying
amounts of soluble sodium salts, while having ion exchange agents in the water also
removes sodium that is organically bound in the coal. Results for the removal of sodium
from these wash waters using the ionic liquid, N-butyl-3-
methylpyridiniumbis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and 4-tert-
butylcaliz[4]arenetetraacetic acid tetraethylester and directly from the coals will be
presented.

CHED 551

Investigation of the effects of 2-butoxyethanol alone, and in combination with

petroleum on mammalian cells

Amalya Aleksanyan(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San

Jose CA 95128, United States ; MyLinh Tran(2), [email protected], One Shields
Avenue, Davis CA 95616, United States ; Madeline Adamczeski(1). (1) Chemistry, San
Jose City College, San Jose CA 95128, United States (2) Biochemistry, University of
California at Davis, Davis CA 95616, United States

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is the biggest environmental disaster in United States
history. Ultimately, British Petroleum was responsible for both the 205.8 million gallons

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of oil that spilled from the oil rig and the 1.8 million gallons of the dispersant Corexit,
sprayed across hundreds of miles of oil slicks across the gulf. In this investigation we
study 2-butoxyethanol (LD50 2.5 g/kg in rats), a component that comprises 30% to 60%
of the dispersant, Corexit 9527, which has been reported to be four times more toxic
than oil. Studies conducted by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and
Swedish Environmental Institute, suggest that, combined together, oil and Corexit is far
more toxic than either the petroleum or dispersant alone. To increase our understanding
of the effects of 2-butoxyethanol, petroleum and the combination thereof on hemolysis,
an experiment was designed to test the toxic exposure on mammalian cells. Our
laboratory studies attempt to simulate and compare the exposure on mammalian cells
when dispersants are added after an oil spill, in order to gain insights into the toxic
effects from petroleum and dispersants alone and in combination. Hemolysis, in part, is
measured as a function of varying concentrations of petroleum and/or 2-butoxyethanol
solutions in seawater and duration of light.

CHED 552

Water monitoring on the Passaic River

Melissa Freeman(1), [email protected], 2 Convent Road, Morristown NJ 07960,

United States ; Chelsea Bonetti(1), [email protected], 2 Convent Road, Morristown NJ
07960, United States ; Cathy Lee(1); Marian Jose Smith(1). (1) Chemistry and
Biochemistry, College of St. Elizabeth, Morristown NJ 07960, United States

Water pollution is the contamination of a body of water that inhibits the life of plants and
organisms. Although water pollution is a predominant problem in developing countries,
industrialized countries are seeing a significant increase in contamination of local
tributaries. The necessity for monitoring bodies of water in industrialized countries, such
as the United States, is vital for the safety of all life forms. The water monitoring
research project at the College of Saint Elizabeth monitors the water of the Passaic
River to help the community understand the causes of local pollution and learn solutions
to rectify the problems discovered. The research project teaches specific analytical
chemistry techniques while advocating the stewardship of the environment. The
program focuses on monitoring the turbidity, acidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen,
nitrate, phosphate, and chlorine levels both on-site and in the laboratory. In addition, the
project assesses the levels of E.coli as well as monitoring waterborne coliforms. Our
presentation will show the results of our studies monitoring the Passaic River and our
attempts to identify the possible sources of the contamination.

CHED 553

Levels, trends and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust
and sediments in the Long Creek Watershed

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Dustin J Ambrose(1), [email protected], P.O Box: 9300, Portland Maine

04104, United States ; Lucille A Benedict(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Southern Maine, Portland Maine, United States

Levels, trends and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust and
sediments were investigated in the impaired urban watershed, Long Creek, in South
Portland, ME. Approximately 28% of all surfaces in the Long Creek Watershed are
impervious, totaling approximately 600 acres. Storm water runoff from these impervious
surfaces receives little to no treatment before being discharged into Long Creek.
Collection of street dusts was dominantly focused in areas with high percentages of
impervious surfaces. Sediment collection focused on sediments directly downstream of
drainage pipes to assess the impact of street dusts on the creek. PAHs were extracted
from the sediments using microwave extraction and analyzed using gas
chromatography. Our results showed that there were significant levels of high molecular
mass PAHs, which indicates that these compounds come from pyrogenic sources.

CHED 554

Synthesis of curcumin-based eco-friendly plasticizers

Jose A Saltos(1)(2), [email protected], 2800 Victory Blvd, 6S-330, Staten

Island NY 10314, United States ; Sukanta Dolai(1)(2); Krishnaswami Raja(1)(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, CUNY College of Staten Island, Staten Island NY 10314,
United States (2) Institute for Macromolecular Assamblies, CUNY College of Staten
Island, Staten Island NY 10314, United States

Plasticizers are widely used for their effectiveness reducing hardness, density, glass
transition
temperature (tg), and volume resistivity of polymers. Among its limitation, plasticizers
have been reported to migrate out of polymer systems, making them less flexible and
less efficient. They are associated with reproductive and developmental toxicity in
humans, and with negative environmental impact on plants and animals. Curcumin, the
active ingredient in curry spice turmeric, is rigid in structure with two phenolic groups
that can be modified covalently. The eco-friendly plasticizers are based on curcumin-
(cu) and tetrahydro curcumin-(thc), and reacted with stearic acid and bromododecane to
produce (cu & thc)di-esters and di-ethers respectively.
They are blended to two polymers: PVC and Polystyrene in percentages of 35%, 45%
and 55%, to test their effectiveness inducing depression of tg of polymer/plasticizer
system. These will be compared to control samples of DBP. These plasticizers are
potentially better from ecological and toxicological viewpoints.

CHED 555

Temporal, angular, and directional influence on solar panel performance

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Scott Donnelly(1), [email protected], 2020 South Avenue 8E, Yuma

Arizona 85365, United States ; Scott Buster(1); Joshua Tamayo(1); Leigh Rexius(1). (1)
Chemistry, Arizona Western College, Yuma Arizona 85365, United States

The global appetite for electricity is insatiable. Coupled with the increasing concern of
global climate change and its correlative connection to electricity production from
carbon-based fuels such as coal and natural gas and an ever increasing world
population, much attention within the past five years has been directed towards
development of multi-scale carbon-neutral sources for electrical power production. At
the top of the list of carbon-neutral sources is solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this
poster the authors will present data showing the influence of: 1) time (daily and
seasonal), and 2) the fixed angle and direction of a PV solar panel on electrical power
output and panel efficiency for a geographical location at 32 degrees latitude north.

CHED 556

Utilizing otolith microchemistry to assess fish habitat preference and mercury

contamination

Carissa L Gervasi(1), [email protected], Box #5970, 1 Old Ferry Rd, Bristol RI

02809, United States ; David L Taylor(1). (1) Department of Marine Biology, Roger
Williams University, Bristol RI 02809, United States

Strontium(Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentration ratios in fish otoliths can be used to
assess habitat preferences because Sr:Ca ratios have a positive correlation with
ambient water salinity. For this research, the otoliths of six species of fish from
Narragansett Bay, RI were analyzed for Sr:Ca ratios in order to determine salinity and
thus, habitat preference. Whole otoliths were extracted, cleaned, weighed and digested
in nitric acid, then diluted for analysis in an inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometer which provides the Sr:Ca ratios. The overall purpose of the project is to
examine Sr:Ca ratios in relation to previously measured mercury concentrations to
determine if there is a correlation between habitat preference and mercury
concentration. The ratios will eventually be compared to the mercury values for each
fish to examine any relationships.

CHED 557

Investigation of the bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles

Sarah K Anciaux(1), [email protected], 1220 1st Ave NE, Cedar Rapids Iowa 52402,
United States ; Emily S Bernhardt(2); Benjamin P Colman(2); Justin Wright(2); Bonny
McGill(2). (1) Chemistry, Coe College, Cedar Rapids Iowa 52402, United States (2)
Biology, Duke University, Durham North Carolina 27705, United States

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Silver nanoparticles are increasingly common in consumer products (e.g., cosmetic

creams, nasal sprays, clothing), and use of these products is expected to increase silver
entering the waste stream. Much of this silver is expected to accumulate in sewage
biosolids, which are often spread on agricultural fields and rangeland. Given silver's
toxic effects on microorganisms and plants, we tested the effect of silver on plants, and
the extent to which they took up silver from soils. Biosolids were added either alone,
with 11mg of AgNPs (21nm PVP-coated), or with 44mg Ag as AgNO3. After two
months, plants were harvested, weighed, and analyzed for silver content. Plants were
shown to accumulate silver in both above and below ground tissues for both AgNO3
and AgNPs. The concentration seemed to be driven more by the concentration at which
silver was added than the form in which it was added.

CHED 558

Heavy metal contamination at the Pomona College Organic Farm

Teija C Mortvedt(1), [email protected], 1030 Columbia Ave., Claremont CA

91711, United States ; Kellyann Murphy(2); Kelly J Park(2); Kathleen L Purvis-Roberts(1);
Charles J Taylor(2). (1) Joint Science Department, Scripps College, Claremont California
91711, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont
California 91711, United States

The Pomona College Organic Farm has potential heavy metal contamination due to its
history as both a citrus grove and a waste disposal staging area. Soil analyses by X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy determined the following
levels of lead, chromium, and arsenic in the farm: lead XRF measurements were 20.3 –
76.0 ppm, averaging at 39.8 ± 3.4 ppm, while AA measurements were 2.4 – 11.7 ppm,
averaging at 5.2 ± 0.60 ppm; chromium XRF measurements were 155.7 – 726.6 ppm,
averaging at 281.6 ± 30. ppm; arsenic AA measurements were 2.3 – 5.4 ppm,
averaging at 4.1 ± .020 ppm. None of these levels exceed EPA regulations and should
not pose a health risk to those using the farm.

CHED 559

Emulsions utilizing heavy fuel oil and crude glycerin: A surfactant study

Anthony J Lucio(1), [email protected], 7400 Bay Road, University Center MI 48710,

United States ; Lanny Robbins(2); David S Karpovich(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Saginaw Valley State University, University Center MI 48710, United States (2) Larco
Technologies, LLC, Midland MI 48642, United States

No. 6 fuel is a heavy fuel oil (HFO) that has a relatively high viscosity. It needs to be
pre-heated prior to pumping otherwise it will congeal and clog fuel lines. Its undesirable
characteristics result in lower demand thus making it an inexpensive fuel for power-
plants and ocean-going vessels. We have experience in producing stable emulsions of

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No. 2 fuel in crude glycerin obtained from biodiesel processing. Our results suggest it
would be of interest to study the unique surfactant systems required to produce a similar
emulsion with HFO. By producing an oil/glycerin emulsion we can generate a lower
viscosity fuel compared to No. 6 fuel oil alone. This could expand the utility of the low
cost fuel. This poster will present our results on the formulations and resulting properties
of emulsions of No. 6 fuel oil in crude glycerin.

CHED 560

Benthic biogeochemistry in Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Eileen B Thomzik(1), [email protected], College Ave 201, 1111 Sentry Dr.,

Waukesha Wisconsin 53186, United States ; J. Val Klump(2); Patrick Anderson(2); Kim
Weckerly(2); Don Szmania(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Carroll
University, Waukesha Wisconsin 53186, United States (2) Great Lakes WATER
Institute, University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee, Milwaukee Wisconsin 53204, United
States

Seasonal hypoxia has been observed in Green Bay, Lake Michigan for many years, and
these hypereutrophic waters are listed as having impaired water quality for failure to
meet the dissolved oxygen (DO) standard of 5 mg/L. The lower bay acts as an efficient
sediment trap for organic rich materials and algal debris settling out from the water
column. Rapid organic matter decomposition within the sediments results in low oxygen
levels in late summer and early fall. Rates of sediment oxygen demand were estimated
by measuring the decrease in DO concentrations over time in cores collected from
multiple stations in lower Green Bay and incubated on board the Research Vessel
Neeskay. Profiles of DO, pH, temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll, and depth were
measured at ~27 stations in July, August, and September 2010. Dissolved oxygen
levels were plotted as a function of time to determine depletion rates. A primary goal is
to examine the spatial variation in these rates throughout lower Green Bay.

CHED 561

GC-MS identification of unknown constituents in lipid extracts from biota

sampled from the Upper Mississippi River

Tanner J McDaniel(1), [email protected], N4361 Ruby Lane, West Salem WI,

United States ; Thomas W Nalli(1); Lynn A Bartsch(2); Michelle R Bartsch(2); William B
Richardson(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Winona State University, Winona MN
55987, United States (2) U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental
Sciences, La Crosse WI 54603, United States

The main goal of this project was to identify major unknown peaks found in lipid extracts
from various Upper Mississippi River (UMR) specimens. Standard solutions of fatty acid
methyl esters (FAME) were analyzed by GC-MS using an Agilent 60-m DB-23 column.

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Thermodynamic retention indices (TRI) were determined by running the standards at

two different oven temperature ramps and using PRO ezGC method Development
software (Restek, Bellefonte, PA), to determine optimum GC parameters for UMR
specimen analysis. The lipids were extracted with CHCl3/MeOH and methylated with
H2SO4/MeOH prior to analysis. Initial analysis made use of GC-FID with most
constituents identifiable by retention time. This project sought to determine unidentified
peaks thought to be fatty acids, or dimethyl acetals, phytols and phytol derivatives.

CHED 562

Determination of the optical charateristics and photodegradation of

chromophoric dissolved organic matter with 3D fluorescence excitation-emission
matrices from the Southern Californian wetland species Typha latifolia and
Scirpus lacustris

Benjamin Brahm(1), [email protected], One University Drive, Orange CA

92866, United States ; Catherine D Clark(1), [email protected], One University
Drive, Orange CA 92866, United States ; Paige Aiona(1); Warren J De Bruyn(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Chapman University, Orange CA 92780, United States

To better understand Southern California wetland systems and their contribution to the
overall chemical composition of Southern California's coastal waters, the contribution of
native plant production to chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was
investigated. A natural treatment wetland system used for water purification for ground
water renewal provided a controlled system with a 95% native plant composition for
study. The optical properties of CDOM were determined for each of the two main
species in the reclamation sites, cattails (Typha latifolia) and bulrush (Scirpus lacustris).
Photodegridation of the CDOM samples was performed to estimate actual contributions
to overall CDOM. Both plants showed contributions from terrestrial, protein and marine
humic-like peaks, suggesting production and output of these materials from the marsh.
3-D fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) were used in the analysis of the
CDOM.

CHED 563

Toxicity of chlorinated sunscreen agents

Vaughn F Sherwood(1), [email protected], 800 S Tucker Dr., Tulsa Ok

74014, United States ; Robert J Sheaff(1); Gordon H Purser(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa OK 74104, United States

Many chlorinated compounds are harmful to cells. Sunscreen agents found in

commercial lotions are known to undergo chlorination when they are exposed to
hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Several active ingredients found in sunscreens
(Sulisobenzone, Oxybenzone, Dioxybenzone, and Padimate O) were reacted with HOCl

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and then tested for toxicity. Due to the greater amount of HOCl in chlorinated pools
relative to the sunscreen agent on the skin, the product formed from a 2:1 mole ratio of
HOCl to sunscreen agent was also tested for potential toxicity. For the simulation of
human contact with the chlorinated sunscreen agents, human dermal fibroblast (HDF)
cells were treated with the chlorinated compounds at varying concentrations between
30 mM and 1 mM. Measurements of cell death in the treated cells employ the CellTiter-
Blue® Assay to determine toxicity. An analysis of the results of these toxicity
experiments is the subject of this presentation.

CHED 564

Levels of copper in Sagittaria lancifolia from a natural wetland

Christian Irizarry(1); Gabriel Acevedo(1); Ivy Velez(1); Christine M. Santana(1). (1)

Physics and Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo, Arecibo PR 00612, Puerto
Rico

In this work we addressed the content of copper (Cu) by Sagittaria lancifolia (bulltongue
arrowhead) from the Caño Tiburones wetland. This hydrological system has been
exposed to contamination by aqueous effluents produced from the Arecibo Regional
Landfill, Barceloneta treatment sludge plant, industrial activities, local or municipal
sewage, agricultural activities where pesticides and plaguicides are commonly used,
among others. Sampling site selected in this wetland was the Zanja Fría freshwater
zone. Plants were collected from three (3) sampling stations. Sampling was performed
during the yearly seasons. Plants were divided in its parts before acid digestion
treatment. Tissue samples were digested using a microwave laboratory oven (CEM
MARS X). Spikes were also prepared to check for metal recovery. Analyses were
performed by means of an atomic absorption spectrometer with a flame atomizer (PE
AAnalyst-800). Results showed average levels of Cu found in tissue samples of
Sagittaria lancifolia per sampling station at concentrations of 6.34 µg/g Cu, 5.10 µg/g Cu
and 4.15 µg/g Cu in leaves, and concentrations of 5.16 µg/g Cu, 12.26 µg/g Cu and
5.92 µg/g Cu in stems (per sample dry weight). Levels of Cu were different among the
parts of plant. These findings may provide the basis for understanding the
bioaccumulation and phytoremediation capabilities of the Sagittaria lancifolia aquatic
plant for environmental cleanup purposes.

CHED 565

Hydroponic studies of sunflowers and switchgrass

Brandy L Caulwell(1), [email protected], 835 NW 771 Rd, Blairstown MO 64726,

United States ; Scott McKay(1); Gija Geme(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry, and Physics, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg MO 64093,
United States

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For this project, helianthus (sunflowers) and Kanlow switchgrass was grown in a well-
sustained, perfect hydroponics environment with constant scrutinization. The basis of
this research is to see how the environment is affected by the process of the plants
growing. Plants take up nutrients from the soil, but the purpose of this experiment is to
see whether this uptake of nutrients depletes certain nutrients from the environment or
has no effect on the environment. In this experiment, pH, phosphorous, nitrogen, and
potassium is monitored to see if certain plants take up more of one of these elements
compared to the uptake of the other elements. The plants will also be analyzed for
carbon, nitrogen, and potassium content. While nutrients are a big part of this project,
the long-term effects of heavy metals, such as lead, on the plants and the environment
is also closely observed.

CHED 566

Sensitivity study of soil moisture and carbon dioxide over the Ohio Valley

Sean W Freeman(1), [email protected], 2321 Summerwoods Dr., Hebron KY

41048, United States ; Rezaul Mahmood(2); Arturo Quintanar(2); Astrid Gonzalez(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green Kentucky
42101, United States (2) Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky
University, Bowling Green Kentucky 42101, United States

Soil Moisture and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) affect the atmosphere in similar ways. Lower
soil moisture and high CO2 both cause the atmosphere to warm, whereas high soil
moisture and low CO2 cause the atmosphere to cool. In this experiment, we compare
these two opposing
effects and look how the atmosphere responds. We used Colorado State University's
Regional Atmospheric Modeling System coupled with the General Energy and Mass
Transit Model, which together are called GEMRAMS. For this experiment, we ran five
simulations for one month (June 2005), one with a carbon dioxide level of 355 and no
soil moisture change, another with a CO2 level of 430 and a soil moisture increase of
25%, and another with a CO2 level of 280 and a soil moisture increase of 25%, and two
more control runs. Our results showed that there were statistically significant changes
over the oceans and the continental United States.

CHED 567

Optical characterization of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in sediment

pore waters of a Southern Californian salt marsh

Paige Aiona(1), [email protected], One University Drive, Orange CA

92866, United States ; Catherine D Clark(1), [email protected], One University
Drive, Orange CA 92866, United States ; Warren J De Bruyn(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Chapman University, Orange CA 92866, United States

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Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) affects many properties of water chemistry
and the cycling of carbon in oceans, marshes, and lakes. This study examined the
optical properties of CDOM in salt marsh sediments as a function of depth. The data
was used to investigate the hypothesis that CDOM from sediments is dominating
outputs from coastal salt marshes in Southern California. Pore water equilibrators
(―Peepers‖) were used to collect samples from different depths of the sediments of a
salt marsh that discharges into the Santa Ana River outlet in Huntington Beach, Orange
County, Southern California, USA. After a two week period, the Peepers were retrieved
and samples were extracted for optical analyses. Ultraviolet-visible absorption and
scanning fluorescence spectrometers were utilized to determine what components were
present in the CDOM as a function of depth.

CHED 568

Studies of carbon sequestration by switchgrass

Patrick Barnett(1)(2), [email protected], UCM W.C. Morris Building,

Warrensburg Missouri 64093, United States ; Scott McKay(1)(2); Gija Geme(1)(2). (1)
Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physics, University of Central Missouri,
Warrensburg Missouri 64093, United States (2) Center for Alternative Fuels and
Environmental Science, Warrensburg Missouri 64093, United States

This is part of an ongoing study focused on using switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a

renewable, alternative energy source. The particular focus of this research was to
determine the carbon sequestration potential of switchgrass. Long term monitoring of
carbon content in soil will determine if using switchgrass as an alternative energy
source is a carbon-neutral process. Four different types of switchgrass (Kanlow, Cave in
Rock, Blackwell, and Alamo) were grown with amounts of nitrogen added to soil varying
from 0 to 100lbs. Core samples of the soil were collected, dried, and sieved to remove
unwanted matter. The total carbon in the soil was measured using a high temperature
furnace with ultra-high purity oxygen carrier gas, causing combustion of carbon in the
soil, resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide which was measured using carbon
coulometry. The averages for carbon content in soil were found to range from 0.7780%
to 2.2365% by mass with precision of 0.97% to 3.56%. The data was analyzed to
determine if there existed a correlation between amount of nitrogen added to soil or type
of switchgrass and carbon content in soil. Soil samples from the same plots were
collected over a period of three years to determine whether the switchgrass was
sequestering carbon in the soil and if so at what rate.

CHED 569

Production and destruction of acetone in Southern California coastal waters

Harpreet Singh(1), [email protected], One University Drive, Orange CA 92866,

United States ; Warren J De Bruyn(1), [email protected], One University Drive,

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Orange CA 92866, United States ; Catherine D Clark(1); Lauren Pagel(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Chapman University, Orange CA 92866, United States

Acetone is produced photochemically from chromophoric dissolved organic matter

(CDOM) and destroyed biologically in natural waters but production/destruction rates,
mechanisms and net flux across the air-water interface are not well known. Ambient
concentrations (8 ± 3nM), diel cycling, photoproduction rates and biological destruction
rates were measured in Southern California coastal waters. The diel study showed
cycling but no clear photochemically dominated production. Photoproduction was
measured in the laboratory using a precolumn DNPH derivatization HPLC/UV detection
approach as a function of optical properties and irradiation time. Concentrations
increased linearly with irradiation time and rates decreased linearly with decreasing
absorption coefficient (a in m-1 at 300 nm; measure of CDOM levels), with substantial
variability in low a beach waters. Apparent quantum yields (Θ) were unchanged for a =
2-16 m-1, but increased x5 for beach waters with low a. Θ increased linearly with
increasing spectral slope for beach waters and exposure to natural sunlight, consistent
with enhanced production efficiency with photobleaching of CDOM. Θ trends with
oxygen and molecular reaction probes suggest a combination of direct photolysis and
singlet oxygen quenching as primary production mechanisms. Degradation rates were
determined by following the decay of a nM spike of d6-acetone in unfiltered seawater
relative to 0.2 uM filtered seawater by isotope dilution purge and trap GC/MS. The
observed loss of acetone scaled linearly with initial acetone concentration with a overall
first order degradation rate of ~3 /day.

CHED 570

Correlation studies of nitrogen in soil and switchgrass

Brittany L Hagenhoff(1), [email protected], 707 South Washington Street,

Apartment G-4, Warrensburg Missouri 64093, United States ; Scott McKay(1); Gija
Geme(1); Fanson Kidwaro(1); Brian Banach(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry, and Physics, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg Missouri 64093,
United States

Nitrogen is a key macronutrient found in plants and soil. Plants need accurate amounts
nitrogen that will allow for optimal plant growth. The data can also be used in research
for alternative fuel sources. The method used for the determining the amount of nitrogen
in the soil and plants is the Kjedahl method. The soil and switch grass are digested,
distilled, and titrated to quantify the ammonia gas. Through conversion, the amount of
nitrogen is calculated. The plant and soil samples were obtained from twelve different
switch grass plots with four different types of grass (Blackwell, Alamo, Kanlow, and
Cave-in-Rock) with controlled amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, and 100lbs). Nitrogen
concentrations so far observed in soil range from 0.9005-2.537gN/Kg soil and precision
that ranges from 1.088%-9.637%. Analysis of nitrogen in soil and switchgrass will be
presented with collections from the fall, over a three year period.

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CHED 571

On-road measurement of the effects of new heavy-duty diesel truck emission

standards

Drew B Horsley(1), [email protected], 1500 N Warner St, CMB #1015,

Tacoma WA 98416, United States ; Daniel A. Burgard(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Puget Sound, Tacoma WA 98416, United States

In 2007 and 2010, Federal diesel vehicle emission regulations all but mandated the use
of Diesel Particulate Filters and Selective Catalytic Reduction, respectively. These two
devices are designed to lower levels of Particulate Matter and the oxides of nitrogen
(NOx). Heavy-duty diesel trucks are a major contributor of NO and NO2 emissions which
lead to the formation of ground-level ozone causing significant health effects.
Measurements of diesel truck exhaust emissions were collected for two weeks during
the summer of 2010. A Remote Sensing Device was used to collect CO, hydrocarbon,
NO and NO2 emissions for over 1700 individually identified trucks. Measurements were
compared to engine model year of individual trucks identified by license plate. This
study shows that average model year emissions of CO and total NOx decrease since
2007, reflecting the introduction of new regulations. However, significant increases in
NO2 emissions occur.

CHED 572

Investigation into the synthesis of biodiesel

Leah Block(1), [email protected], Country Club Lane, York Pennsylvania 17403, United
States ; Gregory P Foy(1); Kathleen M Halligan(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences,
York College of Pennsylvania, York Pennsylvania 17403, United States

The main goal of this study is to successfully develop a larger scale process of biodiesel
production from spent vegetable oil. Past studies at York College have encountered a
number of obstacles. The best procedure developed thus far at YCP will be followed,
and new more efficient procedures will be developed. Different catalysts, temperatures,
and other factors will be adjusted to enhance the results from the previous work. The
current focus is refining the analytical methods necessary to determine purity of the
biodiesel. Characterization by analytical analysis FT-IR (Infrared Spectrometry) and GC-
FID (Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection) is necessary to validate the
enhancement of the synthesis. Future goals of this project include collaboration with the
engineer department to reach the ultimate goal of this project which is to design a
system which will produce biodiesel for use in the campus shuttle and other campus
vehicles.

CHED 573

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Anaheim, CA

Lysine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for removal of chromium (VI) from

solution

Christopher W Hnatyk(1), [email protected], 303 E. Kearsley Street, Room 566A

Murchie Science Building, Flint MI 48502, United States ; Anselm Omoike(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint MI 48502,
United States

In this study, iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles were functionalized with DL-lysine under
alkaline and acidic conditions and evaluated for removal of chromium (VI) from solution.
Our infrared results show that the particles synthesized under alkaline conditions
incorporated more lysine into the iron oxide matrix, as indicated by bands at 1387 cm-1
(CO symmetric stretching) and 1607 cm-1 (CO asymmetric stretching). Preliminary batch
sorption tests, performed under differing pH's and times of exposure, indicate that the
alkaline preparation has better removal of chromium from solution than either the
particles prepared under acidic conditions or the particles without exposure to lysine.
Our results show that iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with DL-lysine
are promising adsorbents for remediation of chromium contaminated water.

CHED 574

Characterization of products and potential uses of by-products from a small-scale

biodiesel plant

Reyna Reyes(1), [email protected], 208 Edgemont Blvd, Alamosa Co

81102, United States ; Rachel Ann Santos Raguindin(1),
[email protected], 208 Edgemont Blvd, Alamosa CO 81102, United
States ; Renee P. Beeton(1); Martin B. Jones(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Mathematics, & Computer Science, Adams State College, Alamosa CO 81102, United
States

For the past several years, Costilla County in south central Colorado has synthesized
biodiesel on a small scale level to provide fuel for county vehicles. Recently, the
Chemistry Program at Adams State College was asked to collaborate on a project to
test purity of the prepared biodiesel and investigate potential uses of the glycerol by-
products. Capillary gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry
was used in the determination of the biodiesel product purity. The results suggest that
the canola oil was converted nearly quantitatively to the desired fatty acid methyl ester
mixture (biodiesel). The glycerol by-product from the biodiesel plant was also examined
for purity and for its possible use as a cross-linking agent in polyesterification reactions.

CHED 575

Effects of the Greenways Project on stream health in an urban watershed

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Anaheim, CA

Kristin M. Grenier(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway, Lexington KY

40508, United States ; George K. Kaufman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Transylvania University, Lexington KY 40508, United States

In recent years, a substantial amount of money, time, and effort has been allocated to
urban stream restoration projects; however, considerably fewer resources have been
used to assess the outcomes of these restorations. Assessments are most valuable if
they occur at each of three levels: chemical, biological, and physical. Nitrogen,
phosphate, and dissolved organic carbon levels; abundance and diversity of
macroinvertebrates; and streambed and bank stability are indicators of stream health. In
2002, Lexington, Kentucky released the Greenways Master Plan, which initiated the
creation of corridors of protected lots planted with native species along the city's
waterways. As Lexington's Greenways Project is ongoing, the city's streams allow real-
time analysis of the effects of restoration. In this study, we will examine the effects of
the isolated greenways on stream health by comparing waterways flowing through
restored greenways, urban areas, and established parks and natural areas.

CHED 576

Waste to byproduct conversion of oil shale semicoke: Chemical, environmental,

and fiscal concerns

Beatriz A. Datangel(1), [email protected], 300 The Fenway, Boston MA 02115,

United States ; Jillian L. Goldfarb(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Simmons College,
Boston MA 02215, United States (2) Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824, United States

Oil shale, an alternative fossil fuel, faces obstacles before its seemingly imminent
commercialization. Semicoke, the byproduct of shale processing, is usually disposed of
in landfills, raising environmental concerns. We analyzed entrained heavy metals and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that could inhibit semicoke's waste to byproduct
conversion, and found minimal contamination. These data, combined with semicoke's
high specific surface areas, indicate one potential byproduct use is a sorbent. We
perform a cost analysis of byproduct conversion through various scenarios – sorbent
use, co-fired fuel, landfill disposal. Comparative measurements of potential change in
profit margins are examined through case studies on the U.S's leading oil shale
corporations compared to their Chinese and Estonian counterparts. Key stumbling
blocks to this effort include further investigations into residual heating values of the
semicoke, separating carbon from the semicoke mixture, and developing an
infrastructure capable of mass production, such as those in China and Estonia.

CHED 577

Iron in soot: Reactions in the engine tail pipe

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Anaheim, CA

Hector Casique(1), [email protected], 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg WA 98926,

United States ; Anne M Johansen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Central Washington
University, Ellensburg WA 98926, United States

The automobile is the single greatest polluter, as emissions from vehicles add up to a
planet-wide problem. During fossil fuel combustion, impure carbon particles, also called
soot, are formed along with other byproducts. Impure carbon particles contain organic
molecules, such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and graphitic-like organic
structures, in addition to a slew of trace metals, the most predominant of which is iron.
Despite indications that oxidized PAH derivatives and reduced iron species are known
to contribute to soot toxicity, not much is known about how these are produced during
combustion. Under simulated conditions, we have found that ferric iron is reduced by
the electron-rich black carbon available in graphitic model soot. These results indicate
that the iron-induced toxicity of soot is dependent on the combustion and exhaust
conditions of the engine. Further research will focus on the photochemical control of iron
reduction in the presence of black carbon.

CHED 578

Decreased acidity in precipitation at Paradise, Mt. Rainier National Park, over the
past 22 years

Annika Nieber(1), [email protected], 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg WA 98926,

United States ; Mari Sorey(1); Sara Rybka(1); Jacquie Lillard(1); Rebecca Lofgren(2);
Barbara Samora(2); Anne M Johansen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Central
Washington University, Ellensburg WA 98926, United States (2) Biology, Mt. Rainier
National Park, Ashford WA 98304, United States

The Mt. Rainier Precipitation Chemistry Project at CWU was initiated in 1988 and
entails the regular monitoring of precipitation at the high elevation Paradise Ranger
Station situated within the Mount Rainier National Park, WA. Weekly precipitation
samples are analyzed for the following chemical components: pH, conductivity, sulfate,
chloride, nitrate, sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Volume
weighted 3-month averages were tested for significant trends throughout the 22-year
monitoring period and compared with analogous data collected at established National
Atmospheric Deposition Program sites throughout the state. Over the last two decades,
(i) significant negative trends have been observed for sulfate and nitrate and (ii) an
associated positive trend in pH, from 5.2 to 5.4 (P=0.05). These results indicate that air
pollution standards contribute significantly to decreasing acid rain deposition to this
pristine and vulnerable high elevation location potentially impacted by pollution from the
Seattle Metropolitan Area and Asia.

CHED 579

Lead contamination from aviation fuel additives at Brackett Airfield

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Anaheim, CA

Kellyann M Murphy(1), [email protected], 170 E 6th St Box 1535,

Claremont CA 91711, United States ; Kelly Park(1); Teija C Mortvedt(2); Charles J
Taylor(1); Kathleen L Purvis-Roberts(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pomona College,
Claremont CA 91711, United States (2) Department of Joint Sciences, Scripps College,
Claremont CA 91711, United States

Tetraethyllead is used as an anti-knock fuel additive in aviation gasoline (AVGAS). The

presence of lead in elevated amounts on the grounds adjacent to municipal airports
may indicate fuel runoff or particle settlement from combusted fuel. This study aims to
measure the concentration of this element in the soil around Brackett Airfield in
LaVerne, California. X-ray fluorescence measurements reveal lead content at 22.1 –
152.2 ppm with an average of 48.0 ± 7.4 ppm. None of the results obtained exceed
allowable EPA standards, so lead in soil should not pose a health risk to surrounding
communities. Further studies are recommended on
soils collected within the airport fence line—contamination is likely higher due to closer
proximity to the runway, fueling stations, and airplane hangars.

CHED 580

Fate of atmospheric deposited mercury: Adsorption of divalent mercury by soils

through leaching

Carrie Thompson(1), [email protected], 1585 Walter Lane, Apartment 2,

Cookeville Tennessee 38501, United States ; Hong Zhang(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville Tennessee 38505, United
States

The fate of atmospheric deposited Hg in soils remains of concern. Simulation

experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of Hg(II) by soils through leaching.
Hg(II) solutions (50 mL, 0.1-2.0 ppm) were leached through columns of top and bottom
soil (same location), clay, and sand (10.0 g each); the Hg(II) in the filtered leachate was
analyzed spectrophotometrically using dithizone. We found that the soil samples quickly
retained Hg(II); during the leaching spanning ~45 min, the top soil retained ~100% of
the Hg(II), the bottom soil retained over ~90% of the Hg(II) at Hg(II) < 1.6 ppm; the sand
and kaolinite retained little Hg(II). This is due to the interactions of the Hg(II) with the
organic matter in the soil samples. This study indicates the important role of soil organic
matter concerning the fate of atmospheric deposited Hg(II) in soils. Our findings agree
with those from the adsorption equilibrium studies.

CHED 581

Effects of urban land cover management on trace gas production

Taryn M. Mancarella(1)(2), [email protected], 1 Old Ferry Road, Bristol

RI 02809, United States ; Loren Byrne(1); Stephen K. O[apos]Shea(2). (1) Department of

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Anaheim, CA

Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol RI 02809, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol RI 02809, United States

The effects of urban land cover management on trace gas production from soils are
relatively unknown. This study measured the net flux rates of gases from experimental
field plots of lawn, bark and gravel mulches and unmowed vegetation. The gases NO,
N2O, CO2, CH4 and VOC's were sampled using static chambers three times a day over
a three day period in August 2010. A more in-depth comparison of trace organic
volatiles released from these environments was modeled in covered plant pots in the
laboratory. The organic volatiles were captured by vacuum air purging onto SPE C 18
cartridges. The gas samples collected were analyzed for trace gas production by
GC/MS. It is predicted that trace gas production and consumption rates vary among the
land covers. Results will provide new insights into the effects of urbanization on
ecological variables.

CHED 582

Levels, trends, and fate of heavy metals in street dust and sediments in the Long
Creek Watershed

Marie K Neidig(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 9300, Portland ME 04103,

United States ; Lucille A Benedict(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Southern Maine, Portland ME 04103, United States

Levels, trends and fate of heavy metals in street dust and sediments were investigated
in the impaired urban watershed, Long Creek, in South Portland, ME. Approximately
28% of all surfaces in the Long Creek Watershed are impervious, totaling approximately
600 acres. Storm water runoff from these impervious surfaces receive little to no
treatment before being discharged into Long Creek. Collection of street dusts was
dominantly focused in areas with high percentages of impervious surfaces. Sediment
collection focused on sediments directly downstream of drainage pipes to assess the
impact of street dusts on the creek. Samples were analyzed for metals using x-ray
fluorescence (XRF) and a direct mercury analyzer (DMA).

CHED 583

Aqueous-phase chemoselective hydrogenation of cyclohexenone using platinum

nanocatalysts

Sarah B. Wagner(1), [email protected], 101 N. College Ave., Annville PA 17003, United

States ; Nathan E. Musselwhite(1); Kyle M. Gross(1); Collin J. Straka(1); Anderson L.
Marsh(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Lebanon Valley College, Annville PA 17003,
United States

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Anaheim, CA

In the fragrance and pharmaceutical industries, the chemoselective hydrogenation of

carbonyl bonds in unsaturated ketones is a crucial reaction. Many of these reactions
must be carried out in organic solvents, which are harmful pollutants. To eliminate this
hazard, water-soluble poly(vinylpyrrolidone) capped platinum nanocatalysts were
synthesized in the 1-10 nm size range and used in the ―green‖ hydrogenation of
cyclohexenone. Using the integrated peaks from the GC-MS allowed for percent
selectivities and turnover frequencies to be determined. The reaction conditions were
changed to investigate the maximization of the desired product, cyclohexenol. The
effects of running the hydrogenation reaction at different temperatures were examined
to calculate apparent activation energies. In studying the effectiveness of these varying
conditions and the resulting kinetic properties, it can be determined how to best use the
―green‖ platinum nanocatalysts to produce a more selective product.

CHED 584

Electrochemical battery-capacitor hybrid using renewable sources of activated

carbons

Charli B. Fant(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway, Lexington KY 40508,

United States ; George K. Kaufman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Transylvania
University, Lexington KY 40508, United States

To capitalize on the charge and discharge capabilities of the standard battery and the
energy density of the capacitor, we undertook to create an efficient electrochemical
double layer capacitor-battery hybrid using chemically activated carbons as electrodes.
Carbons derived from various renewable sources underwent processes in which their
surfaces were activated to maximize surface area contact with both the electrolyte and
current collector to make electrodes. These electrodes were tested against each other
in half-cell capacitor cycles in which the cells were charged and discharged repeatedly
as we tried to establish the power storage potential and repeated charge and discharge
endurance of each carbon material. The most promising carbons with respect to power
and demonstrable endurance were used on the capacitor side of a battery-capacitor
hybrid cell and were tested to determine which carbon material exhibited the most
consistency and optimal power performance in the context of a hybrid cell.

CHED 585

Analysis of Kentucky coal plant emissions compared to scrubbing and control

techniques

Rebecca K. Pasco(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway, Lexington KY

40508, United States ; George K. Kaufman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Transylvania University, Lexington KY 40508, United States

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The effect of the coal industry on the chemistry of the atmosphere has been a popular
topic in Environmental Chemistry for several years now. The U.S. generates over 50%
of its electricity from the burning of coal; in Kentucky, that figure is greater than 90%.
This project will look at the changes made by electrical companies in Kentucky (left
anonymous) that produce their electricity from coal. Emissions of CO2, NOx, SO2 and,
where available, mercury and other heavy metal products will be compared to the
source of coal and chemical scrubbing techniques employed by each plant to control
these emissions. This project explores the effects of measures taken to control such
emissions on the atmosphere as well as on the electrical companies themselves.

CHED 586

How safe is tuna for human consumption? Toxicity and threshold levels of tuna

Ernesto E Vasquez(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Av., San Jose CA 95128,

United States ; John C Song(1). (1) Chemistry, San Jose City College, San Jose CA
95128, United States

Up to date research information regarding human consumption of tuna will be

presented. Data collected on toxicity and threshold levels of tuna will inform audience of
how safe tuna is for human consumption and what is the safe amount to consume.
Ecological impact of tuna fishing in ocean will be discussed.

CHED 587

Synthesis and demonstration of the diverse environmental applications of novel

metal
organic frameworks: Carbon dioxide capture and aqueous removal of biological
toxins

Sean Freeman(1), [email protected], 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling

Green Kentucky 42101, United States ; Sydney Combs(1),
[email protected], 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green Kentucky
42101, United States ; Zachary Laux(1), [email protected], 1509 College
Heights Blvd, Bowling Green KY 42101-6400, United States ; Cathleen Webb(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green Kentucky
42101, United States

Pollution levels in the Earth's atmosphere have been increasing over the last century
due to human activities, which may lead to negative consequences in the near future.
However, most of the solutions being developed are assessing only one aspect of the
environmental pollution. This research focused on the synthesis and possible
application of a unique material: porous, anionic Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
which may be applied in the removal of aqueous biological toxins and atmospheric CO 2.
Our studies included: the relationship between CO2 levels, soil moisture, and their affect

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on the atmosphere using GEMRAMS, an atmospheric model; methodology of aqueous

protein purification removal using an amberlite weak-cation exchange resin, IRC-50;
and the synthesis of porous, anionic MOFs consisting of benzenetricarboxylic acid and
nickel ions. Results promised future practical application and further research will allow
for a greater understanding of the possible use of the anionic, MOFs.

CHED 588

Fate of deposited atmospheric mercury: Adsorption of divalent mercury by soils

through leaching

Carrie Thompson(1), [email protected], 1585 Walter Lane, Apt 2, Cookeville

Tennessee 38501, United States ; Hong Zhang(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville Tennessee 38505, United States

The fate of atmospheric deposited Hg in soils remains of concern. Simulation

experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of Hg(II) by soils through leaching.
Hg(II) solutions (50 mL, 0.1-2.0 ppm) were leached through columns of top and bottom
soil (same location), clay, and sand (10.0 g each); the Hg(II) in the filtered leachate was
analyzed spectrophotometrically using dithizone. We found that the soil samples quickly
retained Hg(II); during the leaching spanning ~45 min, the top soil retained ~100% of
the Hg(II), the bottom soil retained over ~90% of the Hg(II) at Hg(II) < 1.6 ppm; the sand
and kaolinite retained little Hg(II). This is due to the interactions of the Hg(II) with the
organic matter in the soil samples. This study indicates the important role of soil organic
matter concerning the fate of atmospheric deposited Hg(II) in soils. Our findings agree
with those from the adsorption equilibrium studies.

CHED 589

Investigation of the photoreaction of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care

products

Michael Conine(1), [email protected], Ravine Parkway, Oneonta NY 13820,

United States ; Mark Dittmar(1); Trudy Thomas-Smith(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, SUNY Oneonta, Oneonta NY 13820, United States

The occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the
natural water environment continues to be of concern. Furthermore, the role of
photochemical reactions in PPCP fate needs to be more clearly understood. In this
study, the effect of ultra-violet and visible light on the direct and indirect photoreaction of
acetaminophen and DEET will be presented. Indirect photoreaction will be investigated
using Suwannee River Fulvic and Humic Acids (SRFA, SRHA) which have been shown
to facilitate degradation of various anthropogenic compounds in natural waters.
Preliminary data indicates that acetaminophen absorbance properties are changed by

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Anaheim, CA

exposure to UV light in the presence of SRFA and SRHA. Studies involving GC-MS
analysis of ―degraded‖ PPCPs will also be presented.

CHED 590

Phosphate source-sink dynamics in a river ecosystem

Andrew M Cardamone(1), [email protected], 102 Smith Union, Brunswick

Maine 04011, United States ; Dharni Vasudevan(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Bowdon College, Brunswick Maine 04011, United States

The Androscoggin River (central Maine) has historically been heavily polluted by
phosphate inputs (Pi) from industrial and agricultural sources. As the water becomes
cleaner, questions remain whether the Pi currently bound to the sediment will re-enter
the water column and adversely affect the river ecosystem. Sediments from multiple
sites on the Androscoggin were used in sorption experiments conducted as a function of
Pi concentration in solution. Our results allowed for the extrapolation and comparison of
the equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPCο). At all sites, EPCο was much less than
aqueous Pi concentrations, suggesting the sediments in the Androscoggin River will
continue to act as a sink (uptake) of Pi in the future. Differences in the EPC values
between sample sites also correlated with surficial iron and aluminum content in the
sediment. Experiments to determine if other sediment characteristics influence the P i
sorption capacity of river sediments are currently in progress.

CHED 591

Water quality monitoring near points of waste disposal

Peter Iles(1), [email protected], 4600 South Redwood Road, Salt Lake City UT
84130, United States ; Teri Trotter(1); Michael Edwards(1); McKinzie Eugster(1); Tim
Beagley(2); Neil Bastian(1); Luther Giddings(1); Adam Blaszczak(3); Alejandro Pabon(3);
Mary Nelson(3). (1) Department of Chemistry, Salt Lake Community College, Salt Lake
City UT 84130, United States (2) Department of Biology, Salt Lake Community College,
Salt Lake City UT 84130, United States (3) Department of Biotechnology, Salt Lake
Community College, Salt Lake City UT 84130, United States

Students worked directly with the InnovaBio subsidiary of the SLCC Biotechnology
Department to establish protocols for the monitoring of microbiological activity at various
locations along the waterway. Specifically, students isolate biological macromolecules
from their water samples and quantify the total concentrations of nucleic acids. Using
the technique of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and degenerate
oligonucleotide primers specific for 16S ribosomal RNA genes, they monitor the total
number of bacteria per unit volume of water. Subsequently, they will use a newly
developed technique for high resolution melting and reannealing of their qPCR products
to monitor the relative diversity of bacterial types in their water samples. Also a number

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of heavy metals were analyzed via voltammetric means in water, soil and vegetation
samples from the area and the results compared with the biological studies.

CHED 592

Investigation of the kinetic parameters of tetrachloro[ethylenebis

diphenylphosphine)]tungsten(IV) as a Lewis acid catalyst in the esterification of
oleic acid

Molly C Kingsley(1), [email protected], 4245 East Ave, Rochester NY 14618,

United States ; Richard W Hartmann(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Nazareth College,
Rochester NY 14618, United States

The use of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), commonly known as biodiesel, as an
alternative to traditional diesel fuel has grown tremendously and many researchers are
investigating the use of low quality used cooking oils as a raw material for their
production. However, these oils are often contaminated with high levels of free fatty
acids (FFA) requiring conversion to esters before the conventional base catalyzed
transesterification can be preformed. Often this is accomplished with sulfuric acid which
is highly corrosive and may lead to premature reaction vessel failure. We have been
investigating the use of Lewis acid catalysts as replacements for sulfuric acid and one
promising species is tetrachloro[ethylenebis(diphenylphosphine)]tungsten(IV). We
report here the kinetics parameters, observed via proton NMR, associated with the use
of this catalysts in the esterification of oleic acid.

CHED 593

Analysis of humic substances in Beaufort Sea sediments using diffuse

reflectance IR spectroscopy

Colleen E O[apos]Neil(1), [email protected], 18592 E. Fisher Rd, St. Mary[apos]s

City MD 20686, United States ; Richard B Coffin(2); Randolph K Larsen(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St. Mary[apos]s College of Maryland, St.
Mary[apos]s City MD 20686, United States (2) Code 6114 Marine Biogeochemistry,
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, United States

This studied employs diffuse reflectance FTIR analysis to characterize the organic
content of sediment near methane hydrates along the cost the Beaufort Sea. A major
advantage to this method being that it is less time consuming, simple, sensitive and
non-destructive. Furthermore, it has been shown that FT-IR DRIFT is a suitable method
for determining the humic content of sediment samples. These samples were collected
during the 2009 MITAS research expedition from various off-shore locations near the
Mackenzie River. This river a major source of terrestrial material to the Beaufort Shelf
as well as the fourth largest river draining into the Arctic Ocean. This study will help to

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understand the carbon cycling surrounding the Mackenzie River delta as well assist in
differentiating between land and aquatic originating carbon found within the Arctic.

CHED 594

Effective and affordable arsenic purification methodology

Benadin Varajic(1), [email protected], 367 Lost River LN, Bowling Green

Kentucky 42104, United States ; Morgan Jones(1); Cathleen J. Webb(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Western Kentucky Univeristy, Bowling Green Kentucky 42101, United
States

High arsenic concentration in drinkingwater is a very real and serious health issue faced
by millions of people worldwide. Long term exposure to high arsenic concentrations
above the World Health Organization's standard of 10 parts per billion has been linked
to serious health effects including digestive tract disease and cancer. Although effective
purification techniques exist, their implementation is an unrealistic goal by many third-
world nations for a variety of reasons. The most common of these being the expense
associated with the implementation and maintenance of what are typically complex
procedures. Our research goal is to find a cost-effective method of arsenic purification
that is a feasible alternative to current arsenic purification methodology for third world
countries. Our research has focused on binding Iron (III) Chloride to an inexpensive
substrate, such as limestone, and using that Iron- imestone complex to filter arsenic
from water. We have attained favorable results with some samples exceeding 99%
removal efficiency.

CHED 595

Effect of exchangeable cations on aniline sorption to soils

Tina Zhang(1), [email protected], 907 Smith Union, Bowdoin College, Brunswick

ME 04011, United States ; Dharni Vasudevan(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Bowdoin
College, Brunswick ME 04011, United States

Over the past couple of decades, there has been increasing concern over the fate of
pharmaceuticals released into the environment. Aniline represents an important model
compound for larger antibiotics because many antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin,
penicillin, and cephalexin, possess the amine functionality. Although many studies have
examined aniline sorption to soils and pure phase aluminosilicates, relatively few
studies have focused on the linearity and nonlinearity of sorption and intermolecular
interactions between aniline molecules on the soil surface. This study explores how the
identity and charge of the exchangeable cation present in soils influences the
linearity/non-linearity of aniline sorption isotherms. To achieve this, aniline sorption and
cation release were evaluated for six test soils with varying exchangeable cation
contents. Results to date show significantly different extents of aniline sorption to the

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test soils even under experimental conditions designed to ensure that all suspensions
contained similar equivalents of charge/kg of soil.

CHED 596

Thiolate vs. isocyanide junctions in self-assembly of azulenic

monolayer films on metallic gold surfaces

Anna M DeLaRosa(1)(2), [email protected], University of Dallas Box #92, 1845 E.

Northgate Dr., Irving TX 75062, United States ; Brad Neal(1); Mikhail V Barybin(1); Cindy
L Berrie(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66042,
United States (2) University of Dallas, Lawrence KS 66042, United States

Azulene is an attractive building block in molecular electronics design as a molecular

diode because of its asymmetric aromatic framework and its remarkably small HOMO-
LUMO gap, which facilitates charge transfer to or from metal across the molecule. Our
research project investigates the formation and properties of azulene-based self-
assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au (111), formed of molecules anchored to the Au
surface via thiolate or isocyanide junctions. Results of systematic binding competition
studies between azulenic SAMs featuring thiolate versus isocyanide junctions afford
information on the metal-binding properties of these junction groups on azulene.

CHED 597

Investigations on syntheses and characterization of metal complexes with

indolimine ligands

Kiefer Forsch(1), [email protected], 8044 Mester Rd., Oberlin OH 44074,

United States ; Ana Maria da Costa Ferreira(2). (1) Department of Bioinorganic
Chemistry, Instituto de Química - Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (2)
Departmento de Quimica Fundamental, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-
900, Brazil

Increasing knowledge of the biological activities of simple metal complexes has guided
many researchers to the development of promising chemotherapeutic compounds that
target specific physiological or pathological processes. Many potential antitumor agents
have bee investigated based on their anti-angiogenesis or pro-apoptotic behavior. Our
studies included the preparation of metal complexes, specifically copper and zinc, with
indolimine ligands. This involves the synthesis in solution and by microwave irradiation
methods, isolation as chloride or perchlorate salts, and the characterization of these

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complexes by different techniques: UV/Vis, IR, and EPR spectroscopies, elemental and
thermogravimetric analyses.

CHED 598

Planar complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) for single-molecule imaging and
macromolecular gate applications

Andrew G Scheuermann(1)(2), [email protected], 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville Florida

32611-7200, United States ; Jacques Bonvoisin(1). (1) Centre d[apos]Elaboration de
Matériaux et d[apos]Etudes Structurales, CNRS, Toulouse, France (2) Department of
Chemistry, University of Florida, Toulouse, France

The syntheses of various planar complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) are undergone
via ligand exchange reactions using the chelating ligands dibenzoylmethane and
acetylacetonate. Various syntheses-trials of novel anti-symmetric complexes are
chronicled along with the associated spectroscopic, electrochemical, thermal, and
crystallographic characterizations. Purified fractions are now being imaged using UHV
STM and AFM to examine single-molecular properties that are important for the
compounds eventual incorporation into molecular logic gates. These planar complexes
provide great substrates for imaging both diamagnetic and paramagnetic metal centers,
the latter of which represents a novel thrust in this type of imaging not yet fully explored.

CHED 599

Hydrosulfide coordination and dinitrogen trioxide formation mediated by the

water-soluble heme compound microperoxidase-11

Chirag D Gheewala(1), [email protected], 1301 Memorial Dr., Coral Gables FL

33155, United States ; Sara E Bari(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Miami,
Coral Gables FL 33155, United States (2) Departamento de Química Inorgánica,
Analítica y Qca. Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Capital Federal,
Argentina

Reactions of hydrosulfide (HS-) coordination and dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) formation

with the ferriheme model FeIII(MP-11) (MP-11 = Mircroperoxidase-11) have been
investigated in moderately acidic solutions (pH = 5.8). The formation of a new species
with the hydrosulfide anion is evidenced by UV-Vis spectral studies: a bathochromic
shift at a λmax at 409 nm. With respect to N2O3 trapping, UV-Vis spectra indicate an
increase of N-nitrosated product upon the addition of trapping reagent morpholine.

CHED 600

Synthesis and crystal structure of bis-(N,N'-dibenzylethane-1,2-diamine) copper

(I) acetate

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Matthew Dorris(1), [email protected], 1001 East University Ave., FJSH 318,

Georgetown Texas 78626, United States ; Willis Weigand(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Southwestern University, Georgetown Texas 78626, United States

Since the discovery of cis-platin and metal-based complexes that can function as
chemotherapeutic drugs, much of anti-cancer research has centered on the design of
metallic complexes of transition metals. Within the last decade, a great deal of
research has revolved around the formation and in vitro testing of copper complexes as
anti-cancer agents. Less chemotherapeutic research has been performed on copper(I)
than on copper(II). This work covers the synthesis and characterization of various
copper(I)complexes. Complexes have been prepared by the reaction of copper(I)
acetate and various ligands: N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine (DBED), N,N'-
diphenylethylenediamine, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane and 1,3-
bis(diphenylphosphino)propane. The complexes were characterized by methods
including melting point analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic
resonance. Crystals prepared from copper(I) acetate and DBED have been analyzed by
X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the space group P212121; a = 10.6166(6)
Å, b = 12.4625(7) Å, and c = 27.7551(15) Å, α, β, and γ = 90°; V = 3672.3(4) Å 3; and Z
= 4. The molecular formula of the compound is C36H46CuN4O4.

CHED 601

Inorganic chemistry without tears: Organic-style arrow-pushing affords a gentle

introduction

Steffen Berg(1), [email protected], Breivika, Tromsø Troms 9037, Norway ;

Abhik Ghosh(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, Tromsø Troms 90,
Norway

Inorganic chemistry, at its core, consists of a vast array of molecules and chemical
reactions. To teach the subject effectively is to teach students to think intelligently about
this vast body of facts, a feat seldom accomplished in an elementary course. All too
often, undergraduates perceive the field as an amorphous and illogical collection of
facts that has simply to be memorized. Organic chemistry, by contrast, on account of its
emphasis on reaction mechanisms, is perceived as a far more logical field. At the
University of Tromsø, we have found that a mechanistic approach works just as well for
elementary inorganic chemistry. Recognizing common inorganic species as
electrophiles and nucleophiles, coupled with organic-style arrow-pushing, provides a
gentle and stimulating introduction to the field. As a somewhat challenging example,
consider the reaction of white phosphorus with aqueous alkali:
P4 + 3 H2O + 3 NaOH = PH3 + 3 NaH2PO2
Although at first sight the mechanism of the reaction might seem obscure, recognizing
that OH– is the only effective nucleophile goes a long way toward demystifying the
process. Phosphine is produced first; OH– then continues to attack the remaining P3
skeleton to generate three equivalents of H2PO2–.

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CHED 602

Aqueous phase reforming of ethanol into hydrogen for fuel cells

Samantha Saville(1), [email protected], Box Adams 648, Alamosa CO

81102, United States ; Annie Boydelatour(2), [email protected], 1739
Welldon Ave., Columbus OH 43224, United States ; Corey Leclerc(3). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Adams State College, Alamosa CO
81102, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Otterbein
University, Westerville OH 43081, United States (3) Department of Chemical
Engineering, New Mexico Tech, Socorro NM 87801, United States

Growing concerns on foreign oil dependencies have increased the amount of research
on fuel cells. Ethanol is a good starting material for fuel cells because it is federally
mandated and a
renewable resource. In this experiment, a novel way of producing a nickel metal catalyst
on an alumina support was examined with the goal of increasing conversion of ethanol
into hydrogen. Combustion of the metal glycerol slurry in the presence of the support at
the initial stages of catalyst production increased the conversion rates. With this new
technique, the number of catalytically active sites increased and ethanol was converted
into hydrogen more efficiently
compared to wet impregnation techniques commonly used in the past. To characterize
the catalyst we used SEM, X-Ray diffraction, Pulse Chemisorption, TPR, and data
analysis. The preliminary results will be discussed.

CHED 603

Synthesis of functionalized cyclopentadienide manganese complexes

Jonathan B Boyd(1), [email protected], 1050 Union University Dr., Jackson TN

38305, United States ; Randy F Johnston(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Union
University, Jackson TN 38305, United States

The synthesis of four tetramethyl substituted cyclopentadienide (Cp*) manganese

complexes of the form Mn(CO)3Cp*R was attempted (R was either (CH2)2OCH3,
(CH2)3OCH3,
(CH2)3SCH3 or (CH2)3N(CH3)2). Multiple synthetic pathways were attempted, the first of
which involved nucleophilic substitution between lithium 2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopenta-
1,4-dienolate and a halogenated form of the desired substituent. An alternative pathway
for ligand synthesis was characterized by a Grignard reaction of allyl magnesium
bromide with

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2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-enone followed by multiple functional group

transformations. The ligand was then reacted with NaH to form an aromatic
intermediate, which was reacted with Mn(CO)5Br to form the tricarbonyl metal complex
of the ligand. The characterization of the intermediates and products by IR, 1H NMR,
and GCMS will be presented.

CHED 604

Hydrothermal synthesis of Al-doped ZnO nanorods for dye sensitized solar cells

Christopher A. Cantaloube(1)(2), [email protected], 828 SW 58th Terrace,

Gainesville FL 32607, United States ; Agnaldo D. Gonçalves(2); João E. Benedetti(2);
Ana F. Nogueira(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville FL,
United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Gainesville FL, United States

The doping of ZnO with group III elements has been shown to improve its n-type
semiconducting properties. Specifically, the use of Al as a dopant is known to increase
conductivity in bulk ZnO. In this study, Al-doped ZnO (AZO) nanorods were
hydrothermally grown from a ZnO nanoparticle seed layer deposited on FTO glass. The
nanorods were doped by introducing Al(NO3)3 into the reaction vessel during crystal
growth. Profilometry, XRD, and SEM data confirm the existence of vertically oriented
single crystal ZnO and AZO nanorods with film thicknesses of 18-20 µm. ZnO and AZO
nanorod films were applied to dye sensitized solar cells and illuminated under 1.5AM
solar irradiation. The AZO nanorod films showed improved photocurrent generation with
the 5 at.% sample showing a 45% increase in short circuit current density as well as a
25% increase in overall cell efficiency compared to pristine ZnO nanorod films.

CHED 605

Using microwave methods to synthesize and metallate model metalloporphyrins

Anne Arnold(1), [email protected], 117 Evergreen Drive, Loretto PA 15940, United

States ; Ashley Wilt(1), [email protected], 117 Evergreen Drive, Loretto PA 15940,
United States ; Edward P Zovinka(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis
University (PA), Loretto PA 15940, United States

Nitrosomonas europaea, Ne, is a unique bacterium found within soil environments that
contains a special metalloporphyrin, heme P460, at the active site of the hydroxylamine
oxidoreductase (HAO) enzyme. We have prepared and characterized by UV-Vis, IR,
NMR, and x-ray methods model compounds of heme P460, a key component in the
oxidation of nitrogen-containing compounds in Ne. Classic reflux methods for porphyrin
synthesis and metallation use large
amounts of energy, time, and waste a large amount of water. Microwave methods have
been developed for the porphyrin syntheses for the model compounds 5, 10, 15, 20-

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tetrakis(2',6'-dimethoxyphenylporphyrin (H2MOPP) and 5, 1 0, 15, 20-tetrakis(2',6'-

dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (H2HOPP). Metallation procedures using microwave
instrumentation have also been developed for the metal insertion of copper(II), nickel(II),
iron(II), cobalt(II), and zinc(II) into 5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) without
the use of
chlorinated solvents.

CHED 606

Sythesis and characterization of a series of dinitrosyl iron complexes

Kelsey L Shogren(1), [email protected], 3700 McDonald Rd #144, Tyler Texas

75701, United States ; Jennifer L Hess(2); Marcetta Y Darensbourg(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler Texas 75701, United States (2) The
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843, United
States

Dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) possess unique storage, transport and transfer
properties that facilitate and stabilize the release of nitric oxide in biological systems.
Several biomimetics of physiological DNICs were synthesized as potential therapeutic
agents to deliver NO to specific targets. These complexes were prepared by replacing
the carbonyl ligands of the Fe(CO)2(NO)2 source with different N-heterocyclic carbene
ligands to study their fundamental properties and stability in relation to each other. The
following complexes were synthesized: Fe(CO)(NO)2(Imethyl), (Imethyl = 1,3-
di(methyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), Fe(NO)2(Imethyl)2, Fe(CO)(NO)2(Iisopropyl), (Iisopropyl =
1,3-di(isopropyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), and Fe(NO)2(Iisopropyl)2, and characterized by
infrared and NMR spectroscopies, and single crystal x-ray diffraction. The IR spectra
show NO stretching frequencies of 1740-1695cm-1 for the monocarbene-substituted
complexes and 1600-1650cm-1 for the dicarbene-substituted. The Fe-N-O angle was
shown to be greater than 170°, indicating the oxidation state of the nitrosyl groups to be
NO+. Future studies will determine the NO transfer ability to specific trapping agents.

CHED 607

QM/MM study of heme proteins

Trisiani Affandi(1), [email protected], 303 E. Kearsley St., Flint MI 48502, United

States ; Michael Stogsdill(1); Jie Song(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Michigan-Flint, Flint Michigan 48502, United States

Heme protein, one kind of metalloproteins, plays an important role in biological

reactions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide. Both experimental and theoretical
approaches have been applied in the studies. However, the size of the molecules
greatly restricts the application of the theoretical approach, especially the ab inito
methods. In order to reduce the computational cost, it is reasonable to apply a high level

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of theory to the reactive sites. Neither it is practical to apply the same theory level to the
entire system nor the rest be neglected. In this study, a hybrid quantum
mechanics/molecular mechanics approach (QM/MM) is proposed to supply reliable
theoretical results at affordable computational costs. Different levels of theory have
been applied on the low level and results are compared with the pure ab initio results.
All calculations are done using Gaussian 09 and Gaussview 04 is used for visualization.

CHED 608

Exploring reactivity of the N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-bis(1-adamantyl)-imidazol-

2-ylidene with group 13 metal halides

Vincenzo M. DiSantis(1), [email protected], 300 Fraser Purchase Road,

Latrobe Pa 15650, United States ; Jason K. Vohs(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint
Vincent College, Latrobe Pa 15650, United States

There has been much interest in the use of N-heterocyclic carbene(NHC) ligands in the
stabilization of main group metal complexes. In particular, the use of bulky aryl-based
groups at the nitrogen atoms has led to the stabilization of main group complexes
possessing structurally interesting metal-metal multiple bonds. The use of adamantyl
based substituents at the nitrogen centers changes not only the sterics but also the
electronics of the resulting carbene ligand. Herein are reported the results of our
studies.

CHED 609

Synthesis of a new naphthoquinone sulfonic acid thiosemicarbazone ligand and

reactions with palladium(II) and platinum(II)

Megan R Monteen(1), [email protected], Dixie Avenue, Cookeville TN 38506,

United States ; Maxie L Phillips(1); Edward C Lisic(1). (1) Chemistry, Tennessee
Technological University, Cookeville TN 38506, United States

The synthesis and 1H NMR characterization of a series of 1,2 naphthoquinone 4-

sulfonic acid thiosemicarbazone (NQSA-TSC) ligands will be presented, including the
dimethylthiosemicarbazone and tert-butylthiosemicarbazone analogs. These water-
soluble ligands react with many different transition metal ions in aqueous solution to
form highly colored complexes. Structures of these ligands are inferred through 1H NMR
characterization. The synthesis of the palladium(II) and the platinum (II) complexes of
these NQSA-TSC will also be described.

CHED 610

Synthesis and 1H NMR characterization of six new platinum(II) quinoline-2-

carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone compounds

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Sandra N Miselim(1), [email protected], Dixie Avenue, Cookeville TN 38506,

United States ; Maxie L Phillips(1); James R Wilson(1); Edward C Lisic(1). (1) Chemistry,
Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville TN 38506, United States

Previous research involved synthesis of six new quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde

thiosemicarbazone compounds (QCA-TSC), characterized through 1H NMR, melting
point determination, IR spectroscopy, and UV-Visible spectroscopy, for the purpose of
forming complexes with transition metals. Those compounds were recently reacted with
Pd(II) and Pt(II). We present here the synthesis and 1 H NMR characterization of six
new Pt(II) quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (Pt-QCA-TSC) and six new
Pd-QCA-TSC compounds. The general formulas are [Pt(QCA-TSC)Cl] and [Pd(QCA-
TSC)Cl]. Various entries on thiosemicarbazones in the literature indicate a potential use
in biological and biomedical applications.

CHED 611

Synthesis of 1,3-bis(1-adamantyl)-4,5-dihydro-2-ylidene and subsequent reactivity

with group 13 metal halides

Matthew J Myers(1), [email protected], 300 Fraser Purchase Rd,

Latrobe PA 15650, United States ; Jason K Vohs(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint
Vincent College, Latrobe PA 15650, United States

Carbenes are organic molecules used in a wide variety of synthetic reactions. N-

heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have found particular utility in catalysis and in the
stabilization of main group metal complexes. The use of aryl-based substituents at the
nitrogen centers has been rather pervasive in the recent literature and a number of
fascinating main group metal complexes stabilized by carbene ligands have been
reported. Adamantyl-based NHCs have not been as widely used, particularly with main
group metals. Even less studied is the analogous NHC prepared from the saturated
imidazolinium salt. Herein we report the results of our synthetic efforts.

CHED 612

Utilizing manganese 15-metallacrown-5 to synthesize liquid crystals

Benjamin R Tigyer(1), [email protected], 1871 Old Main Drive, Shippensburg PA

17257, United States ; Matthias Zeller(2); Curtis M Zaleski(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg PA 17257, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown OH 44555, United
States

Liquid crystal display (LCD) screens have become common place in our society. They
are present in many forms including televisions and phone displays. Liquid crystals are
ordered as if they are a solid but parts of the molecule have some fluidity. This fluid-

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ordering allows images to be presented on a display that is made up of liquid crystals. In

an attempt to synthesize a molecule that exhibits liquid crystalline properties, the
metallacrown MnII(OAc)2[15-MCMnIII(N)shi-5](EtIm)3, where shi3- = salicylhydroximate, -
OAc = acetate, EtIm = ethylimidazole has been synthesized and characterized by x-ray
diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The compound crystallized in the triclinic space
group P1 with a = 12.604(2) Ǻ, b= 17.188(3) Ǻ, c= 20.990(4) Ǻ, α= 103.564(3) Ǻ, β=
97.322(3) Ǻ, γ= 107.658(3) Ǻ, V=4114.2(13) Ǻ3, Z= 2. In an attempt to form a liquid
crystal, imidazoles with progressively longer alkyl chains will hopefully added to the
MnII(OAc)2[15-MCMnIII(N)shi-5].

CHED 613

Synthesis of liquid crystals using a copper 12-metallacrown-4 and a copper 15-

metallacrown-5

Jacob Herring(1), [email protected], 1871 Old Main Drive, Shippensburg PA 17257,

United States ; Matthias Zeller(2); Curtis M Zaleski(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Shippensburg University, Shippensburg Pennsylvania 17257, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown OH 44555, United
States

The use of organic-inorganic hybrid liquid crystals, metallomesogens, has broadened

the scope of potential uses for liquid crystals. Metallacrowns are a prospective class of
molecules that could be used as metallomesogens. For metallacrowns to behave as
metallomesogens they would have to exist as a mesophase. The incorporation of a
ligand with a large alkyl chain into the structure of a metallacrown with a planar base
may lead to a compound existing as a mesophase that exhibits liquid crystal properties.
Thus, known copper metallacrowns with planar bases have been selected for syntheses
to incorporate long alkyl chains. The syntheses, single-crystal X-ray structures, and
liquid crystal properties of the newly synthesized copper metallacrowns will be reported.

CHED 614

Understanding the chiral properties of calcium-binding sites of calmodulin using

europium(III)

Farah Memon(1), [email protected], One Washington Square, Att: Dr. Gilles

Muller, San Jose CA 95192-0101, United States ; Truman D. Jefferson(1); Gilles
Muller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose CA 95192-
0101, United States

Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous protein utilized to metabolize the intracellular

concentration of calcium in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Four binding sites are
present on CaM for calcium; three of them have similar properties as compared to the
fourth binding site in terms of the number of carboxylate present. While the former sites

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have three carboxylates the latter has four. We report on the characterization of the two
different types of binding sites
located on CaM using the high-resolution Eu(III)-based excitation spectroscopy. Special
attention will be given to the understanding of the chiral properties of the two types of
binding sites using circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), which involves measuring
the difference between the left and right circularly polarized light emitted from Eu:CaM
solutions. Interpretation of the CPL data will provide an insight into the chiral properties
of the binding sites for one of the essential proteins used for living, CaM.

CHED 615

Utilization of IPr*, a highly sterically hindered N-heterocyclic carbene, in the

stabilization of Group 13 metal complexes

Anthony Joseph Marquis(1), [email protected], 300 Fraser

Purchase Road, Latrobe Pennsylvania 15650, United States ; Jason K. Vohs(1). (1)
Chemistry, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe Pennsylvania 15650, United States

N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), particularly those that contain large, sterically hindering
aryl groups have been used extensively in the literature of late to prepare very
interesting main group metal complexes. Herein we report the use of the incredibly
bulky iPr* NHC ligand in the formation of complexes with group 13 metal halides. This
particular ligand, which replaces the methyl groups of the familiar iPr NHC with phenyl
groups, although very large, has been previously shown to be flexible enough to
accommodate transition metal centers within the cavity surrounding the carbene center.

CHED 616

Photophysical and chiroptical properties of chiral Lanthanide(III) complexes

Bao Le(1), [email protected], One Washington Square, ATT: Prof. Gilles Muller,
San Jose CA 95192-0101, United States ; Gilles Muller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
San Jose State University, San Jose CA 95192-0101, United States

The study of Lanthanides (III), namely Eu(III) and Tb(III), complexed to chiral terpyridine
derivative ligands is an ongoing search to better understand the complexation between
the Ln(III) ions and the ligands, as well as to understand the photophysical and
chiroptical properties. Various luminescence and optical spectroscopic measurements
were conducted to investigate the photophysical and chiroptical properties of these
complexes. Of special importance we will report on the efficiency of the energy transfer
processes as well as the influence of the chiral information on the polarized emitted
light. The quantum yield was determined to examine the luminescence efficiency of the
lanthanide(III) systems of interest, whereas the circularly polarized luminescence
spectra were recorded to investigate the chiroptical properties. Lifetimes of the
lanthanide(III) excited states were also reported.

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CHED 617

Investigation of vapochromic behavior of [Pt(tpy)Cl](ClO4)

Steven Kennedy(1), [email protected], 405 W College Ave, Unit 2274, Ada OH

45810, United States ; Daoli Zhao(1); Stephen Taylor(1); Jeanette Krause(1); William B
Connick(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45221,
United States

Vapochromism is described as a reversible change in color upon exposure to a volatile

organic compound (VOC). These materials are receiving much attention because of
their potential use as chemical sensors. Recently, our group reported and characterized
the vapochromic behavior of Pt(Me2bzimpy)Cl+ (Me2bzimpy=2,6-bis(1-
methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine) salts. The selectivity and sensitivity of the response
can be tuned by substitution of different anions (e.g., Cl-, PF6-, CF3SO3-). Here we
present another vapochromic complex, [Pt(tpy)Cl](ClO4), which changes from yellow to
red upon exposure to water. The differences in color are attributable to differences in
Pt...Pt interactions. In this presentation we report gravimetric and spectroscopic studies
of [Pt(tpy)Cl](ClO4) upon exposure to water and assess the feasibility of using this
material for measuring humidity levels.

CHED 618

Photolysis of a mixed arene iron complex monitored with absorbance

spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry

David J Williams(1), [email protected], 24255 Pacific Coast Highway,

Malibu CA 90263, United States ; David B Green(1); Joseph M Fritsch(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Pepperdine University, Malibu CA 90263, United States

We report the extension of a laboratory module that focuses on the synthesis and
photolysis of a mixed arene iron complex for use in inorganic chemistry teaching
laboratories. Thermally forbidden but photochemically allowed reactions are an
interesting set of reactions in chemistry. One such reaction is the photolysis of
cyclopentadienyl tolyl iron(II) hexafluorophosphate ([CpFeTol][PF6]) in acetonitrile. The
electronic excited state of [CpFeTol][PF6] readily loses toluene and then the
cyclopentadienyl group. The iron center is coordinated by fluxional acetonitrile
molecules. Addition of phenanthroline traps iron in the stable tris-phenanthroline iron (II)
((phen)3Fe2+) complex which can be observed with absorbance spectroscopy or cyclic
voltammetry. The kinetics of photolysis by an ultraviolet pen lamp and sunlight were
followed with these techniques and were well-fit to first-order kinetic analyses. This
laboratory module has been successfully used in our inorganic chemistry curriculum
and the students have been invigorated by the study of the trapped photolysis product
with two different techniques.

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CHED 619

Synthesis of a zinc-based porphyrin photocatalyst with two secondary metal

centers

Ashley B McQuarters(1), [email protected], 303 East Kearsley, Flint Michigan

48502, United States ; Deidra Gerlach(2); Nicolai Lehnert(2). (1) Department of Chemistry
& Biochemistry, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint Michigan 48502, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United
States

In past work, zinc porphyrins with two covalently bond metal centers, such as nickel,
copper, or zinc have shown application as photocatalysts. The focus of my project was
to build necessary ligand framework for functionalized metallo-porphyrins. These
functionalized macrocyles can be synthesized via two routes, either bromination of
tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP), or by functionalization of the pyrrole prior to the porphyrin
condensation. The first route requires bromination of H2TPP at the b-pyrrole positions of
the porphyrin. Then, by a coupling reaction using Pd2(dba)3, the bromide positions of
the pyrroles are substituted by phenoxy groups. The second route requires the
synthesis of a functionalized pyrrole, starting from 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran. The
final product of this synthesis, dimethoxypyrrole, can be reacted with benzaldehyde to
create the functionalized porphyrin. My work has shown that even though functionalizing
the pyrrole is a multi-step synthesis, it can be achieved easily and with higher yield than
the bromination of H2TPP.

CHED 620

Synthesis and reactivity of transition metal complexes containing sterically

expanded arene ligands

Malik Al-Afyouni(1), [email protected], Box 41061, Lubbock TX, United States ;

Fernando Hung-Low(1); Christopher A Bradley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX, United States

Our group has recently discovered that cyclopentadienyl Co(I) arene triple decker
complexes can break sp3 C-H bonds in activated substrates at ambient temperature,
permitting transfer
dehydrogenation in silyl protected amines. Coinciding with mechanistic studies of these
systems, we hope to develop more reactive, monomeric cobalt arene complexes. In
pursuit of this goal, several sterically expanded arenes have been prepared via Friedel-
Crafts reactions. The coordination chemistry of these arenes have been explored for the
first time with Mo(0) and Ru(II), both metals are well known to form arene compounds.
Characterization of these complexes by NMR and IR spectroscopy, electrochemistry,
and X-ray crystallography will be

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presented. Efforts towards preparation of the desired cyclopentadienyl cobalt arene

complexes will also be discussed along with their reactivity toward C-H bonds.

CHED 621

NMR studies of bis(O-ethyl-L-cysteinato)nickel(II)

Arturo Gasga(1), [email protected], 2555 East San Ramon Ave. M/S

SB70, Fresno CA 93740, United States ; Gregory Harnden(1), [email protected], 2555
East San Ramon M/S SB70, Fresno CA 93740, United States ; Melissa L. Golden (1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, California State University Fresno, Fresno CA 93740, United
States

Nickel is believed to be able to replace beneficial zinc atoms in sulfur-rich proteins such
as zinc fingers. This replacement of a zinc atom by a nickel atom is called
transmetallation. It can lead to cancer, oxidative damage, and other health issues. We
are investigating the solution state structure of the title compound, Ni(cysE)2. The
NiN2S2 center as well as the derivatized cysteine amino acid make this complex a
suitable small molecule model for a nickel transmetallated zinc finger. 1H-NMR spectra
of Ni(cysE)2 in d-methanol and d-DMSO show significant broadening. Magnetic
susceptibility studies confirm that the broadening is not due to paramagnetic shifts since
the complex is diamagnetic in both solution and solid state. Although using a higher field
instrument such as a 400 MHz NMR in comparison to a 200 MHz NMR produced peaks
that were more resolved, there is still significant line broadening. Decoupling
experiments to explain how spin active nuclei affect peak broadening as well as variable
temperature experiments will be discussed.

CHED 622

Synthesis and structural studies of bis(O-methyl-L-cysteinato)nickel(II)

Jonathan M. Powell(1), [email protected], 2555 East San Ramon,

Fresno CA 93740, United States ; Steven A. Chabolla(1); Teresa M. Mendoza(1); Melissa
L. Golden(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, California State University Fresno, Fresno
CA 93740, United States

Cysteine is a common biological ligand. As part of an effort to model sulfur-rich nickel

sites in biological systems, we have synthesized bis(O-methyl-L-cysteinato)nickel(II),
Ni(cysM)2. Crystallographic data will be presented for Ni(cysM)2. The complex
crystallizes with the sulfurs oriented trans about the square planar nickel center. Initially,
this compound was fortuitously synthesized during attempts to crystallize the bis(O-

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Anaheim, CA

ethyl-L-cysteinato)nickel(II) complex from a methanol solution. Synthesis and

characterization of Ni(cysM)2 will be described.

CHED 623

Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of rhodium: Catalysts in transfer

hydrogenation reactions

Jared L. Kneebone(1), [email protected], PO Box 1002, Millersville

Pennsylvania 17551, United States ; Edward Rajaseelan(1); Laura J. Anna(1); Gary S.
Nichol(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Millersville University, Millersville Pennsylvania,
United States (2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona,
Tucson Arizona 85721, United States

A series of new rhodium(I) imidazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes

[(cod)Rh(NHC)Cl] were prepared with varying wing tip substituents on the NHC. These
neutral complexes were synthesized through transmetalation of the NHC from silver(I)
complexes. The corresponding new ionic complexes [(cod)Rh(NHC)PPh3]BF4 were
prepared by treating the neutral complexes with triphenylphosphine and AgBF 4. All
complexes were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental
analysis. Furthermore, crystal structures of two of the complexes were determined by
single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

CHED 624

New developments in the coordination chemistry of 1,1'-diisocyanoferrocene

Nils Wittenbrink(1)(2), [email protected], 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence

Kansas 66045, United States ; David M McGinnis(1), [email protected], 1251 Wescoe
Hall Drive, Lawrence Kansas 66045, United States ; Tiffany R Maher(1); Stephan F
Deplazes(1); Mikhail V Barybin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas,
Lawrence Kansas 66045, United States (2) Bielefeld University, Lawrence Kansas
66045, United States

Coordination chemistry of 1,1'-diisocyanoferrocene, an intriguing redox-active ligand

that was first synthesized by Hessen and van Leusen in 2001, has been gaining
considerable interest. In this poster presentation, we will describe several polynuclear
gold(I), iridium(III), and vanadium(-I) complexes incorporating 1,1'-diisocyanoferrocene.
Syntheses, molecular structures, as well as redox behavior of the above new
organometallics will be discussed.

CHED 625

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Anaheim, CA

Characterization of organically modified Dawson-Wells polyoxotungstates by

electrochemical and Langmuir-Blodgett techniques

Andrew P Carpenter(1), [email protected], 900 SE Brumback St, West Linn Oregon

97128, United States ; Elizabeth J Osburn Atkinson(1); R. Carlisle Chambers(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Linfield College, McMinnville Oregon 97128, United States
(2) Department of Chemistry, George Fox University, Newberg Oregon 97132, United
States

The dawson-wells polyoxotungstate P2W 18O62 was organically modified with silyl-organo
groups with carbon tails of eight, twelve, and eighteen carbons long. The organic-
inorganic hybrids, 1 {[C4H9]4N}6{[C8H17Si]2OP2W 17O61}, 2
{[C4H9]4N}6{[C12H25Si]2OP2W 17O61}, 3 {[C4H9]4N}6{[C18H37Si]2OP2W 17O61}, and 4
{[C4H9]4N}6{[C18H37Si]2OP2W 17O61} were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and
langmuir-blodgett techniques. Six electron processes were observed in the
voltammograms of 1-4. Average molecular areas were found to be between 290 and
416 Å. A hysteresis study found that compound 4 showed atypical stability with a
surface area change of 1.04%, while other surface area changes at similar surface
pressures were 9.09-12.3%.

CHED 626

Antimicrobial organosilica sol-gel coatings and treatments for biomedical

applications

Amber Owens(1), [email protected], 1245 Lincoln Dr SIUC, Carbondale Illinois 62901-

4409, United States ; Bakul C. Dave(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale Illinois 62901-4409, United States

This presentation will focus on investigation of organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL)

coatings on retardation of microbial growth on selected substrates. The goal of this
project is to develop a sol-gel—based coating or treatment that when applied to
surfaces will inhibit microbial growth and aid in maintaining a sterile environment in
biomedical systems and healthcare applications. Preliminary results of the study show
that introduction of amino-functional organic components in silica sol-gel coatings leads
to prevention of bacterial adhesion and binding to diminish biofilm formation. Study of
microbial growth by UV-Vis testing has shown a correlation between the use of sol-gel
system and antimicrobial activity. The presentation will discuss the effects of functional
groups and their influence on maximal inhibition of microbial growth along with the
effects of environmental factors such as temperature and pH on the antimicrobial
performance of ORMOSIL coatings.

CHED 627

Series of para-substituted anil ligands and their transition metal complexes

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Stephen Rachman(1), [email protected], 28 Westhampton Way, University of

Richmond VA 23173, United States ; Laura Pavlos(1); Raymond N. Dominey(1); Emma
W. Goldman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, University of
Richmond Virginia 23173, United States

There has been a lot of interest in metal complexes of bipyridine complexes due to their
photochemical behavior. It was shown by Dr. Dominey in 1991 that ―open‖ diimine
complexes with one pyridine bonded to an imine had lower pi* levels as compared to
similar ―closed‖ bipyridine complexes. We are working on a systematic investigation of
the effect of various electronic donating and electron withdrawing groups on the pi*
levels of these ―open‖ diimine ligands and their metal complexes. Six diimine ligands
were prepared by heating pyridine carboxaldehyde with the appropriate substituted
amine in toluene. The diimines ligands were then used to prepare zinc, copper, and iron
transition metal complexes. This investigation will be continued by preparing and
characterizing ruthenium and rhenium metal complexes, and studying the
electrochemical properties of all prepared metal complexes.

CHED 628

Synthesis and characterization of Cu(II) and Co(II) dichloro complexes with 2, 3 –

butanedione

Holli A Gonder(1), [email protected], 1 Seton Hill Drive, Greensburg PA 15601,

United States ; Mia S Gunawan(1); Susan M Yochum(1). (1) Division of Natural and
Health Sciences - Chemistry, Seton Hill University, Greensburg PA 15601, United
States

This poster presentation features the synthesis and characterization of metal complexes
with the α-diketone biacetyl (2, 3-butanedione). The primary characterization study was
via FT-Infrared Spectroscopy. Complex formation was suggested by the observed shifts
in the carbonyl stretch frequency of the biacetyl ligand. X-ray data will be presented if
available.

CHED 629

Direct detection of nitric oxide using fluorescent copper “click ligand” complexes

James T Lukens(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo CA 93407,

United States ; Veronica T Harvey(1); Anne M Veitschegger(1); Chad E Immoos(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San
Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gaseous free radical responsible for a diverse array of
biological functions. It has been implicated in biological processes including blood
pressure regulation, neural communication, and immune response mediation. It is

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Anaheim, CA

desirable to have an indicator capable of visualizing NO in biological systems to provide

selective and direct information about its production and diffusion on a cellular level.
The ―Click‖ reaction was employed to synthesize a library of fluorophore-containing
triazole ligands capable of binding copper(II). The triazole ligands are highly fluorescent,
but are quenched by the presence of the paramagnetic copper ion. Reduction of the
metal center by NO yields a diamagnetic, highly fluorescent complex. The synthesis of
fluorophore-triazole ligands and the corresponding copper complexes will be presented.
The fluorescence response of the copper complexes in the presence and absence of
nitric oxide will also be presented.

CHED 630

Synthesis and reactivity of novel nickel-diphosphine complexes

Bethany Schaeffer(1), [email protected], 304 Caroline Street, Ashland VA

23005, United States ; Serge Schreiner(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Randolph-
Macon College, Ashland VA 23005, United States

Transition metal complexes with the diphosphines xantphos and nixantphos have
recently received much attention because of their interesting reaction chemistry and
their potential as homogeneous catalysts. Zerovalent complexes containing the ligands
xantphos and nixantphos are much rarer and to the best of our knowledge none of them
have been reported for nickel. Here, we describe the synthesis, spectroscopic and
structural characterization and reactivity of [xantphosNi(CO)2] and [nixantphosNi(CO)2],
rare examples of structurally characterized Ni(0) dicarbonyl complexes.

CHED 631

Preparation and characterization of palladium and platinum diphosphine-carbonyl

complexes

Mary Megan Mooberry(1), [email protected], 304 Caroline Street, Ashland VA

23005, United States ; Serge Schreiner(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Randolph-
Macon College, Ashland VA 23005, United States

A number of transition metals such as rhodium and ruthenium with the diphosphines
xantphos and nixantphos have been found to be effective homogeneous catalysts for a
variety of industrially important reactions. Zero-valent rhodium or ruthenium (or other
transition metals) complexes containing these diphosphine ligands are to the best of our
knowledge unknown. Here, we describe the synthesis, spectroscopic and structural
characterization and reactivity of [xantphosM(CO)2] (M = Pd, Pt) and
[nixantphosM(CO)2] (M = Pd, Pt), rare examples of spectroscopically characterized
zerovalent dicarbonyl complexes.

CHED 632

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Anaheim, CA

Direct NMR evidence for dimer formation by transition metal substituted

polyoxometalates in nonpolar solvents

Jessica Stachowski(1), [email protected], 2001 Main Street, Buffalo NY 14208,

United States ; Derek Zemla(1); David Fortman(1); Matthew DiStasio(1); Steven H
Szczepankiewicz(1); Mariusz Kozik(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Canisius College,
Buffalo NY 14208, United States

Our recent work demonstrated that structures of Transition Metal Substituted

Heteropoly Tungstates, TMSHT, in nonpolar solvents are more complex than published
in the literature. Phase transfer of TMSHTs, which is accomplished by mixing the
potassium salt of TMSHT in water with tetraheptylammonium bromide in toluene, also
causes some KBr to be transferred into the toluene phase, as indicated by elemental
and extracted ion analysis. Characteristic 31-P NMR signal are attributed to the
presence of the K+ and Br- ions interacting with TMSHPTs in toluene solution. However,
even after the quantitative removal of potassium and bromide ions, new 31-P NMR data
at low temperature (low water contents) indicate that another phenomenon takes place.
In a nonpolar solvent two TMSHT anions join together through oxide bridges, and more
NMR signals appear. Theoretical calculations show preference for certain isomeric
structures.

CHED 633

Coordination reactions with new thiazoline and thiazole type ligands

Hyeon Hwangbo(1), [email protected], 807 Union St., Box 953,

Schenectady NY 12308, United States ; Laurie A Tyler(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Union College, Schenectady NY 12308, United States

Several new ligands falling into thiazoline and thiazole classes of molecules have been
synthesized and their metal binding properties explored. The new ligands were
synthesized starting with 2-aminothiolphenol and either 6-methoxypyridinealdehye or 6-
(2-thienyl)-2-pyridine-carboxaldehyde in methanol. These reactions yielded a beige
solid (60% yield, 1.059g) and a white powder (73% yield, 0.5107g) for the two starting
materials respectively. Each ligand was characterized by 1H NMR and IR
spectroscopies. In the presence of base the thiazoline type ligands open and result in
formation of a Schiff base which can then coordinate to a metal center. In the case of
thiazole, metal coordination can occur via the N, O or S donor atoms. The reactivity of
these ligands with several transition metal including Cu(II), Co(II) and Pt(II) has been
investigated and the results of these studies are presented.

CHED 634

Lanthanide complexes of 2-dithienylquinoxaline

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Harrison Katz(1), [email protected], 1615 Stanley St, New Britain CT 06053, United
States ; Barry L. Westcott(1). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central
Connecticut State University, New Britain CT 06053, United States

Molecular nanowires are of considerable interest due to their perceived uses in circuitry,
and as replacements for nanotubes in quantum dots in computer technology. Our
research focuses on synthesizing nanowires using lanthanide elements bound to 2-
dithienylquinoxaline (dtq) and its substituted derivatives. The dtq ligand has two distinct
N,S bidentate binding sites, thus providing for possible coordination of two metal
centers, a prerequisite for nanowire construction. Lanthanide elements can have up to 7
unpaired electrons and up to 9 binding sites, allowing for coordination of multiple
ligands. Here we report synthetic pathways for new Ln-dtq complexes, and
spectroscopic confirmation of these complexes.

CHED 635

Computational investigation of hydrogen bonding to the metal center in

Cp*Rh(CO)2 and Cp*Ir(CO)2 complexes

Rebecca M Levine(1), [email protected], 421 North Woodland Blvd unit 8271,

Deland Florida 32723, United States ; W Tandy Grubbs(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Stetson University, Deland Florida 32723, United States

The complexes Cp*Rh(CO)2 and Cp*Ir(CO)2 have electron rich metal centers, and are
well known for their nucleophilicity and ability to act as a hydrogen bond acceptor with
various fluoro alcohols. In this investigation, DFT-B3LYP calculations have been carried
out to model the hydrogen-bonding interaction between these complexes and simple
fluoro and non-fluoro alcohols. Absolutely localized molecular orbital energy
decomposition analyses (ALMO-EDA) have also been carried out on select structures,
decomposing the hydrogen-bond into steric, polarization, and charge-transfer
interactions. Comparisons will be made between the hydrogen-bonding observed in
these systems and more traditional hydrogen-bonding observed in water and simple
organic systems.

CHED 636

Mechanistic study of spin state controlled redox reactions at Iron (II) porphyrin
centers

Ryan P. O[apos]Kelly(1), [email protected], 1 Old Ferry Rd., Bristol Rhode Island

02809, United States ; Stephen K. O[apos]Shea(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Roger
Williams University, Bristol Rhode Island 02809, United States

Nitric oxide has been observed being produced from pools of nitrite in mammalian
tissues. Formation of NO occurring from dissociation of FeIINO porphyrin adducts. Low

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spin FeIINO adduct is inert to reactions with halo-organics in situ. High spin
FeIIporphyrins react with halo-organics rapidly. On release of NO from the adduct free
FeIIporphyrin converts to the high spin state. This species can react with halo-organics
forming FeIIIporphyrins and alkene products. The dissociation of NO is the rate limiting
step

CHED 637

Chemistry research to engage science students at community colleges

Trinidad Gonzalez(1), [email protected], 30 East Lake St., Chicago IL 60601,

United States ; Thomas B. Higgins(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harold Washington
College, Chicago IL 60601, United States

Undergraduate research is an effective way to broaden the career pathways of

community college students. For the past three years, I have done research on the
toxicity of gold and silver nanoparticles which has piqued my curiosities and put me on a
path to a STEM degree. While research has been the main focus of the program,
activities like classroom instruction in research skills, leadership opportunities in the
community, and summer work at Hope College have supported and increased my
research experience. The scientific community can only benefit from the inclusion of
sharp young minds and a new perspective. Early exposure to the real world of STEM
research for community college students encourages the scientist of tomorrow. My
poster will discuss both my research and the impact of a research on students' self-
perceptions.

CHED 638

Characterization of anodic aluminum oxide films used as precursors for

preparation of carbon nanotubes

Hoa Tran(1), [email protected], 425 Fawell Blvd, Glen Ellyn IL 60137, United States ;
Hsien H Wang(2). (1) Department of Health and Sciences, College of DuPage, Glen
Ellyn IL 60137, United States (2) Materials Science Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne IL 60439, United States

The dependence of pore dimensions of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) films on

anodization conditions was investigated. The effect of electropolishing of the aluminum
surface prior to anodization was also studied. AAO films were characterized using a
combination of optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electropolishing improves
the aluminum surface smoothness considerably that leads to improved overall quality of

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the AAOs. The AAO layer thickness increased linearly with the applied voltage. Both the
pore diameter and pore-to-pore distance increase with the applied voltage. The
uniformity and depth of the AAO pores was greatly improved by using a two-step
anodization process, where the AAO layer produced in the first step was removed by
chemical etching to produce a slightly dimpled aluminum surface. A second anodization
step was then used to prepare the final AAO film. The synthesis of carbon nanotubes by
thermal decomposition of polymer-laden AAOs was investigated.

CHED 639

Synthesis and characterization of phases in the Ca-Co-O system using the

Pechini method

Hoa Tran(1), [email protected], 425 Fawell Blvd, Glen Ellyn IL 60137, United States ;
Tejas Mehta(1); Richard H Jarman(1). (1) Department of Health and Sciences, College of
DuPage, Glen Ellyn IL 60137, United States

A number of mixed oxide phases in the ternary Ca-Co-O system have been prepared
previously. They show promise as thermoelectric materials due to a combination of high
thermoelectric power and low resistivity. In this work we investigated the synthesis of
three of these phases using the Pechini method, which yields homogeneous, single-
phase samples with high surface area, suitable for ceramic processing. The
dependence of the products' phase purity on calcination temperature and time was
monitored using powder X-ray diffraction. Single phase products were obtained after
one firing at temperature in air for 16 hours. At elevated temperature, the ternary oxides
are unstable with respect to CaO and Co2O3. The upper limits of stability of Ca3Co4O9
and Ca3Co2O6 were found to be between 900oC and 1000ºC. However, single phase
CaCo2O4 was not obtained under any conditions, confirming previous reports that a
higher partial pressure of oxygen is required

CHED 640

Characterization of quantum dot materials with porphyrins for photodynamic

therapy

Tanner H. Hammond(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita St., Box 3859,

Arkadelphia AR 71998-0001, United States ; Joseph E. Bradshaw(1); Tim Hayes(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998-0001,
United States

This project involves the synthesis of drugs for possible use in Photodynamic Therapy
(PDT). We are synthesizing photosensitizing agents that are more effective and more
specific than drugs currently used in PDT. These agents consist of novel quantum dots
coupled to the porphyrin H2TPPC. Porphyrins are used due to their high levels of
cellular uptake, specifically at tumor sites. Quantum dots produce high quantum yields

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with sharp emission peaks. The porphyrin aids in increasing the range of wavelengths
absorbed by the photosensitizing agent. The reaction for coupling the quantum dots
with the porphyrin was analyzed using microscale column chromatography and UV-vis
analysis. Differing concentrations of the porphyrin-QD complex will be used on cells in
both the presence and absence of light and the overall efficiency of cell killing by the
agents will be measured. The anticipated outcome of this experiment is to contribute to
the efficiency and diversification of PDT.

CHED 641

Ionothermal synthesis of a novel nickel thiophosphate, [EMIM]7[Ni4P13S36]:

Reproducibility and optimization

Gilbert J. Reynders(1), [email protected], 555 N. Sheridan Dr., Lake Forest IL

60022, United States ; Jason A. Cody(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Lake Forest
College, Lake Forest IL 60022, United States

Previous research has yielded the novel compound [EMIM]7[Ni4P13S36] (EMIM=1-ethyl-

3-methylimidazolium) by reacting elemental nickel, phosphorus, and sulfur using the
ionic liquid [EMIM]BF4 as solvent. The compound is unique due to its novel polyatomic
anion, and the uncommonly high anion charge that must be balanced by seven EMIM
cations. The compound also contains an uncommon chalcogenide nickel-phosphorus
bond in the presence of sulfur, and the combination of phosphorus in both the P(III) and
P(V) forms. Current research has attempted to produce proper quantities of this
compound for use in chemical analysis and determination of thermal, optical, and
magnetic properties. Issues that probably contribute to challenges with reproducibility
include the purity of the solvent (both store-bought and synthesized in-house) and the
avoidance of thermodynamically-favored side products.

CHED 642

Methylation of oleic acid catalyzed by tin(II) bromide

Iffat Shafiq(1), [email protected], 4245 East Ave, Rochester NY 14618, United States
; Richard W Hartmann(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Nazareth College, Rochester
New York 14618, United States

Biodiesel can be produced from high free fatty acid oils if an initial acid catalyzed
esterification is undertaken. This reaction is typically catalyzed by sulfuric acid, but
concerns about its corrosive nature and the potential introduction of sulfur containing
impurities have led researchers to experiment with milder Lewis acid catalysts. Previous
work in our lab has shown tin(II) chloride to be an effective catalyst in the methylation of
oleic acid. However, there is no literature evidence of the bromine analog being applied
to this reaction. We have investigated the ability of tin(II) bromide to catalyze the

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methylation of oleic acid and will report our determination of the rate law and activation
energy for this reaction.

CHED 643

Methylation of oleic acid catalyzed by tin(II) iodide

Nepherteria Wright(1), [email protected], 4245 East Ave, Rochester NY 14618,

United States ; Richard W. Hartmann(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Nazareth College,
Rochester New York 14618, United States

Biodiesel that is produced from oils that are high in free fatty acid content must undergo
an initial esterification which is typically catalyzed by sulfuric acid. In order to find
catalysts that are less corrosive and do not introduce sulfur into the fuel, we have been
investigating the use of Lewis acids to perform this esterification. Previous work in our
laboratories has demonstrated the catalytic function of tin(II) chloride in the methylation
of oleic acid. We hypothesized that other tin halides will also be effective catalysts for
this process and tested this premise with tin(II) iodide. We present here our
determination of the rate law and activation energy which evidence the ability of tin(II)
iodide to catalyze the methylation of
oleic acid.

CHED 644

Methylation of oleic acid catalyzed by tin(II) chloride: Determination of the rate

law, activation energy, and potential mechanisms

Phuong Nguyen(1), [email protected], 4245 East Ave, Rochester NY 14618, United

States ; Richard W. Hartmann(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Nazareth College,
Rochester New York 14618, United States

Many researchers have developed methods for complete ester formation in biodiesel
production employing oils low in free fatty acid (FFA) content. However, the use of high-
FFA content waste oils requires preliminary treatment with an acid catalyst, typically
sulfuric acid. Because this catalyst is very corrosive and has the potential to add sulfur
to the fuel, we have been investigating the use of milder Lewis acids for this process.
Prior work in our lab has shown the catalytic capacity of tin(II) chloride to effectively
convert oleic acid to its methyl ester. This poster will present further investigations of the
kinetic parameters including the overall rate law, activation energy, and potential
mechanisms for this conversion.

CHED 645

Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic behavior of a resin immobilized

tungsten based Lewis acid

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Jeremy Wood(1), [email protected], 4245 East Ave, Rochester NY 14618, United

States ; Richard W. Hartmann(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Nazareth College,
Rochester New York 14618, United States

The use of high free fatty acid feedstocks in the synthesis of biodiesel mandates the
utilization of catalysts which are able to promote the initial methylation step and then be
easily removed before subsequent base catalyzed transesterification. Although this is
commonly accomplished with sulfuric acid, we have obtained promising results with
milder, non-sulfur containing Lewis acids based on a tungsten(VI) precursor as well as
lower valent phosphine containing derivatives. These compounds however, are difficult
to remove completely from solution and as a result we have devised a system to
immobilize them on a polystyrene resin. We report here the synthesis a of a bidentate
bisphosphine functionalized polystyrene resin, its use in the coordination of tungsten(VI)
chloride, the characterization of both species via swelled resin 31P NMR, and the results
of catalytic studies involving the methylation of oleic acid.

CHED 646

Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic behavior of a phosphine-tungsten

complex immobilized on a peptide synthesis resin

Courtney Sakolish(1), [email protected], 4245 East Ave, Rochester NY 14618,

United States ; Richard W Hartmann(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Nazareth College,
Rochester New York 14618, United States

A variety of acid catalysts have been used to promote the esterification of free fatty
acids in vegetable oil during the process of biodiesel synthesis. If immobilized on a
resin, these catalysts can be easily removed and reused in subsequent reactions.
Beginning with tungsten(VI) chloride, we have successfully coordinated a tungsten
containing species to a commercially available triphenylphosphine resin. We report here
our synthetic approach, the characterization of the resin bound species via swelled resin
31
P NMR, and the results of catalytic studies involving the methylation of oleic acid.

CHED 647

Gold(I) catalyzed water and methanol additions to alkynes

Leticia Cruz(1), [email protected], 4901 East University Blvd., Odessa Texas 79762,
United States ; Christine Hahn(1), [email protected], 4901 East University Blvd.,
Odessa Texas 79762, United States ; Crystal Heuman(1). (1) Department of Physical
Sciences, University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa Texas 79762, United
States

The recently synthesized linear gold(I) complex [AuCl{1,2-Ph2PC6H4P(O)Ph2}]

containing a monoxidized diphos ligand was obtained by reaction of Na[AuCl4] and

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diphos (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene. The catalytic activity of the new gold(I)

complex has been studied for the hydration of alkynes at mild conditions using various
silver salts and acids as co-catalysts. With aliphatic alkynes complete conversions to
ketones were obtained under mild conditions within 24 h, whereas aromatic alkynes
showed somewhat lower reactivity. Terminal alkynes react with water under
Markovnikov addition. Internal alkynes showed only moderate regioselectivity. The
gold(I) complex without co-catalysts also catalyzes the hydration of alkynes under same
conditions, however with considerably lower activity. Furthermore the reaction of
alkynes in methanol has been studied.

CHED 648

Synthesis of metal alkoxide precursors to hybrid inorganic-organic composite

materials

Jonathan Syrigos(1), [email protected], 525 S. Main St., Ada OH 45810, United

States ; Steve Kennedy(1), [email protected], 525 S. Main St., Ada OH 45810,
United States ; Susan E. Bates(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio
Northern University, Ada OH 45810, United States

Metal alkoxides are typical precursors in the sol-gel processing of oxide materials. In
recent years, specially designed M(OR)x precursors have been shown to participate in
sol-gel chemistry producing both a metal oxide material and a polymerizeable organic
monomer unit; one precursor complex delivering both the inorganic and the organic
components of a hybrid composite material. A potential complication with these systems
is that, outside of silicon, many metal alkoxides do not produce processable sols and
gels via traditional hydrolysis and condensation chemistry. Our research targets metal
complexes composed of two different alkoxide groups, with the goal of introducing two
different types of reactivity, and resulting in different organic monomer units. Complexes
prepared by alcohol-exchange reactions of zirconium (IV) propoxide with 2-hydroxyethyl
methacrylate and phenethyl alcohol or 3-hydroxypropionitrile will be discussed.
Characterization of products includes NMR, elemental analysis, and molecular weight
determination.

CHED 649

Synthesis and characterization of thiazole and thiazoline ligands and their

reactions with Cu(II), Co(II) and Pt(II)

Kelly Zebrowski(1), [email protected], 807 Union Street, Schenectady NY

12308, United States ; Laurie Tyler(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Union College,
United States

This research project includes the synthesis and characterization of several thiazole and
thiazoline ligands. These ligands were obtained through a condensation reaction

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Anaheim, CA

involving 2-aminothiophenol with either 8-hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde or 2-

pyridinecarboxaldehyde in ethanol. Under air free conditions, these reactions resulted in
the subsequent isolation of the thiazoline species. The thiazole analogues were formed
via air oxidation of the corresponding thiazoline groups in solution. Each ligand has
been characterized using 1H NMR and IR spectroscopies. The reactions of these
ligands with various transition metal ions including Cu(II), Co(II), and Pt(II) have been
investigated. The thiazoline species opens in the presence of base to afford a tridentate,
Schiff base ligand frame while the thiazole analogues can
adopt either (N,N) or (N,S) metal coordination. The results of these studies are
described.

CHED 650

Preparation of diaminodiheterophenol ligands using sequential Mannich

condensations

Peter R Renehan(1), [email protected], 1 College St - Box C, Worcester MA

01610, United States ; Joshua R. Farrell(1). (1) Chemistry, College of the Holy Cross,
Worcester MA 01610, United States

Using sequential Mannich condensations, four tetradentate diamino-heterodiphenol

ligands were prepared. Combination of a diamine, paraformaldehyde, and a 2,4-
disubstituted phenol resulted in the formation of diamino-monophenol complexes where
one of the two reactive 2° amines underwent a Mannich condensation. These ―one-
armed‖ intermediates were then combined with a second, different 2,4-disubstituted
phenol and more paraformaldehyde resulting in the final products. Synthetic strategies,
characterization, and reactivity of the new compounds with metal ions will be presented.

CHED 651

Multidentate aminophenol ligands synthesized using Mannich condensations

Taylor A. Huhta(1), [email protected], 1 College St - Box C, Worcester MA

01610, United States ; Joshua R. Farrell(1). (1) College of the Holy Cross, United States

Using Mannich condensations, a series of new amino alcohol ligands have been
prepared. Using a variety of amine and phenol starting materials, we have prepared as
library of ligands that differ in number and type of heteroatoms, along with the steric and
electronic properties of each of these heteroatoms. Synthetic strategies,
characterization, and reactivity of the new compounds with metal ions will be presented.

CHED 652

Water-soluble porphyrins and DNA interactions

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Kendra N. Lesley(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita, Box 3500, Arkadelphia AR

71998-0001, United States ; Joseph E. Bradshaw(1); Tim Hayes(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998-0001, United States

Porphyrins are highly conjugated aromatic systems. Porphyrins are made up of four
pyrole subunits that can have different side chains added to them to make the different
derivatives. Porphyrins and their derivatives have a high affinity for tumor cells and have
been known to interact with DNA in various ways. When exposed to light the Porphyrins
have been found to increase their activity with the DNA. Four derivatives; H2TPP-ADEA,
H2TPP-APDIPA, H2TPP-PIP-OH, and H2TPP-PIP-Et-OH, were synthesized. Each
derivative was characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and UV-vis Spectrum. The Porphyrin derivatives were
found to cleave DNA when they were put through a High-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) examination. White light and ultraviolet light were used to
activate the Porphyrin with the DNA that resulted in the Porphyrin derivatives cleaving
the DNA. All four derivatives were put under a MTT Assay to see if the cells were still
viable with the Porphyrins. H2TPP-APDEA, H2TPP-APDIPA, H2TPP –PIP-Et-OH and
were found to be more effective at higher concentrations. The H2TPP-PIP-OH was
found to be more effective at lower concentrations. When exposed to light during the
MTT assay the Porphyrin activity increased as well, showing better results in killing the
cells. Further studies will reveal if there is a better concentration for the cell death assay
for all of the derivatives and if they have an effect on the tumor cells.

CHED 653

Luminescence study of the binding of capsaicinoids by Eu(III) and Tb(III) EDTA

bis-amide chelates

L. Wyatt Colvin(1), [email protected], 201 High St., Farmville VA 23909, United

States ; Rachel M. Enga(1); Christopher G Gulgas(1). (1) Chemistry, Longwood
University, Farmville VA 23909, United States

Capsaicin is the molecule in peppers that produces a sensation of heat and pain when
exposed to sensory nerve cells in the body. In work towards developing molecular
sensors for the capsaicinoid family, lanthanide complexes of Tb3+ and Eu3+ have proven
responsive to capsaicinoids at low concentrations (50 μM) due to their luminescence
properties. The ligands chosen for this study are bis-amide derivatives of EDTA, which
result in stable complexes of lanthanide ions with multiple open coordination sites.
Luminescence experiments were conducted to elucidate the binding mechanism of
capsaicinoids to the lanthanide complexes. Luminescence spectroscopy, titration
experiments, luminescence lifetime measurements, and Job's plot analyses were
performed to obtain binding constants, binding stoichiometries, and the number of
coordinated water molecules bound to the lanthanide ion in each complex. The
luminescence results for both Tb3+ and Eu3+complexes will be presented.

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CHED 654

Developments in the syntheses of a series of long chain podand ligands utilizing

diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetraamine, or spermine

Candice Kashat(1), [email protected], 4001 W. McNichols, Detroit MI 48221,

United States ; Lance A Gschwender(1); Mark A Benvenuto(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit MI 48221, United States

A series of ligands utilizing diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetraamine, or spermine, and

utilizing two further Lewis base atoms provided by aldehydes functionalized at the 2
position, have been synthesized. Each is a multi-dentate neutral molecule containing a
minimum of three nitrogen donor atoms and possibly two oxygen donor atoms. The
stability of these ligands as free molecules as opposed to hydrochloride salts is
examined. Structural characterization has been by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy. This, plus metal binding possibilities, will be presented.

CHED 655

Synthesis, characterization, and chemistry of zinc dipyrromethane complexes

Paul W Dent(1), [email protected], 215 5th St, Marietta OH 45750, United States ;
James R Jeitler(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Marietta College, Marietta OH 45750,
United States

Dipyrromethenes (dipyrrins) have been utilized mainly in the synthesis of porphyrins.

Although metal complexes of dipyrromethenes have been prepared and characterized
and used as light harvesting molecules, little work has been done to investigate the
isomerization of ambidentate ligands in dipyrromethene complexes. Due to the air and
temperature sensitivity of dipyrromethenes, di-meso substituted pyrromethanes were
prepared and used to synthesize metal complexes. These complexes were
characterized and ligand substitution and isomerization of the complexes was studied.
The results of these studies will be presented.

CHED 656

Synthesis and characterization of a group of multidentate ligands all

incorporating tris-(2-aminoethylene)-amine and metal complexes thereof

Malinda Killu(1), [email protected], 4001 W. McNichols Rd., Detroit MI 48221,

United States ; Benjamin Czerniawski(1); Mark A Benvenuto(1); Meghann N Murray(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit MI 48221,
United States

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Several ligands were synthesized utilizing a Schiff's base condensation reaction

between tris-(2-aminoethylene)-amine and aldehydes such as: 2-furaldehyde and 2-
thiophene carboxaldehyde. Reduction of the imine double bond in each ligand can be
accomplished using sodium borohydride. Complexes were formed using the target
ligands and various metal salts. These complexes were then analyzed to determine the
ligands' metal binding characteristics. All analyses were performed using multi-nuclear
NMR spectroscopy.

CHED 657

Evolved gas profiles of lunar regolith simulants and their constituents

Ale`ce Andrew(1), [email protected], 1055 N Bickett Rd, Wilberforce Ohio

45384, United States ; Delbert R. Buffinger(1); Kenneth W. Street(2); Daniel A
Scheiman(3). (1) Department of Natural Sciences, Wilberforce University, Wilberforce
Ohio 45384, United States (2) NASA - John Glenn Research Center, Cleveland Ohio
44135, United States (3) ASRC Aerospace Corporation, NASA - John Glenn Research
Center, Cleveland Ohio 44135, United States

NASA requires lunar regolith simulants for validating engineering applications prior to
lunar return due to lack of sufficient lunar regolith. Simulants of terrestrial origin must
replicate the properties and composition of real regolith. Thus, in order to simulate the
lunar environment, they must be free of water. We analyzed two lunar simulants (JSC-
1AF and NU-LHT-2M) using TGA-FTIR to ascertain water loss as a function of
temperature. Since NU-LHT-2M is prepared from lithics and mineral mixtures, these
base materials were also analyzed. Quantifying water loss was complicated by the loss
of other volatiles (CO2) with simultaneous gain of oxygen from oxidation of minerallic
Fe2+. To obtain water loss information, the water absorbance in the IR was calibrated
with Li2SO4.H2O through the use of Beer's Law permitting the development of water-
temperature profiles. Water profiles were created for these materials which
demonstrated that water loss occurred over the entire thermal range to 1000 oC.

CHED 658

Different kind of garden: Seeding the growth of TaS2 nanostructures intercalated

with 3d transition metals

Kayla R Boyle(1), [email protected], 3800 Jennings Drive-RTH 130B, Cedar Falls IA

50613, United States ; Laura H Strauss(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls IA 50614-0423, United States

The single-step synthesis of TaS2 nanostructures was investigated through the

refinement of growth parameters involving annealing time, temperatures and sample
starting materials. Original samples introduced powders of 3d transition metals Mn and
Cr to the reaction for intercalation attempts, resulting in the production of TaS 2

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nanostructures rooted in nucleation sites of clustered metal-sulfide side products.

Successive intercalated samples were seeded with commercial quality MnS or Cr2S3
powders to prompt early nanostructure formation. Analysis methods utilized x-ray
diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to
determine the polytype and consistency of the crystalline structures, as well as the
quality of 3d metal intercalation into the molecular crystalline structures.

CHED 659

Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of ruthenium and gallium

complexes containing thiosemicarbazone ligands

Canisius Mbarushimana(1), [email protected], 2300 Highland Road, Batesville

AR, United States ; Floyd A Beckford(1). (1) Science Division, Lyon College, Batesville
AR 72501, United States

A series of thiosemicarbazones derived from o-vanillin (vTSC) and 3-formylchromone

(fcTSC) have been synthesized. The compounds were characterized by elemental
analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectrometries. The
thiosemicarbazones exist as the thione tautomer in both the solid and liquid state. We
have also synthesized organometallic ruthenium complexes containing vTSC. The
complexes are formulated as [(p-cymene)Ru(vTSC)Cl]Cl primarily from elemental
analysis results. The complexes have been characterized by NMR and infrared
spectrometries. We report on the preliminary results of the interaction of the complexes
with DNA from ethidium bromide competition experiments and viscosity studies. The
binding with DNA is moderate as reflected by the binding constants
that are on the order of 103 M-1. We have also synthesized and characterize gallium
complexes of Et-fcTSC and Ph-fcTSC. These complexes contain the
thiosemicarbazone coordinated as the anion of the thiol tautomer. We report on the
preliminary results of the biological evaluation of the ruthenium complexes as
antibacterial agents.

CHED 660

First-row transition metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones containing extended

aromatic rings

Marc-Andre Leblanc(1), [email protected], 2300 Highland Road, Batesville AR

72501, United States ; Floyd A Beckford(1); Gabriel Leblanc(1); Canisius
Mbarushimana(1). (1) Science Division, Lyon College, Batesville AR 72501, United
States

We have synthesized a series of thiosemicarbazones from anthracene-9-

carboxaldehyde, phenanthrene-9-carboxaldehyde and 2-acetonaphthone by reaction
with thiosemicarbazide. The ligands have been characterized by elemental analysis and

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spectroscopic methods. We have synthesized Cu(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes

utilizing these ligands. These complexes have also been characterized by elemental
analysis and spectroscopic methods. We will report on the preliminary results from
biophysical experiments involving the interaction of the complexes with DNA and human
serum albumin. Results from the initial evaluation of the anticancer properties of the
complexes will also be presented.

CHED 661

Synthesis of macrocyclic molecules for a new design of dye-sensitized solar cells

Ashley M Smith(1), [email protected], 60 S. Lincoln St, Washington PA

15301, United States ; Christopher R Petrelli(2); James T Spencer(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Washington & Jefferson College, Washington PA 15301, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY 13244, United States

Due to the rapidly dwindling supply of fossil fuels, it is becoming increasingly necessary
to develop viable alternative fuel sources. While the sun is able to provide the energy
needed by the human population, current designs of solar cells are not capable of
providing the high efficiencies needed to make solar energy a competitive source. This
lack of efficiency can be attributed to the single band gap design of the current solar cell
designs. This study presents a new solar cell design with a proposed dye-reservoir
system for multiple band gaps for a theoretically higher efficiency. By incorporating a
carborane macrocycle as the electron reservoir, the new dye reservoir allows for the
absorption of a larger portion of the energy spectrum. This work presents the synthesis
of the precursor molecules for the target carborane macrocycle.

CHED 662

Supramolecular organic bridged Mo heteroscorpionate complexes

Abigail S. Mickey(1); Cori L. Eckert(1); Balwant S. Chohan(1), [email protected], 777 W.

Harrisburg Pike, Middletown PA 17057, United States ; Aniam Iqbal(1); Alyson M.
Hoffman(1). (1) School of Science, Engineering, & Technology, The Pennsylvania State
University - Harrisburg, Middletown PA 17057, United States

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials represent a class of materials that can potentially

combine the physical properties of inorganic compounds and the variety of
physicochemical reactivity associated with organic chemistry. Our focus has been on
creating supramolecules, where two different heteroscorpionate molybdenum
complexes are attached to the peripheral ends of linear organic system to create one-
dimensional (1D) hybrid structures, on the way to producing an exciting generation of
functional materials. A number of these structures will be presented.

The heteroscorpionate molybdenum complexes are both expected to be electron

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donors, displaying a D1-π-D2 symmetry. The donor strength of the two groups should be
sufficiently different, thus affording a charge-separated species with a large dipole
moment in the ground state. In addition, our use of bulky and chiral heteroscorpionate
end-caps should enhance molecular asymmetry and encourage a non-centrosymmetric
crystal packing, therefore unique non-linear optical (NLO) properties are expected for
these novel 1D complexes.

CHED 663

Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of semicarbazone and

thiosemicarbazone complexes of gallium

Alyssa Brock(1), [email protected], 2300 Highland Road, Batesville AR 72501,

United States ; Floyd A Beckford(1); Antonio Gonzalez-Sarrias(2); Navindra P Seeram(2).
(1) Science Division, Lyon College, Batesville AR 72501, United States (2) Department
of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI,
United States

We have synthesized a series of gallium(III) complexes containing a semicarbazone

(ASC) or thiosemicarbazone (ATSC, EtATSC, and PhATSC) based on 9-anthraldehyde.
The compounds are best formulated as Ga(L)3 where L is the tautomer of the
semicarbazone or thiosemicarbazone. The interaction of the complexes with calf-
thymus DNA and human serum albumin (HSA) have been investigated and the initial
results clearly suggest quite strong binding to both biomolecules. The compound
Ga(ATSC)3 interacts with HSA with a binding constant of 3.30 x 105 M-1 at 298 K and
binds DNA with a binding constant of 2.65 x 105 M-1. We are also reporting the nuclease
activity of the complexes against ct-DNA and the antioxidant activity of Ga(ATSC)3 as
determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) radical assay. The compounds
that were evaluated were shown to be more active in vitro against two human colon
cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and Caco-2) than against a non-tumorigenic line (CCD-
18Co) with IC50 values in the micromolar range.

CHED 664

Monitoring reaction sequence of potassium with selenium in N,N-

dimethylformamide by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy

Karl S Mueller(1), [email protected], Box T-0540, Stephenville TX 76402, United

States ; Clifford E Terrel(1); Linda D Schultz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Geosciences, and Environmental Science, Tarleton State University, Stephenville TX
76402, United States

Alkali metals react with selenium in liquid ammonia solution to form a series of
polyselenide ions. These reactions occur in liquid ammonia because a solvated electron
is formed, but this is not true in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and both elements are

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insoluble in DMF. The elements cannot combine initially because potassium floats and
selenium sinks to the bottom of the reaction flask. However, as the mixture is stirred, a
yellowish color is seen, which darkens to pine green, then progresses to a spinach
color. The reaction sequence has been monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy over a
period of days, and the resultant spectra analyzed using curve resolution software.
Unfortunately, the reaction is not cleanly sequential, as in liquid ammonia, and
equilibrium mixtures are formed which make spectral interpretation difficult. Therefore,
an alternate analytical procedure, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP) has
been used to monitor the selenium/potassium (Se/K) ratios during the reaction.

CHED 665

Triangular copper (II) pyrazolate based metal organic frameworks

Jorge Torres King(1), [email protected], Antillana, 22 Plaza Santa Cruz,

Trujillo Alto PR 00976, United States ; Logesh Mathivathanan(1); Marlyn Rivera
Carrillo(1); Arturo J Hernandez Maldonado(2); Raphael Raptis(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan PR 00931, United States
(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez,
Mayaguez PR 00681-9000, United States

Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are 3-dimensional networks formed by using

organic/inorganic linkers which are potential candidates to address several
environmental issues. Owing to their porosity, MOFs have been often used for the
following applications: gas storage and separation, catalysis, etc. Triangular copper
pyrazolate complexes with interesting
electronic and magnetic properties have been synthesized in our laboratory. In order to
integrate the redox and magnetic properties of the triangular copper complexes in MOF
structures, we have used copper (II)-pyrazolate complexes of the general formula
[Cu3(µ3-E)4-R-pz3X3]1-/2- -- E=OH, O, Cl2, Br2 and R=H, Cl, NO2, Me -- as secondary
building units (SBU). A structurally and spectroscopically characterized MOF has also
been studied
with regard to its gas sorption properties. This presentation describes the structural and
spectroscopic characterization and the gas sorption studies of the triangular copper
complexes and the MOFs.

CHED 666

Exploring the electrophilicity and enhanced cyanide affinity of

cationic boranes

Ivan L Lenov(1), [email protected], 601 W. Scott, Apt. A, Kirksville Missouri 63501,

United States ; Youngmin Kim(2); François P Gabbaï(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Truman State University, Kirksville Missouri 63501, United States (2) Departmen of
Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77840, United States

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Due to a combination of favorable Coulombic and inductive effects it can be expected

that cationic boranes will act as efficient electron-acceptors in photo-induced electron
transfer processes. To test this idea, the cationic borane salt [1]I, was synthesized
according to a reported procedure and evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. Using the
Rehm-Weller equation, it can be predicted that phosphonium boranes such as [1]+ will
efficiently quench anthracene and dansylamide fluorophores via electron transfer. To
test this idea, the borane/fluorophore conjugates [2]+ and [3]+ have been synthesized
and studied. In line with expectations, the pendant fluorophores of these conjugates are
quenched, presumably by electron transfer. Remarkably, anion binding to the boron
center of these conjugates leads to a revival of the fluorescence of the pendant
fluorophore. This effect can be exploited for the turn-on sensing of toxic anions such as
cyanide.

CHED 667

Spectroscopic characterization of boron substituted trispolyprazylyborate

ligands in Co(II) complexes

Sam Greer(1), [email protected], 701 East High street, Oxford Ohio 45456, United
States ; David L Tierney(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford
Ohio 45456, United States

Trispolyprazylyborate ligands have found utility in modeling enzyme active sites, owing
to their enforced facial coordination by three pyrazolate nitrogens as imiadzole mimics.
In order to gain insight into the nature of the Tp ligand's effect on the electronic structure
of a coordinated metal ion, we have constructed a series of trispyrazolylborate ligands
that substitute the apical H-atom with various alkyl and aryl groups. The results of
spectroscopic characterization, including UV-vis, NMR and EPR of the Co(II) complexes
will be presented.

CHED 668

Vanadium-51 NMR spectroscopy experiment for the inorganic chemistry

laboratory

Melissa McGraw(1), [email protected], 3900 University Blvd, Tyler TX 75799, United

States ; Jason J. Smee(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Tyler, Tyler TX 75799, United States

There is a growing need for heteronuclear NMR experiments suitable for the inorganic
chemistry lab. The nucleus to be studied is 51V, which is relatively inexpensive and

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whose isotopic abundance is nearly 100%. This experiment focuses on the synthesis
and solution characterization (1H and 51V NMR) of the vanadium(V) complex with 2,6-
dipicolinic acid. This compound can be further modified by hydroxylamido or peroxo
ligands to yield tertiary compounds. Upon formation of the tertiary complexes, dramatic
changes are observed in the 51V NMR spectra, thus highlighting the sensitivity of 51V to
its coordination environment. Areas for further exploration in the inorganic chemistry lab
will also be discussed.

CHED 669

Picolinic acid catalysis of the chromic acid oxidation of citric acid: Kinetics and
mechanism

Micah M. Fernandez(1), [email protected], 3333 Regis Blvd., Denver CO 80221,

United States ; Parion N. Neal(1); Surendra N. Mahapatro(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Regis University, Denver Colorado 80221, United States

Picolinic acid catalyses the chromium (VI) oxidation of citric acid and the formation of a
relatively stable Cr(V) intermediate. The growth and decay of the citrate stabilized Cr(V)
intermediate was monitored by EPR (g = 1.978) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry (350-
750 nm). The Cr(III) reduction products were separated by ion exchange
chromatography. Our results indicate mixed (neutral and anionic) complexes of citrate
and picolinate. The mechanism of oxidation involves a termolecular transition state
resulting from chromate, citrate and a picolinate.

CHED 670

Synthesis of a homologous series of zinc porphyrin dyes for use with zinc oxide
dye-sensitized solar cells

Laura Collins(1), [email protected], 340 E Foothill Blvd, Claremont California

91711, United States ; Hal Van Ryswyk(1). (1) Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College,
Claremont California 91711, United States

Previous research on zinc oxide as the photoanode material in dye sensitized solar cells
has indicated that the acidity of the dye influences the injection efficiency. A
homologous series of zinc porphyrin dyes that vary only in the acidity of the tethering
group have been designed and synthesized for use in zinc oxide dye-sensitized solar
cells. Theoretical calculations of the dye structure as well as properties of the HOMO
and LUMO were carried out to determine whether any significant differences exist
between the dyes aside from the pKa of the acid tether. The loading and injection
efficiencies of these dyes into zinc oxide will be presented.

CHED 671

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Electronic coupling in carbonyl-capped osmium porphyrin dimers

John P Cvitkovic(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont CA 91711, United

States ; Hal Van Ryswyk(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College,
Claremont CA 91711, United States

Cofacially arranged osmium(II) porphyrin dimers were synthesized from 2-pyridyl, triaryl
porphyrin monomers and characterized by 1H NMR, UV/Vis, and mass spectroscopy.
The degree of electronic coupling between the two metal centers was studied
experimentally by redox titration and cyclic voltammetry. The dimers were also studied
computationally. The geometries of the dimers were first calculated using B3LYP
geometry optimizations in a DZ basis. The electronic coupling element was then
calculated as half the energy splitting between pairs of symmetry-related orbitals using
Hartree–Fock or B3LYP orbitals.

CHED 672

Influence of pH on the synthesis of spinels via layered double hydroxide

precursors

Zachary J Brown(1), [email protected], 50 S. Lincoln St., box 233, Washington

Pennsylvania 15301, United States ; Deborah P Sunderland (1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington PA 15301, United States

Precipitation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) containing carbonate anions from

aqueous starting materials, followed by sintering at a high temperature, has been
reported in the literature to yield spinel phases incorporated with secondary simple
metal oxide phases. Selective leaching of the simple oxide secondary phase then
produces a macroporous pure spinel phase. The preparation of an LDH precursor
containing nitrate anions instead of carbonate anions, as well as a study of pH
conditions necessary for the synthesis of spinels devoid of secondary simple metal
oxide phases is presented in this work.

CHED 673

Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal chemistry of novel fluorides and

fluoroborates

Jared Stritzinger(1), [email protected], 120 Daniel Dr. #29, Clemson South Carolina
29632, United States ; Colin McMillen(1); Joseph Kolis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Clemson University, Clemson South Carolina 29632, United States

The hydrothermal synthesis of compounds containing both alkali and alkaline earth
metal cations is an area rich in interesting descriptive and structural chemistry. In
addition to such unique crystal chemistries, fluoride and fluoroborate compounds could

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have potential uses as optical or nonlinear optical materials. Here we discuss the
chemistry of some previously unexplored regions of this hydrothermal phase space. In
particular, the synthesis and structure of a novel mixed alkali-alkaline earth metal
thorium fluoride, K4BaTh3F18, and a number of its analogs are described. This material
crystallizes in the cubic space group Im-3m with a = 12.1222(14) Å. These crystals were
obtained from the equimolar reaction of Ba(OH)2, ThF4
and KBF4 in a 2M KF solution at 540 °C and 15 kpsi.

CHED 674

Synthesis and self-assembly of alkyl-decorated metals and thiophenes

Felicia R Lucci(1), [email protected], F&M #1293, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster PA

17604, United States ; Katherine E Plass(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Franklin &
Marshall College, Lancaster Pennsylvania 17604, United States

The self-assembly of molecules at surfaces can influence properties like adhesion,

crystallization, lubrication, and electron transfer. Thus understanding and controlling this
process is of great interest. Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to observe the
self-assembled monolayers of alkyl decorated thiophenes and metals at the liquid-solid
interface. Highly resolved images of 2-octadecylthiophene carboxylate and
tetraoctadecyl orthotitanate were obtained. The sub-molecular resolved STM images of
2-octadecylthiophene carboxylate and tetraoctadecyl orthotitanate were compared with
calculated patterns. The copper and titanium species were compared to determine the
affect of metal identity on molecular packing.

CHED 675

Hydrogen adsorption of intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides

Jocelyn E Smith(1), [email protected], 610 W 26th St, Apt 2, Cedar Falls Iowa 50613,
United States ; Kayla Boyle(1); Laura Strauss(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls Iowa 50613, United States

Hydrogen adsorption isotherms of transition metal dichalcogenides intercalated with

Manganese or Chromium were produced using the Quantachrome NOVA 2200e
Surface Area and Pore Analyzer. Getting started, Titanium Dioxide was first analyzed to
determine if the instrument was functioning and being operated properly. Once this was
complete, the materials of interest were then studied. Seven transition metals (Ti, Zr,
Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, and W) were chosen to look at in combination with three chalcogens (S,
Se, and Te) and either a Mn or Cr intercalation with varying percentages. The most
stable of these intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides were analyzed and their
isotherms were used to determine how well the materials could be used as hydrogen
storage devices. From this analysis, it was decided which materials were the best to
send for further hydrogen adsorption/desorption studies.

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CHED 676

NMR study of the iodination of amine boranes

Jeremy A. Johnson(1), [email protected], 221 College Lane, Salem VA

24153, United States ; Vernon R Miller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Roanoke
College, Salem VA 24153, United States

In this NMR project, iodination of pyridine borane, trimethylamine borane, and 1,4-
diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bisborane by molecular iodine was examined. Proton and
boron NMR spectra showed that iodine can monoiodinate, diiodinate, and triiodinate
pyridine borane in both CDCl3 and C6D6 at room temperature. NMR spectra also
showed that iodine can monoiodinate and diiodinate trimethylamine borane in both
solvents at room temperature. Monoiodination of both amine boranes seemed to be
complete after about 10 minutes. However, diiodination of pyridine monoiodoborane
occurred more quickly than diiodination of trimethylamine monoiodoborane did.
Furthermore, pyridine monoiodoborane was observed to exist in equilibrium with
pyridine diiodoborane and pyridine borane. Lastly, NMR evidence showed that iodine
can monoiodinate and symmetrically diiodinate 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bisborane
at room temperature.

CHED 677

Molecular modeling of multicopper oxidases: The synthesis of a new ligand

scaffold

Mardi M Billman(1), [email protected], 37 South College Avenue, St. Joseph

Minnesota 56374, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, College of St. Benedict,
St. Joseph Minnesota 56374, United States

This project, began summer 2010, is in the preliminary stages with the synthesis of a
new tricopper ligand scaffold, 1,3,5-tris(N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-N-triazole)-2,4,6-
triethylbenzene, or for short, LTAPMA (see figure). Once a method of synthesis has been
found and the compound purified to satisfaction, it will be tested with various copper
salts and solvents, eventually working towards a complex with which to study the O2
binding mechanism of tri-copper oxidases.

CHED 678

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Synthesis and characterization of trans-[(X-pyridine)Ru(dppm)2(CC-Ph)]+

complexes

Travis D. Cournoyer(1), [email protected], 1 Old Ferry Rd, Bristol Rhode

Island 02809, United States ; Cliff J. Timpson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Roger
Williams University, Bristol Rhode Island 02809, United States

For the past several years, our group has been interested in the synthesis and
characterization of novel ruthenium complexes. Recently, we have turned our attention
to the synthesis of pyridine substituted complexes of ruthenium based on trans-
ClRu(dppm)2(CC-Ph) where dppm is bis-(diphenylphosphino)methane and -CC-Ph is
the phenylacetylide anion. Specifically, our goal has been to utilize Tl+ or Ag+ ions to
abstract the chloride ligand in weakly coordinating solvents to generate the solvento
complex trans-[(Solvent)Ru(dppm)2(CC-Ph)]+. Subsequent reaction with para-
substituted pyridine compounds (X-py) should afford the desired complexes. Our efforts
to synthesize, purify, and characterize a series of trans-[(X-py)Ru(dppm)2(CC-Ph)]+
complexes will be presented.

CHED 679

Synthesis of nickel diphosphine complexes supported by a m-terphenyl

backbone

Nadia C Lara(1), [email protected], MSC #593, Caltech, Pasadena CA 91126, United

States ; Theodor Agapie(1). (1) Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91106, United States

A m-terphenyl diphosphine has been used as a supporting ligand for a variety of nickel
complexes in oxidation states 0, +1, and +2. Reactions between diphosphine and
Ni(COD)2 or NiCl2(dme) lead to nickel(0) and nickel(II) diphosphine complexes,
respectively. A comproportionation reaction between diphosphine, Ni(COD)2, and
NiCl2(dme) results in the formation of a nickel(I) species. The nickel(0) and nickel(I)
complexes show metal arene interactions in the solid state. Reaction of nickel(0)
diphosphine with HCl leads to a nickel hydride according to 1H NMR spectroscopy. The
spectroscopic characterization and reactivity of these complexes will be presented.

CHED 680

Evaluation of scorpionate ligands for IMAC applications

Brandi M. Bowlin(1), [email protected], 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway AR 72035,

United States ; Richard M. Tarkka(1); Patrick J. Desrochers(1); Lance C. Bridges(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Central Arkansas, Conway AR 72035, United
States

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Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) is a commercial method of

protein purification that exploits the specific binding of metal ions to certain amino acids.
Proteins with markers such as a 6-His tag can be selectively removed from a mixture
via column chromatography using immobilized metal ions. We are currently trying to
improve this method by increasing the strength of the bond between the ligand and the
metal, and by improving the specificity of the binding between the metal and the protein.
To do this, we have immobilized
a substituted boron-centered heteroscorpionate ligand on a polystyrene (PS) resin, and
treated it with NiNO3. The resin was exposed to a human recombinant 6-His fusion
protein, which was expressed in E-coli. Its binding ability was determining and
compared to a similar evaluation made with commercial Talon ® resin.

CHED 681

Gadolinium doped europium monosulfide

Daniel G. Olszewski(1), [email protected], 4901 Evergreen Rd., Dearborn MI

48128, United States ; William L. Boncher(2); Srotoswini Kar(2); Norman Dollahon(3);
Sarah L. Stoll(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan - Dearborn,
Dearborn MI 48128, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Georgetown
University, Washington District of Columbia 20057, United States (3) Department of
Biology, Villanova University, Villanova PA 19085, United States

Electron doping in the magnetic semiconductor EuO results in an increase in conduction

electrons which leads to an enhancement of magnetic coupling. This is manifested in
measurements of the paramagnetic Curie temperature. Controlling the ferromagnetic
ordering has importance in the use of magnetic semiconducutors in the area of
spintronics, but little is known about nanostructured materials. In addition, EuS, which
can be made from molecular precursors has the advantage that both bulk and
nanostructured materials can be prepared. To study these properties, Eu xGd1-xS
crystals were formed by thermolysis of a mixture of Eu and Gd precursors. These
crystals were examined using XRD and SQUID to determine composition and magnetic
properties. Oxidation of the samples appears to degrade magnetic performance of the
material. To try and prevent oxidation, alternate methods of thermolysis are being
explored, such as graphite tubes, H2S gas, and elemental sulfur to promote the
formation of sulfides.

CHED 682

Palladium catalyzed hydration of nitriles in water: Synthesis and characterization

of palladium(II) complexes of 4-cyanopyridine and 4-pyridinecarboxamide

David M Gonzalez(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway, San Antonio

Texas 78209, United States ; Rafael A Adrian(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway,
San Antonio Texas 78209, United States ; Judith A Walmsley (2); Douglas R Powell(3);

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Valerie L Hobbs(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of the Incarnate Word, San
Antonio Texas 78209, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, The University of
Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio Texas 78249, United States (3) Department of
Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman Oklahoma 73019,
United States

Hydration of nitriles to amides is one of the basic transformations in organic chemistry,

providing a good starting point for the synthesis of carboxylic acids. In this work we
present the hydration of 4-cyanopyridine by palladium (II) complexes. The results show
that palladium (II) complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and ethylenediamine as chelating
ligands react with 4-cyanopyridine in water to yield complexes with coordinated 4-
pyridinecarboxamide ligands. However, if the reaction is carried out in the absence of
water, no hydration occurs and the corresponding 4-cyanopyridine complexes are
obtained. These new complexes have been characterized by IR, proton NMR
spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

CHED 683

Effect of electropolishing on surface chemistry and morphology of Nitinol

Sara S. Larson(1), [email protected], 3900 Bethel Dr, St. Paul Minnesota 55112,
United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul Minnesota
55112, United States

Nitinol , an innovative equiatomic alloy of nickel and titanium, is currently used in a

variety of implantable medical devices. This study explores the correlation between the
electropolishing of Nitinol in a perchloric acid-acetic acid electrolyte and changes in
surface morphology of the alloy, as well as some of the mechanistic dynamics of
chloride corrosion at the metal-solution interface. In the electropolishing procedure,
variables such as applied voltage and time are altered, and the effects measured by
mass loss of sample. This showed a linear relationship between current and mass loss
of Nitinol, with a loss of linearity after a threshold is reached. Microscopic imaging of the
Nitinol surface is also utilized as a means of determining the effect of electropolishing in
this electrolyte on surface roughness.

CHED 684

Investigating the role of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-1-pyridinio)porphyrin as an

iron(II) chelator that will facilitate the release of iron from a siderophore through
reduction by NADH

Sayyeda Zeenat A Razvi(1), [email protected], 3800 Hillsborough Street,

Raleigh North Carolina 27607, United States ; Kassy A Mies(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Physics, & Geoscience, Meredith College, Raleigh North Carolina 27516,
United States

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Microorganisms produce small, high affinity iron chelators called siderophores to

acquire iron. Siderophores have high thermodynamic stability, so the iron release
mechanism from siderophores is not well understood. Our project explores the redox
facilitated iron release mechanism from the siderophore, ferrioxamine B. Previous
results indicate that iron is released from ferrioxamine B in the presence of reducing
agents ascorbic acid or NADH and the iron (II) chelator, BPDS, through the formation of
a ternary complex with ferrioxamine B and BPDS. These results also indicate that
NADH may be capable of reducing the iron-siderophore complex directly in the
presence of a small quantity of an iron (II) trap. Here we present results on the reaction
of ferrioxamine B, NADH and the iron(II) chelator, 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(1-methyl-4-
pyridinium) porphyrin. Preliminary spectroscopic evidence suggests that this chelator
does
not form a ternary complex with ferrioxamine B, allowing isolation of the direct reduction
path for examination.

CHED 685

Synthesis and redox chemistry of chromium(III)-hydrazone complexes

Oliver Oliverio(1), [email protected], One Washington Square, San José

California 95192, United States ; Hoang Ly(1); David J.R. Brook(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose Ca 95112, United States

Chromium-polypyridyl complexes can be synthesized by the coordination of

polypyridine molecules such as terpyridine to the metal. Chromium-polypyridyl
complexes display multiple redox waves and can be reduced to a formal oxidation state
of Cr(0). Spectral evidence suggests that the reduction occcurs at the ligand and the
oxidation state of Cr remains +3. Hydrazone ligands such as pyridinecarboxaldehyde-2'-
pyridylhydrazone (papyH) coordinate analogously to terpyridine (Figure 1) but until now
chromium complexes have not been reported. We report initial studies of redox
chemistry of the chromium complexes of papyH.

CHED 686

Studying the thermal decompostion pathways of iron dithiocarbamates using a

thermogravimetric analyzer

Colin C. Jack(1), [email protected], 316 Washington Ave., Wheeling WV

26003, United States ; Norman V. Duffy(1); Aloysius F. Hepp(2); Michael D. Hoops(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling WV 26003, United

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States (2) Space Processes and Experiments Division, NASA Glenn Research Center,
Cleveland OH 44135, United States

There is a desire to produce and study iron sulfides. One iron sulfide in particular is
troilite. Troilite is unusual in the fact that it is not found here on Earth (or very little of it is
found here). However, it is more abundant in meteorites from the Moon and possibly
Mars. This is of extreme importance to NASA to be able to produce and study this iron
sulfide to see how it will interact with space suits and other space equipment. An easy
way to produce the iron sulfides is through the thermal decomposition of iron
dithiocarbamates. We are continuing the study of the decomposition pathways of many
iron(II) dicarbonyl dithiocarbamate complexes using a TGA (Thermogravimetric
Analyzer). Using this instrument, we will be able to monitor the mass loss of the sample
with change in temperature.

CHED 687

Synthesis and complexation of novel porphyrins

Lacey L Starkey(1), [email protected], 402 E. College St., Bridgewater

VA 22812, United States ; Ellen M Mitchell(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Bridgewater
College, Bridgewater VA 22812, United States

Porphyrinic macrocycles are pervasive throughout the literature. These compounds are
of interest due to their presence in nature as photosynthetic reaction centers and as
heme-based metalloproteins. The ease of their synthesis, albeit often in low yields,
through the reaction of pyrrole and a benzaldehyde seemingly make the possible
modifications endless. In addition, once the porphyrin is synthesized, it may also be
derivatized. A variety of reactions of pyrrole with unique benzaldehydes, porphyrins with
imide anions, and their resulting products with metal ions were investigated. Isolation
and characterization of the products will be discussed.

CHED 688

Polyoxometalate catalyzed reactions

Brandon Christopher Davis(1), [email protected], 2100 College Street

Box 781, Newberry South Carolina 29108, United States ; Christina McCartha (1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Newberry College, Newberry South Carolina 29108, United
States

The focus of this research is to examine the products synthesized under aerobic
conditions of select alkanes with polyoxometalate catalysts. Two catalysts have been
examined to date, tetrabutylAmmonium decatungstate, ((C4H9)4N)4W10O32, and sodium
decatungstate, Na4W 10O32. Several alkanes have undergone preliminary reactions. The
product distributions are determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

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Anaheim, CA

(GC/MS). The results and product distributions of the tetrabutylammonium

decatungstate and cyclooctane, adamantane, and hexadecane will be presented.
Preliminary results showed increased functionality with caged
hydrocarbons at tertiary sites.

CHED 689

Computational studies of [PhCC(dppm)2Ru-pz-Ru(dppm)2CCPh](PF6)2 and related

monomeric precursors

Courtney A. Mota(1), [email protected], 1 Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI 02809, United

States ; Cliff J. Timpson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University,
Bristol RI 02809, United States

The synthesis and characterization of the pyrazine-bridged ruthenium complex

[PhCC(dppm)2Ru-pz-Ru(dppm)2CCPh](PF6)2 is a present goal of our research group.
To complement our synthetic approaches, we have begun investigating a variety of
computational methods to predict the molecular geometry and important electronic
properties of the target complex. The predicted molecular geometry of the target dimer,
along with the predicted geometries of some related monomeric precursors, has been
obtained using Gaussian®. Our calculations have now been extended to investigate
electronic properties of our complexes. For one related monomer, [Cl(dppm)2Ru-
pyridine]+, calculations support that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)
resides primarily on the ruthenium and that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
(LUMO) resides primarily on the pyridine ligand. Analogous calculations will be
performed on a series of related complexes in an effort to gain additional insight into the
electronic and structural properties of the [PhCC(dppm)2Ru-pz-Ru(dppm)2CCPh](PF6)2
complex.

CHED 690

Arylsulfide and oxazolidin-2-one ligands for titanium catalyzed hydroaminations

Paula C Ortet(1), [email protected], 316 Conant Science Buildling,

Bridgewater MA 02325, United States ; Stephen A Waratuke (1). (1) Chemistry,
Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater MA 02325, United States

Precatalysts prepared with arylsulfide or carbamate ligation on titanium facilitated the

asymmetric intermolecular hydroamination of alkynes. Homogeneous and in-situ
precatalysts formed from tetrakis (dimethylamido) titanium were evaluated in our
studies. The arylsulfide ligands include naphthalene-2-thiol and 2-methoxybenzenethiol
while the carbamate ligands include 2-3-phenyloxazolidin-2-one and bulkier analogs.
These two sets of catalysts have been effective catalysts, but demonstrate a range of
selectivity in our experiments. Efforts to tailor the systems to improve reactivity, our

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most effective hydroamination catalysts, and work to isolate catalyst intermediates to

better understand the structure of these species will be presented.

CHED 691

Formation and reactivity of tungstenocene stannyl cations

Andrew M. Mullins(1), [email protected], Box 4114, Joe Rosenfield Center,

Grinnell IA 50112, United States ; T. Andrew Mobley(1). (1) Grinnell College, Grinnell IA
50112, United States

We are interested in the formation and reactivity of

hydridotungstenocenediphenylstannyl (1) cationic species through the abstraction of the
chloride from hydridotungstenocenediphenylstannyl chloride(2) with silver salts. Low
temperature experiments have revealed the formation of two temperature dependent
complexes. At -60°C, one species exhibited a hydride at -12 ppm and then was slowly
replaced by the second complex at 10°C with the hydride located at -7 ppm. We have
been unable to confirm the presence of a cation with just this spectroscopic data but
these two species appear to be in equilibrium. In conjunction with attempts to isolate the
cationic species, we are attempting a secondary effort to replace the chloride with a
bromide and then using mass spectrometry to confirm the presence of a bromide.

CHED 692

Synthesis and thermoelectric properties of Ti0.5Hf0.5Co0.5Ir0.5Sb1-xSnx half-Heusler

materials

Juan F Callejas(1), [email protected], 2000 Lakeshore Drive, UN0 1766, New Orleans
LA 70148, United States ; Nathan J Takas(1); Pierre F. P. Poudeu(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry - AMRI, University Of New Orleans, New Orleans LA 70148, United States

Samples with the general composition Ti0.5Hf0.5Co0.5Ir0.5Sb1-xSnx (x = 0.0, 0.1 0.2, 0.3
and 0.4) were prepared through two distinct synthetic methods. High purity powders of
the starting materials were mechanically alloyed in a high energy ball mill over 10h. A
duplicate set of samples was prepared by mixing high purity powders and sealing them
in fused silica tubes which where annealed at high temperatures for several days.
Finally the samples prepared by high temperature reaction were milled. Sample
compaction was achieved by hot-pressing, however, after pressing, the samples were
found form a two phase system. The thermoelectric properties of the hot-pressed pellets
were measured in the temperature range from 300K to 800K. All samples containing Sn
dopant show p-type semiconducting behavior. The effect of the synthetic method as

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well as that of the Sb/Sn doping ratio on the thermoelectric properties of the hot pressed
materials will be discussed.

CHED 693

Investigation of the preparation of FeAlO3 using low-temperature methods

Nathaly Samper(1), [email protected], 425 Fawell Blvd, Glen Ellyn IL 60137, United
States ; Jeremy Harris(2); Kenneth Poeppelmeier(2). (1) Department of Health and
Sciences, College of DuPage, Glen Ellyn IL 60137, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208, United States

The high temperature orthorhombic phase FeAlO3 (space group Pna21; ActaCryst.
(1996). B52, 217-222) is piezoelectric, magnetoelectric and ferrimagnetic. This
undergraduate NSF-MRSEC research project was focused on developing a low-
temperature route to FeAlO3. This research focused on three decomposition reactions
of oxalate precursors: 1)The synthesis and subsequent thermal decomposition of a
single phase iron(III) aluminum oxalate precursor, 2) the decomposition of a mixed
phase sample of iron (III) oxalate and aluminum oxalate, and 3) a mixed phase sample
of iron (II) oxalate and aluminum oxalate. In each case, decomposition in the
temperature range 200-300 ºC resulted in amorphous, noncrystalline products or
crystalline Fe2O3 plus amorphous products

CHED 694

DNA binding and photocleavage properties of dichloro-2-(2'-

pyridyl)benzimidazoleplatinum(II)

Tammy Nguyen(1), [email protected], 1001 E. University Ave, Georgetown

TX, United States ; Gulnar Rawji(1). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
Southwestern University, Georgetown TX 78626, United States

The DNA-binding properties of the complex, dichloro-2-(2'-

pyridyl)benzimidazoleplatinum(II), were studied using gel mobility assays, fluorescence
and viscosity titrations, and thermal denaturation. The complex has a high affinity for
DNA (Kb ~105) but the binding does not result in any cleavage of DNA. Instead, as
revealed by the gel mobility assays, the supercoiled DNA is unwound and rewound by
the complex in a concentration and time dependent manner. While intercalation can
result in such conformational changes in the DNA, the observed data also rule out this
mode of binding. When irradiated with near UV radiation, the complex is found to be
effective at cleaving the DNA. The supercoiled DNA is converted to the open circular
form in a concentration and time dependent manner upon irradiation. The results of
these two observed pathways for interaction will be discussed in the context of the
structure of the ligand and the complex.

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CHED 695

Proposed synthesis of a trimetallic mesogen based on 5,6-diamino-1,10-

phenanthroline

Taylor A Warmbrodt(1), [email protected], 60 South Lincoln Street,

Washington Pa 15301, United States ; Steven M Malinak(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Washington & Jefferson College, Washington Pa 15301, United States

Metal-containing liquid crystals (metallomesogens) are interesting for their unique ability
to combined the specialized properties of metal atoms with the intrinsic properties of
organic mesogens. A particular area of interest to us in recent years has been the
attempted synthesis of complexes with mesogenic potential that are constructed from
multidentate ligands with multiple coordination sites. The goal of this study was to
synthesize 5,6-diamino-1,10-phenanthroline and through condensation with an
aldehyde, produce a ligand that could be used to form a multimetallic complex as a
precursor to a metallomesogen. Our progress to date will be presented.

CHED 696

Proposed synthesis of a trimetallic mesogens based on 4,5-diamino-1,2-

dihydroxybenzene

Brandon H. Smith(1), [email protected], 60 South Lincoln St., Washington PA

15301, United States ; Steven M Malinak(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Washington &
Jefferson College, Washington PA 15301, United States

The study of metallomesogens is a topic of interest due to the fact that they combine the
unique properties of liquid crystals with those of transition metal complexes. In recent
years, the focus of our research has been the attempted synthesis of multimetallic
complexes with mesogenic properties. The focus of this study is to use 4,5-diamino-1,2-
dihydroxybenzene with a functionalized aldehyde to produce a ligand with 2 coordinate
sites. When 3 equivalents of a metal are combined with 2 equivalents of the
deprotonated catecholate ligand, a trimetallic planar complex should result. This
complex could contain up to three paramagnetic metals and two organic free radicals
(upon oxidation of catecholates) providing a complex with up to five unpaired spins. This
poster will update our progress toward this goal.

CHED 697

Ferrofluids: Expanding and improving an inorganic laboratory experiment

Robyn Smith(1), [email protected], 1 Hartwick Drive, Oneonta NY 13820, United

States ; Susan M. Young(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hartwick College, Oneonta
NY 13820, United States

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As part of an effort to expand and improve the laboratory experience for students in the
Inorganic Chemistry I course at Hartwick College, an experiment involving the synthesis
of a ferrofluid was introduced to the course in 2005. Over the past five years, the
experiment has been performed by more than 70 students with a <10% success rate. In
this project, an attempt was made to determine the factors that affect the experiment
success rate, including reagent concentration, reaction volume, magnetite particle size,
surfactant, and carrier fluid. In addition, some ―kitchen chemistry‖ ferrofluid experiments
were explored for possible introduction into chemistry courses for non-science majors
taught at Hartwick College, and new educational materials were designed for these
courses with the purpose of using ferrofluids and magnetism to aid in teaching chemical
concepts.

CHED 698

Preparation and characterization of rhodamine-doped silver nanoparticles

Gladis Reyes-Pimentel(1), [email protected], 414 N. Meridian St., 4763,

Newberg Oregon 97132, United States ; R. Carlisle Chambers(1). (1) Chemistry, George
Fox University, Newberg Oregon 97132, United States

Silver nanoparticles doped with rhodamine were synthesized by reducing silver salts in
the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The resulting rhodamine@Ag nanoparticles
were characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD and TGA. The morphology of the product
materials was the same for both doped and undoped materials. Aggregates of
nanoparticles from hundreds of nanometers up to several micrometers were observed
in the TEM and SEM images. The rhodamine dopant was not leached from the
nanoparticles by either water or common organic solvents.

CHED 699

Perfluoroalkylation of aromatic C-H bonds in the presence of carboxylic acid and

trialkylamine functionalities

Kathryn E. Craigo(1), [email protected], 2911 Centenary Blvd., Shreveport

LA, United States ; Joshua D. Lawrence(1); Randall G. White(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport LA 71104, United States

Trifluoromethyl groups impart additional stability and lipophilicity to aromatic moieties of

pharmacologically-active compounds. In spite of significant effort, few user-friendly
methods exist to install these functional groups to substrates with potential biological
activity. We have previously reported an arene-limiting perfluoroalkylation procedure
that gives good yields when performed in air and with wet solvent. We sought to extend
this procedure to the perfluoroalkylation of structurally-complex arenes including
carboxylic acid and amine functionalities. Although perfluoroalkylation proceeds in the
presence of carboxylic acids, the selectivity for aromatic C-H functionalization is

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significantly lower than observed with the related esters. Selective functionalization of
aromatic C-H bonds is readily accomplished in the presence of trialkylamine
functionalities.

CHED 700

Synthesis and characterization of new doubly-substituted titanium dioxide (rutile)

compounds using chemical vapor transport

Sarah A Belenchia(1), [email protected], 953 Danby Road, Ctr. for Natural

Sciences 357, Ithaca NY 14850, United States ; Anthony P. Ferrari(1); YuYu Chan(1);
Brittney E. Kromer(1); Janet L. Hunting(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Ithaca College,
Ithaca NY 14850, United States

Substituted titanium dioxide (rutile) compounds were synthesized in sealed silica tubes
using chemical vapor transport. Single substitutions, Ti1-xMxO2, of titanium with Group
VA and VIA metals, and multiple substitutions with tantalum, niobium, tungsten,
molybdenum, vanadium, chromium, cobalt and iron with stoichiometries Ti1-x-yAxByO2
(with x, y ≤ 0.3) were made. The resulting materials were characterized by powder X-ray
diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and by resistivity measurements. Many of the substituted
oxides maintained the rutile structure as confirmed by X-ray diffraction, had low
electrical resistivity, and were stable in acid solutions. A portable X-ray fluorescence
instrument was used to help confirm the stoichiometries of the compounds. Stable,
electrically conducting materials are useful for a wide variety of applications such as
cathode supports in fuel cells.

CHED 701

XANES studies of cobalt compounds

Joshua C Kaine(1), [email protected], 701 East High Street, Oxford Ohio 45056,
United States ; Dave L Tierney(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami
University, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States

X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) is a spectroscopic technique used to

determine local symmetry around a central metal atom. This part of the X-ray absorption
spectrum focuses on the region near the absorption edge, including transitions into
bound states. The energy required to promote an electron from its ground state to an
excited orbital is indicative of metal ion oxidation state, and the intensity of these pre-
edge transitions is often indicative of symmetry. Model compounds containing cobalt
were investigated to define the correlation between the integrated area of the Co(II) 1s
to 3d transition with the coordination number and environment of the cobalt center.

CHED 702

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Synthesis and characterization of transition-metal substituted manganese dioxide

(Mn1-xMxO2) and manganese (III) oxide (Mn2-xMxO3) materials

Sara T. Munie(1), [email protected], 953 Danby Road, Ctr. for Natural Sciences
357, Ithaca NY 14850, United States ; Janet L. Hunting(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Ithaca College, Ithaca NY 14850, United States

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) and two polymorphs of manganese (III) oxide (Mn2O3) were
substituted with Group IVA, VA, VIA and other transition metals in place of manganese.
Substituted compounds were synthesized using chemical vapor transport at
temperatures below 600 oC for MnO2, and at higher temperatures (600 oC - 1100 oC) for
Mn2O3. The electrical resistivities of these compounds were measured to determine if
the dopant metals improved conductivity. The dopants were metals that could not only
achieve the same oxidation states as Mn (III, IV) in MnO2 and Mn2O3, respectively, but
could also have extra electrons available for conduction. X-ray diffraction was used to
characterize the synthetic products; single-phase materials were desirable.

CHED 703

New methodology for the synthesis of periodic mesoporous organosilicas

Thomas K McBride(1), [email protected], 2001 Newburg Road, Louisville

Kentucky 40205, United States ; Wendy L Burns(1); Christopher T Burns(2). (1)
Chemistry, Bellarmine University, Louisville Kentucky 40205, United States (2)
Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville Kentucky 40292, United States

Periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO's) were discovered in 1999 and are still an
under explored field of organic-inorganic chemistry. The PMO's contain a silicon-oxygen
backbone connected by an organic linker. The pores present within these structures
have the ability to separate mixtures, carry an electrical current, or act as a support for
catalysts, depending on the organic linker. A new methodology for the synthesis of the
silicon precursor that forms the backbone has been optimized based on mole ratio of
the reactants. This research will be utilized to develop new PMO's using heteroatom
containing organic compounds such as phenanthroline.

CHED 704

Synthesis of substituted SnO2 materials, Sn1-xMxO2, where M = Mo, Ta, Nb, W and
other transition metals

Courtney E. Doll(1), [email protected], 953 Danby Road, Ctr. for Natural Sciences
357, Ithaca NY 14850, United States ; Janet L. Hunting(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Ithaca College, Ithaca NY 14850, United States

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Rutile-type tin dioxide (SnO2) is stable over a wide range of pHs and potentials. The
synthesis of substituted SnO2 materials, Sn1-xMxO2 where M = Mo, Ta, Nb, W, and other
transition metals or transition-metal combinations was performed using two methods:
(1) sealing the proper ratio of precursors into a silica tube using a chemical vapor
transport agent; and (2) using sol-gel methods to homogeneously mix the starting
materials. Conduction is possible when the dopant atoms at reduced oxidation states
replace tin cations in the rutile structure.

CHED 705

Potential Li+ fluorescent probe: Synthesis of 1,7-diaza-12-crown-4 substituted

coumarin
derivative

Cameron L Stevens(1), [email protected], Box 1212, 1700 Moore St., Huntingdon

Pennsylvania 16652, United States ; Diane L Nutbrown(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Juniata College, Huntingdon Pennsylvania 16652, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville Pennsylvania 16335, United States

In the last half century, lithium salts have been the most prescribed drugs for manic
depression and bipolar disorder. Despite research efforts to gain a full understanding of
how lithium ions interact in the brain, progress has been limited by the lack of analytical
tools available for monitoring lithium ions. Fluorescent probes have been synthesized
for other biologically relevant metal ions, such as Ca2+ and Zn2+, but a Li+-specific
fluoroionophore for use in vivo does not yet exist. We have synthesized diethyl 4,4'-(1,7-
dioxa-4,10-diazacyclododecan-4,10-diyl)bis(methylene)bis(2-oxo-2H-chromene-7,4-
diyl)dicarbamate, a coumarin derivative functionalized with a 1,7-diaza-12-crown-4
macrocycle. Electronic absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of DMSO:H 2O
solutions of the ligand in the presence and absence of Li+ will be presented.

CHED 706

Synthesis and characterization of Lanthanide complexes

Wilson D. Bailey(1), [email protected], 1500 N Warner St, Tacoma WA 98416,

United States ; Johanna L. Crane(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Puget
Sound, Tacoma WA 98416, United States

Physiologically stable lanthanide complexes have been of interest as agents for medical
imaging and sensing due to their magnetic or luminescent properties. We have
prepared several lanthanide complexes that are coordinated with a modified
triethylenetetramine-N, N, N', N‖, N'‖, N'‖-hexaacetic acid (TTHA) ligand. Synthetic
details and characterization of both the ligand and the metal complexes will be
presented. Ongoing investigations include the analysis of the pH dependent stability of
the complexes in aqueous solutions and various spectroscopic studies. We are also

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researching the extension of the complexes into coordination polymers or metal-organic

frameworks (MOFs) via hydrothermal or microwave processes. The status of these
continued investigations will also be reported.

CHED 707

Analysis Fe(II) and Cu(II) complexes formed in red wine

Rebecca Pasco(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway, Lexington Kentucky

40508, United States ; Gerald Seebach(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Transylvania
University, Lexington Kentucky 40508, United States

In this study, we are continuing the study of red wine chemical composition, specifically
focusing on the complexes formed with copper(II) and iron(II). The anthocyanins and
flavin-3-ol compound groups in red wines will be compared. This project will use UV-Vis
Spectroscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy, and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to analyze
the complexes formed with anthocyanins and flavin-3-ol compound groups. These
findings will be used in correspondence with cell potential values to determine the
stability of their anti-oxidant properties. We are also investigating possible nitrogen
donors among anti-oxidizing compounds in the wine and would like to compare their
effects with oxygen donors (phenolic and polyphenolic compounds) on the overall
characteristics of the wine.

CHED 708

Ionic liquid-tagged cobalt(salen) complexes as lignin oxidation catalysts

Amber Posner(1), [email protected], 540 Lancaster Avenue, Richmond KY

40475, United States ; Laurel A. Morton(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Eastern
Kentucky University, Richmond KY 40475, United States

With a looming shortage of fossil fuels as a source for energy and chemical feedstocks,
it is becoming increasingly important to study the use of biomass as an alternative
source. Lignin conversion has significant potential to produce fuels and bulk chemicals,
thus the goal of this study is to synthesize an ionic liquid-tagged cobalt(salen) catalyst
that will efficiently oxidize lignin into these more useful chemical compounds. Our
results on the synthesis of the target ionic liquid-tagged salen complex and the
subsequent comparison of these novel catalysts with traditional salen catalysts
dissolved in an ionic liquid will be presented.

CHED 709

Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of a novel dicyclopentadienyl ligand

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Regina R Reinig(1), [email protected], 2311 Olive Street - Apt 3, Cedar falls IA 50613,
United States ; Robert M Chin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls IA 50614, United States

The reaction of dilithium 4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-1,4,7,8-tetrahydro-s-indacene-1,7-diide with

Ni(dppf)Br2 and tert-butyl bromide in dioxane afforded the 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-
4,4,8,8,tetramethyl-1,4,7,8-tetrahydro-s-indacene ligand. This ligand, complexed to
ruthenium and rhodium, can be used to study the impact of having two metal centers in
close vicinity and to test whether a double C-H bond activation can be done by a single
compound.

CHED 710

Attaching organic molecules to inorganic structures: Grafting of layered

perovskites

Sara Farooq(1), [email protected], 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans Louisiana

70148, United States ; Jianxia Zhang(1); Yuan Yao(1); John B. Wiley(1). (1) Chemistry,
University of New Orleans, New Orleans Louisiana 70148, United States

Through grafting reactions, organic molecules (R-groups) can be attached to oxide

materials. Using this technique, R-groups were attached to layered perovskites. The two
Dion-Jacobson perovskites, RbLaNb2O7 and RbCa2Nb3O10, were synthesized, and the
hydrogen form of the two structures was achieved by topotactic proton exchange. A
series of grafting reactions was then carried out on HLaNb2O7 with alcohols, such as,
methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-decanol, and the aromatic alcohol, hydroquinone.
Grafting of methanol was also examined
on the triple layer perovskite, HCa2Nb3O10, in an autoclave.

CHED 711

Molybdenum enzyme mimics with tris(triazolyl)borate and dithiolate ligands

Lauren E Reuther(1), [email protected], 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia PA 19104,

United States ; Elizabeth T Papish(1); Matthias Zeller(1); Natalie Dixon(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States

The hydrotris(3-phenyl-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl)borate (TtzPh,Me) ligand acts as a scaffold

for biomimetric chemistry with improved solubility in hydrophilic solvents relative to Tp
ligands. Molybdenum complexes with the TtzPh,Me and thiol/dithiolate ligands are being
synthesized and characterized to mimic the oxygen atom transfer ability of
molybdopterin enzymes. Dithiolate ligands with differing electronic properties are also
being synthesized to understand and improve catalytic activity of molybdenum enzyme
mimics.

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CHED 712

Microwave functionalization of hydride-terminated porous silicon: Initial steps

toward new solid-supported catalysts

Nathan J Line(1), [email protected], 301 W. Wabash Ave., Crawfordsville IN 47933,

United States ; Lon A Porter, Jr.(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Wabash College,
Crawfordsville IN 47933, United States

Previous work from our group has yielded an efficient and highly-scalable reaction that
results in alkyl-functionalized porous silicon (por-Si) by way of a multimode microwave
reactor. This microwave-assisted hydrosilylation reaction provides stable monolayers in
a fraction of the time required by traditional reflux methods and in greater yield than
catalyst-mediated room temperature reactions. Our current work seeks to apply
microwave functionalization methodologies to the anchoring of catalytic transition metal
complexes onto hydride-terminated por-Si. This was carried out through the
functionalization of 11-bromo-1-undecene followed by subsequent transformations to
yield various surface-bound phosphine linkers capable of binding transition metal
species to the porous silicon support. Each surface modification step was characterized
by transmission-mode FT-IR. The activity and recyclability of the supported catalyst was
tested via a palladium catalyzed [2+2+2]-cyclotrimerization microwave reaction of 2-
butyne which was verified through 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.

CHED 713

Synthesis and characterization of cyclen based ditopic metallointercalators for

DNA binding

Dawn Rosenbaum(1), [email protected], Department of Chemistry,

Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater MA 02325, United States ; Steven C.
Haefner(1). (1) Department of Chemical Sciences, Bridgewater State University,
Bridgewater MA 02325, United States

Our group is currently investigating the synthesis of a series of bimetallic rhodium

complexes capable of binding DNA via intercalation at two separate locations.
Previously, Barton et al. established that Rh(III)cyclen(phi) (cyclen = 1,4,7,10-
tetraazacyclododecane, phi = 9,10-diaminophenanthroline) complexes exhibited site
specific DNA binding in the major groove for GC base pairs. Our objective is to link two
Rh(cyclen)(phi) complexes together using organic spacers of varying size. Specifically,
we have focused our efforts on creating a bicyclen ligand through direct alkylation of two
glyoxal protected cyclen macrocycles using various dibromo spacers. Upon removal of
the glyoxal groups, we inserted the Rh(III)phi centers in a two step procedure that
involved: (i) reaction with RhCl3 to give [(Rh(cyclen)Cl2)2spacer]2+ and (ii) substitution of
the bound chlorides by 9,10 diaminophenanthroline to form the corresponding bicyclen

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Rh(phi) complexes. A detailed account of the synthesis and spectroscopic

characterization of these new bimetallic complexes will be presented.

CHED 714

Characterization of an Iridium-based water-oxidation catalyst deposited from

organometallic precursors

Maxwell N Kushner-Lenhoff(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 202521,

New Haven CT 06520, United States ; James D Blakemore(1); Gary Brudvig(1); Robert
Crabtree(1); Nathan D Schley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New
Haven CT 06511, United States

Under mild conditions, homogenous Cp*Ir aquo and hydroxo catalysts were converted
into a heterogeneous water oxidation catalyst via anodic deposition from solution. The
electrodeposited catalyst was shown to catalyze water oxidation for over 9 hours with
no significant deterioration in rate. Although it consists primarily of iridium and oxygen,
the electrodeposited material was found to have significant carbon content even after 9
hours. The
deposited catalyst was also characterized by SEM and electrochemical experiments.
The ideal conditions and time for deposition are currently being determined. The 4
electron 4 proton reaction of water oxidation is an integral part of artificial photosynthetic
systems for solar fuel production, and few effective and robust water oxidation catalysts
have been shown. This work suggests that organometallic precursors might be an
effective route to the formation of heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts under mild
conditions.

CHED 715

Synthesis of bimetallic Rh(III) cyclen complexes using “double click” chemistry

Christopher Goncalo(1), [email protected], Department of Chemical

Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater MA 02325, United States ; Steven
C Haefner(1). (1) Department of Chemical Sciences, Bridgewater State University,
Bridgewater MA 02325, United States

We are currently investigating in the design and synthesis of bimetallic systems that are
capable of binding DNA in different locations. Specifically, we are examining systems
that possess two Rh(III)cyclen(phi) (cyclen = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, phi =
9,10-diaminophenanthroline) moieties linked together through an organic spacer. Our
synthetic approach involves the preparation of modified cyclen ligands that bear an
alkynl substituent through alkylation of a glyoxal protected cyclen macrocycle. This
alkynl modified cyclen is then linked to an organic spacer that contains two diazide
groups using a copper catalyzed, double 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction or ―double
click‖ chemistry. Once the resulting bicyclen ligand has been isolated, we incorporate

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the Rh(III)(phi) groups using a two step process that involves reaction with RhCl3, which
inserts a Rh(III)Cl2+ group into each ring, followed by substitution of the supporting
chlorides with 9,10-diaminophenanthroline. A detailed account of the synthesis and
spectroscopic characterization of these complexes will be presented.

CHED 716

Nickel carbonate cage synthesis through degradation of [Ni3(Trensal)2]

James L Wankowski(1), [email protected], 522 East Broadway, Waukesha

Wisconsin 53186, United States ; Alan R. Kennedy(2). (1) Carroll University, Waukesha
Wisconsin, United States (2) Inorganic Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,
United Kingdom

The synthesis of [Ni3(Trensal)2] was investigated in an attempt to analyze its

degradation product, Ni6 carbonate cages. Through this investigation, two forms of the
[Ni3(Trensal)2] compound were isolated and structurally analyzed for the first time as
well as other degraded forms of the parent compound. The synthesis of these
carbonate cages was not accomplished through the degradation of [Ni3(Trensal)2], but
instead through a more direct synthesis simply using a nickel halide and TMEDA.
Further samples of these cages were obtained using bis(cyclooctadiene) nickel(0) and
TMEDA.

CHED 717

Temperature dependence of 27Al NMR spectra of aqueous aluminum solutions

Amy L Orcutt(1), [email protected], 320 Washington St, Easton MA 02357,

United States ; Maria Curtin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College, Easton
MA 02357, United States

The goal of this research is to understand the behavior of initial Al3+ hydrolysis species
under acidic conditions in the presence of nitrate and chloride ions. 27Al NMR was used
to study dilute solutions of aluminum ions in nitric or hydrochloric acid. The peak
observed at 0 ppm was used to determine how temperature and pH affect peak width at
half height. All unhydrolyzed Al(H2O)63+ (pH<1.5) solutions exhibited decreasing peak
width as temperature increased as expected. At pH 3 the solutions exhibited a positive
slope with increasing temperature. This was also expected since more complex
equilibrium reactions are taking place facilitated by decreasing viscosity as a function of
temperature. However, unlike the lower pH study, the y-intercepts of the two
environments (nitrate vs. chloride) are not consistent in less acidic environments. A
difference in peak behavior is observed when using nitric acid vs. hydrochloric acid at
lower temperatures.

CHED 718

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Potential green syntheses of phenathrolines

Adam Krakowiak(1), [email protected], 1615 Stanley St, New Britain CT 06050, United
States ; Stephen P Watton(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Connecticut
State University, New Britain CT 06050, United States

The project is aimed at developing greener syntheses of phenanthroline ligands for

metal binding. Phenanthroline ligands are ubiquitous in the inorganic literature.
Synthesis of 2- or 9- substituted ligands are of particular interest, because the
substituents have a strong impact on the structural chemistry at bound metal centers.
Synthesis of appropriate phenanthrolines has typically been accomplished using
synthetic routes that employ undesirable reagents such as alkyl lithiums or arsenic
acids. Our goal is to replace such methods with a more environmentally benign
approach; the iodine-catalyzed Skraup-Dobener-Miller synthesis is the method currently
under study. Our progress in preparing a variety of phenanthroline derivatives by this
route will be described.

CHED 719

Studies of coordination equilibria in 2- or 2,9- substituted copper phenanthroline

complexes

Lusignan John(1), [email protected], 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain CT 06050,

United States ; Stephen P Watton(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central
Connecticut State University, New Britain CT 06050, United States

Phenanthroline complexes of copper show an intriguing tendency to switch between the

"preferred" five-coordinate form of the copper(II) complex, and a more rare four-co-
ordinate form. The coordination equilibria associated with the Cu(II) complexes compete
with an unexpected reduction reaction that has water as the reducing agent, which
produces Cu(I) complexes as part of the equilibrium system. Our results from a
collaborative undergraduate effort to elucidate this behavior will be presented.

CHED 720

High-yield synthesis of the semicarbazide adduct of cyanoborane

Ismael L. Banla(1), [email protected], 1104 7th Ave. S., Moorhead MN 56563,

United States ; Taehyun Kim(1); Gary M. Edvenson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Minnesota State University Moorhead, Moorhead MN 56563, United States

Previous work in our labs has lead to the formation of the semicarbazide adduct of
cyanoborane in yields of 50-60% in THF. A more quantitative synthesis of the
semicarbazide adduct of cyanoborane has now been obtained through the reaction of
cyanoborane polymer and neutral semicarbazide in dimethyl sulfide. The use of Teflon

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needles helps to minimize the loss of hydrogen chloride in dimethyl sulfide through its
oxidation of metallic needles. A modification of a previously published synthesis of
neutral semicarbazide will also be reported.

CHED 721

Synthesis of a new cyanoborane polymer with a trigonal planar boron

Taehyun Kim(1), [email protected], 1104 7th Ave. S., Moorhead MN 56563, United
States ; Ismael L. Banla(1); Gary M. Edvenson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Minnesota State University Moorhead, Moorhead MN 56563, United States

Cyanoborane polymer, [BH2CN]n, produced via the reaction of sodium

cyanoborohydride and hydrogen chloride in dimethyl sulfide, is reacted with a second
equivalent of hydrogen chloride. The 11B NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture shows a
sharp doublet at +27.8 ppm, which is indicative of a trigonal planar boron atom with a
single hydrogen substituent. Given the intermediacy of the cyanoborane polymer or
oligomer we reason that the product of the reaction is a cyanoborane type polymer with
a trigonal planar boron atom and the formula [BHCN]nCln. This is an uncommon bonding
environment for boron and further characterization data will be presented.

CHED 722

Exploring the electrophilicity and enhanced cyanide affinity of cationic boranes

Ivan L Lenov(1), [email protected], 601 W. Scott, Apt. A, Kirksville MO 63501, United

States ; Youngmin Kim(2); François P Gabbaï(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Truman
State University, Kirksville Missouri 63501, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77840, United States

Due to a combination of favorable Coulombic and inductive effects it can be expected

that cationic boranes will act as efficient electron-acceptors in photo-induced electron
transfer processes. To test this idea, the cationic borane salt [1]I, was synthesized
according to a reported procedure and evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. Using the
Rehm-Weller equation, it can be predicted that phosphonium boranes such as [1]+ will
efficiently quench anthracene and dansylamide fluorophores via electron transfer. To
test this idea, the borane/fluorophore conjugates [2]+ and [3]+ have been synthesized
and studied. In line with expectations, the pendant fluorophores of these conjugates are
quenched, presumably by electron transfer. Remarkably, anion binding to the boron
center of these conjugates leads to a revival of the fluorescence of the pendant
fluorophore. This effect can be exploited for the turn-on sensing of toxic anions such as
cyanide.

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CHED 723

3D reconstruction and analysis of microband boundaries in FCC metals

Cassandra M George(1), [email protected], 340 E Foothill Blvd, Claremont California,

United States ; Lori M Bassman(1)(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd
College, Claremont California 91711, United States (2) Department of Material Science,
University of New South Wales, Claremont California 91711, United States

There has been considerable debate regarding the aligned dislocation boundaries that
are generated during significant plastic deformation of FCC metals with intermediate to
high stacking fault energies. The resulting subgrain structures, called microbands, are of
interest as they play a role in determining anisotropy in yield stress and strain
hardening. There are two opposing theories regarding the nature of boundaries
between microbands: (i) they are oriented along crystallographic planes, (ii) their
alignment is dictated by the macroscopic stress state during plastic deformation. These
theories are based on evidence from methods that provide only 2D data; analysis of 3D
data should definitively answer this debate. 3D crystallographic orientation data were
collected using a dual beam microscope, alternating focused ion beam (FIB) for slicing
and electron-backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for orientation mapping. After microband
boundaries in successive slices were identified with the help of inverse pole figure color-
mapping, microbands were reconstructed in 3D.

CHED 724

Thermal decomposition of transition metal oxalate compounds

Jacob A. Hill(1), [email protected], 240 Kings Terrace, Salisbury NC 28146, United

States ; Thomas C. Devore(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Catawba College, Salisbury
NC 28144, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, James Madison University,
Harrisonburg VA 22807, United States

Thermal decomposition of metal oxalates is used in nanoparticle synthesis and to

prepare supported metal oxide catalysts. The thermal decompositions of ZnC 2O4×2H2O,
CuC2O4, K2Cu(C2O4)2×1.75H2O, Na2Cu(C2O4)2×2H2O, Cu(NH3)2C2O4, and
Zn(NH3)xC2O4×mH2O were studied using TGA, EGA, XRD, and IR spectroscopy.
ZnC2O4×2H2O lost water at 80 °C to form anhydrous ZnC2O4 which then decomposed
at 280 °C to form ZnO. CuC2O4 decomposed at 215 °C to produce a mixture of CuO
and Cu. K2Cu(C2O4)2×1.75H2O decomposed at 280 °C to form K2C2O4 and a mixture of
Cu and CuO, the K2C2O4 then decomposed at 350 °C to form K2CO3.
Na2Cu(C2O4)2×2H2O decomposed at ~250 °C to form Na2C2O4 and CuO and further
decomposing at 330 °C to form Na2CO3. Cu(NH3)2C2O4 lost NH3 at 170 °C to make
CuC2O4, which decomposed into a mixture of Cu and CuO at 200 °C, indicating
possible catalysis by NH3. Zn(NH3)xC2O4×mH2O decomposed step-wise at 57, 80, 267,
and 280 °C.

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CHED 725

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles in sock fabric

Richard H. Lohaus(1), [email protected], Auraria Campus, Denver Colorado, United

States ; Yantinew Gede(1); Rosemarie D. Walker(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Metropolitan State College of Denver, Denver Colorado, United States

Advances in padding fabric with nanoparticles to inhibit bacterial growth have led to
recent development and marketing of silver, carbon, and copper antibacterial socks for
consumers. We examined the inhibitory effects of swatches of silver and carbon
impregnated socks on cultures of gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureas in liquid broth and on agar plates. Whereas carbon swatches
produced no inhibition, silver swatches demonstrated marked inhibition, depending on
fabric mass. E. coli exhibited more inhibition than S. aureas. Estimates of fabric
durability and antibacterial efficacy over time were developed through repeated rinses
using a shaker bath and abrasive beads. Concentration of silver ion resulting from
aqueous interaction with nanoparticles was quantified using atomic absorption
spectroscopy (AAS), and bacterial counts were assessed through plate-counting and
spectrophotometry. Further investigation will explore antibacterial efficacy of copper
impregnated fabric as compared with silver fabric.

CHED 726

Thin films electrodes of W doped TiO2 for application in solar energy conversion

Vincent Duong(1)(2), [email protected], 3892 OLIVE STREET, IRVINE CA 92604,

United States ; Claudia Longo(1); Haroldo Gregório de Oliveira(1); Reginaldo Santos(1);
Bruno Honda de Oliveira(1). (1) Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao
Paulo, Brazil (2) Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Campinas Sao Paulo, Brazil

Thin films electrodes of W doped TiO2 were investigated for

application in solar cells and as photocalyst for water remediation.
Aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and W:TiO2 (W/Ti molar ratios of 1 and 2.5%)
were synthesized via sol-gel/hydrothermal method. Annealing at 450 ºC
resulted in crystalline powders with anatase structure; the
samples exhibited similar values for band gap energy, 3.2 eV, and high
surface area, 150 m2/g. Porous thin films were deposited on glass-FTO
electrodes; examined by SEM, the films coverage is uniform (except by few
grains or craters) and EDS mapping revealed a homogeneous surface
distribution of Ti, O and W atoms. The electrodes exhibited photocatalytic
activity for phenol removal from water; after irradiation with a solar simulator
for 4 hours, the total organic carbon decayed from 50 to 30 mg/L for all
the photocatalysts. The electrodes were also sensitized with a ruthenium
dye and solar cells were assembled with a polymer electrolyte and a

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Anaheim, CA

counter-electrode; under irradiation, the cells exhibited 0.7 V for open

circuit potential and 1.4 mA/cm2 for short-circuit current. Since the band
gap energy, crystalline structure and surface area were independent of
W content, these TiO2 and W:TiO2 films exhibited a similar performance for
solar energy conversion. NSF, Fapesp, CNPq, Capes,
INOMAT.

CHED 727

Synthesis of indolobenzazipinones: Optimization of C-N bond formation of the

idole ring

Meredith Eno(1), [email protected], 320 Washington St., Easton Ma 02357,

United States ; Nopporn Thasana(1). (1) Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Chulabhorn Research Institute, Thailand

Recent studies have determined that the 8-membered ring derivatives of

indolobenzazepinones can act as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. In an effort to
synthesize these compounds, previous work by the Nopporn laboratory as well as new
research into the optimization of the C-N bond formation reaction by using palladium
catalyst were found to provide viable pathway to the desired compounds.

CHED 728

New xanthones from Hypericum ellipticum

Kylie Manning(1), [email protected], 514 University Ave., Selinsgrove PA 17870,

United States ; Elyse Petrunak(1); Michelle Lebo(1); Geneive E. Henry(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove PA 17870, United States

The Hypericum genus (family, Clusiaceae) has attracted widespread attention owing to
the antidepressant and wound-healing properties of St. John's Wort (H. perforatum).
Phytochemical studies of several members of the Hypericum genus, including H.
perforatum, have yielded a number of structurally diverse and biologically active
secondary metabolites from the acylphloroglucinol, flavonoid, and xanthone classes.
The range of biological activities exhibited
by these compounds include anti-HIV, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory, and anti-depressant effects. As part of an ongoing study to discover
new bioactive compounds from Hypericum species, an acetone extract of the aerial
portions of H.
ellipticum was investigated. Two new xanthones, named elliptoxanthones A and B, were

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

isolated together with three known xanthones. The structures were elucidated on the
basis of 2D-NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data.

CHED 729

In vivo EPR signal reduction of spin-labeled free radicals in living mice

Victoria A Honetschlager(1), [email protected], 276 East Snarr Hall, Moorhead

Minnesota 56563, United States ; Derick Dalhouse(2); Samin Pezeshk(1); Mo Pezeshk(1);
Abbas Pezeshk(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Minnesota State University Moorhead,
Moorhead Minnesota 56560, United States (2) Department of Psychology, Minnesota
State University Moorhead, Moorhead Minnesota 56560, United States

The time course reduction of two nitroxide free radicals were investigated in living mice
using an X-band EPR spectrometer. In this experiment, we monitored the in vivo
reductions of water soluble and lipid soluble nitroxides injected in a mouse tail vein by
sampling the distal portion of its tail in the EPR cavity. The lipid soluble nitroxide has the
advantage of permeability into membrane and thus, could provide important information
on redox reactions within the membrane. Our preliminary real-time in vivo results show
that in both cases, the accumulation of the free radical after administration of the
nitroxide was rapid, reaching a maximum value after injection, followed by a steady
decrease. The results of this study will be presented.

CHED 730

Study of the reaction mechanism of 1-chloroethyl chloroformate

Matthew J McAneny(1), [email protected], 120 N State St, Dover

DE 19901, United States ; Malcolm J D[apos]Souza(1); Dennis N Kevill(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Wesley College, Dover DE 19901, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL 60115,
United States

1-chloroethyl chloroformate is used in the formulation of drug metabolite reference

material for forensic toxicological applications. Its primary function is that once drugs are
extracted from human urine they are first subjected to an N-demethylation reaction
involving the use of 1-chloroethyl chloroformate. As a result there has been significant
interest in its hydrolysis, alcoholysis, and aminolysis processes. The effects of solvent
variation of the available specific rates of solvolysis 1-chloroethyl chloroformate are
analyzed in terms of the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation using the NT scale of
solvent nucleophilicity (S-methyldibenzothiophenium ion) combined with a YCl scale
based on 1-adamantyl chloride solvolysis. The results are compared to the extensively
studied ethyl chloroformate (EtOCOCl).

[This project was supported by NIH NCRR INBRE grant number; 2 P20 RR016472-10]

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CHED 731

Synthesis and evaluation of novel isothiocyanates

Cody J. Lensing(1), [email protected], Box 1235 Augustana College, 2001 S.

Summit Ave., Sioux Falls SD 57197, United States ; Jared R. Mays(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Augustana College, Sioux Falls SD 57197, United States

Isothiocyanates are known to have chemopreventive properties in cells. Synthetic

isothiocyanates have previously demonstrated enhanced activities versus natural
analogs. We set out to construct a library of isothiocyanates and to determine their
structure-activity relationships. A portion of this target library has been synthesized and
tested for antiproilferation activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Initial results
suggest that electron-withdrawing groups enhance activity.

CHED 732

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of acetylpyrazine-thiosemicarbazone

compounds

Michael W Beck(1), [email protected], Dixie Avenue, Cookeville TN 38506,

United States ; Christine N Beck(1); Sean Reilly(1); Mallory Carr(1); Victoria L Holcomb(1);
Edward C Lisic(1); James Ventrice(1). (1) Chemistry, Tennessee Technological
University, Cookeville TN 38506, United States

Several new acetylpyrazine thiosemicarbazone ligands have been synthesized in our

laboratory and characterized by 1H NMR spectrometry. These new compounds, which
have been shown to ligate several transition metals in a tridentate fashion, were tested
for antimicrobial activity by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations against
four bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa), two yeast (Canida albicans and Sacchromyces cervisiae),
and one mold (Aspergillus niger). The non-proliferative activity of these compounds is
probably due to a chelating interaction with iron atoms in ribonucleotide reductase.

CHED 733

Using antioxidants to increase stability of pharmaceuticals

Angie S Morris(1)(2), [email protected], 700 E Broadway, Monmouth IL 61462,

United States ; Gregory Webster(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Monmouth College,
Monmouth IL 61462, United States (2) Global Analytical Research and Development,
Abbott Labs, Monmouth IL 61462, United States

A major aspect of pharmaceutical development is the stability of the drug products. In

some cases, toxic substances are formed when the drug undergoes oxidation. For this

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Anaheim, CA

study, the effect of oxidation on a Parkinson's disease drug was researched. When
oxidized, this drug produces hydrazine which is an extremely reactive carcinogen that is
often used in explosives and even used to make rocket fuel. In order to prevent such
problems, antioxidants can be added to the drug formulation. Antioxidants have the
potential to protect other drugs from oxidation due to their ability to reduced the effects
of free radicals. Dopamine hydrochloride was used as a model drug along with a free
radical initiator used to induce oxidation. The rate of oxidation of both the drug and
antioxidant was monitored using HPLC and an ESA CoulArray system. The results
confirmed that L-ascorbic acid is an effective antioxidant for the model drug.

CHED 734

D-Aspartic acid in frog tissues

Shahad Khomeis(1), [email protected], 11300 NE 2nd Ave., Miami

Shores FL 33161, United States ; Nathan Gonzalez(1); George Fisher(1). (1) Physical
Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores FL 33161, United States

The D-enantiomer of aspartic acid (D-Asp) is an endogenous amino acid found in the
nervous and endocrine systems of many marine and terrestrial animals where it has
physiological importance in neurotransmission and hormone regulation. Previous
researchers found D-Asp in the ovaries and Harderian gland of the green frog Rana
esculenta. We report here finding D-Asp in the frog nervous system. We analyzed
several nervous and non-nervous tissues from grass frogs (Rana pipiens) for the
presence of D-Asp by HPLC. D-Asp was found primarily in the nervous tissues: brain,
brain stem, spinal cord, sciatic nerves (25 to 45 nmoles D-Asp/g tissue; 3% to 17% of
total D- plus L-Asp). No D-Asp was found in non-nervous tissues: heart, lung, muscle.
However, small concentrations of D-Asp were found in liver. These results demonstrate
that D-Asp is present in the frog nervous system and may have a physiological role in
the frog nervous system.

CHED 735

Synthetic studies toward HDAC inhibition by an isatin-based hydroxamic acid

Kyle R Lehenbauer(1), [email protected], 500 College Hill, Box 1059, Liberty

MO 64068-1849, United States ; Jason A Morrill(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, William
Jewell College, Liberty MO 64068-1849, United States

Recent studies have shown that inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes lowers
the binding affinity between DNA and histones, thus making anti-cancer genes more
accessible to transcription. HDAC inhibition, therefore, is very important as a possible
chemotherapeutic route to eliminating cancer in the body. Computer models and
docking studies have suggested that hydroxamic acid-based inhibitors will successfully
interact with HDAC's to inhibit their function. Generally HDAC inhibitors consist of a

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Anaheim, CA

three-part pharmacophore: an enzyme recognition site, a hydrophobic linker, and a zinc

chelating group for binding at the enzyme active site. We propose an isatin-based
hydroxamic acid inhibitor that incorporates all three pharmacophores. After the inhibitor
is synthesized, the biological activity of the inhibitor will be assessed.

CHED 736

GC-MS analysis of medicinal plants used in the treatment of type-II diabetes

Javier Trevino(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway, San Antonio Texas 78209,

United States ; Tara Rojas(1); Patricia P Gonzalez(1); Alakananda Ray Chaudhuri(1);
Edward E. Gonzalez(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of the Incarnate Word,
San Antonio Texas 78209, United States

Natural herbs have long been used in medicine throughout the world for the treatment
of type-II diabetes. Our research objective was to compare the chemical constituents
present in the methylene chloride extracts of herbal plants used in Mexican folk
medicine. Three popular medicinal plants avaialbe in the San Antonio area were
selected for study:: "Chaya" [Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (miller)], "Changarro" [Cecropia
obtusifolia (Bertol)], and "Arandano" [Vaccinium Myrtillus]. The dried herbal stems and
leaves were pulverized in a blender and 50 gram samples were placed in cellulose
thimbles for Soxhlet extraction with methylene chloride. The organic extracts were
concentrated by evaporation to 50 mL, filtered and dried of water through a column of
anhydrous sodium sulfate. Samples of 1.5 mL were transferred to amber vials for GC-
MS analysis using a Hewlwett Packard 6890 Series Plus Gas Chromatograph, attached
to a Hewlett Packard 5973 Mass Selective Detector equipped with a Wiley 7 NIST 2005
reference library database.

CHED 737

Hawthorn Berry: A potential treatment for hot flashes in menopausal women

Casey S. Penland(1), [email protected], 208 Edgemont Blvd., Alamosa

CO 81102, United States ; Angela Bedard(2); Cathy Morin(2). (1) Adams State College,
Alamosa CO 81101, United States (2) San Luis Valley Regional Medical Center,
Alamosa CO 81101, United States

The assessment of the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy generates
considerable debate and ongoing research within the medical field. This study
examined the Hawthorn Berry as an alternative, natural treatment that may have
multiple benefits. Hawthorn berry extract may be responsible in reducing the number
and severity of hot flashes during menopause. Secondarily, the effect of the supplement
on hypertension was evaluated to establish correlation between hypertension and hot
flashes. Hawthorn berries contain tannins, which function as non-competitive inhibitors
of the angiotensin converting enzyme. An anti-oxidative mechanism may equally be

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Anaheim, CA

responsible for Hawthorn's ability to treat hypertension; neutralizing free radicals that
form during the aging process, which supports results indicating a reduced risk of
cardiovascular disease. These tannins and anti-oxidative qualities actively treat
hypertension, an increased risk during menopause. Hawthorn berry promotes healthy
circulation throughout the body, potentially reducing the number and severity of hot
flashes during menopause.

CHED 738

Results of dissolution studies of bismuth suspensions and caplets in varying

media

Marcus A. Harrison(1), [email protected], 1000 Chastain Road, MS

1203, Kennesaw GA 30144, United States ; Marina C. Koether(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw GA 30144, United
States

Dissolution studies of bismuth containing stomach relief suspensions and bismuth

caplets have shown different dissolution profiles based on media used. Complete
dissolution is effective in 10 minutes in 900 mL of deaerated 0.09 M nitric acid at 37°C
for a sample size of up to 7% of a standard suspension dosage and the full caplet. The
use of 0.07 to 0.27 M hydrochloric acid was investigated and concentrations greater
than 0.13 M allowed for dissolution of a sample size of up to 4% of a standard
suspension and the full caplet. This difference between suspension and caplet is most
likely due to the amount and type of cellulose in the suspension versus the caplet which
hinders dissolution. Another possibility includes the formation of insoluble bismuth
chloride in the hydrochloric acid media. Analysis of the tetraiodobismuthate(III) anion is
by visible spectroscopy using the external calibration method at 464 nm.

CHED 739

Photochemical reactions of the organic components of sunscreens

Lenesia Boddie(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd, Huntsville AL 35896,

United States ; Robert Chiles(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd,
Huntsville AL 35896, United States ; Sierra Hammond(1); Cynthia Wilson(1); Kenneth
LaiHing(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Oakwood University, Huntsville AL 35896,
United States

Commercially available sunscreens are used to protect us from sunburn, premature

aging and skin cancer. Most sunscreen formulations contain the following chemicals:
octly methoxycinnamate, oxybenzone, abobenzene and ocytyl salicylate. These
chemicals function to either block UV-B or UV-A radiation or filter ultra violet light.
Currently it is unknown what photochemical reactions occur when these compounds are
exposed to the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. These experiments investigate the

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compounds that are produced after sunscreen has been exposed to UV light. Polar and
non polar compounds will be extracted in different solvents for these experiments. The
compounds will be analyzed using UV/Visible spectrometry and GC-Mass Spectrometry
to identify and determine whether or not these compounds have the potential to cause
harm to humans.

CHED 740

Computational docking simulations of oxidative metabolism of CYP2E1

Kasa B. Cooper(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3711, Arkadelphia AR

71998, United States ; Grover P. Miller(2); Martin D. Perry(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States (2)
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205, United States

CYP2E1 is a cytochrome P450 that participates in the oxidative metabolism of

xenobiotic substances such as steroids, drugs, mutagens, and carcinogens.
Computational docking of nitroanisoles and the oxidative products in CYP2E1 (3LC4
structure from the RCSB Protein Data Bank) were conducted using Sybyl7.2 from
Tripos, Inc. to examine enzyme-ligand interactions. Ligands docked include 4-
nitroanisole and 4-nitrophenol. Docking methods used include Surflex-Dock2.0 and
molecular dynamics simulations. Surflex docking places the ligand in a predetermined
area in the minimal energy conformation. Molecular dynamics simulated the movement
of ligands through the channel to the heme based on Newtonian laws of motion. Results
support the theory of multiple binding sites as well as multiple-ligand binding in each
site.

CHED 741

Computational docking of 3-nitroanisole with the 3E6I crystal structure of

CYP2E1

Benjamin M. Ford(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3711, Arkadelphia

AR 71998, United States ; Grover P. Miller(2); Martin D. Perry(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States (2)
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205, United States

CYP2E1 is an isoformation of the Cytochrome P450 enzyme group; its essential

function is to metabolize xenobiotics in the human body. Studies were performed on the
CYP2E1 enzyme by using computational tools to model ligand interaction—specifically
that of 3-nitroanisole and its oxidative products. The computational tools used included
Sybyl7.2 and its featured docking programs—molecular dynamics and Surflex Dock;
each program illustrated, through different means, how desired ligands interacted with

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CYP2E1. Overall, studies will illustrate how multiple ligands can bind in a specified
active site and, in effect, cause interaction with surrounding residues of the active site
channel.

CHED 742

Mutagenesis and computational docking simulations of CYP2E1 metabolism

Joseph W. Levy(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3711, Arkadelphia AR

71998, United States ; Grover P. Miller(2); Martin D. Perry(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States (2)
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205, United States

Nitroanisoles are toxic pollutants that are widely distributed in a modern environment.
Biological metabolism of these nitroanisoles determines their toxicity to the certain
organism. CYP2E1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, oxidizes nitroanisoles into readily
excreted derivatives in humans. Kinetic studies on CYP2E1 have shown variation from
a normal enzyme catalysis rate. Instead of a linear rate increase with substrate
concentration followed by a plateau, a peak is reached and then further increase in
substrate concentration decreases the rate until a plateau is reached. The existence of
at least one or more effector sites could be the cause of this rate variation. Using
Sybyl7.2 from Tripos, Inc. as well as Surflex-Dock2.0, the enzyme metabolism of the
ligands 4-nitroanisole and 4-nitrophenol were simulated. Mutagenesis of the amino acid
sequence followed by computational docking was used to determine key residues
involved in the mechanism.

CHED 743

Oxidative metabolism of nitroanisoles using the iron(V)-oxo form of CYP2E1

Kimberly E. Carlton(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3711, Arkadelphia

AR 71998, United States ; Grover P. Miller(2); Martin D. Perry(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States (2)
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205, United States

CYP2E1 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes xenobiotic substances

throughout the human body. Nitroanisoles and their derivatives were docked into the
activated 3E4E crystal structure. Docking simulations using Sybyl 7.2 from Tripos, Inc.
were used to dock the ligands in the protein and interactions between the enzyme and
the ligands were closely examined. The nitroanisoles and oxidative products thereof
were docked using Surflex Dock and Molecular Dynamics. Surflex Dock positioned the
ligand in relation to the heme in a given and calculated protomol. Molecular Dynamics
simulated the movements of the ligands down the channel according to Newtonian laws

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of motion and Coulombic interactions. The results support the theory of multiple docking
sites within CYP2E1, with multiple ligands binding in each site. Understanding the mode
and method of the docking of the ligands in the substrate allows the role of CYP2E1 in
the human body to be clarified.

CHED 744

Synthesis of fosfomycin using whole-cell biocatalysis as the key step

Christian Marocco(1), [email protected], 11935 Abercron St, Savannah GA

31419, United States ; Erik Davis(1); Julie Finnell(1); Brent Feske(1). (1) Chemistry and
Physics, Armstrong Atlantic State Univ, Savannah, GA GA 31419, United States

Fosfomycin is an asymmetric antibiotic that is primarily used to treat urinary tract

infections. An
enzyme library was investigated for its ability to reduce dimethyl(1-chloro-2-oxopropyl)
phosphonate to corresponding asymmetric chlorohydrin. This product was then used to
synthesize
fosfomycin in two additional steps.

CHED 745

Identification of protein-ligand binding profiles for ajulemic acid

Amy N. Wood(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3711, Arkadelphia AR

71998, United States ; Lori L. Hensley(2); Martin D. Perry(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States (2)
Department of Biology, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United
States

Ajulemic acid (AJA) is a synthetic cannabinoid derivative of THC-11-oic acid, the active
ingredient in the recreational drug marijuana. It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic
properties that would be useful in medicinal research, without the psychotropic effects
associated with marijuana. A recent study has determined that AJA binds with an
isotype of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), γ. The structure of the
ligand binding domain (LBD) in PPARγ is a crystal structure with a bundle of 13 α-
helices and a four-stranded β-sheet, and differs from the other PPAR subtypes by a
binding pocket located within its LBD between helices H3 and H6. Sybyl7.2 from Tripos,
Inc. has been utilized to model the interaction of AJA with PPARγ. Using the LBD of
PPARγ, additional proteins with similar sites using Functional Site Analysis Resources
were identified. Protein structures were obtained from the Protein Data Bank using
keyword searches on receptor and membrane proteins.

CHED 746

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Over-expression of catalytically reduced protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) decreases

tissue culture cell growth rate

Rebekah Ritchie(1), [email protected], 1405 N. 4th Ave., PMB 4087, Durant

OK 74701-0609, United States ; Shelena Thomas(1); Teresa Golden(1). (1) Department
of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant OK 74701,
United States

Serine/Threonine Phosphatase 5 (PP5) is an enzyme that has a role in cell signaling.

Altered PP5 activity appears to contribute to tumor maintenance. Expression of PP5 is
responsive to estrogen and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Continuous over-
expression of PP5 speeds growth, promotes survival during stress, and converts MCF-7
breast cancer cells from an estrogen-dependent to estrogen-independent phenotype.
Preliminary data indicates that a catalytically altered pPP5-EGFP(His-Asn) expression
construct decreases MCF7 cell growth rate compared to pPP5-EGFP over-expression
controls. By using PP5 expression plasmids with altered catalytic regions to examine
PP5's role in cancer cell survival, we hope to answer how increased PP5 expression
promotes cancer cell survival through cell signaling. Further experiments to verify this
result are needed to determine if this is a full or partial loss of phosphatase activity and
if this altered PP5 protects the cells from stress.

CHED 747

Biological evaluation of ferrocenyl-ruthenium complexes and their evaluation as

potential human topoisomerase II inhibitors

Jacob Didion(1), [email protected], 2300 Highland Road, Batesville AR 72501,

United States ; Floyd A Beckford(1); Vernon Crowell(1). (1) Science Division, Lyon
College, Batesville AR 72501, United States

We report on the synthesis of organometallic ruthenium complexes of the type [(p-

cymene)Ru(R-Fe-R'TSC)Cl]X (where R-Fe-R'TSC = a ferrocenyl thiosemicarbazone - R
= H or CH3, R' = H, CH3 or C6H5; X = Cl- or PF6-), their biological evaluation as
anticancer and antibacterial agents and their potential as anti-topoisomerase II (topo II)
agents. The compounds binds moderately to DNA and human serum albumin. The
active compounds behave as enzyme inhibitors rather than poisons with varying
degrees of activity amongst them. The compound type [(p-cymene)Ru(Me-Fe-
PhTSC)Cl]PF6 can inhibit topo II activity at 25 mM but [(p-cymene)Ru(H-Fe-
PhTSC)Cl]PF6 do not show activity at this concentration. On the other hand [(p-
cymene)Ru(Me-Fe-PhTSC)Cl]Cl also has activity at 25 mM. So it may be suggested
that a phenyl group on the thiosemicarbazone enhances enzyme inhibitory activity but
the complex counter anion does not. It general it was seen that all of the complexes
studied can inhibit the enzyme at concentrations ≥50 mM.

CHED 748

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Monitoring the solid-phase synthesis of peptoid foldamers

Katherine V Morris(1), [email protected], 807 Union Street, Schenectady NY

12308, United States ; Joanne D. Kehlbeck(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Union
College, Schenectady NY 12308, United States

The solid phase synthesis of peptoids was monitored by mass spectrometry. Cleavage
conditions and instrumental methods were optimized for ease of examination. The
synthesis was previously monitored using qualitative methods. Despite their sensitivity,
the ninhydrin and chloranil tests fail to provide specific structural confirmation. Using
mass spectrometry, we were able to examine cleaved products at any point in the
synthesis. Methods for the use of liquid chromatography with tandem mass
spectrometry will be presented. Cleavage methods were also explored to determine the
most effective method using reagents compatible with LC-MS/MS. Such an optimized
cleavage method permits identification of products with efficiency and ease.

CHED 749

Evaluation of the critical binding motif of a TNFR1 constrained peptide mimetic for
disruption of the interaction between sTNFR1 and TNF-α

Matthew J Fasullo(1), [email protected], 1073 North Benson Rd, Fairfield

CT 06824, United States ; Jessica M Davis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, Fairfield University, Fairfield CT 06824, United States

Abnormal production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) has been implicated in

autoimmune disorders, including Crohn's disease which causes inflammation of the
gastrointestinal tract. Current therapies of Crohn's disease have limited efficacy and
more efficient, drug-like therapeutics are needed. The binding event of TNF-α with its 55
kD receptor (TNF-R1) is a part of a signal cascade that leads to inflammation. We have
conducted an alanine scan of a constrained peptide that directly mimics a known
binding region of TNF-R1. It is hoped that the results of this scan have elucidated the
amino acids essential for the interaction between TNF-α and TNF-R1 and can be used
in the design of small molecule mimetics of TNF-R1.

CHED 750

Discovery and development of small molecule inhibitors for the botulinum

neurotoxin E protease

Alexander Burtea(1), [email protected], 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton

California 92834, United States ; Allia A Fawaz(1); Nicholas T Salzameda(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton,
Fullerton California 92831, United States

Page 362 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

The botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by the bacteria Clostridium Botulinum, is a

highly lethal toxin that causes neuromuscular paralysis leading to respiratory failure and
in severe cases can ultimately lead to death. The neurotoxin composed of a heavy and
light chain act by cleaving proteins responsible for neurotransmission. There are seven
different serotypes of the neurotoxin (A-G), the serotypes most associated with human
botulism are A, B and E. The A type is the most toxic with a lethal dose of 1 ng/kg of
human body weight, followed by B and then E. Researchers have focused on
developing small molecules inhibitors for the BoNT light chain, a metalloprotease.
However, to date no small molecule inhibitors for BoNT/E light chain have been
reported. To fill this void, a small molecule library designed to inhibit metalloproteases
was synthesized and screened via a high throughput assay for inhibitors of the BoNT/E
protease.

CHED 751

Synthesis and structure of novel acetaminophen derivatives

Yiressy C. Izaguirre(1), [email protected], 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans

Louisiana 70148, United States ; Abha Verma(1); Edwin D Stevens(1); Steven Fournet(1);
Mark L. Trudell(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New
Orleans Louisiana 70148, United States

Acetaminophen is a widely used OTC pain reliever. However, liver toxicity is a serious
concern
with long-term use of this drug. Recent studies have shown that some saccharin
derivatives of acetaminophen have reduced toxicity without significant loss of efficacy.
In order to elucidate the source of the reduced toxicity of the saccharin-based
acetaminophen analogues, a series of novel sulfone and sulfonamide derivatives have
been prepared. The synthetic details and structure of the several novel acetaminophen
analogues will be presented.

CHED 752

Role for autophagy in human papillomavirus infection or malignant progression

Pamela Barraza(1), [email protected], 1201 Camino de Salud NE 1 University of New

Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87106, United States ; Sergio A. De Haro(1); Michelle A.
Ozbun(1). (1) Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New
Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque NM 87106, United States

Autophagy, the lysosomal degradation of long-lived cytoplasmic macromolecules and

damaged or surplus organelles, is also linked with virus infections and cancer cell
survival. Certain human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause most cervical malignancies, and
a significant percentage of anogenital and head and neck cancers. The early HPV
infection events remain elusive. Some viruses have been shown to usurp the autophagy

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

pathway during cell invasion, a mechanism uninvestigated for HPV. Furthermore, HPV
genome replication reprograms the cell for production of progeny virions. This can
produce genetic damage than can lead to malignant progression of infected cells.
Damaged cells can trigger apoptosis to prevent propagation of cells with anomalous
replication, but HPV infected cells have suppressed apoptotic functions. As autophagy
has been demonstrated to augment the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy and
radiation therapy, this study investigates a role for autophagy during viral replication and
the survival of the infected cells during development of cancer.

CHED 753

Development of a novel chemical series with activity against the malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum

J Alan Friedlander(1), [email protected], 572M Holloway Rd., Annapolis MD 21402,

United States ; Clare E Gutteridge(1); Michael T O[apos]Neil(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis MD 21012, United States (2)
Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver
Spring MD 20910, United States

Using criteria including properties disclosed in the literature, synthesizability,

―drugability‖ and potential for toxicity, a lead with an in vitro IC50 of 75ng/mL against
blood-stage P. falciparum was selected for development. By synthesizing a variety of
analogs of this lead, including those bearing additional substituents in three distinct
regions of the molecule, we have gained an understanding of structure-activity
relationships for the compound series and have prepared analogs with increased in vitro
efficacy against blood-stage P. falciparum. Additionally we have established that the
series has promising activity in vitro against liver-stage P. falciparum. Since in vivo
efficacy testing in P. berghei-infected mice failed to show efficacy, we have focused our
recent structural modification to those expected to enhance the pharmaceutical
properties of the series.

CHED 754

Design and synthesis of cell permeable phosphinic acid inhibitors of

folylpolyglutamate synthetase

Michael E Cross(1), [email protected], 4001 W. McNichols Rd, Detroit MI 48221,

United States ; Elyse L. McKenna(1), [email protected], 4001 W. McNichols Rd,
Detroit MI 48221, United States ; David M Bartley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit MI 48221, United States

Folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) catalyzes the synthesis of poly(g-glutamyl)

metabolites (―conjugates‖) of folates and antifolates. The design and synthesis of
inhibitors of FPGS is important for studying the significance of poly(g-glutamyl)

Page 364 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

metabolite synthesis and degradation in cellular regulation and could be an important

lead in increasing the efficiency of the antifolates in use as anti-tumor agents. Extremely
potent phosphinic acid containing pseudopeptide inhibitors of FPGS have previously
been synthesized but they are unable to penetrate the cellular membrane. Previous
experiments have suggested that these inhibitors are unable to utilize the folate
transport system because they contain negatively charged carboxylate moieties. These
negative charges also prevent the compounds from passively diffusing through the cell
membrane. Progress toward the synthesis of cell permeable FPGS
inhibitors will be presented.

CHED 755

Synthesis of a phosphinic acid containing inhibitor of trypanothione synthetase

Kevin A Smalley(1), [email protected], 4001 W. McNichols Rd, Detroit MI 48221,

United States ; Alex T Gould(1); David M Bartley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit MI 48221, United States

Several parasitic species including Trypanosoma and Leishmania utilize N1,N8-

(bisglutathionyl)spermidine (trypanothione,TSH) as part of their defense mechanism
against oxidative and chemical stress and to regulate polyamine levels. Their
mammalian hosts on the other hand use glutathione for this purpose. Since these
parasites utilize TSH instead of the glutathione, the TSH biosynthetic pathway is a
logical target for inhibition in order to avoid harm to the host and is a potential target for
drug design.

The enzyme responsible for TSH biosynthesis in these parasites is
trypanothione synthetase. TSH synthetase is an ATP-dependent ligase which catalyzes
the synthesis of TSH from glutathionylspermidine and glutathione. Progress toward the
synthesis of a phosphinic acid containing inhibitor of TSH synthetase will be presented.

CHED 756

Synthesis of phosphinic acid containing pseudopeptide as inhibitors of E.coli

enterobactin biosynthesis

Jeffery C Bluhm(1), [email protected], 4001 W. McNichols Rd, Detroit MI 48221,

United States ; David M Bartley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit MI 48221, United States

The increasing number of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a crucial health concern. The
number of bacteria that are resistant to commonly used antibiotics is growing everyday
and bacteria are becoming resistant to even the most powerful antibiotics on the
market. The development of new enzyme targets for antibacterial drugs is extremely
important. We propose to target the condensation domains involved in bacterial
siderophore biosynthesis as a new target for antibacterial drug development.
Siderophores are essential, iron chelating molecules that bacteria synthesize and use to

Page 365 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

absorb iron from their environment. Progress toward the synthesis of aryl phosphinic
acids as potential inhibitors of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, which is
responsible for the biosynthesis of the E. coli siderophore enterobactin, will be
presented.

CHED 757

Chemical composition of hexane extract of Hypericum ellipticum

Daniel Niesen(1), [email protected], 514 University Ave, Selinsgrove PA 17870,

United States ; Kylie Manning(1); Elyse Petrunak(1); Michelle Lebo(1); Geneive E.
Henry(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove PA 17870,
United States

The Hypericum genus is well known to produce structurally diverse natural products
possessing a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The hexane extract of aerial portions of
Hypericum ellipticum, showed strong inhibition of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus
in vitro. In an effort to identify the compounds responsible for the antibacterial effect, the
extract was purified by column chromatography and HPLC to afford triglycerides,
terpenes and xanthone derivatives, among other compounds. The structures of the
compounds were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic
and mass spectrometric analyses. Data on the growth inhibition of S. aureus by
the isolated natural products will be presented.

CHED 758

Characterization of medicinal plants of Mojave Desert: GC-MS analysis and

HPLC-UV fractionation of Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon Californicum) extracts

Maryknoll Palisoc(1); Kaveh Zarrabi(1); Jeremy Hilgar(1). (1) Physical Sciences, College
of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas NV 89146, United States

The Yerba Santa leaves, also known as Eriodictyon Californicum, were obtained from
Bonnie Springs, Las Vegas, NV. The leaves were dried and extracted with a series of
solvents with varying degrees of polarity (H2O-MeOH, Dichloromethane, and Hexane.
The Extracts are analyzed by a GC-MS system followed by chromatogram based
quantitation of eluted compounds. HPLC-UV is also used for separation and
fractionation of plant extracts for further characterization and analysis.

CHED 759

Characterizing AnCoA4, a potential novel immunosuppressant

Page 366 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

John A. Gomez(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Street, Arkadelphia AR 71998,

United States ; Amir M Sadaghiani(2); Chan Y Park(2); Ricardo Dolmetsch(2). (1)
Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States (2) Department of
Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States

In lymphocytes, Ca2+ influx occurs via store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). In SOCE,
depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores results in the formation of activated Ca2+
channels composed of two proteins: Stim and Orai. The subsequent Ca2+ influx causes
activation of cytokines and genes that initiate immune response. The Dolmetsch lab, in
the Department of Neurobiology at Stanford University, has identified a small molecule
called AnCoA4 which binds to Orai and inhibits SOCE. Employing gene cloning and
epifluorescent microscopy, we sought to identify an AnCoA4 binding site on the
cytosolic domains of Orai1. We mutated selected cytosolic Orai1 residues and co-
expressed the Orai mutants with WT-Stim1 in Neuro-2a cells, which lack endogenous
SOCE machinery. We found that mutating Orai1 residue 273 allows for SOCE that is
insensitive to AnCoA4 inhibition, which suggests that this residue plays a key role in an
AnCoA4 binding site.

CHED 760

Analysis of natural products using UV-VIS screening followed by HPLC

Mark Garner(1), [email protected], 6375 W Charleston Blvd, Sort Code W20H, Las
Vegas NV 89146, United States ; Kaveh Zarrabi(1); Breven Leonard(1); Jeremy Hilgar(1).
(1) Department of Physical Sciences, College of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas NV
89146, United States

A method for the analysis of a matrix of natural products found in extracts from several
medicinal plants native to the southwestern United States is presented. Plant
extractions have been prepared using solvents of varying polarities, including a water-
methanol mixture, dichloromethane, and hexane. The goal of the analysis is to separate
fractions of the natural product extracts using absorption maxima and High Performance
Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Samples are scanned for absorbance maxima using a
UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis). Absorption maxima identified by the UV-Vis
are used to select appropriate wavelengths for the UV-Vis detector and fraction collector
attached to the HPLC. Fractions are further analyzed for characterization of compounds
found in the natural products using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS)
and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

CHED 761

Characterization of medicinal plants of Mojave Desert: GC-MS analysis and

HPLC-UV fractionation of yerba mansa (Anemopsis Californica) extracts

Page 367 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Keyle Steile(1); Kaveh Zarrabi(1). (1) Physical Sciences, College of Southern Nevada,
Las Vegas NV 89146-1164, United States

Native Indian- American residents of Nevada have been using local plants for medicinal
use for centuries, yet for many of these plants very little scientific study has been done.
The Yerba Mansa leaves, also known as Anemopsis Californica, were obtained from
Bonnie Springs, Las Vegas, NV. The leaves were dried and extracted with a series of
solvents with varying degrees of polarity (H2O-MeOH, Dichloromethane, and Hexane).
The Extracts are analyzed by a GC-MS system. The identification of compounds is
based on the NIST library searches and comparisons with other literature, followed by
chromatogram based quantitation of eluted compounds. HPLC-UV is also used for
separation and fractionation of plant extract for further characterization and analysis.

CHED 762

Characterization of medicinal plants of Mojave Desert: GC-MS analysis and

HPLC-UV fractionation of broom snakeweed (Gutierezia Sarothrae) extracts

Kaveh Zarrabi(1), [email protected], 6375 W. Charleston Blvd., Las Vegas NV

89146-1164, United States ; Chi Vu(1). (1) Physical Sciences, College of Southern
Nevada, Las Vegas NV 89146-1164, United States

Gutierrezia sarothrae is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the
common names broom snakeweed and perennial matchweed. Native residents of
Nevada have been using local plants for medicinal use for centuries. The Snakeweed
leaves, also known as Gutierrezia Sarothrae, were obtained from Bonnie Springs, Las
Vegas, NV. The leaves were dried and extracted with a series of solvents with varying
degrees of polarity (H2O-MeOH, Dichloromethane, and Hexane). The extracts are
analyzed by a GC-MS system. The identification of compounds is based on the NIST
library searches and comparisons with other literature, followed by chromatogram
based quantitation of eluted compounds. HPLC-UV is also used for separation and
fractionation of plant extract for further characterization and analysis.

CHED 763

Characterization of medicinal plants of Mojave Desert: GC-MS analysis and

HPLC-UV fractionation of Brittlebush (Encelia Faninosa) extracts

Danielle Chipchura(1); Kaveh Zarrabi(1). (1) Physical Sciences, Colege of Southern

Nevada, Las Vegas NV 89146-1164, United States

Brittlebush is a common shrub to US southwest and its common name comes from the
brittleness of its stems. Native residents of Nevada have been using local plants for
medicinal use for centuries. The Brittlebush leaves, also known as Encelia Faninosa,
were obtained from Bonnie Springs, Las Vegas, NV. The leaves were dried and

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

extracted with a series of solvents with varying degrees of polarity (H2O-MeOH,

Dichloromethane, and Hexane). The Extracts are analyzed by a GC-MS system. The
identification of compounds is based on the NIST library searches and comparisons
with other literature, followed by chromatogram based quantitation of eluted
compounds. HPLC-UV is also used for separation and fractionation of plant extract for
further characterization and analysis.

CHED 764

Characterization of medicinal plants of Mojave Desert: GC-MS analysis and

HPLC-UV fractionation of ratany (krameria erecta) extracts

Karima Bridges(1); Kaveh Zarrabi(1). (1) Physical Sciences, College of Southern

Nevada, Las Vegas NV 89074, United States

Native to the Mojave Desert, members of Krameriacae family, species K. erecta, K.

triadra, and K. lappacea are cold desert perennials that live in a parasitic symbiotic
relationship on roots of nearby shrubs. Ratany(Krameria erecta) features spiny globular
fruits, bilateral symmetrical flowers which produce oil instead of nectar, and thick roots
used to appropriate nutrients from its host. The Ratany leaves were obtained from
Bonnie Springs, Las Vegas, NV. The leaves were dried and extracted with a series of
solvents with varying degrees of polarity (H2O-MeOH, Dichloromethane, and Hexane).
The Extracts are analyzed by a GC-MS system. The identification of compounds is
based on the NIST library searches and comparisons with other literature, followed by
chromatogram based quantitation of eluted compounds. HPLC-UV is also used for
separation and fractionation of plant extract for further characterization and analysis.

CHED 765

Methodology towards functionalized dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives via

o-acylphenyl acetic acid

Shandrea Lanes(1), [email protected], 403 Main St, Grambling Louisiana 71245,

United States ; Tony L Perry(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Grambling State
University, Grambling Louisiana 71245, United States

We are conducting site-specific modification of dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives to

identify therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment and diagnostic agents for breast
cancer detection by the biomedical imaging technique positron emission tomography.
We describe the methodological develop of an improved and cost effective process for
the synthesis of functionalized aryl aldehydes,, as well as the one-pot, three component
condensation of an aldehyde, malononitrile and 4-hydroxy coumarin.

CHED 766

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Occupational asthma incidence in beauty salons in Ponce, Puerto Rico

Edmarys Perez(1), [email protected], 2250 Ave Las Americas, Suite 606,

Ponce Puerto Rico 00717-9997, Puerto Rico ; Lizette Santos(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce Puerto Rico 00717-
9997, Puerto Rico

Previous analyses showed that hairstyling, and applications of artificial nails are
associated with asthma development among professionals working in hair salons. It is
important to make correct diagnosis of occupational asthma because it not only
represents decline in life quality of employees but also represents a socio-economic
problem. The purpose of this study was to indicate asthma prevalence in hair salons in
Ponce, Puerto Rico, and evaluate prevention methods and knowledge about this
condition within the population. A questionnaire was administered to 45 subjects and
included questions on asthma symptoms, diagnosis, knowledge and demographic data.
No significant percent of asthma (8%) was obtained but results showed a high
prevalence of allergies (42%) and sinusitis (50%). Results showed that participants
have the necessary knowledge about these conditions and know prevention methods.
Further investigation is recommended to evaluate other factors that can be related to
this high prevalence of sinusitis and allergies.

CHED 767

Using zebrafish to explore the genetic causes of cleft lip and/or palate

Harold U Ortiz-Medina(1), [email protected], Hc04 Box 14246, Moca Puerto Rico

00676, Puerto Rico ; Gabriel O de la Garza(2); Robert A Cornell(2). (1) Department of
Natural Science, University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla, Aguadilla Puerto Rico 00604,
Puerto Rico (2) Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City
Iowa 52242, United States

Cleft Lip and/or Palate is a common human birth defect that is caused in part by genetic
mutation and in part by enviromental factors. IRF6 is one of the most important genes in
Cleft Lip and/or Palate, but is unknown what the normal function of IRF6 is during
normal development. We use zebrafish to anwer the question of what genes act in the
same pathway as IRF6. Our current model is that a gene called OVOL 1 is downstream.
Our evidence for this model is that when we block IRF6; the OVOL 1 expression is
reduced and sometimes disappears completely. We don't know what genes activate
IRF6, but hypothesize that IFR6 activates OVOL 1 directly or indirectly, and we know
OVOL 1 represses myc (myc is a transcription factor that controls the cell growth in the
epithelium). We will test this model by injecting embryos with IRF6-DBD (Dominant
negative IRF6). IRF6-DBD is a protein that blocks the binding site.

CHED 768

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Validation of in-silico model predicting passive blood brain barrier permeability

Daniel Neagu(1), [email protected], One Technology Place, Rockland MA

02370, United States ; Igor Mochalkin(2). (1) Belmont High School, Belmont MA 02478,
United States (2) Drug Discovery Informatics, EMD Serono Research Institute,
Rockland MA 02370, United States

Computational models that estimate Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) penetration of small
molecules are important in-silico drug discovery tools. First, these models are
commonly used in the design of lead candidates targeting the Central Nervous System
(CNS) to increase the potential for success of the CNS drugs. Second, the models are
also important for the design of molecules targeting non-CNS compartments to
minimize a chance of undesired side effects associated with the brain penetration.
Herein, we present of a novel BBB prediction approach that combines a rule-based BBB
prediction based on the physical properties, including molecular weight, polar surface
area, logD and number of nitrogen and oxygen atoms, and a quantitative linear
regression model, derived from a set of the existing CNS and non-CNS drugs and
implemented in the Pipeline Pilot software (Accelrys Inc., San Diego). Results of the
validation studies for this new approach will be presented and discussed.

CHED 769

HMGA1 targeted phosphorothioate DNA increases the sensitivity to

chemotherapy reagent in pancreatic cancer cell line

Kenneth Lewis(1), [email protected], 127 Homestead Ave, Oxford OH 45056,

United States ; Miki Watanabe(1); Sulaiman Sheriff(2); Junho Cho(1); Ambikaipakan
Balasubramaniam(2); Michael A. Kennedy(1). (1) Department of chemistry and
biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States (2) Department of
surgery, University of Cincinnati medical center, Cincinnati Ohio 45221, United States

High mobility group A1 (HMGA1) is family of DNA binding proteins found to be highly
expressed in cancer cells. HMGA1 proteins acts as an architectural transcription factors
to control gene expressions by binding to the minor groove of AT-rich DNA with its
characteristic AT-hooks. The overexpression of HMGA in cancers has been recognized
to cause gemcitabine based chemotherapy resistance and prevent apoptosis of
pancreatic cancer cells. Based on our knowledge of HMGA1 activity, we have designed
AT-rich phosphorothioate DNA (AT-sDNA) to act as inhibitors of HMGA1 protein's
oncogenic activity and restore sensitivity to chemotherapy. We hypothesized, combined
with gemcitabine treatment, AT-rich DNA transfection will decrease the cell viability
dramatically. Human pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1, were transfected with AT-
sDNA. The change in the sensitivity to gemcitabine treatment after sDNA transfection
was examined be cell viability assay. This study demonstrated the potential use of DNA
analogs as HMGA1 targeted cancer treatment.

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

CHED 770

Use of aptamer-gold nanoparticle conjugates to develop colorimetric sensors for

clinical application

Robert A Haines(1), [email protected], 800 South Tucker Drive, Keplinger Hall,

Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States ; Ruya R Ozer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States

This research focuses on bioconjugation of nanostructures such as gold nanoparticles

and nanorods with DNA aptamers to detect clinically relevant analytes. DNA aptamers,
sometimes called chemical antibodies, are utilized as molecular recognition elements to
be bioconjugated to gold nanostructures which will greatly enhance the selectivity,
sensitivity, and life-time of the sensor developed. Gold nanostructures are ideal
detection reagents because their absorption properties change depending upon the
aggregation state. The ultimate goal of this project is to develop a powerless,
colorimetric microfluidic paper based sensor for clinical applications. The ubiquitous use
of this technology can provide affordable alternative to expensive diagnosis in
developing countries where reliable power, equipment and trained personnel are
scarce.

Various gold nanostructures were bioconjugated to DNA aptamers specific to

representative clinical analytes. Resulting gold nanostructure-bioconjugates were
characterized by particle size analyzer, UV-Visible light absorption spectroscopy,
scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Reactivity and selectivity,
detection limit, effect of matrix such as body fluids and environmental factors on the
sensitivity and selectivity was determined.

CHED 771

Loading of Cu2+ to particles for targeted delivery to cancer cells

Montalee D Chavious(1)(2), [email protected], 1155 Union Circle, CB#305070,

Denton TX 76203-5017, United States ; Alesha N Harris(1); Barbara R Hinojosa(1);
Robby A Petros(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton TX
76203, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University, Denton TX
76203, United States

In the past two decades, several therapeutics based on nanoparticles have been
successfully introduced for the treatment of cancer, pain and infectious diseases.
Current approaches focus primarily on delivering organic or genetic cargos and have
almost completely neglected the potential for delivering transition metal ions or
complexes. We have therefore synthesized carboxylate-functionalized nanoparticles
capable of sequestering Cu(2+), characterized metal loading via ICP MS and EDS, and
conducted toxicity studies to predict their utility for targeted, drug delivery.

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CHED 772

Student exploration of the Mills-Nixon effect: Kinetics measurements using FT-

NMR and electronic structure calculations using Gaussian 09

TsungYen Chen(1), [email protected], 201 Donaghey, Conway AR 72035, United

States ; James Scott Cordova(1); Elizabeth M Schiefer(1); Ashley M Hutchison(1); Taylor
M Razer(1); Donald A. Perry(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Central
Arkansas, Conway AR 72035, United States

A combination of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), surface-enhanced

infrared adsorption (SEIRA) experiment, and density functional theory (DFT)
calculations are used to investigate the adsorption properties of a range of substituted
benzoic acid isomers deposited from volatile solvents onto silver nanostructures.
Previous research has shown that ionization of those benzoic acid isomers to benzoate
ions occurs well into the multilayers. Strong intermolecular attractions were observed
between alkane deposition solvents and the benzoate ion. Different substituents
including -NO2, -NH2, -CN, -OH, and halogens (F, Cl, Br, and I) were seen to alter the
intermolecular attraction in different ways. Evidence will be presented that the
intermolecular attraction is between the carboxylate group and the alkane as a C-H∙∙∙O
hydrogen bond. This work will provide additional understanding to the fundamental
intermolecular interactions that are important in many fields of science and technology
including nano- and biotechnology, biochemistry, material and synthetic chemistry, and
environmental chemistry.

CHED 773

Designing and constructing flexible nanostructures

Kristin M. Beiswenger(1), [email protected], 1700 Moore Street, Huntingdon PA

16652, United States ; Michael E. Ibele(2); Ayusman Sen(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Juniata College, Huntingdon PA 16652, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, United States

Motion on the micro- and nano-scales pervades all of nature: bacteria swim through
solution and inch across dry surfaces, cells pump nutrients through their membranes,
and immune system cells hunt down pathogens. Recently these small-scale motions
have been replicated in artificial systems involving rigid nanoparticles, referred to as
'nanomotors'. This study investigated the achievability of designing and fabricating a
new type of artificial catalytic nanomotor comprised of flexible polymer centers. Flexible
functionalities may allow the artificial motors to better simulate the motion of their

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Anaheim, CA

biological counterparts, provide stability against Brownian reorientations, and potentially

advance areas including robotics, fluidics, biochemical sensing, targeted drug delivery,
and self-assembling superstructures. Flexible nanostructures were built by
galvanistatically electroplating metal ions out of a solution and into a template of
alumina filter membrane pores. Dissolving a polymer into a metal plating solution and
then plating it into the desired position in the template established the polymer
component. Sacrificial metal layers were removed and the template was dissolved to
release the nanostructures into water. The metal used to plate the polymer center was
then etched, leaving the polymer flexible in the center of selectively unetched metal rod
sections. Several of these flexible-type nanostructures using various metals, polymers,
and rod dimensions were successfully constructed and shown to be viable using an
inverted video microscope. Critical Point Drying of the nanostructures provides the best
image of the polymer center when examining the detail of the nano-scale morphology in
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. Poly(allylamine) centers inserted with
silver-plating solution create the most robust and reproducible polymer centers;
however, the presence of silver poisons the catalytic reaction that produces motion.
Eliminating silver in the fabrication of flexible nanomotors restores their ability to
harness the local chemical energy of their surroundings to achieve autonomous motion.

CHED 774

One-step hydrothermal synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles

Paolo Reyes(1), [email protected], 230 Physical Sciences Bldg, Santa Cruz CA 95064,
United States ; Shaowei Chen(1); Yang Song(1); Kiet Huynh(1); Ashourina Kooktapeh(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz CA 95060, United States

A one-step hydrothermal method mechanism has been used for synthesizing

fluorescent carbon nanoparticles substituted with thiourea ligands in order for future
doping characterization. This method is proven to be ideal as it requires neither complex
apparatuses nor machinery in order to produce these types of particles. The
nanoparticles were formed by L-ascorbic acid, in an autoclave reactor at controlled
temperatures. Varied amounts of thiourea were added into the reaction solution with the
goal of doping the carbon nanoparticles such that the optoelectronic properties may be
further manipulated. Results have showed that the particles were soluble in organic
solvent, but with repeated extraction with a solution of methanol and water, the carbon
nanoparticles have slowly lost their affection for organic solvents and have become
hydrophilic with the removal of unwanted free-ligands. IR , UV-Vis, Atomic Force
Microscopy and Fluorescent analyses have been used to characterize these particles in
order to determine ligand appearance.

CHED 775

A new 2D material

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Anaheim, CA

Tyler L Nash(1), [email protected], 501 Mussey Road, Dripping Springs TX 78620,

United States ; Gary W Beall(1); Byounghak Lee(2); Craig Higgins(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University - San Marcos, San Marcos TX
78666, United States (2) Department of Physics, Texas State University - San Marcos,
San Marcos TX 78666, United States

Since the discovery of the first 2-D material, graphene, in 2004, a great deal of interest
has been directed toward this new class of materials. This prompted the research
reported in this poster, where the focus was directed toward metal cyanide compounds
with the empirical
formula MNi(CN)4∙6H2O, where M can be Fe, Ni, Co, or various other transition metals.
These metal cyanide compounds form two-dimensional cyanide-bridged networks that
may exhibit unique properties when separated into individual layers of about 0.2 nm
thickness. Synthesis and characterization were executed on these compounds with
emphasis on production of single layered sheets. Characterization was carried out using
atomic force microscopy (AFM),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), single crystal x-ray diffraction, powder x-ray
diffraction, and calculations utilizing density functional theory (DFT) modeling. The
poster will report on the results of these studies with particular emphasis on some of the
unique magnetic and electrical properties.

CHED 776

Palladium nanoparticles on a porous substrate as a catalyst for the Suzuki

reaction

Lyndsey Reynolds(1), [email protected], 611 E. Porter St., Albion MI 49224, United

States ; Clifford E. Harris(1); Kevin M. Metz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Albion
College, Albion MI 49224, United States

The Suzuki reaction for C-C coupling just won a Nobel Prize. The palladium catalyst in
the reaction can be a significant draw back because it has limited reuse and can be
difficult to remove. The emerging field of nanocatalysis, which has focused on metal
nanoparticles, offers a possible solution to the reuse and recovery of palladium in the
Suzuki reaction. The goal of this project is to catalyze the Suzuki reaction with palladium
nanoparticles fabricated on a porous substrate, using a flow-through reactor. The
benefits of this method are that the palladium on the porous substrate is reusable and
thus less palladium is needed to catalyze several consecutive Suzuki reactions.

CHED 777

Wet chemistry of surface modification on Si semiconductors

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Anaheim, CA

Lielena M Tiruneh(1), [email protected], 800 west campbell rd, Richardson TX

75080, United States ; Yves Chabal(1); Peter Thiessen(1); Oliver Seitz(1). (1) The
university of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX 75080, United States

This research is to create fundamental understanding of the surface assembled

monolayer (SAM) formation on silicon oxides,developing stable interfaces to the bond
biomolecules to native metal (silicon). SAMs are ordered molecular assemblies that are
spontaneously formed by the adsorption of molecules with head groups that show a
specific affinity to a specific substrate, which enables ordering on the surface. SAMs are
interesting due to potential applications of microelectronics, biosensor, corrosion
inhibitor, adhesion ,so forth. Biocompatible SAM is used in coating of bone implant to
avoid rejection. Alkyl phosphonic acids with functional group PO(OH)2 have been shown
to assemble on oxide surfaces, such as aluminum oxide and silicon oxide. SAM of the
phosphonic acids have higher contact angle and display better long term stability than
carboxylic acids, and the formation of stronger bonds with the corresponding metal
oxide. Phosphonate interface synthesis is not limited by low native oxide surface OH
group content. Surface hydroxyl groups promote the adsorption of the
organophosphonates which are promising for molecular engineering or polymer
oxide/metal bonding. An anchor group, Phosphonic acid, chemically adsorbs on the
oxide covered metal and a second functionality, 'head' group bonds covalently to an
organic coating or to an adhesive. We have seen that the octadecylphosphonic acids
(ODPA) and phosphodecanoic acid (PDA) adsorbs on the surface in the highest degree
of order in which the rate is dependent on OH density of surface leading to SAM with
high stability in aqueous environments.

CHED 778

Palladium nanoparticles on molecular modified carbon substrates and their uses

in catalysis

Patrick W. Underwood(1), [email protected], 611 E. Porter St, Albion MI 49224,

United States ; Kristina J. Weage(1); Kevin M. Metz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Albion College, Albion MI 49224, United States

Supported metal nanoparticles have gained much interest in the field of heterogeneous
catalysis. One of the major challenges in this field is depositing uniformly shaped and
sized nanoparticles over large area substrates. We have developed a procedure to
deposit uniformly
sized metal nanoparticles over large areas using a molecular monolayer as a guide. Our
technique has been demonstrated for both gold and palladium nanoparticles. Palladium
nanoparticles are of interest to us for their catalytic abilities in removing chlorinated
compounds from water. Current results from the fabrication, characterization and
catalytic capabilities of
palladium nanoparticles will be presented.

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CHED 779

Halogen bonding in a multilayer of 4-iodobenzoate ions with CCl4 adsorbed on

silver nanostructures

Taylor M Razer(1), [email protected], 201 Donaghey, Conway AR 72034, United

States ; James S Cordova(1); Elizabeth M Schiefer(1); Ashley M Hutchison(1); TsungYen
Chen(1); Donald A Perry(1). (1) Chemistry, University of Central Arkansas, Conway AR
72034, United States

A combination of surface-enhanced Roman spectroscopy (SERS), surface-enhanced

infrared adsorption (SEIRA) experiment, and density functional theory (DFT)
calculations are used to investigate the adsorption properties of 4-iodobenzoic acid from
a CCl4 solution on silver nanostructures (AgNS). Previous research has shown that
ionization of benzoic acid isomers such as 4-iodobenzoic acid often occurs well into the
multilayer during adsorption onto AgNS. SEIRA demonstrated that CCl4 was
incorporated into the 4-iodobenzoate ion (4IBI) multilayer. These SEIRA results in
conjunction with density functional simulations suggest that there could be several types
of halogen bonding interactions between CCl4 and 4IBI in the multilayer. This work will
prove useful in several areas of research including nano-, biological, synthetic,
medicinal, and environmental chemistry where halogen bonding interactions are
important.

CHED 780

Surface modified TiO2 for photocatalytic destruction of targeted cells

Isabella J Schmitt(1), [email protected], 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans LA

70148, United States ; Ashley Quach(1); Avijit Biswas(2); Wendy M Schluchter(2);
Matthew A Tarr(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Advanced Materials Research
Institute, University of New Orleans, New Orleans LA 70148, United States (2)
Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans LA 70148,
United States

Titanium dioxide exhibits photocatalytic activity useful for various applications.

Photodynamic therapy is one area in which TiO2 or other photoactive nanomaterials can
be used. These nanomaterials can be made biocompatible by the addition of
appropriate molecules to the surface. In this study, titanium dioxide was surface
modified by the addition of metal nanoparticles (e.g. gold) and/or a polyhistidine-tag.
After initial surface modification, the materials were further modified to add a fluorescent
label for tracking and a polyclonal antibody for selective binding to target cells (BL21
Escherichia coli) in an effort to determine their ability to selectively bind to and kill the
targeted cells upon visible light irradiation.

CHED 781

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Preparation and characterization of polymer nanofibers and nanocomposites by

electrospinning

Crystal Lewis(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd, Huntsville AL

35896, United States ; Ro-Jay Reid(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd,
Huntsville AL 35896, United States ; Jacqueline Clemmons(1); Ruth Guiness(1); Kenneth
LaiHing(1); Susan V Olesik(2); Toni Newsome(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Oakwood
University, Huntsville AL 35896, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus OH 43210, United States

Electrospinning has been proven to be an efficient technique in the formation of polymer

nanofibers. In this research, two biodegradable polymer nanofibers - Polyacrylonitrile
(PAN); and Polylactic acid (PLA) are synthesized and used as templates for adding a
variety of nanoparticles to produce nanocomposites. The nanofibers produced must
exhibit a smooth and uniform surface and be approximately one hundred nanometers in
diameter. These characteristics of size and shape are optimized by altering the
concentration, flow rate, voltage, distance, and the humidity during the formation of the
two polymer nanofibers. One advantage of using nanofibers for drug delivery is their
ability to offer site-specific drug delivery and thus decreased side-effects. Other benefits
of nanofibers include the ability to vary drug delivery over time, which allows particular
medications to be administered at a lower dosage level. This provides an economic
benefit in drug synthesis as well as for the consumer.

CHED 782

Optimization of particle size in lipoplex nanoparticle fabrication

Natalie E Williams(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd, Huntsville

AL 35896, United States ; Lauren Henderson(1), [email protected],
7000 Adventist Blvd, Huntsville AL 35896, United States ; Barbara Wyslouzil(2); Tony
Duong(2); Kenneth LaiHing(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Oakwood University,
Huntsville AL 35896, United States (2) Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, United States

Investigating the size distribution of liposomes generated by coaxial

electrohydrodynamic spray has the potential to create the right size particles to create
pulmonary or intravenous injection methods for targeted drug delivery. Using a coaxial
needle setup, lipoplex nanoparticles have been created by standard jet geometry and
inverted jet geometry. The factors affecting particle size include the solvent evaporation,
the initial lipid concentration, and the flow rate ratio. Solvent evaporation is investigated
by using different solvents with different vapor pressures. The effect of lipid
concentration is investigated by testing different initial lipid concentrations with the
different solvents. The flow rate ratio is investigated by testing the driving liquid concept.
This project will use these factors to make nanoparticles with the right size and
properties that will enable them to move past the phospholipid bilayer of a cell to better

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Anaheim, CA

target
the diseased cell.

CHED 783

Mesoporous carbon fibers via electrospinning

Hiulam Kam(1), [email protected], 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson TX

75080, United States ; Kenneth J Balkus(1); Daniel Tran(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Univeristy of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX 75080, United States

There is growing interest in high surface area carbon for supercapacitors and other
energy applications. In addition to high surface area, reasonable conductivity is
required. Mesoporous carbon molecular sieves such as FDU-15 have been shown to
have high graphene content. The integration of such materials into supercapacitors
would benefit from a nonwoven mesh or paper configuration. Electrospinning have been
shown to be a simple, scalable method for fabricating polymer nanofibers. FDU-15
fibers were prepared by electrospinning a phenol-formaldehyde based precursor using
Pluronic-123 as soft template. The fibers were carbonized at 900oC, removing the
template in the process. SEM images showed that the carbonized fibers maintained its
morphology, and TEM images indicate the presence of mesopores. Raman
spectroscopy confirmed the presence of sp2 hybridized graphene sheets, and TGA data
showed thermostability of up to 600oC. Preliminary results for the fabrication and testing
of coin cell type supercapacitor devices will be presented.

CHED 784

Photochemically produced silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial properties

Christopher M Smith(1), [email protected], 3520 S. Rolling Okas Dr., Tulsa

Oklahoma 74107, United States ; Graham Baluh(2); Dale Teeters(1). (1) Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States (2) Mathmatics
and Computer Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States

This research focuses on photochemically producing silver nano particles in an FDA

approved biopolymer, chitosan, at a visible wavelength of light, which has been
identified through our work. This project seeks to use these nanoparticles to examine
their antimicrobial capabilities. Preliminary testing has been done on E. coli in the hope
that it will provide a model for the antimicrobial activity of these particles. Further results
in a variety of cases have been promising. Given our production method it is possible
for use to produce different sizes and shapes of silver nanoparticles and the effects of
these different types of silver nanoparticles has also been examined. Other work has
also been done to better characterize the silver nanoparticles that are being used in this
research and the unique properties of the system that is used to produce them.

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CHED 785

Graphene: Prospective applications encouraged through experimental evidence

Cody J Chalker(1), [email protected], Country Club Road, York PA 17403, United

States ; Gregory P Foy(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, York College of
Pennsylvania, York PA 17403, United States

Graphene, atomically thin layers of graphite, is considered by many as one of the most
widely researched materials in science. Its mechanical and electrical properties, a
function of its electronic configuration arranged in a hexagonal pattern, has not yet been
observed in other elements or compounds. The "Scotch Tape" method is the most
widely used technique for exfoliating graphene. This technique will be employed to
isolate graphene from kish graphite to study its structure. In order to verify the existence
of graphene, Optical Microscopy, Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), and Diffuse
Reflectance (IR, UV-vis, and Raman) instrumentation will be used. The construction of
an acoustic hood around the SPM to ensure no sound waves interfere with non-contact
mode image processing will be described. By verifying the structure of graphene other
experiments will be developed toward applications in biotechnology, semiconductors, as
well as other scientific disciplines.

CHED 786

Ionic liquid coatings for energetic nanoparticles

Derek E Clowes(1), [email protected], 2355 Fairchild Drive Suite 2N225,

USAF Academy CO 80840-6230, United States ; John N Wilkes(1); C Michael Lindsay(2);
David W Richard(2); Sharon C Kettwich(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, United States
Air Force Academy, United States Air Force Academy CO 80840-6230, United States
(2) Energetic Materials Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base FL
32542-5910, United States

Ionic liquids are unique organic salts that melt at relatively low temperatures (<100°C)
and are often liquid at room temperature. Ionic liquids are compounds that hold many
possibilities for applications in different fields of chemistry due to their wide liquid range,
low melting points, chemical and thermal stability, high conductivity and nonvolatility. In
this study, the suitability of using ionic liquids to coat energetic nanoparticles is
investigated. This research aims to take advantage of the stability of the ionic liquids to
passivate highly reactive nanoparticles for long term storage purposes without altering
the energetic nature of the particles. Current efforts focus on the use of
Hydroxyethylhydrazinenitrate (HEHN) as a potential coating for aluminum particles to
potentially allow their use as an emulsion in a new category of energetic ionic liquids.
The details of the synthesis and characterization of HEHN/Al materials will be reported.

CHED 787

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Photodegradation of toxic dyes catalyzed by CuS quantum dot-doped TiO2

nanotubes

Khiem T. Vu(1), [email protected], 8105 Montpelier Way, Colleyville TX 76034,

United States ; Chalita Ratanatawanate(1); Kenneth J. Balkus Jr.(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX 75080, United States

Malachite green is an industrial compound frequently detected in wastewaters,

presenting a serious environmental and health hazard. One of the promising methods to
degrade malachite green is a heterogeneous approach using TiO2 as a photocatalyst. In
the current study, TiO2 nanotubes (3-5 nm in diameter) were synthesized through a
hydrothermal process. CuS quantum dots were attached to the inside and outside
surfaces in order to expand TiO2's absorption spectrum to include more of the solar
spectrum. The photocatalytic activity of CuS/TiO2 nanotubes was tested for the
photodegradation of malachite green, and the rate of degradation of the dye was
monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results suggest that the CuS quantum dots
improve the activity of the TiO2 nanotubes by expanding the usable portion of the solar
spectrum.

CHED 788

Plasmonic properties of Au nanoparticles fabricated by hole-mask colloidal

lithography

Alyssa B Zrimsek(1), [email protected], 124 Hoge Summit Rd, Eighty Four PA

15330, United States ; Faith Boman(2); Richard P. Van Duyne(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Washington & Jefferson College, Washington PA 15301, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208, United States

Enormous interest has developed in plasmonic materials because of their usefulness as

chemical and biological sensors. Hole-mask colloidal lithography (HCL) can be used to
fabricate Au nanoparticle arrays for sensing. In this study, Au nanodisks arrays were
fabricated by HCL to characterize the resonance frequencies using ensemble and
single-nanoparticle LSPR spectroscopy. The Au nanodisks were fabricated to be 40, 60,
and 80 nm in diameter and 20 nm in height with a 2-nm Ti adhesion layer. High density
Au arrays were prepared for the ensemble LSPR and low density arrays were prepared
for the single-nanoparticle LSPR. As the high density Au arrays were fabricated with
larger diameters, the ensemble resonance red-shifted. The opposite trend was seen for
the low density arrays in which the single-nanoparticle resonances blue-shifted. The
difference between the ensemble and single-nanoparticle resonance may have resulted
from coupling or the interaction of resonances of closely packed nanoparticles.

CHED 789

Chemical synthesis of lead zirconate titanate nanowires

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Olivia M Lenz(1)(2), [email protected], 3307 3rd Ave W, Seattle WA 98119, United

States ; M. Meyyappan(2); Cattien V. Nguyen(2)(3). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle WA 98119, United States (2) NASA
Ames Research Center, Seattle WA 98119, United States (3) ELORET Corporation,
Moffett Field CA 94035, United States

Energy scavenging seeks for ways to capture 'wasted' energy that is lost to the
environment through everyday activities like walking. In order to scavenge this energy,
specific nanomaterials are currently being investigated because of their desirable
piezoelectric properties. If the piezoelectric material can be coupled with a polymer and
spun into a fiber, a collection of fibers can be in a shoe insert device to scavenge the
energy from human body movement. The material we are interested in utilizing for this
application is lead zirconate titanate, commonly abbreviated PZT. Currently, though
PZT is produced hydrothermally through a variety of pathways, but the majority of these
methods require relatively high temperatures (>200oC) and increased pressure.
However, for the end goal of this project, we desire to produce PZT nanowires that are
free from any additive like a surfactant, polymer, catalyst, or
substrate, at low temperatures and under atmospheric conditions.

CHED 790

Synthesis and characterization of bornite nanoparticles

Alex M. Wiltrout(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster Pennsylvania

17604-3003, United States ; Katherine E. Plass(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster Pennsylvania 17604-3003, United States

In order to meet the world's energy demands by conversion of solar energy into another
usable form of energy, cheaper and more efficient photovoltaic devices are needed;
nanoscale bornite (Cu5FeS4) particles were investigated for this particular use. A new
solution-based, phase-selective synthesis of bornite nanoparticles was developed,
using copper(II) acetylacetonate, iron(III) acetylacetonate, and sulfur in a 1-
dodecanethiol/oleic acid solution, at a temperature of 180 °C. The bornite phase was
selected from among other copper and iron sulfides via control over the molar ratios of
the reactants. Furthermore, crystalline high and low-bornite polymorphs were selectively
obtained. Various techniques were employed to characterize the bornite nanoparticles,
including powder X-ray diffraction, UV/visible/NIR spectroscopy, differential scanning
calorimetry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron
microscopy.

CHED 791

Effects of the material functionalization and the ionic composition of the release
medium on the loading and the release of the chemotherapeutic agent
doxorubicin onto and from functionalized mesoporous silicates

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Anaheim, CA

Emilee Knue(1), [email protected], Natural Science Center, 204F, Nunn Dr.,

Highland Heights Kentucky 41099, United States ; Stevi Johnson(1),
[email protected], Natural Science Center, 204F, Nunn Dr., Highland
Heights Kentucky 41099, United States ; Isabelle Lagadic(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights Kentucky 41099, United
States

When administered in high systemic

doses, chemotherapeutic drugs can cause severe toxicity to the healthy tissue
cells, resulting in hair loss, nausea and anemia. Drug encapsulation into delivery
particulates is a way to
reduce this toxicity, while allowing a high concentration of the drug to be
delivered directly at the tumor site. Our ongoing research has focused on
mesoporous inorganic-based silica particles as possible carriers for the
anticancer agent, Doxorubicin (Dox). We already showed that mesoporous
silicates functionalized with sulfonate (SO3-Na+)
groups were capable of loading up to 200 mg of Dox per gram of solid and that a
sustained and complete Dox release was obtained from these Dox-loaded materials.
In this project, mesoporous silicates functionalized with various amounts of
both sulfonate and phenyl groups were investigated for their Dox loading
capacity. The incorporation of phenyl groups significantly lower the Dox
loading capacity of the materials. The release profiles of Doxorubicin from
Dox-loaded sulfonate-functionalized material in release media of various CaCl2
concentrations (0.08 wt%, 0.17 wt%, and 0.25 wt%) were monitored by UV-Vis at
37°C. The presence of significant amounts of Ca2+ ions in the
release medium seems to increase the release rate of Dox, which may be
explained as two molecules of Dox in their ionic form are released for every Ca 2+
ion.

CHED 792

Polystyrene/alkyl-functionalized organoclay nanocomposites: Effect of the alkyl

chain length on the structure and properties of the composite

Thomas Morgan(1), [email protected], Natural Science Center, 204F, Nunn

Dr., Highland Heights Kentucky 41099, United States ; Isabelle Lagadic(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights Kentucky
41099, United States

Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites are well-known to exhibit enhanced

mechanical, thermal and gas impermeability properties. Exfoliated structures, with
inorganic layers randomly dispersed in the polymeric matrix, are usually preferred, to
enhance the nanocomposite properties. In this project, we investigated the structure
and properties of polystyrene/alkyl-functionalized organoclay nanocomposite films
prepared by the addition of one-step prepared organoclays containing alkyl groups

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Anaheim, CA

(Ethyl: Mg-ETES, n-Butyl: Mg-BTES, Hexyl: Mg-HTES, Propyl: Mg-Prop) in various

amounts (1, 5, 10, 25%wt) to a polystyrene solution in toluene. The films were
characterized by X-ray diffraction to evaluate the level of exfoliation as a function of the
alkyl chain length and the organoclay content. The optical transparency of the films was
measured between 250 nm and 800 nm. For films prepared with organoclays
functionalized with long alkyl chains, their transparency is independent of the
organoclay content, while for films prepared with short alkyl chain-functionalized
organoclays, their transparency is higher at low organoclay content. Only films prepared
with organoclays functionalized with long alkyl chains present a high transparency at
high organoclay contents (10 wt% and 25 wt%).

CHED 793

Synthesis of Au and Ag nanoparaticles in deep eutectic solvents

Bryan Nichols(1), [email protected], 503 South Broad Street, Clinton SC,

United States ; A. Craig Powell(1); Latha A. Gearheart(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Presbyterian College, Clinton South Carolina 29325, United States

Deep eutectic solvents, or ionic liquids, are mixtures of two solid salts forming a
compound with a melting point usually lower than room temperature. Many deep
eutectics are formed between quarternary ammonium salts and a carboxylic acid or
amine and are known for their ability to dissolve metal salts and oxides water cannot
dissolve as well as organic material such as cellulose. Furthermore, many of the
components of deep eutectic mixtures are biodegradable making them an
environmentally friendly alternative to some organic solvents. We have investigated the
chemical reduction of Au3+ and Ag+ salts in a urea/choline chloride deep eutectic solvent
to form Au and Ag nanoparticles. The size and morphology of the nanoparticles were
adjusted by varying the reducing agent and using a seed-mediated growth approach to
nanoparticle synthesis.

CHED 794

Synthesis of gold nanoplates using polyacrylic acid

Christopher Margono(1), [email protected], 100 Aburdeen Dr., Riverside CA

92507, United States ; Qiao Zhang(1); James Goebl(1); Yadong Yin(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside CA 92507, United States

Colloidal gold nanoplates have become of interest due to their potential for catalysis,
surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and biological tagging. To date, the two methods
of synthesis include a photochemical approach and a thermal approach. Photochemical
synthesis has proven to be both costly and time consuming, making thermal reduction
the more favorable method—however there is still room for improvement. To achieve
this, we have studied the reduction of chloroauric acid in ethylene glycol, with

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polyacrylic acid (PAA) as the protective surfactant. Morphology was observed using
optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and
scanning electron microscopy. Studies with this system have shown that it is quick (5
minute reaction time) and bolsters a higher yield over most other methods. We have
confirmed that the reagent concentrations play a vital role in plate morphology and
aggregation tendency. At this point, our objective focuses on further enhancement by
optimizing system parameters.

CHED 795

General education laboratory for a culinary chemistry course

Rayana E. Johnson(1), [email protected], 807 Union Street, Schenectady

NY 12308, United States ; Joanne D. Kehlbeck(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Union
College, Schenectady NY 12308, United States

Flavor chemistry plays a prominent role in the food and beverage industry and thus
provides an everyday application to spark student interest in chemistry. This experiment
uses flavor to introduce students to laboratory analysis using gas chromatography.
Students are provided with an unknown flavor consisting solely of a mixture of esters.
Using a Vernier Mini GC, the students separate the components of the flavor and then
determine the identity of the esters by spiking the unknown flavor with known esters. A
resultant increase in the intensity of a peak indicates the presence of that ester in the
unknown flavor, while formation of a new peak indicates the ester was not a component
of the unknown flavor. This inexpensive experiment is appropriate for general education
science courses and introductory undergraduate or high school chemistry courses.

CHED 796

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for the intracellular delivery of

antimicrobial
drugs

Lori B Fraley(1), [email protected], 2300 W Innes Street, Box 23, Salisbury North
Carolina 28144, United States ; Craig A Ogle(2); Yasamin Moazami(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Catawba College, Salisbury North Carolina 28144, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, UNC Charlotte, Charlotte North Carolina 28223, United
States

Biodegradable polymers such as poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) can be used to

produce nanoparticles for antibiotic delivery. Antibiotics can be loaded into
nanoparticles to more efficiently deliver drugs inside of cells where bacteria are harder
to treat by traditional antibiotic therapy. Clindamycin was used as the antibiotic in this
study because of its use in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus
(MRSA). Nanoparticles were formed by combining solutions of the antibiotic and

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polymer in organic solvents with a surfactant in water creating an emulsion. Then they
were evaluated by proton NMR and dynamic light scattering to determine the drug
loading percentages and sizes. This study found that clindamycin is able to be loaded
into nanoparticles. Developing this research further for more precise, large scale
production could make it a candidate for use in a spray on application which could be
applied directly to wounds to combat infection.

CHED 797

In silico optimization of gold and silver nanopost SERS substrates

Matthew B. Leonard(1), [email protected], 111 Lake Hollingsworth Drive,

Lakeland Florida 33801, United States ; Ryan K. Petit(1), [email protected], 111
Lake Hollingsworth Drive, Lakeland Florida, United States ; Jason M. Montgomery(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Florida Southern College, Lakeland Florida 33801, United
States

Raman spectroscopy is a widely researched and a known technique used to identify

unknown
compounds. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is a technique used to
increase an otherwise weak Raman scattering signal. The focus of our work is the
optimization in silico of SERS substrates composed of silver and gold nanoposts, which
are dielectric posts with a thin layer of metal evaporated onto the surface. Using finite-
difference time-domain (FDTD) methods, we optimized the nanopost substrates with
respect to the post height, width, diameter, and periodicity. We will present results
showing an order of magnitude of enhancement in the SERS signal.

CHED 798

Electrospun SiO2 nanofiber as a battery separator

Yuhong Cao(1), [email protected], 900 SE Baker St., 2259 unit, McMinnville Or

74305, United States ; Hui Wu(2); Liangbin Hu(2); Yi Cui(2). (1) Chemistry, Linfield,
McMinnville OR 97128, United States (2) Department of materials science and
engineering, Stanford University, Stanford OR 94305, United States

Polymeric battery separators were wildly used in Li-battery, however it's thermal stability
is at around 120oC. The study was focused on improving the thermal stability.
Electrospinning technology was used for microprorous SiO2 nonwoven separators
(MSN). The morphology of the MSN separator was obtained by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties were investigated by differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC). It turned out to be that the thermally stability of MSN separators was
at 800oC. This is the most thermally stable battery separator ever. Batteries with MSN
separator was treated by cycling test. The cycling ability of the battery decayed after
three cycles.

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CHED 799

Understanding the properties of biofilm via microrheology

Jasmine Jones(1), [email protected], 1 Drexel Dr, New Orleans LA 70125, United

States ; Kamirah Demouchet(1); Fook Chiong Cheong(2); Simone Duarte(3); David
Grier(2); Anderson Sunda-Meya(1). (1) Physics, Xavier University of Louisiana, New
Orleans LA 70125, United States (2) Department of Physics, New York University, New
York NY 10003, United States (3) Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial
Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York NY 10010, United States

We use conventional imaging to perform microrheological measurements of dental

biofilms in an alcoholic medium. Biofilm is polymerized sugars, mainly sucrose, formed
into strands known as glucans. Bacteria form a matrix of these strands to create a
habitable environment on any surface it adhere to. In humans, the most prevalent
bacteria is Streptococcus mutans (S. Mutans), which is the main cause of tooth decay.
With the protection from the biofilm, S.Mutans is free to access the minerals and sugars
from our teeth and even the food we eat. Thousands of bacteria co inhabit biofilms on
teeth. Much is known in identifying these bacteria, but little is known about the polymer
matrix and how it responds to different environmental conditions. With conventional
imaging, we can study the viscoelastic properties to formulate agents to combat or even
control the biofilm.

CHED 800

Synthesis of large area graphene films by chemical vapor deposition

Nicole N Kawamoto(1), [email protected], 300 The Fenway, Boston MA

02115, United States ; Zhengtang Luo(2); Michael Kaplan(1); A.T. Charlie Johnson(2). (1)
Department of Physics, Simmons College, Boston MA 02115, United States (2)
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
19104, United States

Although the existence of graphene has been known for decades, we have only been
able to isolate and study its physical and electrical properties since 2004. The primary
method to attain a single atomic layer of sp2-bonded carbon uses scotch tape to
micromechanically exfoliate graphite flakes into graphene. However, this yields
inconsistent and small surface areas to work with. The use of a transition metal catalyst
in a chemical vapor deposition system at high temperatures has since been developed
to synthesize large area graphene films. We worked on attaining reproducible results;
varying the metal catalyst, carbon source, flow rates, and growth times. More
importantly, we also focused on various methods of transferring the graphene films onto
a silicon dioxide substrate for later device fabrication.

CHED 801

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Synthesis and optimization of metal nanoparticles for use in drug delivery

Rachelle M Dulan(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd, Huntsville

AL 35896, United States ; Nyola Joseph(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist
Blvd, Huntsville AL 35896, United States ; Dionne Lewis(1); Kenneth LaiHing(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Oakwood University, Huntsville AL 35896, United States

Nanoparticles are small particles that can be used in drug delivery. Interest in
nanoparticle research has been rapidly growing due to the ability of the nanoparticle to
reduce side-effects that normal medications may cause. Nanoparticles are small
enough to enter through a cell's
membrane and directly deliver whatever may be attached to them. Gold (Au), platinum
(Pt), silver(Ag), and iron(Fe) particles are currently being prepared and the size
distribution varied by varying conditions and concentrations of starting reagents. These
particles are then derivatized with thiols which will make them suitable for use as drug-
delivery agents.

CHED 802

Facile synthesis of monodisperse metallic nanoparticles and their interaction

with quantum dots

Daniel Bates(1), [email protected], Science Building, Elon NC 27244, United States ;

Noah O Masika(1); Sherine O Obare(1). (1) Chemistry, Western Michigan University,
Kalamazoo MI 49008, United States

Nanoscale metallic particles are of great interest due to their importance in advanced
technological applications. Synthetic procedures that produce gram-scale, well defined
and monodisperse metallic nanoparticles with controlled size and shape, especially
within the 1-4 nm size range is a continuing challenge in nanoscale science. We have
developed new organic ligands that when used as stabilizers for metal nanoparticles,
provide the ability to gain control of the particle size in one-step synthetic procedures.
Monodisperse metallic nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using
spectroscopic, microscopic and x-ray techniques. We have further investigated the
electrochemical quantized double-layer (QDL) charging differences of 1-4 nm metallic
nanoparticles. Within this size range, the electronic properties transition from a bulk-like
continuum of electronic states to molecule-like, discrete electronic orbital levels. Such
properties have led us to investigate their energy transfer properties when brought in
contact with quantum dots. The results are paramount toward understanding and
developing advanced materials for sensing applications. We demonstrate the efficiency
of the semiconductor/metal nanoparticle interfaces for energy transfer applications.

CHED 803

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Biotin functionalized biodegradable polymer micro- and nanoparticles for

targeted drug delivery

Joshua B. Smith(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 1002, Millersville PA

17551, United States ; Jeremiah K.N. Mbindyo(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Millersville University of Pennsylvania, Millersville PA 17551, United States

The use of biodegradable polymer micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery systems is
an area of great research interest. If suitably functionalized with targeting ligands, the
micro- and nanoparticles can deliver drugs to specific tissue in which the cognate
receptor is overexpressed. Polylactic acid, (PLA) is one of a limited number of
biodegradable polymers that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for
clinical applications. However, PLA lacks high density reactive surface groups that are
necessary for conjugation of ligand molecules in targeted drug delivery.

Layer by layer self assembly was used to introduce -NH2 groups on the surface of PLA
micro- and nanoparticles. The –NH2 groups were then used to covalent attach biotin on
the surface through amide linkage. Studies using streptavidin bound horse radish
peroxidase show that the surface attached biotin remains biochemically active. Folic
acid, which targets the folate receptor that is over expressed in some tumors was also
successfully attached covalently on the surface of the micro- and nanoparticles. The
results show that layer by layer self assembly provides a convenient route to multivalent
attachment of targeting ligands on biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles.

CHED 804

Catalytic activity of metal nanostructures in the borohydride of p-nitrophenol

Andrew R. Dixon(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 1002, Millersville PA

17551, United States ; Jeremiah K.N. Mbindyo(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Millersville University of Pennsylvania, Millersville PA 17551, United States

Metallic nanostructures are of great interest as heterogeneous catalysts due to their

high surface area compared to bulk metals. In addition, mixed metal nanocatalysts may
provide higher catalytic activity compared to single metal catalysts. The reduction of p-
nitrophenol by sodium borohydride catalyzed by electrochemically deposited metal
nanowires was studied with a goal of comparing the catalytic activity of single and
multimetal nanowires. The metal nanowires were prepared by electrochemical
deposition in alumina membrane templates. At an applied potential of -900 mV vs.
Ag/AgCl reference electrode, nickel was found to plate at a rate of 33 nm min -1 while Au
plated at 67 nm min-1. Platinum was found to deposit at a rate of 33 nm min-1 at an
applied potential of -250 mV. Preliminary results show a rate constant of 0.81 s-1 for
reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol catalyzed by platinum nanowires, with a
turnover rate of 0.69 mol g-1 hr-1.

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CHED 805

Biophysico-characterizations of the silver nanoparticle protein corona

Alyssa Lampe(1), [email protected], 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara CA 95053,

United States ; Meagan Nakamoto(1), [email protected], 500 El Camino Real,
Santa Clara CA 95053, United States ; Andrew Martinolich(1), [email protected],
500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara CA 95053, United States ; Korin Wheeler(1); Richard
Eigenheer(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University,
Santa Clara CA 95053, United States (2) Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome
Center, Davis CA 95616-8816, United States

Although silver nanoparticles are widely utilized as potent antimidrobials, their molecular
mechanisms of toxicity and interactions with biomolecules are poorly understood. Using
both a proteomic and a biophysical approach, we aim to characterize silver nanoparticle
size-mediated interactions with model protein systems. With MS-proteomics, we've
identified nearly seventy proteins within the soluble yeast proteome that have a strong
affinity for silver nanoparticles. This 'protein corona', which is rich in polar and acidic
residues, has a great influence on the reactivity of the nanoparticle. In addition, a
biophysical approach has been utilized to characterize particle mediated structure and
function perturbations on a model metalloprotein. Preliminary data indicate a strong
correlation between particle size and disruption of active site metal binding. We outline
mechanisms of interaction that are driven by the oxidation of silver nanoparticles as well
as the electrostatic properties of the protein.

CHED 806

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ryan Stegenga(1), [email protected], 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn MI

48128, United States ; Shiem Al-Azawi(1); Debalina Bandyopadhyay(1); Krisanu
Bandyopadhyay(1). (1) Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-
Dearborn, Dearborn MI 48128, United States

The present research studies the ability of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to
synthesize gold nanoparticles by reducing a gold (Au III) solution under stressed
conditions. In the current procedure, the yeast is fully grown using a nutrient rich media,
and then washed to remove the sugars and other possible reducing components from
the growth medium. The yeast was then incubated under stressed condition for 72
hours in presence of Tris-HCl buffer (pH=9) containing 1 mM HAuCl4. At the end of the
starvation period, the supernatant solution showed the presence of gold nanoparticles.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy shows surface plasmon band characteristic of gold nanoparticles.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is further used to characterize the size and
morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles. This research is applicable to the search
for an efficient green method of producing gold nanoparticles using inexpensive

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materials. The synthesized nanoparticles will be further characterized for surface charge
and size by performing Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta Potential
measurements. The ability to control the size of the synthesized nanoparticles by
altering experimental conditions will be explored.

CHED 807

Carbon dioxide adsorption on zinc oxide nanomaterials

Rebecca J. Lindquist(1)(2), [email protected], UMM Mail 692, 600 East 4th

Street, Morris MN 56267, United States ; Chia-Ming Wu(1); Vicky H. Grassian(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City Iowa 52242, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Morris, Iowa City Iowa 52242, United
States

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas causing global warming; hence,
developing means to reduce emissions is vital. The adsorption of carbon dioxide onto
metal oxides (often zinc, calcium, or magnesium) offers one method of carbon dioxide
sequestration. Nanoscale metal oxides are particularly promising because of increased
surface area and therefore unique surface reactivity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles
(spherical) and nanorods of three different sizes each were synthesized from zinc
acetate and zinc acetylacetonate, respectively, and characterized by BET, XRD, and
TEM. The nanomaterials' abilities to adsorb carbon dioxide were measured by FTIR and
compared according to the materials' size and shape. Smaller nanorods or
nanoparticles were found to adsorb more carbon dioxide than larger ones, and rods
adsorbed more than particles. Heating to 105 °C desorbed the carbon dioxide
effectively without reducing the zinc oxide surface.

CHED 808

Synthesis of electroactive molecules for surface modification of gold

nanoparticles

Linh H Vu(1), [email protected], 21 Wellesley College, Unit 7519, Wellesley MA

02481, United States ; Olivia L Hulme(1), [email protected], 21 Wellesley College
Rd, Unit 4602, Wellesley MA 02481, United States ; Nolan T Flynn(1); Dora Carrico-
Moniz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley MA 02481, United
States

The purpose of this project is to create gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possessing

accessible hydroquinone terminal functional groups (H2Q) (I) that will subsequently
form an oxime linkage with nanoparticle-bound aminooxy groups (II). These
electrochemically-active gold nanoparticles provide a means to trigger the assembly of
AuNPs.

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Here, we present the progress toward the synthesis of a novel ethyleneglycol-thiolated

H2Q target molecule in order to enhance solubility in aqueous media. The hydroquinone
terminated oligo(ethyleneglycol) thiolated species will be used to decorate gold
nanoparticles and subsequently linked by electrochemical actuation to nanoparticle-
bound aminooxy groups.

CHED 809

Flourescein isothiocyanate functionalized bridged-polysiloxane nanoparticles for

imaging applications

Joseph Edge(1), [email protected], 1906 College Height Blvd, Bowling Green

Kentucky 42101, United States ; Hemali Rathnayake(1). (1) Chemistry, Western
Kentucky University, Bowling Green Kentucky 42101, United States

Nanoscale particles derived from silicon are important examples of nanomaterials that
can be applied in materials, electronics or biological context. As the surface of silica or
siloxane core structure can be easily functionalized with various organic functional
groups, efforts have been made to use them as biological carriers and fluorescent
markers, including the fluorescent siloxane nanoparticles. Two types of
fluoresceinisothiocyanate derivative and amine functionalized bridged- polysiloxane
naoparticles were prepared by base catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of their
respective silane precursors. Particle size and dispersity were controlled by adjusting
the molar ratios of organotrialkoxy silane, base, and TEOS concentration. The resulting
fluorescent nanoparticles with reactive amine groups are found to have a high load of
covalently attached dye and a high solubility in a wide range of organic and aqueous
solvents. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles are studied in vivo for
potential applicability for bioimaging applications.

CHED 810

Vacancy migration in graphene flakes and ribbons

Bridget Loftus(1), [email protected], 100 N East Ave, Waukesha WI, United

States ; Elena Bichoutskaia(2); Gregory Marks(1). (1) Carroll University, United States (2)
University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

By better understanding the effect that defects have on graphene carbon nanotubes,
these nanotubes can be better designed and utilized. Vacancy migration in graphene
was studied using C116, C176, C248, and C332 flakes and C395, C427, and C623 ribbons. All
molecules were run using General Utility Lattice Program, GULP, under the same

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Anaheim, CA

conditions, with constant volume molecular dynamics. The migration path was traced
using Graphical Display Interface for Structures, GDIS and in all cases the vacancy
migrated to the edge of the molecule and disappeared. The only molecule that did not
show directional migration was C623, in all other molecules the path that the vacancy
followed was compact and had an overall sense of direction. The vacancy moved from
one carbon to a random nearest neighbor, along a compact path. This shows that at
high temperatures molecules of graphene with less than 700 carbons are self healing.

CHED 811

Towards copper(I) oxide solar cells: Explorations in materials chemistry

Andrew Robertson(1), [email protected], 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield CA

93311, United States ; David Saiki(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, California State
University Bakersfield, Bakersfield CA 93311, United States

Recent interest in the synthesis of graphite oxide as an intermediate to graphene is of

considerable interests due to the unique electronic properties of graphene.
Experimental results and procedures of an electrochemical method to generate graphite
oxide will be presented. This method generates a deep yellow color in acid solution that
may be attributed to the production of a graphite oxide and Fe3+ complex. Work using
an Ocean Optics UV/Vis spectrometer to measure the amount of Fe3+ in solution will
provide insights supporting the hypothesis that graphite oxide is produced
electrochemically. Future plans include the electrical reduction of graphite oxide and
deposition of graphite oxide on a copper electrode will be discussed.

CHED 812

Synthesis and characterization of novel triazole compounds

Eric S Taub(1), [email protected], 1361 Alps Road, Wayne New Jersey 07470,
United States ; Brian Marr(1). (1) Upstream Research, International Specialty Products,
Wayne New Jersey 07470, United States

Novel triazole compounds were synthesized using a

1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. This synthesis of the aromatic triazole
heterocycle was performed utilizing a traditional round bottom flask/condenser
set-up. Sodium azide and propargyl alcohol were dissolved in distilled water
and the reaction was heated to reflux for 25 hours. The fact that regular
distilled water was used as the solvent renders this reaction relatively
nontoxic and environmentally friendly. The triazole alcohol was either
subsequently reacted with 1-bromooctane or N,N-dimethyl-3-chloro-amino-propyl
hydro-chloride by a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction with one of
the triazole nitrogen atoms. Using this method, it was possible to attach a
hydrophobic octyl group or a hydrophilic N,N-dimethyl-amino-propyl group to the

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triazole ring creating two triazole derivatives. The derivative with the octyl
group was soluble in select organic solvents where the triazole with the dimethyl
amino propyl group dissolved in aqueous solvents. Although the focus of this
research was based on organic chemistry techniques, polymer applications were
also explored. An esterification reaction was performed where methacrylic
anhydride was used to add a double bond that was subsequently used for free
radical polymerization. In addition, the triazole derivatives were reacted with
a copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride to form the alkyl half
ester. All novel compounds explored were analyzed using gas chromatography,
proton NMR, C-13 NMR, FT-IR, and differential scanning calorimetry.

CHED 813

Investigations into chroman synthesis via gold-catalyzed hetero-Diels-Alder

reactions of ortho-quinone methides

Nicholas R. O[apos]Connor(1)(2), [email protected], 54 Moo 4 Viphavadee-

Rangsit Highway, Laksi Bangkok 10210, Thailand ; Patchaya Sukjarean(1); Poonsakdi
Ploypradith(1). (1) Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute,
Bangkok 10210, Thailand (2) Department of Chemistry, Macalester College, Bangkok
10210, Thailand

We have investigated the successful formation of the chroman core via hetero-Diels-
Alder reactions between ortho-quinone methides and various dienophiles. The highly
reactive ortho-quinone methide diene is generated by the novel use of a gold(III)
catalyst under mild conditions. The chroman products were produced in moderate to
good yields (up to 83%), often with excellent diastereoselectivity (> 99:1 dr).

CHED 814

Towards the synthesis of a porphyrin bearing four gadolinium (III) complexes for
use as a magnetic resonance contrast agent

Michelle J Ziperstein(1), [email protected], 3500 SW 9th Ave. apt 267, Gainesville

Florida 32607, United States ; Angelique Sour(2); Valerie Heitz(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville Florida 32611, United States (2)
Department of Laboratory Synthesis of Multifunctional Molecular Assemblies, University
of Strasbourg, Strasbourg Alsace 67000, France

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Magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive technique used to take images of soft

tissues inside the body. The use of paramagnetic contrast agents, such as
gadolinium(III) chelates, increases image contrast by shortening water protons'
longitudinal relaxation time T1. Because free gadolinium(III) ions are toxic, they must be
chelated in structures that are strong enough and stable enough to remain intact over a
significant period of time in the body. The goal of this project is to develop a stable
medium-sized magnetic resonance contrast agent that has high relaxivity and slow
elimination from the body. Adjustments to commercially available contrast agents such
as DTPA include increasing the molecular weight of the compound, which increases the
time the compound stays in the body and shows higher relaxivity, and increasing the
number of water molecules that bind to the gadolinium(III) ion. In this project, we
synthesize the t-butyl ester form of a chelate called DTTA (diethylene triamine-
N,N,N‖,N‖-tetraacetate). It is heptadentate, forms relatively stable complexes with
gadolinium(III), and accommodates two water molecules in the first coordination sphere.
Four chelates have been fixed onto a porphyrin, resulting in a medium-sized compound,
which (after hydrolysis and gadolinium complexation) is expected to present higher
relaxivities than those given by commercial contrast agents, even at high magnetic
fields.

CHED 815

Synthesis of organoselenium compounds for later evaluation as cysteine

cathepsin inhibitors

Jacques Karcnik(1)(2)(3), [email protected], 10 Commercial Avenue, Apartment

9F, New Brunswick New Jersey, United States ; Leandro H. Andrade(3); Leandro
Piovan(3). (1) Rutgers University, United States (2) University of Florida, United States
(3) Universidade de São Paulo, United States

Tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis can be reduced by inhibiting

cysteine cathepsins with small-molecule inhibitors such as organoselenium compounds.
Selenium derivatives have received particular attention in the development of cysteine
protease inhibitors because of their unique Selenium-thiol chemistry. In this work, the
synthesis of a new class of selenium-containing compounds, (selenium(IV)
compounds), that will be evaluated as possible inhibitors of human cysteine cathepsins
S and V, is described. Grignard reagent was first employed to synthesize diselenide and
selenide. The selenide, isolated in 64% yield, was used as starting material for the
oxidation of selenide to selenanes and for the synthesis of selenoxide. Although these
reactions were inspired by the structural and catalytic potentials of previously
synthesized and evaluated organoselenium compounds, the replacement of a butyl
group by a methyl group was necessary to prevent a β-elimination reaction. These
simple syntheses of selenoxide, selenanes, selenide, and diselenide enables us to
evaluate a new set of selenium compounds against cathepins S and V.

CHED 816

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Synthesis and determination of the catalytic role of tungsten bound resins for
biodiesel production

Jenna B Howard(1), [email protected], 4245 East Ave, Rochester NY 14618,

United States ; Richard Hartmann(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Nazareth College of
Rochester, Rochester New York 14618, United States

Waste oils are converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME, biodiesel) by esterification
of free fatty acids (FFA) and transesterification of triglycerides. However, an efficient
catalyst for the esterification of FFA that does not introduce sulfur to the product has yet
to be developed, limiting the utility of waste sources. Tungsten and tin chlorides have
been found to catalyze the esterification of FFA. However, tungsten and tin chlorides
are soluble in the reaction mixture and energy intensive to remove from the final
product. A resin bound tungsten catalyst has been synthesized using solid phase
synthetic techniques to facilitate the removal of the catalyst. Batches of the catalyst
have been utilized multiple times demonstrating the robustness of the catalyst in
biodiesel synthesis. The catalyst could aid in the cost of production for biodiesel and the
use of waste oils if shown to have long-term rigidity and applicability to large-scale
production.

CHED 817

Synthesis of meso-sulfonated porphyrins

Jenna Howard(1), [email protected], 4245 East Ave, Rochester NY 14618,

United States ; Milan Balaz(1); Urice Tohgha(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University
of Wyoming, Laramie WY 82701, United States

Sulfonation is a convenient approach to render the hydrophobic aromatic molecules

water soluble. Sulfonated porphyrins are water-soluble and have been widely explored
in supramolecular nanoassemblies as well as in photodynamic cancer therapy.
Sulfonation of porphyrins is generally carried out with concentrated sulfuric acid and
takes place at the phenyl rings. Major products are the para sulfonated isomers
although other isomers are also observed. The harsh conditions of sulfonation together
with low selectivity limit its practical applications. Milder methods that will allow
selectively functionalization of porphyrin macrocycle are of general importance. We will
present the synthetic approach for the preparation of meso-sulfonated porphyrins under
mild reaction conditions.

CHED 818

Models of coenzyme NADH: The search for intermediates in the reduction

reaction of substituted dihydropyridines

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Anaheim, CA

Christine M McCarl(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 2188, 1200 Main St,

Bethlehem PA 18018, United States ; Jennifer M Candelora(1),
[email protected], 1200 Main St, Bethlehem PA 18018, United States . (1)
Department of Chemistry, Moravian College, Bethlehem Pennsylvania 18018, United
States

N-benzyl- and N-pentyl-1,4-dihydropyridine were studied as model compounds for

NADH. Model compounds were reacted with ethyl and methyl acrylate, ethyl and methyl
benzoylformate and ethyl and methyl pyruvate. Reactions were monitored by NMR and
GC-MS. Reactions with methyl acrylate not only produced the expected products, but
also showed NMR evidence for intermediates in the reaction. Changes in GC-MS
analysis correlated with the NMR indications of reaction intermediates. Similar behavior
was observed in reactions involving ethyl and methyl benzoylformate. Reactions of ethyl
and methyl pyruvate were too fast to allow NMR observation of intermediates but the
GC-MS analysis showed possible formation of an intermediate. Overall, our data
suggests that the mechanisms for these NADH model reactions are much more
complex than the currently accepted single step direct hydride transfer mechanism for
NADH dehydrogenases.

CHED 819

Tremendous rate increase of phenolic oxidation with T-HYDRO catalyzed by

Rh2(cap) in aromatic solvents and elaboration of conditions for oxidation with
H2O2

Linda E Farkas(1), [email protected], 8000 Boteler Lane, Apartment 728A, College

Park MD 20740, United States ; Maxim O Ratnikov(1); Michael P Doyle(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park MD
20742, United States

Dirhodium caprolactamate is a new catalyst for a selective oxidation of phenols by tert-

butyl hydroperoxide. Optimization of reaction conditions showed a dramatic rate
enhancement in aromatic solvents relative to oxidation in dichloroethane (DCE) media.
The same, although less pronounced solvent effect, is observed for other catalysts
capable of phenolic oxidation - RuCl2(PPh3)3 and CuI. Oxidation in methanol under
homogenous conditions allows utilization of aqueous H2O2 as an oxidant. The scope
and limitations of oxidations with hydrogen peroxide will be discussed.

CHED 820

Synthesis of diphenolamine ligands for ring-opening polymerization initiation

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Anaheim, CA

Matthew Therkelsen(1), [email protected], Box 2007, 198 College Hill Rd,

Clinton NY 13323, United States ; Franck Le Bideau(1); Christophe Thomas(1). (1)
Department of Molecular Chemistry and Life Chemistry, École Nationale Supérieure de
Chimie de Paris, Paris Île-de-France 75005, France

Biodegradable polymers have a variety of medical applications including drug delivery

systems, temporary implants and tissue support. Ring-opening polymerization is one
common technique used in the synthesis of these polymers.[i] The use of a metal
initiator in these reactions provides greater stereochemical control over the polymer.
Ligands bound to the metal will affect the tacticity of the polymer, which determines the
polymer reactivity. By forming a library of molecules with different steric and electronic
properties, the polymers can be fine-tuned.
Our focus was on the synthesis of diphenolamine ligands and their corresponding
tridentate complexes with different metals. The steric hindrance of the substituent
groups added a layer of complexity to the synthesis. Starting materials were chosen
based on their commercial availability in addition to their reactivity.

[i] C. M. Thomas, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2010, 39, 165-173.

CHED 821

Methods in the production of 5-alkylidenemalonate derivatives of Meldrum's acid

Casey J McCormick(1), [email protected], 55 University Drive, Foster Hall

Room 301, Cookeville TN 38505-0001, United States ; Daniel J Swartling(1),
[email protected], 55 University Drive, Foster Hall Room 301, Cookeville TN 38505-
0001, United States . (1) Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville
TN 38505-0001, United States

Several 5-alkylidenemalonate derivatives of Meldrum's acid have been synthesized

using two methods, Knoevenagel condensation and an enamine/Grignard dual
synthesis, in order to give products with cyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, and acyclic
side chains. These products are to be used in further synthetic steps to produce
analogs of the potent neurotransmitter, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). GABA analogs
have been reported to have biological activity and investigations into the possibilities of
those biological activities continue to pose questions for researchers.

CHED 822

Fluoride-initiated synthesis of heterocyclic allenes using propargyl halides

Justin D. Cox(1), [email protected], 800 S. Tucker Drive, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104,

United States ; Syed R Hussaini(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The
University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Allenes are important building blocks in organic synthesis. This proposal describes the
synthesis of differently substituted heterocyclic allenes from allylsilanes.

Synthesis of Allenes by Fluoride-initiated Substitution of Propargylic Halides

The fluoride ion has been shown to be superior to Lewis acids in the 1,4-addiction of
allyl silanes. Still there are no reports of its use in the synthesis of allenes. In the
described conversion, exocyclic vinyl allenes are obtained from acyclic propargylic
halides in one step. These functionality rich substrates are expected to be amenable for
many different transformations.
The scope of the transformation will include examples of intermolecular reactions.

CHED 823

Hydrogen bonding studies in substituted naphthalenes II

Molly B. Mitchell(1), [email protected], 1050 Union University Drive, Jackson

Tennessee 38305, United States ; Charles M. Baldwin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Union University, Jackson Tennessee 38305, United States

Hydrogen bonding is defined as intermolecular bonding between an electron deficient

A—H
donor group and an electron rich acceptor atom B. Previous experiments with variable
temperature 1H NMR and X-ray crystallography on ethyl 1-methyl-2-bromomethyl-4,5-
diphenylpyrrole-3-carboxylate, indicated intramolecular hydrogen bonding between a
bromomethyl hydrogen and the ester carbonyl. When ethyl 2-bromomethylbenzoate and
ethyl 2-bromomethyl-1-naphthoate were studied in the same manner, no intramolecular
hydrogen bonding was indicated. Thus it was concluded that the highly substituted
pyrrole scaffold promoted intramolecular hydrogen bonding in a way not yet understood.
The objective of the research performed was to synthesize ethyl 1-bromomethyl-2-
naphthoate and ethyl 4-bromo-1-bromomethyl-2-naphthoate to determine if the addition
of an electron withdrawing group to the ring would render the bromomethyl carbon
electron deficient enough to encourage intramolecular hydrogen bonding between a
bromomethyl hydrogen and the ester carbonyl. Synthetic paths to these molecules and
results from variable temperature 1H NMR spectral studies will be presented.

CHED 824

Hydrogen bonding in highly substituted pyrroles (II)

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Anaheim, CA

Joshua W. Cooper(1), [email protected], 1050 Union University Drive, Jackson

Tennessee, United States ; Charles M. Baldwin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Union
University, Jackson Tennessee 38305, United States

Previous research probed the existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in a

number of highly substituted pyrroles with some success. The focus of this research is
on determining the existence of hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl oxygen of the
ethyl acetate side chain and bromomethyl group in ethyl 2-(1-(bromomethyl)-2-methyl-
4,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-acetate. Previous attempts to synthesize the target
compound have not met with success. Several synthetic methods, including a variation
on the Paal-Knorr synthesis, followed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and phase transfer
catalysis will be discussed. The results of hydrogen bonding studies with dynamic NMR
will also be presented.

CHED 825

Research projects, on-campus symposia, and professional conferences as a way

to learn organic chemistry at San Jose City College

Ana Aranda(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128,

United States ; My Linh Tran(2), [email protected], One Shields Avenue, Davis CA
95616, United States ; Madeline Adamczeski(1). (1) Chemistry, San Jose City College,
San Jose CA 95128, United States (2) Biochemistry, University of California at Davis,
Davis CA 95616, United States

Our presentation will demonstrate how student-centered organic chemistry research

projects and symposia as well as related course components, including Peer-Led
Team-Learning workshops, literature research, field trips etc. are used to enhance the
learning experience and inspire students. Using NSF's on-line Student Assessment of
Learning Gains (SALG), an assessment tool was developed with intention to both
quantify and gain insights into student learning outcomes (SLOs) that were achieved.
Organic chemistry students at San Jose City College were asked a range of questions
including, to rate the effectiveness of course components, their confidence level, oral
communication skills, etc. This presentation will include discussions on results of the
SALG, additional course-related activities and materials that address SLOs and active
learning opportunities. We will also reveal student responses to SALG questions that
specifically addressed learning gains associated with presenting results of their
research during the 2010-2YC3 and 239th ACS conferences in San Francisco as well as
at on-campus symposia.

CHED 826

Chemotaxonomic differentiation of three species of Northern California Ribes sp.:

A solvent extraction, chromatographic, and spectroscopic investigation

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Anaheim, CA

Tamara Nijmeh(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA

95128, United States ; Eric Oh(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San
Jose CA 95128, United States ; Hajime Hosokawa(1); Carina Anttila(1); Madeline
Adamczeski(1). (1) Chemistry, San Jose City College, San Jose CA 95128, United
States

The gooseberry plant of the family Grossularia is a fragrant, deciduous, erect shrub that
produces spiny fruit. Taxonomic keys of these individuals for identification is ambiguous,
as the markers do not distinguish between the rare and endangered variety of R.
Victoris var. minus and hybrids. The chemotaxonomic study described herein, serves to
further clarify and differentiate among three closely related Ribes species of
gooseberries (R. Victoris, R. californicum and R. menziesii) and confirm the existence of
R. Victoris var. minus in the San Francisco Bay Area. We compare these with the
chemical signature of a suspect plant from San Mateo County (PGMLTRC1) to identify
its species designation as either a variety of R. Victoris minus or as a hybrid. In this
presentation, we will discuss how we solvent extracted the plants, used
chromatographic purification techniques and spectroscopically delineated the three
different species of Northern California gooseberry plants.

CHED 827

Formulation of new deep eutectic solvent systems

Chris Jensen(1), [email protected], 55 University Drive, Cookeville TN 38505,

United States ; Dan Swartling(1), [email protected], 55 University Drive, Cookeville
TN 38505, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University,
Cookeville TN 38505, United States

Several new deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems have been developed. Their
properties, applications and limitations will be discussed.

CHED 828

RCM approach to new thiol phosphonamidates

Julia C Miller(1), [email protected], 1116 8th Ave, Grinnell Iowa 50112, United
States ; Stephen R Sieck(1). (1) Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell Iowa 50112,
United States

Sulfur and phosphorus heterocycles have generated interest due their strong biological
and chemical activities. We have successful synthesized a new seven-member thiol
phosphonamidate utilizing ring-closing metathesis. Our strategy utilizes the generation
of a phosphonamidic monochloridate which is further functionalized to the prerequiste
acyclic thiol phosphonamidate. Subsequent exposure to 2 nd generation Grubbs catalyst
yields the desired heterocycles in high yield. In addition to the construction of the

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Anaheim, CA

heterocycle, our synthetic approach allows for the facile diversification of the thiol
phosphonamidate to further probe its chemical and biological activities.

CHED 829

Effective combination of linking chemistry and math courses in a learning

community while concurrently implementing Peer-Led Team-Learning workshops
via the METAS program at San Jose City College

Joy Obiri(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128, United
States ; Michael Rogers(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San
Jose CA 95128, United States ; Oluwatosin Ayo-Vaughan(1),
[email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128, United
States ; Madeline Adamczeski(1); Michael Divinia(1). (1) Chemistry, San Jose City
College, San Jose CA 95128, United States

San Jose City College recently procured a Title V grant to implement a METAS
program. SJCC serves students who live in central San Jose, with the largest ethnic
groups comprising 31.6% and 28.6% Latino and Vietnamese, respectively. It is also
important to mention that 40% of our 12,000+ students receive some type of financial
aid. Major objectives of the grant are to reduce student attrition, increase course
success and improve transfer rates of our diverse student population. Of the most
significant barriers to student success and retention in chemistry courses are insufficient
skills needed to handle the demanding course work, a lack of confidence in math, and
also a considerable monetary burden. To address these problems we initiated and
designed a Math and CHemistry, ―MatCH‖ Learning Community (LC), which links
―Intermediate Algebra‖ (skills course) with the first-semester of ―Introduction to General,
Organic, and Biological Chemistry‖ (content course) while simultaneously implementing
Peer-Led Team-Learning (PLTL) workshops. The main goal of this learning community
is to help students reinforce math skills that are necessary to be successful in
chemistry. PLTL workshops further assist students in cementing both math and
chemistry content. Preliminary results will be presented including exemplary course
materials and strategies supported, in part, by the Title V grant (eg. to defray costs of
materials, including calculators and texts to students, compensate faculty and peer-
leaders, etc).

CHED 830

Utilization of the corn kernel for ethanolic biofuel production: Not just for making
popcorn

Eric Oh(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128-2799,

United States ; Jasdeep Singh(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Avenue, San
Jose CA 95128-2799, United States ; Christopher Connelly(1),
[email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128-2799, United

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Anaheim, CA

States ; Iyun Lazik(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, San Jose City College, San Jose CA
95128-2799, United States

The primary feedstocks for fuel ethanol today include glucose from corn starch in the
U.S., and sucrose from sugar cane, in Brazil. Cellulosic ethanol does not compete with
the foodstuff market, as it can be derived from wood, waste paper, and even wild flora.
However, cellulosic ethanol is more difficult to produce as cellulose and lignin are tough
structural materials unlike starch from grains, which is easily broken down to glucose
sugar. In the U.S., ethanol production from corn comes from its kernels, from which corn
starch is derived. The remaining corn pulp can be used as ruminant fodder, but not
much research has been done on utilizing the kernels themselves as potential sources
for the cellulosic ethanol commercialization industry. In this study, we ascertain the
feasibility of using the whole corn kernel as a source of ethanol production combining
starch and cellulosic fermentation.

CHED 831

Investigation of the feasibility and accountability of corn, newspaper, and wild

mustard as potential ethanolic biofuel sources

Eric Oh(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128-2799,

United States ; Jasdeep Singh(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San
Jose CA 95128-2799, United States ; Christopher Connelly(1),
[email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128-2799, United
States ; Iyun Lazik(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, San Jose City College, San Jose CA
95128-2799, United States

Despite its potential viability as an alternate energy source to fossil fuels, the energy
balance involved in ethanol production and social, economic, and environmental
impacts are subject to considerable debate in the ethanol commercialization industry.
Emphasis therefore has been placed upon other ethanol sources and/or manufacturing
processes. To investigate this question, organic chemistry students compared ethanol
yields from corn, newspaper and locally found wild mustard (Brassica campestris) using
standard fermentation techniques. Energy expenditure and consumption of reagents
and raw materials were noted, as was the manufacture, transport, and other costs
associated with each starting material. The resulting net energy surplus/deficit was
compared to assess the feasibility and accountability of each source. The experiment
shows promise in ethanol production using Wild Mustard in addition to showcasing the
essential role that laboratory research and critical analysis play towards research
application in industry.

CHED 832

Synthesis and characterization of pyridine and pyrrole containing

macromolecules

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Anaheim, CA

Michael S Walley III(1), [email protected], 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield CA

93311, United States ; Andreas Gebauer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, CSUB,
Bakersfield CA 93311, United States

The current question driving this research into the synthesis of pyridine and pyrrole
containing macromolecules is the binding ability of the cavity in the center of such
structures. These kinds of macromolecules have applications in both the medical and
environmental fields.

This research progresses towards the assembly of the macrocycle in a one-pot

synthesis from 2,6-pyridinedimethanol (1) and pyrrole (2) in a similar fashion to how
calyx[4]pyrroles are prepared. This presentation will describe our efforts in identifying
the ideal reaction conditions (i.e., solvent, temperature, reactant ratio) that leads to the
highest yield of calix[2]pyrrole[2]pyridine (3). Furthermore, data confirming the
preparation of the calix[2]pyrrole[2]pyridine (3) will be presented. Once the synthesis of
the calix[2]pyrrole[2]pyridine (3) is completed the characterization and testing of the
binding abilities will be carried out.

CHED 833

Correlation of the rates of solvolysis of 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1,-dimethylethyl

chloroformate

Brandon Sandosky(1), [email protected], 120 N State St, Dover DE

19901, United States ; Malcolm J D[apos]Souza (1); Dennis N Kevill(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Wesley College, Dover DE 19901, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL 60115, United States

The ability to use kinetic rates for possible insight into a potential mechanism is a key
component in understanding of organic molecules. Efficient synthesis and production of
useful organic molecules such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and fungucides is
dependent upon good information about the influence of different solvents and their
reactivity with these organic precursors and in the products such reactions produce. In
this project we reanalyze the rates of solvolysis of 2,2,2,-tri-chloro-1,1-dimethylethyl
chloroformate in a variety of aqueous organic solvents including the fluoroalcohols. We
will explain the similarities and differences observed in this compound's previously
published data.
[This project was supported by NIH NCRR INBRE grant number; 2 P20 RR016472-10]

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CHED 834

Study of cis-trans isomerization of (E)-methyl 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobut-2-

enoate: Toward designing potential photoswitches

Jendai E. Robinson(1), [email protected], 1 Hayden Drive, Petersburg

Virginia 23806, United States ; R. A. A. U Ranaweera(2); Bruce S Ault(2); Anna D
Gudmundsdottir(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics, Virginia State University,
Petersburg Virginia 23806, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio 45221, United States

The cis-trans photoisomerization of 4-oxo-4-phenyl-but-2-enoic acid methyl ester (1)

and (E)-methyl 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid methyl ester (2) was studied
by laser flash photolysis, matrix isolation and density functional theory calculations.
Laser flash photolysis of 1 and 2 showed the formation of their triplet excited ketones,
which decayed to form 1,2-biradicals. Photolysis of 1 and 2 in argon matrices also
resulted in cis-trans isomerization. We used density functional theory calculations to aid
in the characterization of the 1,2-biradical intermediates.

CHED 835

Synthesis of sodium-ionophore azacrown ethers containing pyrene for the study

of charge effects in π-π interactions

Julie K Lanselle(1), [email protected], 556 Stanley Hall, Berkeley CA 94720,

United States ; Thawatchai Tuntulani(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

A new fluorescent sodium-ionophore azacrown ether molecule for studying the effects
of cations on π-π stacking interactions, specifically in pyrene, is described. Key
components of our new fluorescent molecule include an azacrown unit acting as the
sodium-ionophore and a pyrene unit for π-π stacking or cation-π interactions. Crucial
analytical tools include 1H-NMR spectrometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry
titrations of a formerly synthesized anion-fluoroionophore sensor with fluorine anions
and our newly synthesized sodium-ionophore azacrown ether with sodium cations, to
study the effects of both anions and cations on pyrene π-π stacking interactions. The
first sodium-ionophore azacrown ether that we created has a questionable reliability,
due to possible steric hindrances. A second sodium-ionophore azacrown ether with less
sterics and thus, higher analytical reliability, is still in the process of being synthesized.

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Anaheim, CA

CHED 836

Synthesis and 1H NMR characterization of a series of 1,2-cyclohexanedione

thiosemicarbazones

Maxie L Phillips(1), [email protected], Dixie Avenue, Cookeville TN 38506,

United States ; Edward C Lisic(1). (1) Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University,
Cookeville TN 38506, United States

Five different 1,2-cyclohexanedione bis-thiosemicarbazone ligands have been

synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR. These compounds were synthesized by two
separate techniques and the two methods were compared based on purity of product.
These substances are to be used in the future as potential tetradentate ligands to react
with metals such as Pd2+ and Pt2+. Entries made in previous literature pertaining to
thiosemicarbazones indicate significant applications in biological and biomedical
science.

CHED 837

One-pot, tandem conversion of aldehydes into ethyl esters via nitrile

intermediates

Vijay M. Patel(1), [email protected], 615 McCallie Ave, Dept#2252, Chattanooga

Tennessee 37405, United States ; Robert C. Mebane(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga Tennessee 37405, United States

Our continuing interest in the development of one-pot, tandem conversion of aldehydes

into various other functional groups employing ―green‖ chemistry principles has led us to
the synthesis of esters from aldehydes via a nitrile intermediate. We have found that
aldehydes are readily converted into ethyl esters upon reaction with hydroxylamine
hydrochloride, ethanol, and silica sulfuric acid at 1000C with no solvent. Both aliphatic
and aromatic aldehydes are cleanly converted to ethyl esters with good yields.

CHED 838

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Anaheim, CA

Comparison of alloxan tert-butyl-thiosemicarbazone with a series of alloxan

thiosemicarbazone compounds

Talon G Hill(1), [email protected], Dixie Avenue, Cookeville TN 38506, United

States ; Maxie L Phillips(1); Jason L Freeman(2); Andrea Wilson(1); Edward C Lisic(1). (1)
Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville TN 38506, United States
(2) Chemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham AL 35294, United States

This work will present the synthesis, 1HNMR characterization, and x-ray crystal structure
of alloxan tert-butyl thiosemicarbazone, (ALL-TBTSC) and then compare this compound
to our previously synthesized series of alloxan thiosemicarbazone (All-TSC) ligands.
The x-ray crystal structure shows the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

This ligand acts as a chelating tridentate ligand with Pd(II) when reacted with potassium
tetrachloropalladate, to form [Pd(ALL-TBTSC)Cl].

CHED 839

Synthetic efforts toward the multistep synthesis of cucumerin A

Lisa M Fealy(1), [email protected], 1 Old Ferry Rd., Box. 6388, Bristol Rhode Island
02809, United States ; Lisseth Silva(1), [email protected], 1 Old Ferry Rd., Box
7913, Bristol Rhode Island 02809, United States ; Lauren L Rossi(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol Rhode Island 02809, United States

C-Glycosyl flavones are plant bioactive molecules that have found use within the
treatment of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The synthesis of cucumerin A, an 8-C-
glucosyl flavone isolated from cucumber leaves, will be pursued through a multistep
route. Initial synthetic steps, including C- alkylation and acylation of 1,3,5-
trimethoxybenzene, have been attempted. Glycosylation and subsequent flavone
synthesis will be done to synthesize the target compounds. Additional structural
derivatives will also be synthesized to probe structure bioactivity relationships.

CHED 840

Chemical synthesis of lactose analog inhibitors

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Anaheim, CA

Joel A. Caporoso(1), [email protected], Box 1654, 300 Fraser

Purchase Road, Latrobe Pennsylvania 15650, United States ; Daryle Fish (1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe Pennsylvania 15650, United
States

This project will attempt to synthesize three new lactose analogs for the treatment of
lactose intolerance. Currently only tablets and other products that contain the enzyme
lactase are marketed for the treatment of lactose intolerance. The inconvenience and
high cost of such products are drawbacks that affect the decisions of consumers daily.
Therefore the significance of the development of new treatment options for lactose
intolerance is present. The goal of this research is to synthesize three new lactose
analogs through the modification of lactose. These new analogs will have the properties
of amine functional groups that will be added by iodine – promoted oxidative amidation.
The aim of the synthesis is to add hexylamine, benzylamine, and amine to lactose
separately. The purpose of the synthesis of these products is to produce a molecule
that will inhibit the bacteria within the intestines that cause the symptoms of lactose
intolerance. In order to study the possible effects of the analogs, they will be tested
using enzymatic activity assays.

CHED 841

Synthesis and resolution of chiral N,N-diaryl diamine compounds

Phoebe Harpainter(1), [email protected], U401, 1231 E. Colton Ave.,

Redlands CA, United States ; Sylvain Roland(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University
of Redlands, Redlands California, United States (2) Department of Chemistry of
Heterocycles, Parisian Institute of Molecular Chemistry, Université Pierre et Marie
Curie-Paris VI, Paris, France

Enantiopure N-heterocyclic carbene ligands bearing aryl substituents on the nitrogen

atoms are of particular interest in asymmetric catalysis. However, many current
synthetic schemes rely on wasteful, expensive Pd catalysis to introduce the aryl groups,
starting from enantiopure vicinal diamines. We thus investigated a route based on a
straightforward synthesis of racemic N,N-diaryl diamines followed by enantiomeric
resolution by chiral acids, such as (1S)-(+)-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). An NMR study
was undertaken to determine whether CSA could selectively form diastereomeric salts
with each N,N-diaryldiamine enantiomer. Although the synthetic route for the
preparation of the racemic diamines is efficient, the formation of diastereomeric
complexes, investigated by addition of molar equivalents of CSA (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1
equiv) to both the iminoamine and diamine forms of each compound could not be
clearly evidenced. Thus, an alternate pathway beginning with diastereoselective
synthesis was investigated, which afforded resolved, enantiopure products, confirmed
by 1H NMR.

CHED 842

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Knoevenagel coupling of Meldrum's acid with aromatic aldehydes using DMF,

ionic liquid, and deep eutectic solvent systems

M. Jessamyn Barrett(1), [email protected], 55 University Drive, Cookeville TN

38505, United States ; Irene Hwang(1), [email protected], 55 University Drive,
Cookeville Tennessee 38505, United States ; Daniel J Swartling(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville TN 38505, United States

Aromatic aldehydes have been coupled to Meldrum's acid using the Knoevenagel
reaction. The reactions were run in a traditional solvent (DMF), ionic liquid
(butylmethylimidazolium bromide) and a deep eutectic solvent system (choline
chloride/urea). The advantages of the green chemistry solvent systems will be
discussed.

CHED 843

Synthesis of biologically active phosphonates from Castor and Lesquerella oils

Effrat Fayer(1), [email protected], Knox College 2 E. South St. Box 624, Galesburg
Illinois 61401, United States ; Diana Cermak(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Knox
College, Galesburg Illinois 61401, United States

Castor and lesquerella oils and their derivatives have long been used in things such as
coatings, plastics, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. We have recently used castor oil to
synthesize a variety of phosphonates, a family of compounds which have shown well-
documented biological activity. Different classes of phosphonates have been prepared
and studied in the past, such as α-hydroxy phosphonic acids, bisphosphonates, and
vinyl phosphonates. Based on the similarity of lesquerolic acid to the ricinoleic acid of
castor oil, we predicted the same syntheses can be achieved from lesquerella oil,
reaping the same benefits while reducing the import of castor oil to the United States.
The results of our investigation into the synthesis of bisphosphonate and vinyl
phosphonate derivatives of castor oil and lesquerella oil will be presented.

CHED 844

Synthesis of mutated bacterial cell wall for use in drug discovery

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Anaheim, CA

Gabriela Romero(1), [email protected], 2506 Ridge Oak Ln, Apt 2705,

Arlington TX 76006, United States ; Frank W. Foss(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX 76019, United States

Interrupting the synthesis of a bacterial cell wall has been an effective method used to
treat a bacterial infection. However, bacteria obviate these treatments by mutation of the
drugs' binding target. One such common mutation is the tripeptide L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ser
involved in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls. This poster describes the
development of a biomimetic device capable of aiding in the discovery of potential new
antibiotics that bind to the mutated sequences. The device, a mesh screen coated with
tripeptides mimicking the mutated bacterial cell wall, can be exposed to a potential
molecule and analyzed through transmission-mode desorption electrolyte ionization-
mass spectrometry(DESI-MS). This will give rise to information about the binding affinity
of the molecule in question to the cell wall mimic, which will determine whether the
molecule is a potential drug candidate.

CHED 845

Biosynthesis of isoprenoids: Synthesis of D-GAP for kinetic studies of DXS, the

first enzyme of the MEP pathway

Laila Gharzai(1), [email protected], 208 Jorgenson Hall, 855 N. 16th St, Lincoln
NE 68588-0299, United States ; Catherine Grosdemange-Billiard(2). (1) University of
Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln NE 68588, United States (2) Institut de Chimie de
Strasbourg, Institut Lebel, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F - 67081, France

Isoprenoids are the largest known group of natural compounds, with numerous
biological functions. Isoprenoids are synthesized from the isopentenyl phosphate (IPP)
and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) precursors, which are biosynthesized via two
pathways. The first, the mevalonate pathway, is present in animals, in the cytoplasm of
plants, and archaebacteria. The second pathway, the methyl erythritol 4-phosphate
(MEP) pathway, is found in unicellular green algae, in the chloroplast of higher plants,
and in some pathogenous bacteria and protozoan. The absence of this pathway in
humans makes the enzymes of the MEP pathway an ideal target for the design of new
antimicrobials. We will study the selectivity of the first enzyme of the MEP pathway, 1 -
Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), which catalyzes the condensation of
pyruvate with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). Previous work has shown that DXS
can accept both the L- and D-stereoisomers of GAP as a substrate. To study the kinetic
of the two substrates on DXS, we synthesize enantiomerically pure D-GAP starting from
the commercially available (+)-dimethyl 2,3-benzylidene- D-tartrate.

CHED 846

Disorder in the co-crystallization of 4,5-dichlorophthalic anhydride with 5,6-

dichlorobenzofurazan oxide

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Anaheim, CA

Amy E. Howard(1), [email protected], 2115 Summit Avenue, Mail OSS402, St.

Paul Minnesota 55105-1079, United States ; William H. Ojala(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul Minnesota 55105-1079, United States

We have designated as strict isosteres those chemically different molecules possessing

a close atom-for-atom correspondence with regard to both van der Waals radii and
atomic connectivity. We have designated those molecules possessing this relationship
only through disorder in their crystal structures as crystallographic surrogates. Both
strict isosteres and crystallographic surrogates should show extensive mutual solid-
state solubility. We are examining those that undergo a solid-state phase transition
upon heating or cooling with the goal of modifying or even controlling the phase-
transition behavior of one strict isostere or crystallographic surrogate by co-crystallizing
it with varied proportions of the other. Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, we are
currently examining the disordered structure of a crystal containing the crystallographic
surrogates 5,6-dichlorobenzofurazan oxide (known to undergo solid-state phase
transitions) and 4,5-dichlorophthalic anhydride, and we describe the crystallographic
results here. These are consistent with solid solution formation and will provide the
basis for subsequent phase transition studies.

CHED 847

Efficient, gram scale synthesis tof 5,11-substituted indeno[1,2-b]fluorenes

Chelsea E Stockwell(1), [email protected], University of Oregon, Eugene Oregon

97403-1253, United States ; Daniel T Chase(1); Shunpei Nobusue(1); Michael M.
Haley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of
Oregon, Eugene Oregon 97403-1253, United States

Indeno[1,2-b]fluorenes are a relatively unexplored class of 20 pi-electron, anti-aromatic

compounds. Such molecules are a potential alternative to acenes, such as pentacene,
for their use in a variety of materials applications due to the fact that they that contain no
s-cis diene units. The crux of the initial synthetic strategy to the indenofluorene skeleton
was the dimerization of 1,2-diethynylbenzenes through a Glaser coupling – a low
yielding reaction that often requires extensive purification. This poster will present an
efficient, gram scale synthesis to create the indenofluorene skeleton, as well as the
characterization and solid state data on fully conjugated 5,11-substituted indenofluorene
derivatives.

CHED 848

Microwave assisted methylation of phenols with DMF-DMA

Veronica L Campanella(1), [email protected], 206 DePaul Hall, Niagara

University New York 14109, United States ; Alison W Smith(1); Pavel Belov(1); Ronny

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Anaheim, CA

Priefer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Niagara University, Niagara

University New York 14109, United States

The methylation of phenols is commonly performed in order to preserve the alcohol

group(s) from interfering with subsequent reactions. This protection can be done in
numerous manners, one of which is the use of N,N-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal
(DMF-DMA). This however typically requires lengthy reflux (i.e. 24hrs). This project
examines the use of microwave to accelerate the rate of reaction. This new process
methylates in thirty minutes to one hour using a laboratory microwave and is affected by
the presence of electron donating and withdrawing substituents attached to the ring. A
library of protected methylated phenols were obtained and purified with moderate to
good yields via this microwave assisted protocol.

CHED 849

Preparation of a series of α-acyloxy ketones from the reaction of potassium

carboxylates with 1H-1-(1-alkynyl)-5-methyl-1,2,3-benziodoxathiole 3,3-dioxides

Samantha L Kristufek(1), [email protected], 4701 College Dr, Mailbox 1563, Erie PA

16563, United States ; Michael W Justik(1). (1) Department of Chemsitry, Penn State
Erie, The Behrend College, Erie PA 16563, United States

A facile preparation of a series of α-acyloxy ketones has been developed from the
reaction of potassium carboxylates with 1H-1-(1-alkynyl)-5-methyl-1,2,3-
benziodoxathiole 3,3-dioxides a novel class of alkynyliodonium salt. The reaction
appears to occur via a conjugate addition pathway under mild conditions in moderate to
quantitative yields. The salient feature of this reaction, unlike its predecessors, is the by-
product of the reaction is a water-soluble iodotoluenesulfonic acid which can be easily
removed through aqueous work-up, isolated and can be re-oxidized. The reaction
appears to be general for a variety of alkynyl ligands as well as a range of potassium
carboxylates. Diverse methods for the preparation of α-acyloxy ketones are desirable
given their recent applications as precursors in the synthesis of naturally made
cortisone steroids and ketoses and as readily hydrolyzed ketol protecting groups.

CHED 850

Synthesis of sterically hindered secondary amines

Reuben Santhan-Oommen(1), [email protected], 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston

Texas 77083, United States ; Olafs Daugulis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University
of Houston, Houston Texas 77004, United States

Sterically hindered secondary amines can be conveniently prepared via addition of alkyl
magnesium reagent to ketimines. Some of the obtained amines are more sterically

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Anaheim, CA

crowded than di-t-butyl amine. Reaction scope and further synthetic details will be
presented.

CHED 851

Studies towards the total synthesis of the euryjanicins and analogs

Ana Sofia Pottella Perez(1), [email protected], 9001 Stockdale Highway,

Bakersfield CA 93312, United States ; Danielle M Solano(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, California State University, Bakersfield, Bakersfield CA 93312, United States

Euryjanicins are proline-rich cyclic heptapeptides of well-established structure derived

from the Puerto Rican marine sponge Prosuberites laughlini. Similar cyclopeptides of
marine sponge origin have exhibited a wide array of pharmacological applications and
structural stability. Specifically, euryjanicins exhibit marginal activity against the National
Cancer Institute (NCI) 60-tumor cell line panel. This presentation reports progress
towards the total synthesis of the euryjanicin family and its analogs through a solid-
phase approach.

CHED 852

Glycine tripeptide analog and its fluoroalkene mimics: A computational study of

the impact of peptide bond replacement on conformational preferences

Rex E Atwood(1), [email protected], 572 Holloway Road, Annapolis MD 21402,

United States ; Joseph J Urban(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, United States Naval
Academy, Annapolis MD 21402, United States

In this work the conformational profiles of the glycine tripeptide analog (CH3CO-Gly-Gly-
NHCH3) will be compared to those of peptidomimetic analogs generated by
replacement of the peptide bonds with fluoroalkene moieties. These compounds will be
explored using computational methods, focusing on the ability of the fluoroalkene to
mimic the native peptide bond with respect to the key intramolecular interactions that
determine the conformer distribution. The computational techniques employed include
molecular mechanics force fields, density functional theory, and correlated ab initio
methods. The effect of aqueous hydration will also be considered by the use of
continuum solvation models.

CHED 853

Conformational preferences of model peptides and fluorinated peptidomimetics:

A computational study

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Genevieve A Harmon(1), [email protected], 572 Holloway Road, Annapolis MD

21402, United States ; Joseph J Urban(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, United States
Naval Academy, Annapolis MD 21402, United States

The impact of peptide bond replacement by trifluoromethylalkenes on the

conformational preferences of model peptide systems has been investigated using
computational methods. The systems under study are the glycine and alanine dipeptide
analogs (Ac-Gly-NMe and Ac-Ala-NMe). A variety of computational methods have been
employed including molecular mechanics force fields (MMFF), density functional theory,
and wave function theory (correlated ab initio). In addition, the effects of aqueous
solvation are included via a continuum solvent model. The data obtained will be used to
compare the native peptides and the mimics in terms of structure, conformational
energies, and important intramolecular interactions.

CHED 854

Fine chemicals from renewable resources: Synthesis of chiral bisoxazolines from

FDCA and its application in asymmetric synthesis

Alisa Fairweather(1), [email protected], NDSU Dept. 2735 • PO Box 6050 •,

Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050, United States ; Selvakumar Sermadurai(1); Mukund
Sibi(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University,
Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050, United States

Cellulose is an inexpensive biomass that can be converted to industrially significant

monomers. Recently, the Department of Energy identified hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF)
and furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) as two of the 12 important biobased building blocks.
Biodegradable plastics and biocompatible composites generated from renewable
biomass feedstock are regarded as promising materials that could replace synthetic
polymers and reduce global dependence on fossil fuel sources. We are interested in
synthesizing chiral ligands of broad utility from feedstocks derived from renewable
resources. Series of chiral bisoxazolines were synthesized from FDCA and naturally
occurring amino acids in good yields. It was then evaluated in enantioselective Diels-
Alder reaction. The corresponding cycloadduct was obtained in high yield and
enantioselectivity.

CHED 855

Chiral Brønsted acid catalyzed enantioselective Diels-Alder cycloadditions

Thomas Kalinoski(1), [email protected], NDSU Dept. 2735 • PO Box 6050,

Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050, United States ; Yonghua Yang(1); Jun Deng(1); Mukund
Sibi(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University,
Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Using chiral Brønsted acid (CBA) as a catalyst, we have developed a highly

enantioselective Diels-Alder cycloadditions of various dienes to α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl
benzimidazoles at room temperature. In this research, we used benzimidazole as an
achiral template which coordinates with chiral Brønsted acid catalyst and provides chiral
environment for the Diels-Alder reactions. As a result, the enantioselectivities reaches
up to 97% even for challenging cinnamyl substrates.

CHED 856

Catalytic oOxidation of C-C double bonds

Blake Thilmony(1), [email protected], NDSU Dept. 2735 • PO Box 6050,

Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050, United States ; Jun Deng(1); Mukund Sibi(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo North
Dakota 58108-6050, United States

We have developed a novel method for the catalytic cleavage of carbon-carbon double
bonds in olefins. The method utilizes a metal oxide as a catalyst and requires molecular
oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen source. We have applied this
methodology for the oxidative cleavage of oil seed derived fatty acids such as erucic
and oleic acids. The product dicarboxylic acids are useful for the preparation of biomass
derived polymers. Results from our studies will be presented.

CHED 857

Synthetic preparation of aziridinomitosene precursors

Clifford M Csizmar(1), [email protected], 1910 University Drive, Boise Idaho 83725,

United States ; Don L Warner(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise
State University, Boise Idaho 83725, United States

Mitomycin C (MC) is an anti-cancer therapeutic that alkylates DNA, forming interstrand

cross-links (ICLs) that prevent the DNA backbone from separating. Its clinical use,
however, is limited by toxicity presumably associated with the requirement for reductive
activation. Aziridinomitosenes (AZMs) are structurally similar to MC, but lack the
requirement for reductive activation, potentially making them less toxic. Furthermore, we
have shown that certain AZMs form DNA-protein cross-links (DPCLs) as well as ICLs,
which have an as yet undetermined effect on cytotoxicity. Unfortunately, AZM synthesis
is long and inefficient, making them difficult and expensive to produce. A shorter and
more convergent route to functional AZMs has been developed that should increase
availability and provide access to additional analogs for biological studies. Starting with
either 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane or tert-butyldimethylsilyl-protected propargyl
alcohol, the streamlined synthesis utilizing 2-phenyloxazole as a model system will be
presented.

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Anaheim, CA

CHED 858

Linear free energy relationship in photoacid catalyzed acetal formation

Brittney Graff(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster PA 17604, United

States ; Marcus W. Thomsen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Franklin and Marshall
College, Lancaster PA 17603, United States

The formation of acetals from aldehydes in protic solvents using a photo-acid catalyst
(e.g.; tetrachlorohydoquinone) occurs in high yields at relative short irradiation times.
Conversions of benzaldehyde and substituted benzaldehydes into acetals are typically
greater than 90% after irradiation for less than 15 minutes. These photo-acid catalyzed
reactions were studied using para-substituted benzaldehydes in order to probe the
mechanism of the reaction using linear free energy relationships. Preliminary analysis of
linear free energy relationships indicate that the rate determining step involves a proton
transfer to the aldehyde.

CHED 859

Synthesis of thymidine monomer for nonenzymatic DNA replication

Sarah M Anderson(1), [email protected], Bethel University #124, 3900

Bethel Dr., St. Paul MN 55112, United States ; Trey Maddox(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul MN 55112, United States

Since the discovery of DNA replication, scientists have worked to develop

methodologies that non-enzymatically mimic its template-directed polymerization. One
method that has proven successful is reductive amination on a DNA template, a two-
step polymerization reaction involving equilibrium imine formation followed by reduction
of the imine to the amine. Production of amine nucleoside polymers (ANP) by this
process proceeds with step-growth kinetics to give chain-length and sequence specific
products. This project details the optimization of a new synthesis of the modified
thymidine nucleoside, incorporating a 3'-aldehyde and a 5'-amine functionality, needed
for polymerization. This synthetic route will also provide access to the other three
nucleoside bases. As we near completion of the synthesis, our future goals include
establishing methodologies for the polymerization of ANP from these newly synthesized
monomers as well as the protocols for their detection by HPLC in order to further study
the polymerization process.

CHED 860

Photo-Friedel-Crafts acylations of quinones in room temperature ionic liquids

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Mallory R. Gordon(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster Pennsylvania

17604-3003, United States ; Marcus W. Thomsen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster Pennsylvania 17603, United States

Photochemical reactions of quinones and other aromatic carbonyl compounds in a room

temperature ionic liquid (BmimBF4) initiated by UV irradiation with a Rayonet
photoreactor were investigated. The photo-Friedel-Crafts acylations of 1,4-
benzoquinone with propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde each produced a single
acylquinol product in high yield. The photochemical reactions of 1,4-naphthoquinone
with aldehydes produced the expected acylquinol and isomeric esters, which apparently
do not react via an expected photo-Fries Rearrangement of the ester to the acylquinol.
Experiments with 9-fluorenone, 9,10-phenanthrenedione, 9,10-anthraquinone and 1,4-
anthraquinone yielded no photo-Friedel-Crafts products. Preliminary photochemical
reactions with menadione and excess propionaldehyde yielded the oxidized form of the
expected acylquinol and the reduced from of menadione.

CHED 861

Progress toward the synthesis of the isoquinoline azide analog of the GLP-1
inhibitor T-0632

Adina Badea(1), [email protected], 21 Wellesley College Rd, Unit 2634, Wellesley

Massachusetts 02481, United States ; David R Haines(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Wellesley College, Wellesley Massachusetts 02481, United States

The small molecule, T-0632, which has micromolar affinity to Glucagon-like Peptide-1
Receptor (GLP-1R), inhibiting the production of insulin, can be used to define the
structure of the active site of this receptor, providing insight into the insulin induction
pathway. Presented is work towards the synthesis of the photolabile isoquinoline azide
analog of T-0632, which, when reacted with GLP-1R, could lead to an understanding of
the orientation of T-0632 in the GLP-1R binding site allowing further definition of active
site conformation.

CHED 862

Application of cross metathesis towards N-acyl nitrones

Ruth E Campbell(1), [email protected], 1116 8th Ave, Grinnell Iowa 50112,

United States ; James P Phelan(1); Stephen R Sieck(1). (1) Chemistry, Grinnell College,
Grinnell Iowa 50112, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Isoxazolidine moieties are of great interest due to their biological activity and their
presence in many pharmaceuticals. Our lab has been interested in studying the use of
N-acyl nitrones for the synthesis of isoxazolidines. In this particular study we have
proposed utilizing N-acyl nitrones in a β, γ unsaturated conjugate addition reaction. We
will present the utility of cross metathesis as a key step for generating a number of
useful synthons for the prerequiste conjugate addition reaction.

CHED 863

Developing chemical tools to help understand oscillatory calcium signaling

Adwoa Sasu(1), [email protected], 7510 s halldale ave, los angeles ca,

United States ; Pedro Navarro(1); Bernardo Ferrerio(1); Sara Shirmohammadi(1); Alison
McCurdy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, California State Universty Los Angeles, Los
Angeles California, United States

Often calcium signaling is oscillatory, such as in the role it plays in triggering the
enzyme calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. A photochromic compound has been
constructed which exists in open and closed form with a difference in binding affinity of
about 100 fold. A variety of modifications to the photochromic scaffold are hypothesized
to improve the binding affinity for calcium. These include altering the structure of the
aminocarboxylate ligand as well as the phenyl substituents on the naphthopyran ring
system. The synthesis and characterization of model open and closed forms will be
presented. N-benzyl-N, N', N'-tris (tert-butyloxycarbonylmethyl) ethylenediamine was
synthesized with purified yields of 81.14%, 66.55% and 30.3%. Progress towards the
synthesis of the target modified naphthopyran chelator also will be presented.

CHED 864

Activation of chiral amidoaldehydes for stereospecific electrophilic addition to

oxazoles

Shoshana Bachman(1), [email protected], Unit 2406 21 Wellesley College

Road, Wellesley Massachusetts 02481, United States ; Lisa Jacob (1); David R Haines(1);
Cecilia Flatley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley
Massachusetts 02481, United States

Activation of chiral β-amidoaldehydes with a dialkylaluminum catalyst has previously

given stereospecific nucleophilic substitution at the aldehyde but has also given, as a
major side reaction, alkylation of the aldehyde by the alkyl groups of the catalyst. The
aluminum catalyst is effective for the stereospecific addition of chiral amidoaldehydes to
activated oxazoles because it is divalent, thereby constraining the conformation of the
bidentate amidoaldehyde, and because it is a Lewis acid. A [Cu((S,S)-t-Bu-box)](X)2
complex is a promising alternative catalyst because it has shown activation of
aldehydes for stereospecific electrophilic addition across an alkene and it is a divalent

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Anaheim, CA

Lewis acid. The effectiveness of the copper catalyst and applications of this chemistry to
the synthesis of complex amino acid related natural products will be discussed.

CHED 865

Co-crystallization: A supramolecular tool for tuning the physical properties of

diclofenac

Angela Grommet(1), [email protected], 404 N 17th Street, Manhattan Kansas,

United States ; Christer Aakeroy(1); John Desper(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas, United States

One obstacle to providing effective drugs is the poor aqueous solubility of many
pharmaceutically active ingredients (APIs). Co-crystallizations may offer a solution to
this problem. For an API to co-crystallize with another molecule, the co-former must
possess complementary donor/acceptor sites that are more attractive than interactions
between two APIs. One reason this method is superior to methods like salt formation is
that it can be employed even when the API lacks ionizable moieties. Furthermore, the
physical properties of the drug can be improved without altering its chemical identity.
Specifically, we are studying the effects of co-crystallization on diclofenac – an
analgesic with extremely poor aqueous solubility. Reactions of the drug with an
extensive list of molecules were screened and analyzed using infrared spectroscopy,
and the structures of resulting co-crystals were determined using X-ray crystallography.
Additionally, solubility studies have been performed on the new diclofenac co-crystals.

CHED 866

Synthesis and hydrogen bonding studies of new 9-dipyrrinone carboxylic acid

derivatives

Dolan T Dean(1), [email protected], 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola FL

32514, United States ; Michael T Huggins(1), [email protected], 11000 University
Parkway, Pensacola FL 32514, United States ; Korry T Barnes(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of West Florida, Pensacola FL 32514, United States

Hydrogen bonding between carboxylic acid and dipyrrinone groups has been well
documented for a variety of a dipyrrinones with carboxylic acids attached at various
positions along the dipyrrinone core. Based on the attachment point and length of the
tether between the carboxylic acid and dipyrrinones, various self-associated
aggregation states have been observed for these systems, all displaying a dipyrrinone
to acid hydrogen bonding motif. In this research, we are exploring the 9-dipyrrinone
carboxylic acid derivatives to better understand their supramolecular structure –
aggregation state, strength of self-association, etc. A series of 9-dipyrrinone carboxylic
acid with amide functionality in the 7-position have been prepared to improve solubility
and provide an opportunity to building larger supramolecular systems using the

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Anaheim, CA

dipyrrinone to carboxylic acid hydrogen bonding as the building blocks. The synthesis
and characterization of these new dipyrrinone systems will be presented.

CHED 867

Fluorescent detection of organophospate chemical warfare agents

Deborah Barkley(1), [email protected], 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola

FL 32514, United States ; Karl J Wallace(2); Ian Walton(1); Michael T Huggins(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of West Florida, Pensacola FL 32514, United
States (2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS, United States

Sarin gas is a potent nerve agent developed in 1939 by the German for use as a
weapon of mass destructionThe goal of the project is to develop a new molecular
system that reacts with the phosphorus center in nerve agents such as sarin gas and
yields an optical response indicating the presence of the nerve agent. Ideally, an ―off‖ to
―on‖ optical response provides the best system. The target molecule, a novel
fluorescent dipyrrinone analog, was selected for its high extinction coefficient as well as
its decent quantum yield. The target oxime was synthesized in four synthetic steps.
Initial results of the studies from this system will be presented.

CHED 868

Progress toward a secondary amine catalyzed aza-Michael addition of ketones

Bowman Potter(1), [email protected], 807 Union St, Schenectady NY 12308, United

States ; James C Adrian, Jr(1). (1) Chemistry, Union College, Schenectady NY 12308,
United States

The aza-Michael addition to unsaturated ketones under neutral to mildly basic

conditions is a difficult transformation due to the inherent unreactivity of ketones toward
the addition of weak nucleophiles. In this poster we will report on our efforts to develop
an environmentally friendly, stereoselective and low-cost organo-catalyzed aza-Michael
reaction between unsaturated ketones and nitrogen nucleophiles such as phthalimide
under neutral to mildly basic conditions using the most inexpensive chiral secondary
amine catalyst, proline.

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CHED 869

Revising an organic two laboratory on separation of spinach with column

chromatography using Science Writing Heuristic

Dennis K Gibson II(1), [email protected], 252 Gibson Road, Leesville LA

71446, United States ; April N. French(1). (1) Department of Math and Physical
Sciences, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches LA 71457, United States

We developed a rubric to compare and contrast the Science Writing Heuristic (SWH)
style of labs with traditional laboratory procedures. The rubric was used by
undergraduate researchers to revise additional undergraduate labs. We piloted a
rewritten column chromatography lab during Organic Chemistry 2 lab in Spring 2011. In
this lab chlorophylls and carotenoids were separated and isolated from spinach and
characterized using IR. We examined the student's attitudes toward the separating of
the materials in spinach and their ability to successfully separate the components.

CHED 870

Tellurium-catalyzed reduction of α-chloroacyl thione derivatives of Evans' chiral

auxiliaries

Kevin C. Pels(1), [email protected], 5353 Parkside Dr., Jupiter FL 33458, United States ;
Donald C. Dittmer(2). (1) Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University,
Jupiter FL 33458, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University,
Syracuse NY 13244-4100, United States

Evans' chiral oxazolidinones are useful auxiliaries for stereocontrolling products of the
enolate aldol reaction. D.A. Evans and coworkers synthesized both syn and anti aldol
products, depending on conditions. Enolization of (S)-3-(2-chloropropionyl)-4-benzyl-
1,3-oxazolidinone with lithium telluride has previously been shown by undergraduate
Kin Yang to give mainly anti aldol products with benzaldehyde. This project's aim was to
synthesize oxazolidinethiones and investigate the yield of anti aldol products compared
with oxygen analogs. Thione analogs may also avoid a proposed ―ketene elimination‖
that decreases the yield of the aldol product during the telluride reduction. (S)-4-benzyl-
1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione was synthesized from (S)-phenylalaninol with retention of
conformation. During haloacylation of the oxazolidinethione there were problems with
the reaction going to completion as well as with purification of products.
Oxazolidinethiones were successfully synthesized from (S)-phenylalaninol and carbon
disulfide, and a novel α-chloroacyl derivative was identified via NMR spectroscopy.

CHED 871

Synthesis of fluorinated β-lactams

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Doug Melton(1), [email protected], 1 Opportunity Ave, Pt. Lookout MO

65726, United States ; Jerry C Easdon(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of the
Ozarks, Pt. Lookout MO 65726, United States

We are exploring the synthesis of fluorinated 2-azetidinones (β-lactams) via a

Reformatskii reaction with imines. Imines were produced from trans-cinnamaldehyde
and glutaraldehyde. Diastereomeric ratios of the products were determined by nmr. The
synthesis followed the route in the equations below.

CHED 872

Selective synthesis of oxolidinones and oxazinanones

Irvin Candelaria(1), [email protected], Gannon Hall, 2641 Kennedy Boulevard New

Jersey 07306, United States ; Hamid Yazdekhasti(1), [email protected], St.
Peter[apos]s College, 2076 Kennedy Blvd, Jersey City NJ 07, United States ; Michael J
Castaldi(1); Ma Angellica M Ceballos(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, St. Peter[apos]s
College, Jersey City NJ 07306, United States

The design and selective synthesis of oxazolidinone and oxazinanones have been
investigated in our laboratories as part of a continuing program for the development of
second generation oxazolidinone antibacterial agents with reduced side effects. We
have discovered that solvent polarity has an effect on ring size formation.

CHED 873

Kinetic investigations of the aldol reaction of 2'-hydroxyacetophenone with

benzaldehyde

Cindy B Schmelkin(1), [email protected], 151 Hofstra University,

Hempstead NY 11549-1510, United States ; Nanette M Wachter(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead New York 11549-0151, United States

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Aldol reaction of acetophenones with benzaldehydes typically yields the condensation

product, a chalcone. However, a significant yield of the β-hydroxyketone can be isolated
when 2'-hydroxyacetophenone is treated with benzaldehyde. Interpretation of the H
NMR reveals ABX coupling between the α and β protons of the β-hydroxyketone, while
the chalcone exhibits trans coupling between the vinyl protons. In this paper we will
present our results regarding the kinetics of the condensation reaction of 2'-
hydroxyacetophenone with benzaldehyde.

CHED 874

Oligothiophene tetracyanobutadienes as alternative donor-acceptor materials

Deborah K. Schneiderman(1), [email protected], 600 E 4th St, Morris MN

56267, United States ; Matthew D. Lovander(1); Ted M. Pappenfus(1). (1) Division of
Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris MN 56267, United
States

Oligothiophene-substituted 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadienes (TCBDs) have been

synthesized by [2+2] cycloaddition reactions between tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and
oligothiophene alkynes. The TCBD moiety is compared to other electron acceptors
attached to dibutylterthiophene including dicyanovinyl (DCV) and tricyanovinyl (TCV).
These donor-acceptor molecules (TCBD-3T, DCV-3T, and TCV-3T) show red-shifted
absorption spectra relative to the unsubstituted oligothiophene as a result of
intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT). Monosubstituted terthiophenes bearing the
electron acceptors show both oxidation and reduction processes as characterized by
cyclic voltammetry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to explain the
electronic and redox properties of the materials. Electrochemical oxidation of a
bis(terthienyl)-substituted TCBD molecule (3T-TCBD-3T) yields a conducting polymer
exhibiting balanced ambipolar redox conduction. Postfunctionalization of alkyne-linked
conjugated oligothiophene polymers by addition of TCNE will also be reported.

CHED 875

Asymmetric total synthesis of the antiviral natural products sattabacin, 4-

hydroxysattabacin, and sattazolin

Matthew R. Aronoff(1), [email protected], 1000 Rim Dr., Durango CO

81301, United States ; Spencer P. Heins(1), [email protected], 1000 Rim Dr.,
Durango CO 81301, United States ; Kenneth A. Miller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Fort Lewis College, Durango CO 81301, United States

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The first asymmetric total syntheses of the antiviral natural products (+)-sattabacin and
(+)-4-hydroxysattabacin are reported. Progress toward the asymmetric total synthesis of
(+)-sattazolin is also reported. These total syntheses are remarkably concise and were
completed without the use of protecting groups. Unambiguous assignment of the
absolute configuration of both (+)-sattabacin and (+)-4-hydroxysattabacin was also
accomplised. The syntheses of these natural products, which exhibit marked antiviral
activity, are readily amenable to the preparation of structural analogs and progress in
this regard is presented.

CHED 876

Investigations into the resolution process: Resolving (±) naproxen

Sophia Hirakis(1), [email protected], Manhattan College Parkway,

Riverdale NY 10471, United States ; James V McCullagh(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Manhattan College, Riverdale NY 10471, United States

Approximately 80% of pharmaceutical compounds are chiral and marketed as single

enantiomers. Often, medicinally inactive enantiomers of a racemic mixture cause
harmful side effects. Resolution is a critical step in obtaining optically pure products. For
these reasons, it is of critical importance that students fully understand the process of
resolution and its implications in the fields of medicine and pharmaceutical industry.
This experiment was formulated for use in first semester Organic Chemistry curriculum.
The presented experiment has several advantages over most resolution experiments.
Naproxen is a commercially relevant product sold as (+)-naproxen due to the undesired
side effects of the (-)-enantiomer. Another advantage of this experiment is its research-
based experimental design. Students are given the chance to compare different
resolving agents and conditions so as to deduce the optimal method themselves.
Preliminary results show that when optimized, the experimental procedure yields optical
purity levels comparible to commercial naproxen (>90 % ee).

CHED 877

Investigation into the eating preferences of Popillia japonica concerning Tilia

cordata and Tilia americana

Chelsea E. Meier(1), [email protected], 1300 West 23rd Street, 226 W Lawther Hall,
Cedar Falls Iowa 50613, United States ; Kirk P. Manfredi(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls Iowa 50613,
United States

Two types of basswood common to northeastern Iowa, Tilia cordata and Tilia
americana, are annual targets of the species Popillia japonica (Japanese beetles).
However, the beetles favor the leaves of T. cordata over T. americana at a rate of four
to one (Ware and Miller). One possible explanation for this preference could be that T.

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americana emits a defensive volatile compound (or compounds), especially after having
been injured by a beetle's mandibles. To test this hypothesis, samples from the two Tilia
species were subjected to solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and the volatiles
collected were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both
intact and artificially-injured leaves were tested; artificially-injured leaves were cut with a
razor and smeared with an extract from the beetles' saliva to mimic a mass attack. Only
injured T. americana leaves released Kaur-16-ene, a compound present in other plants
and thought to have insect-repelling qualities (Wang, et al.).

CHED 878

Studies towards the synthesis of guanacastepene A

Sarah B Spiegel(1), [email protected], 270 Mohegan Avenue, New London

CT 06320, United States ; Timo V Ovaska(1). (1) Chemistry, Connecticut College, New
London CT 06320, United States

Guanacastepene A is a novel diterpenoid with biological activity against bacteria that

are resistant to several existing antibiotic agents, including vancomycin. The A-B
(bicyclo[5.3.0]decane) portion of the unique tricyclic 5-7-6 ring system of
guanacastepene A was constructed through a microwave-assisted tandem
cyclization/Claisen rearrangement sequence. Approaches to more functionalized
derivatives of this ring system will be discussed.

CHED 879

Isolation of the β-hydroxyketone intermediate in a chalcone synthesis

Matthew T Finn(1), [email protected], 151 Hofstra University, Hempstead NY

11549-1510, United States ; Nanette M Wachter(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Hofstra University, Hempstead New York 11549-1510, United States

The reaction of benzaldehyde and 2'-hydroxyacetophenone under basic conditions at

room temperature yields two products, an α,β-unsaturated ketone and a β-
hydroxyketone. When the reaction is heated only one product , the chalcone, is
recovered. Recrystalization of the products requires different solvent systems. This
paper discusses the various solvent systems used to optimize recovery of each product.
The purified products were analyzed by H and C-13 NMR.

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CHED 880

Synthesis of glycosylated furoxans

Sean E Flanagan(1), [email protected], 151 Hofstra University, Hempstead NY

11549-1510, United States ; Nanette M Wachter(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Hofstra University, Hempstead New York 11549-1510, United States

Symmetric furoxans (oxadiazole-N-oxides) can be synthesized from acetophenones by

treatment with nitric acid in acetic anhydride. We endeavored to synthesize a
glycosylated furoxan from 4'-glycosylacetophenone. As shown in the scheme below,
tetraacetylglycosyl bromide was reacted with para-hydroxyacetophenone to generate
the glycosylacetophenone. The products were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy.

CHED 881

Dynamics of diazaborole exchange

Kaylee Underkofler(1), [email protected], 953 Danby Rd, Ithaca NY 14850, United

States ; David N. Bunck(2); Michael P. Haaf(1); William R. Dichtel(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Ithaca College, Ithaca NY 14850, United States (2) Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14850, United States

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of crystalline solids in

which organic subunits are covalently linked into periodic two- and three-dimensional
networks. Their low density, high surface area, and the opportunity to predictably control
their long-range structure suggest that these materials will be of interest for gas storage,
electronics, and catalysis. We have developed new methods for COF synthesis that are
compatible with functional organic subunits and new COF linkages. Continuing these
efforts, we investigated the kinetics of diazaborole formation and exchange. The
characterization and stability of model compounds will be presented. Exchange
experiments performed on these model compounds containing boronic esters and
diazaboroles indicated significant solvent-dependent behavior. The rate of hydrolysis of
model diazaborole compounds will also be presented.

CHED 882

Synthesis and evaluation of chiral iodoaryloxazolines as organocatalysts

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Jacob F Stoneburner(1), [email protected], Kellogg- Chemistry, Albion MI 49224,

United States ; Andrew N French(1). (1) Chemistry, Albion College, Albion MI 49224,
United States

The synthesis of two chiral iodoaryloxazolines, using Meyers' protocol, using

phenylglycinol and 2-amino-1-phenyl ethanol as chiral precurors, are reported. The
resulting two compounds were investigated as organocatalysts in alpha-oxytosylation
reactions using a variety of oxidants.
[Figure]

CHED 883

Phthalimide promoted reduction of alkenes with hydrazine

Nicholas A Serratore(1), [email protected], 2115 Summit Avenue, Saint Paul

Minnesota 55105, United States ; J. Thomas Ippoliti(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Saint Thomas, Saint Paul Minnesota 55105, United States

A carbon-carbon double bond was found to have been reduced to a single bond during
the reaction of a bicyclic substituted phthalimide with hydrazine to form the hydrazide in
a microwave reactor at 180oC. The reduction was also observed when reacting N-
methylphthalimide with a series of other alkenes in the presence of hydrazine to test the
generality of this reaction. A diimide intermediate is thought to play a role in the
mechanism. No reduction occurs when N-methylphthalimide is not present.

CHED 884

Synthesis of histidine analogs for SAR studies in relation to GLP-1 activation

Brianna L. MacLeod(1), [email protected], 21 Wellesley College Rd, Unit 3524,

Wellesley MA 02481, United States ; Victoria Boyd(1); David R. Haines(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley MA 02481, United States

A novel synthesis of S- 2-(β-alanyl)-pyrrole, an analog of the amino acid histidine, will

be presented. The synthesis of this analog is based on the elaboration of N-BOC-2-
carboxaldehyde, with ultimate chirality produced by the condensation of the substituted
pyrrole with (2R,3S)-(-)-N-Z-6-oxo-2,3-diphenylmorpholine. Hydrogenation of the
resulting adduct produces the stereospecific histidine analog, which, upon appropriate
protection, can be incorporated into a GLP-1 analog. GLP-1 plays an important role in
the secretion of insulin and is being investigated for diabetes treatment. The
synthesized analog will replace the GLP-1 N-terminal histidine. In this analog, one ring
nitrogen has been replaced by a methine, preserving the aromaticity and the general
topography, but significantly raising the pKa. This analog allows for testing of both
charge and hydrogen bonding requirements for GLP-1 binding and activation.

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CHED 885

Synthesis of a naturally occurring antiviral compound

Luke A Kassekert(1), [email protected], 2115 Summit Avenue, Saint Paul

Minnesota 55105, United States ; J. Thomas Ippoliti(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Saint Thomas, Saint Paul Minnesota 55105, United States

As new viruses continue to mutate, multiply, and threaten the well-being of humanity,
new antivirals must be explored and synthesized. Presently, sesquiterpene coumarin
ethers are believed to be potential candidates for future antivirals. Progress towards the
synthesis of a naturally occurring sesquiterpene coumarin has been made utilizing a
unique method for reducing an ester to an alcohol in the presence of an epoxide. This
compound is found in the roots of the Ferula assa-foetida plant and its synthesis has
never been reported. Extracts containing this compound have been found to be active
against influenza A (H1N1) and various human cancer cell lines.

CHED 886

Design and synthesis of lactate dehydrogenase A inhibitors

Alice Martinic(1), [email protected], MSC-03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico,

Albuquerque New Mexico 87131, United States ; David Vander Jagt(2); Lorraine Deck(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, United
States (2) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico
School of Medicine, United States

Beginning with guaiacol and following a modified fifteen step de novo scheme
developed previously in our laboratory, a series of highly substituted dihydroxy
naphthoic acids are being synthesized as potential inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase
A. The 7 position of the key intermediate tetralone is modified using aldol chemistry.
Favorable structural modifications of this position have been determined by molecular
modeling and comparison to the known potent inhibitor of LDHA, 7-benzyl-2,3-
dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-propylnaphthoic acid. This known selective inhibitor of LDHA has
been shown to inhibit initiation and progression of cancer tumor cell growth. These
inhibitors represent promising lead compounds for the further refinement of inhibitors of
LDHA and as potential therapeutics for the treatment of cancer.

CHED 887

Synthesis of a novel thianthrene containing oxazolidinone

Jeremy J Hrudka(1), [email protected], 2115 Summit Avenue, Saint Paul

Minnesota 55105, United States ; J. Thomas Ippoliti(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Saint Thomas, Saint Paul Minnesota 55105, United States

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Oxazolidinone's have been proven to be active against drug-resistant bacteria. Zyvox™

is a well known oxazolidinone and widely used ―last resort‖ antibiotic. The compound I
focused on synthesizing is an oxazolidinone similar in structure to Zyvox, however it
contains a thianthrene ring system. This sulfur containing ring system will have the
same structural elements as similar oxazolidinones, but will differ electronically. A six
step route was followed utilizing a carbamate-epoxybutryate reaction to form the
oxazolidinone. The nitrated thianthrene ring was synthesized by condensing 1,2-
benzene dithiol with 3,4-difluoronitrobenzene. The nitrated thianthrene was then
reduced by tin. The thianthrene amine gives the carbamate by reacting it with benzyl
chloroformate. A more direct synthesis of the thianthrene carbamate was also explored
using a coupling involving bromo-thianthrene and benzyl carbamate.

CHED 888

Chemical analysis of the marine angiosperms from the Bay of Cádiz: Bajo de la
Cabezuela

Emily J Tollefson(1), [email protected], 12180 Park Ave. S., Tacoma WA 98447, United
States ; Robert W Newberry(2); María Jesús Ortega(3); Eva Zubía(3); Joanne Romagni-
Colvin(4). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma WA 98447,
United States (2) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at
Austin, Austin TX, United States (3) Department of Organic Chemistry, University of
Cádiz, Puerto Real Cádiz, Spain (4) Office of Sponsored Research, Bucknell University,
Lewisburg PN, United States

The composition of secondary metabolites in plants may be used as an indicator of the

health of plants and their environment. This project aims at characterizing and
quantifying the natural products of two species of seagrasses found in the outer area of
the Bay of Cádiz (Spain), Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii. NMR analysis of
extracts of C. nodosa showed no significant amounts of natural products of interest.
However, the chemical analysis of Z. noltii extracts showed the presence of secondary
metabolites. The chromatographic separation of extracts from Z. noltii led to the
isolation of four flavone compounds: apigenin, diosmetin, luteolin, and apigenin-7-
sulphate. Preliminary seasonal comparison of the natural products of Z. noltii collected
in spring and summer 2010 in the outer area of the Bay of Cádiz were obtained by
quantitative NMR analysis. The results were compared with those obtained from
specimens collected in the inner bay.

CHED 889

Studies of T-0632 interactions with GLP-IR through an aryl azide analog

Erika Buckle(1), [email protected], 461 Flagg Hill Road, Boxborough MA 01719,

United States ; David R Haines(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College,
Wellesley MA 02481, United States

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The small, non-peptidic molecule T-0632 exhibits affinity for the GLP-1 binding site of
glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a receptor involved in the insulin induction
pathway. Since T-0632 binds to GLP-1R close to the binding site of its natural substrate
(GLP-1), we can utilize T-0632 to understand the structure of the GLP-1R binding
pocket. Controlled covalent attachment of T-0632 to the GLP-1R binding site would
provide information about the orientation and proximities of amino acids in the binding
pocket. We will present the synthesis of an azido phenyl analog of T-0632. Upon
photolysis of the azido-T-0632 bound to GLP-1R, the azide moiety will generate a highly
reactive nitrene, which will bind to the proximate amino acids. Analysis of the resulting
modified protein may indicate the specific proximities of amino acids within the binding
site which are bound by the T-0632.

CHED 890

New multistep synthesis for organic chemistry labs: Applications in carbohydrate

stereochemistry

Melanie Edlin(1), [email protected], 4525 Downs Dr, St. Joseph MO

64507, United States ; Jonathan S Rhoad(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Missouri
Western State University, St. Joseph MO 64507, United States

Few studies have been done to dissect the individual contributions of protecting groups
to the stereoselectivity of glycosylation reactions in furanosides. Model compounds are
not readily available or are prohibitively expensive. We present a three step synthesis
using cheap starting materials to generate 3,4-dihydroxybutaldehyde. The hydroxyl
moieties of 1,2,4-butanetriol are selectively protected at positions 1 and 2 as an
isopropylidene acetal. The unprotected alcohol is then oxidized to the aldehyde under
green conditions with a hetereogeneous TEMPO catalyst. After hydrolysis of the acetal,
this product can then be protected with a variety of protecting groups and used as
model compounds for stereoselectivity studies for glycosylation with furanosides.

CHED 891

Improved understanding of conformational preferences of furanosides: Potential

energy surface scans of permethylated pentofuranosides

Brian Dow(1), [email protected], 4525 Downs Dr, St. Joseph MO 64507,

United States ; Christopher H Ruark(1), [email protected], 4525 Downs
Dr, St. Joseph MO 64507, United States ; Jonathan S Rhoad (1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph MO 64507, United States

Conformational preferences of furanosides are of interest in many biological systems

including DNA structure and synthesis and the components of bacterial cell walls.
Because these rings are so flexible, understanding the conformational preferences is
difficult. To gain a better understanding of these conformational preferences, thorough

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scans have been performed of the ring potential energy subsurface with respect to
phase angle and amplitude of all the permethylated pentofuranosides including
rotational conformations of the exocyclic C4-C5 bond.

CHED 892

Preparation of gamma and delta lactones from propargyl bromides

Glenn W Phillips(1), [email protected], 7000 Adventist Blvd, Huntsville Alabama

35810, United States ; Monique D Woodson(1), [email protected], 7000
Adventist Blvd, Huntsville Alabama 35810, United States ; Rushelle Julien (1); Lillian
Ware(1). (1) Chemistry, Oakwood University, Huntsville Alabama 35810, United States

Lactones area structural motif that is ubiquitous in nature. They are generally prepared
from a reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxylic acid in an intramolecular
fashion. Among the most famous of these natural products are ascorbic acid, coumarin,
nepetalactone and erythromycin. Lactones have found utility as biologically active
agents exhibiting a wide range of properties including antibacterial, cytotoxic, and
antiviral. In recent publications by Amos Smith and Dale Boger, the fundamental role of
the lactone moiety in three natural products: discodermolide, 2,3-
anhydrodiscodermolide and fostriecin has been examined. In each case, removal or
substitution of the lactone moiety reduced the cytotoxicity by at least two orders of
magnitude. The current study involves the preparation of a library of lactones that will be
examined for their cytotoxic activity. Propargyl alcohols are used as starting materials,
brominated and then reduced to vinyl bromides. The key steps include bromide
reduction with NBSH (nitrobenzylsulfonylhydrazine) and organometallic coupling to
carbon dioxide to prepare the lactones.

CHED 893

Synthesis and evaluation of a series of 4,6-protected D-glucose derivatives as low

molecular weight gelators

William Taylor(1), [email protected], 2601 Gentilly Boulevard, New Orleans LA

70122, United States ; Hao Yang(2); Guijun Wang(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Dillards University, New Orleans LA, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
University of New Orleans, New Orleans LA 70148, United States

Low molecular weight organogelators (LMOGs) are small molecules that are able to
form gels in organic solvents or aqueous solutions. The development of LMOGs has
become an important goal because of their potential applications in tissue engineering,
drug-delivery systems, and as advanced nanomaterials. Previously, monoesters of O-
4,6-benzylidene-α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (1) were synthesized and found to be
good gelators in aqueous ethanol solutions and hexane. In order to understand the
effect of the sugar headgroup on the self-assembly of the glycolipids, we synthesized a

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series of esters using 4,6-O-(3,4-dimethoxy) benzylidene-methyl-a-D-glucopyranoside

(2) as the headgroup. These esters were then screened for gelation in a few solvents.
The preparation and gelation properties of these compounds will be presented.

CHED 894

Synthesis of heteroaryl enones for Ir(III) catalyzed 1,2-hydride shift/Friedel-Crafts

alkylation sequence

Sylvia Chen(1)(2), [email protected], 121 W Gilman St #703, Madison Wisconsin

53703, United States ; Tulaza Vaidya(1); Alison J Frontier(1); Richard Eisenberg(1). (1)
Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester New York 14627, United States (2)
Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Rochester New York 14627, United States

Inspired by polarized Nazarov cyclizations and the challenge of forming quaternary

carbon centers, the synthesis of heteroaryl enone substrates followed by cyclization
using an iridium (III) catalyst, which proceeded by a 1,2-H shift/ Friedel-Crafts alkylation
sequence providing the formation of a six or seven-membered ring along with a
quaternary carbon center, is reported. The substrates were prepared by Corey-Fuchs,
[3+2] cycloaddition, and cheletropic extrusion sequence or the Knoevenagel
condensation. With addition of iridium complex, substrates underwent 1,2-hydride shift
followed by Friedel-Crafts alkylation. Six or seven-membered rings with a new
quaternary center are formed by this procedure with moderate yields.

CHED 895

Development of an aromatic ester SAR study to combat a toxic metabolite from A.

flavus

Anthony J Tomaine(1), [email protected], 441 Country Club Road, York

Pennsylvania 17403-3651, United States ; Kathleen M Halligan(1); John J Beck(2). (1)
Physical Sciences, York College of Pennsylvania, York Pennsylvania 17403-3651,
United States (2) Department of Plant Mycotoxin Research, USDA-ARS, Albany
California 94710-1105, United States

Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) is a common mold found in the environment and threatens
the argriculture industry with respect to grain storage. When A. flavus is present, it has
the ability to produce the toxic metabolite, aflatoxin. As this being one of the determining
factors, the agriculture industry strives to control this common mold. Collaborators at the
USDA-ARS Plant Mycotoxin Research group in California have identified a series of
aromatic esters that have the potential to mediate the toxic activity of aflatoxin. The

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objective of this project is to develop an SAR study for these antifungal compounds and
supply sufficient quantities to our collaborators in California for biological evaluation.

CHED 896

Studies toward the novel total synthesis of serotonin and derivatives which may
prove effective in treating neurdegenerative disorders

Michelle E. Lebo(1), [email protected], 441 Country Club Road, York PA 17403-3651,

United States ; Kathleen M. Halligan(1). (1) Physical Sciences, York College of
Pennsylvania, York PA 17403-3651, United States

5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter and hormone

that modulates mood, appetite, sleep, and emotion. Serotonin receptors (5-HT1A) are G-
protein-coupled receptors, which mediate inhibitory neurotransmission. Previous
research has shown that consistent activation of the 5-HT1A receptors lead to neurite
growth and neuronalsurvival. The overall objective of the project is to synthesize
serotonin using a novel 6-step pathway starting with gramine. Optimization of the
hydrogenation conditions is underway to increase the yield of the saturated indoline.
Several derivatives will also be synthesized and a Structure-Activity Relationship study
will be developed to determine the functional group binding specificity and its ability to
activate the 5-HT1A receptors. Serotonin and its derivatives may then be used to combat
neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's.

CHED 897

Efforts toward the synthesis of cis-sylvaticin

Colin O Hayes(1), [email protected], One College Street, Worcester MA 01610,

United States ; Kathleen E Shanley(1); Kevin J Quinn(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
College of the Holy Cross, Worcester MA 01610, United States

A synthesis of the bis(THF) core of the Annonaceous acetogenin cis-sylvaticin, using a

two-directional strategy, is reported. Key steps in our approach include a silicon-
tethered ring-closing metathesis reaction for construction of the central C-C bond and a
double SN2 cyclization for formation of the two THF rings. Our route makes use of the
Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and dihydroxylation reactions to control the absolute
configurations of the six stereocenters in the core.

CHED 898

Efforts toward the synthesis of the sorangicin A bicyclic ether core

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Anaheim, CA

Nikolas A Savage(1), [email protected], One College Street, Worcester MA

01610, United States ; Kevin J Quinn(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of the
Holy Cross, Worcester MA 01610, United States

Sorangicin is a natural product with potent antibiotic activity against both gram-positive
and gram-negative bacteria. It possesses a unique bicyclic ether substructure
embedded within a large macrocyclic lactone. We will discuss our efforts toward an
asymmetric synthesis of this fragment. Key to our approach is the use of a C2-
symmetric diene diol starting material and application of a size-selective ring-closing
metathesis/conjugate addition sequence.

CHED 899

Progress in the synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene derivatives

Jackie Arroyo(1), [email protected], Ball State University, Muncie IN 47306, United

States ; Katy Hosbein(1), [email protected], Ball State University, Ball State
University, Muncie IN 47306, United States ; Robert E Sammelson(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie IN 47306, United States

Previously, we have optimized a new one-pot procedure the reductive alkylation of

aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes with malononitrile by utilizing aqueous ethanol
for the condensation step and sodium borohydride in the reduction step.
We applied this improved one-pot synthesis using various 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes
(salicylaldehydes) where intramolecular cyclization occurs following the condensation
step and various 4H-Chromenes are formed. In this research, we apply 2-
hydroxyacetophenone with malononitrile and base followed by sodium borohydride and
the intermediate and product steps of the reaction were optimized. Additional 2-
hydroxyarylketones, prepared from phenols via esterification and Fries rearrangement,
have been employed with additional optimization required. Current progress in our
laboratory on this reaction and further reactions on the novel products will be discussed.

CHED 900

Efforts toward a total synthesis of (+)-boronolide

Andrew J Polio(1), [email protected], One College Street, Worcester MA 01610,

United States ; Kevin J Quinn(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of the Holy
Cross, Worcester MA 01606, United States

Boronolide is an antimalarial natural product isolated from the leaves and branches of
Tetradenia fruticosa and Tetradenia barberae. We have developed an efficient
approach to the synthesis of the carbon framework of boronolide using olefin metathesis
as a key step. Specifically, a tandem ring-closing/cross metathesis/alkene isomerization
sequence has been employed to construct the unsaturated lactone and append a

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Anaheim, CA

suitably functionalized sidechain in a one-pot procedure. Our approach is

enantioselective and relies on the use of Sharpless oxidation reactions to establish all
four stereocenters.

CHED 901

Thermal deamination of histidine

Rebecca Sager(1), [email protected], 151 Hofstra University, Hempstead NY

11549, United States ; Rodney Finzel(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hofstra
University, Hempstead NY 11549, United States

The nitrogen content in protein-rich waste streams from animal sources and sewage
sludge make them ideal fertilizers that would have fewer negative effects than the more
common inorganic nitrates. The peptide bonds in the protein need to be broken to
increase water solubility, but they need to be hydrolyzed at high temperatures without
the deamination of the amino acids, which would result in the release of the nitrogen as
free ammonia and a substitution or elimination product. It is therefore necessary to
monitor the kinetics of the deamination so that it can be avoided, for which a histidine
model has been employed. The time course of the reaction was monitored by aqueous
1
H-NMR and HPLC to determine reactant and product concentrations, which yielded
kinetics results. This work seeks to show the validity and reliability of monitoring the
decomposition using 1H-NMR, a less time-consuming and more effective method than
HPLC.

CHED 902

Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbenes: Catalysts for green chemistry

David Walton(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 1002, Millersville PA

17551, United States ; Laura J. Anna(1); Edward Rajaseelan(1); Gary S. Nichol(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Millersville University, Millersville PA 17551, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry and Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721,
United States

In the last decade, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC's) have become notable alternatives
to phosphine ligands in organometallic catalysts due to their stronger bonds to the metal
center and beneficial steric properties. A new series of 1-R1-4-R2-triazolium bromide
salts is presented here as NHC precursors. By changing the R1 and R2 substituents,
steric tuning of the carbene is possible without changing the electronic properties of the
ring. The triazolium salts have been fully characterized and their structures and
synthesis will be described. The crystal structures of the corresponding neutral metal
complexes [(cod)M(NHC)Cl] (M= Ir, Rh) have been determined and will also be
presented. Future work involves the synthesis of the corresponding series of cationic

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Anaheim, CA

metal complexes followed by the testing of catalytic activity in transfer hydrogenation

reactions.

CHED 903

Inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase A as therapeutics for cancer

Andrea Martinez(1), [email protected], MSC- 03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico,

Albuquerque New Mexico 87131, United States ; David Vander Jagt(2); Lorraine Deck(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, United
States (2) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico
School of Medicine, United States

Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate and

reduction of LDHA in cancer cells induces significant oxidative stress and cell death.
Inhibition of LDHA by 7-benzyl-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-4-propylnaphthoic acid, an
analogue of gossypol, has been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis. Using molecular
modeling and enzyme kinetic inhibition studies, a new series of naphthoic acids, lacking
a methyl group at position 6 and a propyl group at position 4, were designed. A
synthetic scheme was developed that allows the synthesis of a wide range of these
potential inhibitors of LDHA. The synthesis of these naphthoic acids began from
veratrole to form the key intermediate benzyltetralones, which were converted to highly
substituted naphthalenes. The naphthoic acids formed from these naphthalenes will be
tested for inhibition of LDHA.

CHED 904

Investigating the behavior of antioxidants: An organic chemistry laboratory

experiment

Tyler G Lee(1), [email protected], 401 Rosemont Ave, Frederick MD 21701, United States
; Susan M Ensel(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics, Hood College, Frederick
MD 21701, United States

Antioxidants are powerful compounds that are present throughout our daily lives. We
talk about them, we eat them, we use them in lotions and skin creams; but what makes
a good antioxidant? We have designed an organic chemistry laboratory experiment to
investigate relative antioxidant potential and the concomitant structural changes that
occur in oxidation reactions. Our interest focused on p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and
caffeic acid which are naturally occurring phenylpropenoic acids differing only in
substituent abundance and location on the aromatic ring. Using oxygen sensors, we
measured the amount of molecular oxygen consumed in a typical sulfite oxidation
reaction with individual antioxidants present. We also analyzed the products of a
periodate oxidation reaction via LC-MS in an effort to better understand structural
changes that occur due to the oxidative process. The information gathered through this

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Anaheim, CA

experiment will help students understand which structural moieties improve a

compound's antioxidant potential.

CHED 905

Synthesis of a sterically hindered metallocene catalyst

Kaitlin M Clifford(1), [email protected], 6600 College Station, Brunswick ME

04011, United States ; Richard D Broene(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Bowdoin
College, Brunswick ME 04011, United States

Steric bulk, in the form of isopropyl groups were used to prevent meso isomer
formation. To form the ligand precursor, 1,4-diisopropylindanone, a two-step Friedel-
Crafts acylation approach was investigated. The optimal reaction conditions for the
acylation were found to be 1,4-diisopropylbenzene reacting with 3-chloropropionyl
chloride in CH2Cl2 with FeCl3 for 3 hours at room temperature. It was found that a
nonlinear relationship existed in the scaling of the reaction. A larger molar equivalent of
catalyst as well as a greater reaction time was necessary to decrease the formation of
isomerized 1,4-diisopropylbenzene. The ligand precursor, 1,4-diisopropylindanone was
then reduced using LiAlH4 to form the alcohol intermediate which was eliminated in the
presence of pTsOH to form the indene. The ligand was then tethered to zirconium. The
ratio of meso to rac isomers will be reported.

CHED 906

Synthesis of lanthanide chelates for detection of capsaicinoids in solution

R. Kruger Bressin(1), [email protected], 201 High St, Farmville VA 23909,

United States ; Christopher G. Gulgas(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Longwood
University, Farmville VA 23909, United States

Capsaicin is the molecule in peppers that produces a sensation of heat and pain when
exposed to sensory nerve cells in the body. A series of EDTA bis-amide chelates have
been synthesized with regions selective for capsaicinoid binding to determine which
functional groups increase overall binding strength. The initial lanthanide complexes
studied bound capsaicinoids with moderate strength (approximately 105 M-1). Additions
to the bis-amide region of the chelating ligand aim to increase the selectivity of the
lanthanide complex for capsaicinoids. Derivatives have been synthesized that contain
aromatic rings and carbon chains to augment binding strength via the hydrophobic
effect. Upon synthesis of the Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes, luminescence spectroscopy is
used to determine binding constants, binding stoichiometries, and the number of H 2O
molecules bonded to the metal ion in solution. The current synthesis, characterization
and luminescence results for the complexes will be presented.

CHED 907

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Anaheim, CA

Potential protecting groups for the synthesis of substituted malononitriles

Blair Combs(1), [email protected], Ball State University, Muncie IN 47306, United

States ; Robert E Sammelson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Ball State University,
Muncie IN 47306, United States

Para-methoxybenzyl (PMB or MPM) is a well known and useful protecting group for
alcohols and phenols. It can be deprotected selectively with mild reagents such as DDQ
or CAN via benzylic oxidation. However, its use as a protecting group in the synthesis of
malononitriles is unexplored. Our research focuses on synthesizing complexly
substituted malononitriles and development of new systems are required to carry out
these syntheses. Attachment of the PMB group was formed through a reductive
alkylation with p-anisaldehyde and we are currently creating with our alternative
pathway using terephthalaldehyde. Data on the complexly substituted malononitrile
compounds as well as various attempts for deprotection of PMB groups will be reported.

CHED 908

NMR experiments for freshmen

Nicholas Zaibaq(1), [email protected], 3800 Montrose Blvd, Houston TX 77006,

United States ; Hoa Tran(1), [email protected], 3800 Montrose Blvd, Houston TX
77006, United States ; Dusty Tobin(1); Shelby Stinner-Trimble(1); Adam Mendonca(1);
Mewish Fatima(1); Joseph Bedell(1); Quyen Tran(1); Courtney Meason(1); Thomas B
Malloy Jr(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, Houston TX 77006,
United States

The Chemistry Department at UST received a grant from the National Science
Foundation's (NSF) Course Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) Program
and used part of the funds to purchase an Anasazi 60 MHz FTNMR system. NMR is a
key technique in structural chemistry, biochemistry, biology and medicine. The last
several years have seen the use of this instrument incorporated in our organic,
inorganic, instrumental, biochemistry and physical chemistry laboratory courses. The
sophomore organic course has been the first time students encountered this technique
at UST. We began to have freshmen learn the operation of the instrument and the
interpretation of some of the fundamentals of NMR. We have continued and expanded
the number of students involved and are relying heavily on mentoring of freshman
students by upperclassmen. This poster will discuss some of the experiments
developed and principles mastered by the students.

CHED 909

Progress towards the synthesis of dihydroresveratrol dimers

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Anaheim, CA

Robert J Morris(1), [email protected], PO Box 1000, Department of

Chemistry, Institute WV 25112, United States ; Micheal W Fultz(1). (1) Chemistry, West
Virginia State University, Institute West Virginia 25112, United States

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring compound found in certain plants that have been
known to exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-proliferative effects on many cancer cell lines.
With cancer rates increasing due to various factors, this is of interest to people in the
fields of biotechnology and medicine, as these could be used towards stronger and
more effective cancer treating drugs.

The purpose of this research project is to synthesize various dihydroresveratrol dimers

through a convergent method for biological assays, testing the activity in cancer as well
as smooth muscle cells. These dimers can be made from the component fragments
through known organic chemistry methods utilizing modern coupling procedures (Stille
coupling and Palladium catalyzed O arylation). The ultimate goal is to develop a route
that will allow for the quick derivatization of any resveratrol fragment and subsequent
polymerization for high throughput scanning of biological applications.

CHED 910

Near-IR absorbing solvatochromic phthalocyanines

Jessica M Roberts(1), [email protected], 1306 E. University Blvd, Tucson

Arizona 85721, United States ; Mayank Mayukh(1); Dominic V McGrath(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
85721, United States

Phthalocyanines are extensively conjugated chromophores with high extinction

coefficients, exhibiting high thermal and photochemical stability. These chromophores
are emerging as materials for advanced technologies including organic photovoltaics
and photodynamic therapy. Solvatochromism is a phenomenon in which the solvent
microenvironment can influence the position, intensity, and shape of the absorption and
fluorescence of a molecule. Solvatochromic chromophore-mediated polarity
measurements have been utilized as a reporter for change in microenvironment around
a protein by reporting the expression, location, interactions, and conformational
changes. Low tissue autofluorescence and deeper penetration of light into the
mammalian tissue in the near-IR window (700-900 nm) permits the use of near-IR
absorbing (and emitting) dyes as contrast reagents. However, photoactivity of most
solvatochromic chromophores is confined to the visible region, limiting their application
in vivo. We will present the synthesis of near-IR absorbing solvatochromic

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Anaheim, CA

phthalocyanines, with characterization in solvents of different polarity using absorption

and fluorescence spectroscopy.

CHED 911

Greener ether synthesis from conjugated dienes in organic curriculum

Keri Biedka(1), [email protected], Box 239, New Wilmington PA 16172,

United States ; Timothy A Sherwood(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Westminster
College, New Wilmington PA 16172, United States

Pi-bonds reacting as nucleophiles are a key concept in sophomore organic curriculum.

Yet, pi-bonds can also react as electrophiles when part of conjugate pi-systems. While
this mechanism is taught in organic classrooms, it is not typically represented in the
laboratory. Recent publications describing the greener synthesis of ethers by the
reaction of phenols and dienes in the presence of palladium catalysts provide a
contemporary of the reaction of electrophilic alkenes. Using a variety of techniques and
chemicals, the reaction of cyclopentadiene and phenol produces an ether with minimal
harmful byproducts. This project adapts the contemporary ether synthesis for use in the
teaching laboratory to better illustrate the electrophilic characteristic of alkenes and to
employ greener synthetic methods.

CHED 912

Synthesis and toxicity assay of analogs of the common analgesic tramadol

Aaron Cupp(1), [email protected], 1100 Henderson Street, Arkadelphia AR 71999,

United States ; Sean Alexander(1), [email protected], 1100 Henderson Street,
Arkadelphia AR 71999, United States ; T. David Bateman(1). (1) Chemistry, Henderson
State University, Arkadelphia AR 71999, United States

The prescription analgesic tramadol can be prepared in two steps from readily available
starting materials. Using this methodology, we are preparing a library of structurally
related, yet distinct compounds. These compounds will then be subjected to a brine
shrimp toxicity assay to determine potential lead compounds for further investigation.
The simplicity of the synthetic procedure will allow us to adapt this project for
implementation in the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory, and provide students
with an introduction to the principles of medicinal chemistry and lead discovery.

CHED 913

Photochemistry of 1,2-(bis-corannulenylethynyl)benzene

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Anaheim, CA

Tierra N Lee(1), [email protected], 301 Clifton Court, Cincinnati OH 45221-0172,

United States ; Qian Li(1); Derek R Jones(1); James Mack(1); Anna D Gudmundsdottir(1).
(1) Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45221-0172, United States

We studied the photophysical properties of 1,2-(bis-corannulenylethynyl)benzene (1),

using laser flash photolysis and phosphorescence meter. Laser flash photolysis of 1
showed formation of transient absorption with lmax ~ 500 nm. This transient absorption
was efficiently quenched in oxygen-saturated solution. Phosphorescence spectra of 1
showed emission ~590 nm. We did density functional calculations were performed to
characterize the transient.

CHED 914

Characterization of a highly conjugated carbocation formed from the protonation

of distyryl alcohol

Robert Vasinko(1), [email protected], 1 Seton Hill Drive, Greensburg Pa 15601,

United States ; John Cramer(1). (1) Department of Health and Natural Sciences, Seton
Hill University, Greensburg Pa 15601, United States

A major goal of this research project was the synthesis and characterization of the
highly conjugated carbocation formed from the protonation of distyryl alcohol (1, 5-
diphenyl-1, 4-pentadien-3-ol) by strong acid. The resulting often intensely colored
solutions of the distyryl carbocation were analyzed by C-13 NMR and UV-Visible
spectroscopy. Carbon-13 NMR spectra of distyryl alcohol dissolved in acetic acid and
combined with varying amounts of trifluroacetic acid (TFA) were acquired in order to
monitor the conversion of the alcohol to the carbocation. The spectra obtained reveal a
general collapse of the individual carbon resonances of the alcohol into a single broad
peak as the carbocation is formed. This observation suggests that the extensive
resonance delocalization present in the carbocation serves to nearly equalize the
electron densities of the carbon atoms in the carbocation. Additional NMR studies gave
evidence of solvent interactions between distyryl alcohol and acetic acid solvent. The C-
13 spectra of distyryl alcohol in acetic acid exhibits five additional resonances not
observed in the spectrum of the alcohol dissolved in carbon tetrachloride. A DEPT
(distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer) NMR analysis of the alcohol in
acetic acid was employed to characterize these resonances.

CHED 915

Green synthesis of tertiary amines by formate mediated reductive amination at

subcritical conditions

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Anaheim, CA

Ashley B McQuarters(1), [email protected], 303 East Kearsley, Flint Michigan,

United States ; Jessica Tischler(1); Jie Song(1). (1) Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint Michigan 48430, United States

This research project focuses on developing a ―green‖ or environmentally benign

method for reductive amination. This reaction is an important method for synthesizing a
wide variety of amines from aldehydes or ketones. Amines are an industrially important
class of compounds used in pharmaceuticals, plastics, dyes, surfactants, and fuels.
Traditionally, this reaction uses environmentally hazardous catalysts, such as sodium or
lithium borohydride, additional acid, and requires organic solvents. In the proposed
method, water is the catalyst. The by-products of this reaction are also considered
―green‖ because only water and carbon dioxide are generated. The goals of this project
are to investigate the versatility and limitations of this green reductive amination
method. This project examines various starting materials, such as 2-hetpanone, octanal,
and 2-ethylhexanal. In addition to experimental studies, computational modeling was
used to help elucidate the reaction mechanism.

CHED 916

Isolation and identification of natural products from the marine hydroid

Corydendrium parasiticum

Devin McBain(1), [email protected], 400 W. 1st Street, Chico CA 95929-

0210, United States ; Amanda Jones(1), [email protected], 400 W. 1st
Street, Chico CA 95929-0210, United States ; Christopher J. Nichols(1); Niels
Lindquist(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University,
Chico, Chico CA 95929-0210, United States (2) Department of Marine Sciences,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City
NC 27599-3300, United States

In 2000, two natural products, corydendramines A and B, were isolated from the hydroid
Corydendrium parasiticum using bioassay-guided fractionation. These fish-feeding
deterrents consist of a piperidine ring connected to a 12-carbon tail containing
conjugated dienes (B) and a conjugated triene (A). HPLC analysis of other samples of
C. parasiticum obtained from different regions of the ocean indicated the presence of
several different compounds whose UV spectra were characteristic of conjugated
dienes and trienes. Fractionation of these samples using size-exclusion
chromatography, HPLC, and preparative TLC led to the purification of three other
compounds whose 1H NMR spectra were distinctly different from either corydendramine
A or B. HRMS of one of those compounds showed that it was a corydendramine isomer.

CHED 917

Stereoselective reduction of β-keto nitriles using a reductase library

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Anaheim, CA

Randall Nowill(1), [email protected], 11935 Abercorn St, Savannah GA 31419,

United States ; Trisha Patel(1); David Beasley(1); Jose Alvarez(1); Elijah Jackson(1); Todd
Hizer(1); Scott Mateer(1); Brent Feske(1). (1) Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong Atlantic
State Univ, Savannah GA 31419, United States

A bakers' yeast reductase library was used to stereoselectively reduce a variety of β-

keto nitriles. This class of substrates showed activity with the aldose reductase and
short chain dehydrogenase family of enzymes. In most cases, both antipodes could be
synthesized in high enantiomeric excess. These reactions were scaled up using non-
growing whole cell reactions to afford product that can be used for the synthesis of new
drug analogs of β-adrenergic blocking agents and serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

CHED 918

Comparison of the aldehyde derivatives of two stereoisomers of glycerol

menthonide

Anthony J Kiessling(1), [email protected], 78 Stadium Dr., Mansfield PA 16933,

United States ; Lauren Emery(1), [email protected], 78 Stadium Dr.,
Mansfield PA 16933, United States . (1) Chemistry and Physics, Mansfield University,
Mansfield PA 16933, United States

Glycerol menthonides, 2a and 2b, has been prepared by reaction of menthone, 1, with
glycerol under acidic conditions and has been shown to be part of a mixture of up to 4
additional isomers in nearly equal portion. These isomers are inseparable as the
menthonides but they are separable after conversion to their 4-bromobenzoate
derivatives, 3a and 3b, by flash chromatography. Separately pure 4-bromobenzoates,
3a and 3b, were first hydrolyzed to the glycerol menthonides. 2a and 2b, then oxidized
to their aldehyde derivatives. A comparison of the structures of the aldehydes will be
presented.

CHED 919

Biocatalytic, stereoselective reduction of 4-chlorobenzoylacetonitrile using a

reductase library

Elijah Jackson(1), [email protected], 11935 Abercorn St, Savannah GA

31419, United States ; Brent Feske(1). (1) Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong Atlantic
State Univ, Savannah GA 31419, United States

A bakers yeast reductase was used to stereoselectively reduce 4-

chlorobenzyolacetonitrile to the corresponding chiral alcohol. It was found that both the
R- and S- enantiomer could be synthesized in high enantiomeric excess. This reaction

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Anaheim, CA

was scaled up using non-growing whole cell reactions to achieve product on a gram
scale.

CHED 920

Preparation and characterization of a new polyether polyphosphonium salt

Khoi N Van(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 5838, Winona Minnesota 55987, United
States ; Thomas W Nalli(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Winona State University,
Winona Minnesota 55987, United States

Recently polymers containing phosphonium centers have gained interest because of

numerous potential applications including as antibacterial agents and as ion-exchange
membranes for alkaline fuel cells. However, not many examples of these useful
polymers have been reported. We have tried to use the well-known SN2 reaction of a
phosphine with a primary alkyl halide to synthesize polyphosphonium salts. Earlier work
from our group showed successful polymerization of 1,4-
bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene 1 with 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene and 1,3,5-
tris(bromomethyl)benzene. Thus, we wished to extend this chemistry by reacting 1 with
4,4'-bis(bromomethyl)diphenyl ether to form the new polyether polyphosphonium salt 3.

CHED 921

Benzene derivatives and their antibiotic functions

Angie Shum(1), [email protected], 30 East Lake St., Chicago IL 60601, United

States ; Allan Wilson(1); Thomas B. Higgins(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harold
Washington College, Chicago IL 60601, United States

Benzyl alcohol is an antimicrobial preservative that had been widely used in

pharmaceutical formulations. It has, however, been linked to the neonatal deaths of
infants. We have synthesized five derivatives of benzyl alcohol: 1-phenylethanol, 1-
phenylpropanol, benzyl acetate, benzyl ethylether and benzyl methylether; and tested
their antimicrobial properties using the Kirby-Bauer test and S. aureus, P. aeruginosa
and E. coli. Preliminary results show that 1-phenylethanol has improved antimicrobial
action compared to the parent compound. This leads us to the hypothesis that further
alkyl substitution on the benzylic carbon will exhibit greater activity. To this end we will
synthesize 1-methyl-1-phenylethanol. We also found that some derivatives without the
alcohol functionality still displayed antimicrobial activity, and we plan to synthesize 2-
phenylethanol to determine if the functional group must be on the benzylic position.

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CHED 922

α-Oligopyrrolidones: The “missing piece” in peptide mimicry

Stanley N Oyaghire(1), [email protected], 1700 East Cold Spring lane, Baltimore

MD 21251, United States ; Dmytro Fedoseyenko(2); Kevin Burgess(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore MD 21251, United States (2) Department
of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station Texas 77841, United States

Unsaturated α-oligopyrrolidones as novel peptidomimetics with a potential to surpass

other mimics were proposed and synthetic methodology for their preparation was
designed and investigated. The main innovations introduced into the pyrrolidones
include convenience of synthesis (accessibility), correspondence of repeat units to
peptide main chains (periodicity), in vivo longevity (proteolytic stability), easy
manipulation to desired secondary structure folds (versatility), and facile in vitro-in vivo
transition (bioavailability). Our synthetic methodology affords the target compounds in
six steps with a possibility of obtaining higher oligomers through iterations of the
procedures. Specifically, this report outlines the synthesis and characterization of all
intermediates required for the synthesis of unsaturated dimers (di-pyrrolidones).
Preliminary attempts to obtain the target compounds gave low yields (20 %) and
optimization attempts are being made.

CHED 923

Diastereoselectivity of the Claisen rearrangement

Mary J. Van Vleet(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont CA 91711,

United States ; G. William Daub(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College,
Claremont CA 91711, United States

The two chair-like transition states for the orthoester Claisen rearrangement has been
studied for different substitution patterns of the allylic alcohol. The favorability of one
chair-like transition state over the other can be determined directly from the syn/anti
selectivity of the reaction. It was found that changing the substitution pattern at C 2 of the
allylic alcohol from a methyl group to an ethyl group had no significant effect on the
diasterioselectivity of the Claisen rearrangement. At 125°C, syn/anti ratios (R1 = C2H5)
ranged from to 3.2:1 to 5.2:1, depending on the orthoester. Claisen rearrangements
were also performed using the Z-isomer of the allylic alcohol; selectivities were
comparable to those using the E-isomer alcohol but favored the anti product. To study
the boat-like transition state for Claisen rearrangments, additional reactions were run on
the E and Z isomers of the allylic alcohol, using a five-membered cyclic amide acetal in
lieu of an orthoester in order to eliminate the possibility of one chair-like transition state.
The syn/anti ratio for the E-isomer alcohol was 6.7:1; using the Z-isomer alcohol favored
the anti-product 13.2:1. All products were obtained in good yields (70-91%) and
characterized by IR, proton NMR, and mass spectral analysis.

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CHED 924

Towards a synthesis of sulfonated 2-bromoethyl glucopyranoside

Zach Erickson(1)(2), [email protected], 1500 St. Olaf Ave., Northfield Minnesota

55057, United States ; Leeanne Taylor(1); Neil Ayres(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio 45221, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, St. Olaf College, Cincinnati Ohio 45221, United States

The synthesis of sulfonated 2-bromoethyl glucose was attempted through two synthetic
routes. The first route involved the peracetylation of D-glucose using an environmentally
friendly catalyst, iron sulfate. The reaction yielded an isomeric mixture of 59% alpha
isomer, characterized by NMR spectroscopy (overall yield 55%). The mixture was then
reacted with 2-bromoethanol using boron trifluoride etherate promoter, yielding a
mixture of beta-2-bromoethyl glucopyranoside (30-35%) and unreacted alpha-
peracetylated glucose, characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Purification by
chromatography of this mixture had minimal success. The second route involved the
direct addition of 2-bromoethanol to D-glucose at the anomeric position using lanthanum
triflate catalyst, purification of the products are ongoing.

CHED 925

Tin and zinc-mediated allylation in ionic liquids

Davon Slaton(1), [email protected], 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove

PA 17870, United States ; Renuka Manchanayakage(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove PA 17870, United States

Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are finding many applications, but most notably
as solvents in organic synthesis. From a green chemistry perspective, ionic liquids
possess a number of interesting features, more importantly that they lack any
measurable vapor pressure, thus reducing the degree of harmful emissions compared
with conventional organic solvents. The ability to perform tin and zinc-mediated
allylation of β-cyclocitral with various allyl halides in imidazolium-based ionic liquids was
investigated. Our initial results confirmed the successful allylation in ionic liquids. The
efforts are underway to improve the yields of these reactions. The ionic liquid was
recycled and successfully reused in allylation reactions.

CHED 926

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Synthesis of cyclopropyl peptidomimetics as potential BACE and HIV protease

inhibitors

Jessica Taylor(1), [email protected], Box X-074, Murfreesboro TN 37132, United

States ; Nikhil Reddy(1); Norma Dunlap(1); Anuradha L Pathiranage(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro TN 37132, United States

The utility of peptidomimetics as enzyme inhibitors is well documented in the

pharmaceutical field. HIV protease inhibitors have been particularly successful, with ten
marketed peptidomimetics. Their success has led to activity in other areas, including
other viral enzymes as well as the inhibiton of beta-secretase (BACE). However,
relatively few syntheses of semi-rigid cyclopropyl analogs have been reported. A three-
step synthesis of a core cyclopropyl-containing peptidomimetic has been developed in
our laboratory: Grignard addition to amino acid Weinreb amides provides enones that
are substrates for the cyclopropanation. Extension of the core cyclopropyl products to
provide compounds that may be expected to have activity as either BACE inhibitors or
HIV protease inhibitors will be presented here.

CHED 927

Antiaromaticity of dications of indenyl systems with phenyl spacers: The effect of

phenyl substituents on antiaromaticity

Blair Shackleton(1), [email protected], One Trinity Place, San Antonio Texas

78212-7200, United States ; Isaac Zoch(1); Nancy S. Mills(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio Texas 78212-7200, United States

Our research group has been able to prepare and characterize antiaromatic fluorenyl
and indenyl dications. While the antiaromaticity of these species can be evaluated
experimentally through the paratropic chemical shift, the antiaromaticity can also be
evaluated through the calculated nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS), a measure
of the chemical shift of a dummy atom in the center of the ring system. Positive values
of NICS indicate antiaromatic species with the greater the magnitude of the NICS value,
the more antiaromatic the species. The degree of antiaromaticity can be affected by the
nature of substituents on the indenyl ring system and by their location. The dications
shown below are ranked in order of their decreasing antiaromaticity, with the
unsubstituted dication 1 shown by NICS calculations to be the most antiaromatic while
the 3-substituted dication 5 should be the least antiaromatic.

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Our focus has been on the 5-phenyl (2) and 6-phenyl (4) substituted dications which are
formed by the ionization of the corresponding diol in superacid solution. We will
describe the synthesis of the precursors to 2 and 4 and their behavior in Magic Acid.

CHED 928

Antiaromaticity of dications of indenyl systems with phenyl spacers: The effect of

methyl or phenyl substituents on antiaromaticity

Florisa Lubrin(1), [email protected], One Trinity Place, San Antonio Texas 78212-
7200, United States ; Isaac Zoch(1); Nancy Mills(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Trinity
University, San Antonio Texas 78212-7200, United States

We have been interested in exploring antiaromaticity through preparation of

antiaromatic dications. Indenyl cations separated by phenyl spacers can be prepared
through ionization of the corresponding diols and offer promise for the evaluation of
antiaromaticity in the indenyl system through experimental and theoretical measures.
Antiaromaticity can be evaluated through the calculated nucleus independent chemical
shift (NICS), a measure of the chemical shift of a dummy atom in the center of the ring
system. Positive values of NICS indicate antiaromatic species with the greater the
magnitude of the NICS value, the more antiaromatic the species. The degree of
antiaromaticity can be affected by the nature of substituents on the indenyl ring system
and by their location. We will report our efforts toward the preparation of the precursors
to these diols and their ionization to dications.

CHED 929

β-Lactone as a synthetic intermediate: Studies toward the enantioselective total

synthesis of (-)-curcumalactone and (-)-curcumanolide A

Alex Johnson(1), [email protected], 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland OR 97202,

United States ; Carolyn Leverett(2); Daniel Romo(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Reed
College, Portland OR 97202, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, College Station Texas 77842, United States

Natural products are a rich source for drug development and as structurally inspirational
targets for the synthetic chemist alike. Herein, we report the recent progress towards
the enantioselective convergent synthesis of two sesquiterpenoids, (-)-curcumalactone
and (-)-curcumanolide A. These spirocyclic compounds show promise as novel drug
candidates given their presence in crude medicinal extracts that demonstrate anti-tumor
and/or anti-inflammatory bioactivities. With this in mind, we have designed a concise

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Anaheim, CA

and elegant synthesis through structurally interesting intermediates, which show

potential for bioactivity in themselves or through simple conversion to related species.
Our synthesis utilizes new methodology for the enantioselective preparation of tricyclic
β-lactones and capitalizes on their unique reactivity as a synthetic intermediate.

CHED 930

Antiaromatic heterocyclic dianions: Preparation through oxidation, failure via

deprotonation

Cliff Woodford(1), [email protected], One Trinity Place, San Antonio Texas 78212-
7200, United States ; Nancy Mills(1); Mary Black(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Trinity
University, San Antonio Texas 78212-7200, United States

The dianion of bixanthylidene can be prepared by reduction with lithium or potassium.

An alternative route to the dianion could be via deprotonation. However, deprotonation
to give antiaromatic anions has been problematic. When the deprotonation is done in
the presence of ultraviolet light, the acidity of the precursor is enhanced and
antiaromatic dianions can be formed. Photoexcited deprotonation of the saturated
analogue, 9,9'-Bi-9H-xanthene, with an excess of n-butyllithium in TMEDA resulted
instead in the formation of a tetra-anion, with deprotonation occurring ortho to the
oxygen atoms.

CHED 931

Relative substituent position on the strength of π-π stacking interactions

Celeste Alverez(1), [email protected], 401 East High Street, 326 Ogden Hall,
Oxford Ohio 45056, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Miami University, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States

Using a set of new 1,9-disubstituted triptycenes as conformational reporters, it was

observed that the relative position of the substituent group on the benzene ring has a

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Anaheim, CA

profound influence on the strength of π-π stacking. A new series of model compounds
(3a–i) capable of revealing quantitatively π-π stacking interactions were studied. This
series of compounds has an ortho-substituted methyl group in one of the two interacting
arenes and the syn/anti ratios were determined and compared to a series previously
studied (4a–i) that have a para methyl group on the corresponding arene. A greater
than 50% increase in the strength of π-π stacking interactions was observed with the
methyl group in the ortho position comparing to that in the para position. No difference
in π-π stacking interactions was observed when the other aromatic ring was a
pentafluorobenzoate group in both systems. This behavior suggests an alternative
mechanism of underlying stacking interaction in π-π interaction.

CHED 932

Simple and economical approach to the steam distillation of essential oils

Ashlee M Gerardi(1), [email protected], 401 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven

Pennsylvania 17745, United States ; Martin Maresch(1); Jacquline M Whitling(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania, Lock Haven
Pennsylvania 17745, United States

Conventional steam distillation can require complex glassware, large amounts of

sample, and a source of laboratory steam. In this investigation an economical, easy to
build, and effective approach to steam distillation of essential oils has been explored.
The simple light-weight apparatus affords all school educators the opportunity to isolate
and quantify essential oils from small quantities of readily available spices and herbs.
Various chemical compounds were isolated using this convenient setup which
eliminated common problems often encountered during traditional steam distillation
procedures. Issues of violent embullism and frothing have been overcome with a
perforated sample holder, providing a codistillate free of vegetative material. After
removal of the co-distilled water by extraction, the essential oils were weighed and
analyzed by GC-FID against standard samples.

CHED 933

Correlation of infrared OH stretching band position to rotamer type in diols in

very dilute cyclohexane solutions

Amanda H. Flores(1), [email protected], C/M 1007, 3001 South Congress Ave.,

Austin TX 78704, United States ; Mary Tran(1); Zachry Theis(1); Beverly Pappas(1);
Morgan L. Baima(1); J.D. Lewis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, St. Edward[apos]s
University, Austin TX 78704, United States

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We have examined the infrared OH stretching bands of a variety of diols in very dilute
(<0.01M) cyclohexane solution to determine if it is possible make valid generalizations
about the position of the OH stretching band for the three possible OH rotamer types.
Similar infrared studies of dilute solutions of a large number of alcohols in cyclohexane
show a consistent pattern for the three possible free OH rotamer types associated with
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Two hydroxyl groups in the same diol
molecule introduce complications in analysis of the infrared spectrum not found in
alcohols. In addition to the presence of symmetric/antisymmetric OH stretching modes
for equivalent OH bonds, the interaction between two nonequivalent hydroxyl groups in
close proximity can alter the frequency of the OH stretching bands. Nonetheless, our
results indicate band position can be correlated to some extent to OH rotamer type.

CHED 934

Infrared evidence for formation of reverse micelles in very dilute solutions of

diols in cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride

Zachry Theis(1), [email protected], C/M 1007, 3001 South Congress Ave., Austin
TX 78704, United States ; Beverly Pappas(1); Amanda H. Flores(1); Mary Tran(1); Morgan
L. Baima(1); J.D. Lewis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, St. Edward[apos]s University,
Austin TX 78704, United States

We have studied the infrared OH stretching bands of a variety of diols in very dilute
(<0.01 M) solutions in cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride. In some of these solutions
we observe evidence of the formation of reverse micelles. In addition to bands
associated with free OH conformations and the presence of intramolecular hydrogen
bonding, in some diol solutions we also see spectral evidence for intermolecular
hydrogen bonding despite the very low concentrations of these solutions. The position
of the observed OH stretching bands associated with intermolecular bonding are at a
frequency typically associated with alcohols or diols at high concentrations. This result
indicates the formation reverse micelles in these solutions. The diols we have examined
include 2,3-butanediol, 2,4-pentanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 3-methyl-1,3-
butanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,6-
hexanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, and 1,4-butanediol.

CHED 935

Exploration of the formation of 1,4-benzodioxanes under Diels-Alder mechanism

Frank Eberle(1), [email protected], 400 W. First St., Chico CA, United States ;
Erich Bowman(1); Jinsong Zhang(1). (1) Chemistry, CSU Chico, Chico CA 95929-0210,
United States

1,4-benzodioxane derivatives have been show to produce many favored biological

properties such as cytotoxic and heptaprotective effects. Unfortunately the synthesis of

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Anaheim, CA

regioselective 1,4-benzodioxanes has remained elusive. Regioselectivity of 1,4-

benzodioxane derivatives might be obtained under a Diels-Alder concerted mechanism.
In order to make the synthesis process simpler, selections of commercially available
phenols are studied. These phenols are oxidized to an ortho-quinone then coupled with
a dienophile under an inverse electron demand cycloaddition reaction. The breadth of
this study to find regioselective 1,4-benzodioxanes will be discussed.

CHED 936

Infrared studies of intramolecularly hydrogen bonded conformations in diols in

very dilute cyclohexane solutions

Mary Tran(1), [email protected], C/M 1007, 3001 South Congress Ave., Austin TX
78704, United States ; Zachry Theis(1); Amanda H. Flores(1); Beverly Pappas(1); Morgan
L. Baima(1); J.D. Lewis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, St. Edward[apos]s University,
Austin TX 78704, United States

The two hydroxyl groups in diols may or may not be equivalent depending on the
symmetry of the molecule. A given hydroxyl group may be attached to a primary,
secondary, or tertiary carbon. In this study we have examined the infrared spectra of a
variety of diols in very dilute (<0.01M) cyclohexane solution to determine if infrared OH
stretching data can be used to show experimentally which hydroxyl group is the
preferred electron donor for pairs of nonequivalent OH's. To do this we have compared
the diol data to frequency shift data for formation of structurally similar intramolecular
hydrogen bonds in alcohols containing an ether functional group. Evaluation of the
spectral data we have obtained to date indicate one can readily reach conclusions
about which nonequivalent hydroxyl group is the preferred electron donor in some diols.
For other diols, the result is not readily apparent using these methods.

CHED 937

Effect of MW or UV irradiation in the reaction of PABA with cyclohexanol under

solid phase catalysis

Nagarajan Vasumathi(1), [email protected], 700 Pelham Road N, Jacksonville AL

36265, United States ; Courtney Crosby(1), [email protected], 700 Pelham Road N,
Jacksonville AL 36265, United States ; Calvin Joshua Scott(1). (1) Physical and Earth
Sciences, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville AL 36265, United States

Reaction of PABA with cyclohexanol by Fischer esterification method using Dean Stark
for water removal formed an inseparable mixture of cyclohexyl ester and a dicyclohexyl
derivative. With an attempt to synthesize selectively a single product, the reaction was
repeated using different catalysts. With anhydrous copper chloride and its mono and
dihydrates, some unexpected results were observed. With HCl as co-catalyst under
refluxing conditions PABA-copper metal complex formation was observed along with an

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Anaheim, CA

organic dye component instead of the anticipated ester. The reactions were repeated by
varying the solvent and temperature. In all cases two products, dark purple and green
were isolated. Alternately the reactions were repeated in different ratios using activated
zeolites and silica under thermal, MW and/or UV irradiation. Preliminary results once
again showed purple color solid formation possibly a metal complex or an organic dye.
The method of synthesis, isolation, purification and characterization by various
spectroscopic methods is discussed.

CHED 938

Characterization of sulfur substitution on crown ether ion selectivity

Frederick T Chen(1), [email protected], 14 East Cache La Poudre

Street, Colorado Springs CO 80903, United States ; Murphy G Brasuel(1); Brandon
English(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, Colorado
College CO 80903, United States

The design and synthesis of a double-armed diaza thio crown ether ionophore with two
malonamide side chains was carried out to explore the effects of sulfur substitution on
the resultant ionophore cation selectivity. The sulfur is expected to decrease the cavity
size and also increase the affinity of the ionophore for transition metals. The initial
crown ether structure lacking the thioether moiety (4,13-[bis(N-adamantylcarbamoyl)
acetyl]-1, 7, 10, 16- tetraoxa-4,13-diazacyclooctadecane) was shown to have excellent
Mg2+ selectivity. The sulfur moiety was inserted between the eighth and ninth carbon.
The malonic diamide and diazacrown ether were synthesized separately and combined
to produce a 21 member diaza thio crown ether derivative. Electrodes based on the new
compound were fabricated and the selectivity of the ionophore towards biologically
relevant ions was determined. Synthesis and characterization of ionophores is essential
for development of ion selective electrode and optodes for biological, environmental and
medical application.

CHED 939

Mild and efficient guanidine-catalyzed amidation of alkyl acetates

Isabel Larraza-Sanchez(1), [email protected], Science Hall 158, Notre Dame

Indiana 46556, United States ; Brianna McSorley(1), [email protected], Science Hall
158, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States ; Caitlyn Wonski(1),
[email protected], Science Hall 158, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United
States ; Corryn Neumann(1), [email protected], Science Hall 158, Notre
Dame Indiana 46556, United States . (1) Saint Mary[apos]s College, Notre Dame
Indiana 46556, United States

A mild, high-yielding, and atom-efficient protocol for the direct amidation of ethyl acetate
and other alkyl acetates using guanidine based catalysis is described. We report the

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Anaheim, CA

direct conversion at room temperature of a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic amines
into the corresponding acetamides, as well as a comparative catalytic study of different
bases and their nucleophilic/basic properties.

CHED 940

Synthesizing amide carboxylic acid derivatives using oxalyl chloride

Luz Adriana Sandoval(1), [email protected], 201 N Olive Ave, Rialto

California 92376, United States ; Amber Mora(1), [email protected], 201 N
Olive Ave, Rialto California 92376, United States ; Kimberley Cousins(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University San Bernardino, San
Bernardino California 92407, United States

Acyl chlorides are commonly synthesized from carboxylic acids, using reagents such as
thionyl chloride or cyanuric acid. Both of these are corrosive and are used in producing
toxic chemical weapons; thionyl chloride is also regulated in California as a reagent
used to prepare methamphetamine. An alternate synthesis of acyl chlorides uses oxalyl
chloride, which is considered a milder and more selective reagent. A small amount of
dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as a catalyst. The acyl chlorides produced were
reacted with different amines to produce amide derivatives. The resulting recrystalized
products were analyzed via melting point and infrared spectroscopy. Conditions were
optimized to routinely produce more than a 50% yield of amines after crystallization.
The reaction was shown to be successful for a series of carboxylic acids and amines,
and is appropriate for both synthesis of amides (such as N,N-Diethyl-3-
methylbenzamide in DEET) as well as for preparing solid derivatives of unknown
carboxylic acids.

CHED 941

Chiral silanes by asymmetric substitution at silicon

Nicole L. Gibbons(1), [email protected], 1 Campus Drive, Allendale MI 49401,

United States ; William R. Winchester(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley
State University, Allendale MI 49506, United States

We will present progress we have made towards the synthesis of chiral at silicon
asymetric molecules. Chiral silanes have potential as resolving agents, chiral ligands,
chiral auxiliaries and in chiral polymers.
We have been investigating nucleophilic asymmetric substitution using prochiral dihydro
and dialkoxy silanes. Reaction of these with organolithium compounds in the presence
of chiral diamines, leads to monosubstitution and chiral silanes in good yields and
modest enantiomeric excess. Recently, Tomooka, et. al. (1) have reported good
enantioselectivity with 2,2-Bis((4S)-(-)-4-isopropyloxazoline)propane, (BIP) catalyst on
cyclic dialkoxy silanes. We will be presenting a comparison of our previous results with

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Anaheim, CA

sparteine as a catalyst to new results studying 2,2-Bis((4S)-(-)-4-

isopropyloxazoline)propane (BIP) as a catalyst .

(1) Kazunobu Igawa, Junko Takada, Tomohiro Shimono, and Katsuhiko Tomooka; J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 16132–16133.

CHED 942

Using solvatochromic fluorophores to study peptoid structure

Stanley Hiew(1), [email protected], 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara CA 95053, United
States ; Marisa A. Plescia(1), [email protected], 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara CA
95053, United States ; Frederick J. Seidl(1), [email protected], 500 El Camino Real,
Santa Clara CA 95053, United States ; Amelia A. Fuller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
& Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara CA 95053, United States

Peptoids, oligomers of N-substituted glycine, mimic peptide structure and function and
have advantageous biostability. They are resistant to proteolytic degradation and have
excellent cell membrane permeability. In our research, we seek to develop new
methods of characterizing peptoid structures by incorporating the environmentally
sensitive dye 4-DMN (4-N,N-dimethylaminonapthalimide) or 4-DMAP (4-N,N-
dimethylaminophthalimide) as a peptoid side chain. Because the fluorescence
properties of these dyes depend strongly on the polarity of their local environment, we
predict that they will act as sensitive conformational probes. We will describe our
progress in applying these dyes to study structural features of peptoids that bear the 1-
naphthylethyl side chain, which is predicted to promote helical secondary structures
strongly. Additionally, we will explore the use of 4-DMN and/or 4-DMAP to probe
intramolecular association of amphiphilic peptoid helices ligated via ―click‖ chemistry to
generate putative tertiary structures.

CHED 943

Formation of new polyphosphonium salts from the reaction of

bis(diphenylphosphino)acetylene or bis(diphenylphosphino)butane with α,α'-
dibromo-p-xylene

Celia C Frieler(1), [email protected], Pasteur Hall, Winona Minnesota 55987,

United States ; Thomas W Nalli(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Winona State
University, Winona Minnesota 55987, United States

The goal of this research was to study the reaction of bisphosphines,

bis(diphenylphosphino)acetylene and bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, with α,α'-dibromo-
p-xylene to produce polyphosphonium salts, (3a) and (3b). Polymers containing
phosphorus-carbon bonds and phosphocation centers have generated some interest in
recent years, in part, due to their ability to function as anion exchange resins.

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Comparison of polymer NMR spectra (DMSO-d6) to smaller model compounds,

prepared by reacting benzyl bromide (PhCH2Br) and bisphosphines, allowed
assignment of 1H and 31P NMR resonances.

CHED 944

Regioselective bromination of phenol annelated to an aliphatic ring

Xiao Chang(1), [email protected], 400 West First St., Chico CA 95929, United
States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University,
Chico, Chico CA 95929, United States

It shows that the product of bromination reaction for 5-Indanol and 5,6,7,8-terahydro
naphthalen have bromine attach on different carbon position. Mill-Nixon effect gives an
explanation of the regioselectivity of those compounds which are phenol annelated to
an aliphatic ring. In order to prove Mill-Nixon effect, a series of bromination reaction by
using different starting materials were carried out. A method for the bromination reaction
is reported. All the results come from the measurement by using 4800Hz H1-NMR and
each reaction states were calculated by using Gaussian function.

CHED 945

Synthesis of sterpurene-like ring systems using a Reformatsky-Cope

rearrangement followed by a [2+2] photochemical reaction

Robert J Peterson(1), [email protected], 100 N. East Ave., Waukesha WI 53186,

United States ; Kevin McMahon(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Carroll University,
Waukesha Wisconsin 53186, United States

We describe here our development of a method to construct sterpurene-like structures

using a photocyloaddition approach. The photochemical precursors used to make the 4-
6-5 fused ring systems found in sterpurenes were made using a Reformatsky-Cope
rearrangement reaction. We will examine the scope and limitation of this approach to
synthesize these complex molecules.

CHED 946

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Modified quinine/sodium borohydride complexes as chiral reductive catalysts

James Gallagher(1), [email protected], 4357 Wheelock Student Center,

Tacoma WA 98416, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Puget
Sound, Tacoma WA 98416, United States

Asymmetric synthesis is currently one of the most important areas in chemistry based
research, particularly when producing compounds for use in biological systems such as
pharmaceuticals. Despite significant advances in asymmetric synthesis, the field is still
in its infancy. Given the thousands of different types of reactions used in medicinal
chemistry there is much room for the development of asymmetric catalysts that are both
cost-effective and able to efficiently produce high yields. Quinine, a naturally occurring
anti-malarial compound, has recently been shown to effectively catalyze reactions
asymmetrically. Our goal is to complex quinine with sodium borohydride, a common
reductive agent to create a catalyst capable of producing enantiomerically pure
alcohols. To enhance complexation to sodium borohydride, quinine is derivatized by
adding acidic functionality to the 9' hydroxyl position. Since alcohols can be easily
elaborated into other functional groups while preserving stereochemistry, the ability to
produce an enantiomerically pure alcohol would be useful in several asymmetric
syntheses.

CHED 947

Singlet-triplet interconversion in donor substituted verdazylium cations

Timothy F Hom(1), [email protected], 122 Valleyview Way, South San

Francisco California 94080, United States ; Jeffrey Nguyen(1),
[email protected], 1455 Caliente Way, San Jose California, United States ; Ben
Haller(1); Dallas Chambers(1); David J. R. Brook(1). (1) Chemistry, San Jose State
University, San Jose California 94080, United States

1,5-diisopropyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-oxoverdazyl free radical was

synthesized by condensation of 2,4-diisopropylhydrazide bis-hydrochloride with
substituted 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde to from tetrazanes. This process was followed by
oxidation to give a free radical. The radical is an example of a donor substituted radical
where oxidation can occur at the verdazyl or the donor substituent depending on the
acidity or polarity of the environment. We report the one electron oxidation of this
molecule and the interchange of the singlet and triplet states of the oxidation product
depending upon the acid (or base) present in solution.

CHED 948

Reductive dehalogenation of 4,5-diiodopentacyclo[4.3.0.02,4.03,8.05,7]nonane:

Cyclobutane dimers

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Maria DiFeo(1), [email protected], 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia PA 19131, United

States ; Mark Forman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint Joseph[apos]s University,
Philadelphia PA 19131, United States

We have previously reported that 4,5-diiodopentacyclo[4.3.0.02,4.03,8.05,7]nonane

(1) acts as a precursor to the pyramidalized alkene pentacyclo[4.3.0.0 2,4.03,8.05,7]non-4-
ene (2) via dehalogenation with alkyllithiums, as 2 may be trapped as its Diels-Alder
adduct 3 with diphenylisobenzofuran. Reductive dehalogenation of 4,5-
diiodopentacyclo[4.3.0.02,4.03,8.05,7]nonane (1) with sodium metal yields several
products, including the cyclobutane dimer.

CHED 949

Vinyl cubane derivatives: Cage opening/rearrangements

Christopher J Dietz(1), [email protected], 206 DePaul Hall, Niagara University

New York 14109, United States ; Danielle M Raymond(1); Ronny Priefer(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Niagara University, Niagara University New
York 14109, United States

Based on previous studies of cubane, and its ultimate successful incorporation into
polymers, it was found that vinylcubane has a tendency to undergo cage
opening/rearrangement. It was in this finding that a cubyl styrene derivative is proposed
in order to deter the cage opening of the cubane and thus perform polymerization from
a vinylcubane-based monomer. The goal of this research is to perform a novel
synthesis of this cubyl styrene derivative and attempt polymerization of the molecule in
order to study the cage opening/rearrangement due to the initial α radical formation.

CHED 950

Boron alkoxide mediated cleavage of 3,4-epoxy alcohols with organometallic

reagents

Karla M Ramos(1), [email protected], PO BOX 23346, San Juan PR 00931,

United States ; Gerardo Torres(1); José A Prieto(1). (1) Chemistry, University of Puerto
Rico, San Juan PR 00931, United States

Polypropionates consist of an array of alternating methyl and hydroxy groups on an

aliphatic chain with a particular configuration. These are present in many biologically
active molecules. We have developed a reiterative epoxide-based methodology for the
construction of polypropionates. Our approach involves an aluminum mediated epoxide
cleavage of 2-methyl-3,4-epoxy alcohols that leads to the formation of the 1,3-diol or the

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Anaheim, CA

unwanted 1,4-diol products. Control of the regioselectivity of the reaction is crucial for
the construction of the polypropionate chains. Since we have shown that the initial
formation of a metal alkoxide from the free secondary alcohol is crucial for the reaction
regioselectivity, we formed the Bu2B alkoxide in situ and studied its effect on the
regioselectivity of the epoxide cleavage reaction. This study also includes theoretical
studies of the boron alkoxide intermediates in order to better understand the nature of
these intermediate. Work supported by NIH-MARC-5T34GM07821-31.

CHED 951

Effects of the remote protecting group in the cleavage of 3,4-epoxy alcohols

Gabriela Fernandez-Cuervo(1), [email protected], PO Box 23346, San Juan

PR 00931, United States ; Elizabeth Valentin(1); Gerardo Torres(1); Jose A. Prieto(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan PR 00931,
United States

Natural products containing polypropionates continue to be an important group of

compounds with broad biological activities. The polypropionate moiety is characterized
by an aliphatic chain containing alternating methyl and hydroxy groups. We have
developed an epoxide-based methodology for the construction of polypropionates
consisting of a reiterative sequence of epoxidation and epoxide cleavage steps.
Previous work in our laboratory uses TIPS as a remote stable bulky protecting group,
which has been successfully incorporated in our synthetic efforts towards our target
compounds. We have encountered instances of TIPS desilylation or migration, thus,
studies exploring other protecting groups were undertaken. For this, we examined the
preparation and the regioselectivity of the epoxide cleavage of SEM and MEM-protected
2-methyl-3,4-epoxy alcohols in order to analyze the effect of these protecting groups
and to make our methodology more general. The details of these studies will be
presented. This work is supported by NIH-MARC-5T34GM07821-31.

CHED 952

Characterization of dipeptides as a means to understand larger proteins: The

result of intensive, hands-on laboratory training

Amanda L. Hoff(1), [email protected], 226 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago IL

60606, United States ; John Lisko(2); Matthias Zeller(2); Ganasaratnam Balendrian(2). (1)
Harold Washington College, Deptartment of Physical Sciences, City Colleges of
Chicago, Chicago IL 60606, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Youngstown
State University, Youngstown Ohio 44555, United States

A protein's chemical properties and biological activities depend on its functional groups
as well as its shape and structure. In order to better understand the relationship
between the structure and activity of proteins we chose to characterize dipeptide

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Anaheim, CA

molecules. There are 400 possible combinations of dipeptides that could be coupled
from the 20 naturally occurring L-amino acids. Most of these permutations are part of
protein sequences, but a large number of dipeptides also occur independently in nature,
with many of them being physiologically interesting. Research on dipeptides yields
information on the characteristics of larger proteins, as well as to operate as a base on
which to begin more intensive research into pharmacologically active dipeptides and
their variations. We plan to present structure determination in the solid and solution
states as well as FTIR, and Raman spectroscopic characterization and compare the
results with predicted structures and properties from energy minimization. Our student
will showcase the skills they acquired during an NSF-funded research internship;
notably in using NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy, as well as single-crystal X-ray
diffraction in the characterization of selected dipeptides.

CHED 953

Synthesis of ferrocenyl chalcones revisited: A greener approach

Adriana Rodríguez(1), [email protected], PO BOX 23346, San Juan Puerto Rico

00931-3346, Puerto Rico . (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Rio
Piedras Campus, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346, Puerto Rico

The field of medicinal chemistry has been greatly benefited from ferrocene and its
derivatives, their applications ranging from antitumor agents to biological markers. This
research is focused on synthesizing acetylferrocene derivatives with a variation on the
traditional Claisen-Schmidt condensation. The main limitations of the "traditional
condensation" are the higher reaction times and moderate to low yields. To overcome
these limitations we are optimizing the synthesis by applying a greener approach using
DIMCARB as a catalyst. Atom economy,the use of catalysts, and the elimination of
harsh solvents are only three of the green chemistry principles revered. This research is
still in progress, but if the results expected were obtained, it would provide a more
efficient and greener route for synthesizing ferrocenyl chalcones. The results and
limitations of this study will be presented.

CHED 954

Using natural bond orbital methods to investigate organometallic reaction

mechanisms

Robert Compton(1), [email protected], 200 North Seventh Street, Terre Haute

IN 47809, United States ; Jared Hutson(1), [email protected], 200 North Seventh
Street, Terre Haute IN 47809, United States ; Meredith Lewis(1),
[email protected], 200 North Seventh Street, Terre Haute IN 47809, United
States ; Kaitlyn Parsons(1), [email protected], 200 North Seventh Street, Terre
Haute IN 47809, United States ; Eric D Glendening(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Indiana State University, Terre Haute IN 47809, United States

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Electronic structure calculations can be used to explore reaction pathways. Calculations

yield a detailed, molecular-level description of the various elementary steps that
constitute a reaction mechanism. Additional insight into bond breaking and forming
processes can be gained from natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, a set of methods for
calculating properties (e.g. atomic charges, hybridization, Lewis structures) that are
central to our understanding of molecular structure and stability. We report here on our
recent efforts to characterize the hydrogenation of alkenes on Wilkinson's catalyst, a
common reaction in organic synthesis. Gaussian-03 calculations generated a series of
structures along the minimum energy pathways for this organometallic reaction.
Analysis of the electron density at each structure yielded a sequence of orbital images
that animate electron redistribution during the course of the reaction.

CHED 955

Development of a versatile synthetic method for the production of N-alkyl-N'-

hydroxyureas and N,N-dialkyl-N'-hydroxureas using O-phenyl-N-
hydroxycarbamate

Samuel D. Whedon(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S, Tacoma WA 98447-

0003, United States ; Neal A. Yakelis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran
University, Tacoma WA 98447, United States

Substituted N'-hydroxyureas are desirable synthetic targets due to their potential

medicinal and industrial applications. Traditional synthetic paths for the production of N-
alkyl-N'-hydroxyureas have relied primarily on isocyanates as starting materials or
intermediates. These reactions are limited by the decomposition of a theoretical
unstable hydroxylated isocyanate intermediate, which requires that the formation of the
N-hydroxyurea be achieved through addition of hydroxylamine into an isocyanate.
Secondary amines cannot be used in the production of an intermediate isocyanate
because the terminal amine of the isocyanate would be unstable. Accordingly, a robust,
versatile synthesis of N-alkyl-N'-hydroxureas and N,N-dialkyl-N'-hydroxyureas that
avoids isocyanates is an attractive research goal. The method developed utilizes O-
phenyl-N-hydroxycarbamate as a starting material for nucleophilic substitution by
primary and secondary amines. While optimization is ongoing, this method has been
used to successfully generate mono- and di-substituted hydroxyureas from amines with
substituent groups of varying steric and electronic demands. Products include
hydroxyureas substituted with pyrrolidine, morpholine, diethylamine and benzylamine.

CHED 956

Creating a greener Mitsunobu reaction with polymer-bound arsines: Analysis of

trisubstituted arsines as replacements for triphenylphosphine

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Anaheim, CA

Erik A. Arnits(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S, Tacoma WA 98447-0003, United

States ; Neal A. Yakelis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University,
Tacoma WA 98447-0003, United States

The Mitsunobu reaction has proven to be a powerful tool within organic and medicinal
chemistry for creating and manipulation many types of stereo-specific bonds, including
C-O, C-S, C-N, and even C-C. Possible greener and more efficient ways to use the
Mitsunobu reaction is presented in hopes of creating conditions for a biologically-
inspired reduction step in the catalytic cycle. The reduction of triphenylarsine oxide (1.0
equiv) is accomplished by addition of thiols (2.5 equiv), and quite readily by N-acetyl-L-
cysteine or N-acetyl-L-cysteine methyl ester (2.5 equiv, 20 min). Triphenylarsine was
shown by GC/MS and NMR to be incapable of performing the critical nucleophilic step
in the Mitsunobu reaction. More reactive dicarboxylate substitutes were synthesized and
investigated as surrogates for traditional azodicarboxylates DIAD and DEAD.
Tributylarsine is predicted to be much more nucleophilic species and studies now look
to a focus on using polymer-bound alkylarsines in the Mitsunobu reaction.

CHED 957

Facile synthesis of N-alkyl-N'-hydroxyureas from S,S'-dimethyldithiocarbonate

under aqueous conditions

Erik R. Reierson(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S, Tacoma WA 98447-0003,

United States ; Melisa L. Farias(1); Samuel D. Whedon(1); Erik A. Arnits(1); Neal A.
Yakelis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma WA
98447-0003, United States

Hydroxyureas have potential use as novel treatments for sickle cell anemia, cancer, and
other diseases. A novel, high yielding route to N-alkyl-N'-hydroxyureas has been
developed from the air- and water-stable reagent S,S'-dimethyldithiocarbonate
(DMDTC). Other methods often employ toxic, water-reactive reagents such as
phosgene and isocyanates. First, alkylthiocarbamates were synthesized from the
corresponding primary alkylamines by a procedure modified from recent literature by
Fochi, et al. The alkylamines were added to a solution of DMDTC and water in an ice
bath and then warmed to 23 oC for 1-5 hours. The reactions were monitored by gas
chromatography/mass spectrotrometry (GC/MS) for the disappearance of DMDTC.
From these alkylthiocarbamates, synthesis of N-alkyl-N'-hydroxyureas was possible by
gently heating them to 60 oC for 18-24 h in tert-butanol with aqueous hydroxylamine.
The reaction was easily monitored by thin layer chromatography and using ferric
chloride to stain the product spots. After concentration under vacuum, the nearly pure
crude hydroxyurea products were identified by melting point, 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR,
and high resolution mass spectrometry.

CHED 958

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Synthesis of substituted pyrroles as potential anticancer agents

Laura K. Plummer(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR

72032, United States ; Nick D. Heathscott(1); Courtney E. Rogers(1); Christina N.
Cooley(1); Daniel Z. Liu(1); Thomas E. Goodwin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix
College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States

The lamellarins constitute a large family of marine alkaloids which share a 3,4-
diarylpyrrole ring system, and a number of these compounds exhibit significant
anticancer activity (Pla et al., Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 2008, 8, 746-760). As
part of their research directed toward synthesis of the lamellarins and related
compounds, the Gupton group prepared JG-03-14 (Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim) 333, 3-9)
which has cytotoxic activity at nanomolar concentrations (Mooberry et al., Mol.
Pharmacol. 2007, 132-140). By a Suzuki cross-coupling route, we are preparing similar
substituted pyrroles for biological testing.

CHED 959

Synthesis of isotopically substituted, enantiomerically enriched warfarin

derivatives

Nick D. Heathscott(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR

72032, United States ; Laura K. Plummer(1); Thomas E. Goodwin(1); Shane Z. Sullivan(2);
Matthew R. Kovak(2); Grover P. Miller(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College,
Conway Arkansas 72032, United States (2) Department of Biochemistry & Molecular
Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock Arkansas 72205,
United States

Coumadin (warfarin) is a commonly used anticoagulation drug for the treatment and/or
prevention of thromboembolic events; however, maintaining an optimal drug dose is
challenging due to high inter-individual variability in patient response and a narrow
therapeutic range. To improve patient outcomes, we are participating in a collaborative
project to use warfarin metabolite profiles from patients to improve our understanding of
the link between warfarin metabolism and the response to treatment. Specifically, we
are employing green chemistry to prepare a variety of enantiomerically enriched, 13C-
subsituted warfarin derivatives (metabolites and glucuronides), as standards for
metabolite profiling efforts. The synthetic plan depends on a combination of a traditional
aldol condensation and an enantioselective, catalytic coupling using
diphenylethylenediamine (dpen) enantiomers (Kim et al., Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 5239;
Wong et al., J. Chem. Educ. 2010, 87, 194).

CHED 960

Feasible method for the synthesis of (Z)-oximes

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Anaheim, CA

Samuel D. Figueroa(1), [email protected], Cond. Paseo del Rio Apt. 5003,

Humacao Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico ; Wenhua Ou(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Puerto Rico Humacao, Humacao Puerto Rico 00791, Puerto Rico

Primary amines are very important compounds to prepare intermediates for

pharmaceutical products. (Z)-Oximes are valuable prochiral organic compounds that
have been used to prepare chiral primary amines by the borane mediated reduction with
the oxazaborolidine derived from (2S)-2-Amino-3-methyl-1,1-diphenyl-butan-1-ol. In
general, (Z)-Oximes are difficult to obtain in high yield directly from the corresponding
ketones. However, we were able to obtain the (Z)-oximes by the nucleophilic reaction of
α-bromoacetophenone oximes with sodium borohydride in good yield (up to 87%).
Presently, we are investigating the preparation of several (Z)-oximes and their
conversion to chiral (R) primary amines by our previous developed asymmetric
reduction.

CHED 961

Spde/gc-ms and nmr analysis of volatile organic compounds in maned wolf urine

Bryan Keplinger(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR

72032, United States ; Innocent H. Harerimana(1); Linda P. Desrochers(1); Thomas E.
Goodwin(1); Nucharin Songsasen(2); Johannes P.F.G. Helsper(3). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States (2) Center for
Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal Virginia
22630, United States (3) Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) are threatened in the wild (South America).
There is currently an effort to maintain viable ex situ populations, not only as a hedge
against extinction, but also to provide a research resource from which the biology and
chemistry of these animals can be investigated. Behavioral studies suggest that sexual
chemical signals are present in their malodorous urine. We have found an unusually
large variety of urinary pyrazines, and have identified the malodorous sulfur-containing
compounds (hemiterpene thiols and sulfides). We have also observed an increase in
abundance of some compounds upon aging the urine at room temperature, possibly
due to bacterial action. Our analysis employs automated solid phase dynamic extraction
(SPDE) coupled with GC-MS. Also, using 1H NMR spectroscopy we have analyzed
CDCl3 extracts of maned wolf urine, as well as the unaltered urine itself. Behavioral
bioassays are underway using whole urine and pure chemical components thereof.

CHED 962

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Prospecting for urinary chemical signals in binturongs (Arctictis binturong)

Tim W. Wallen(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway Arkansas

72032, United States ; Thomas E. Goodwin(1); Anneke Moresco(2); Christine M. Drea(3).
(1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States
(2) Lindsay Wildlife Museum, Walnut Creek California 94597, United States (3)
Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham North Carolina
27708, United States

Binturongs are little-known, arboreal carnivores inhabiting dense forests of Southeast

Asia, and are distinct among viverrids because of their female dominance. To better
understand female dominance, we are examining binturong reproductive physiology
and chemical signals. Both sexes communicate via scent marks derived from perineal
glands and urine. Prior analysis of perineal gland secretions revealed several short
chain carboxylic acids; however, no chemical analysis of binturong urine volatiles has
been reported. We collected blood and urine samples from captive binturongs at the
Carnivore Preservation Trust to test for sex effects on reproductive hormones and
volatile chemicals in intact and contracepted animals. Here, we report results from our
chemical analyses using solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE) coupled with GC-MS.
We have identified several urinary volatiles including various short chain ketones and a
major component, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, that likely explains the binturong's characteristic
aroma of buttered popcorn and occurs in other carnivore scent signals.

CHED 963

Ester-linked beta-sheet mimics in small peptides

Rio S Nomoto(1), [email protected], 1 College St., PO Box 1856, Worcester

MA 01610, United States ; Brian R Linton(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of the
Holy Cross, Worcester MA 01610, United States

Abnormal protein aggregation is associated with degenerative pathways of

neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease and
signaling pathways in cancer. Stacking of ß-sheets is the major cause of such protein
aggregation. To understand the molecular forces that control aggregation in vivo, small
artificial ß-sheet mimics were created in vitro. Ester-linked ß-sheets that we synthesized
contain two important chemical modifications: the addition of an ester-linked tether for
stability and the replacement of hydrogen donors with an ester-link to inhibit
aggregation. By studying the interactions between and within these ester-linked ß-
sheets using hydrogen-deuterium exchange on the NMR, we can begin to think about
ways to inhibit excessive beta-sheet aggregation in biological systems.

CHED 964

Synthesis of 1-benzazepines as nicotinic acetylcholine agonist

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Anaheim, CA

Miriam M. Padilla Díaz(1), [email protected], P.O Box 4163, Puerto Real P.R 00740,
Puerto Rico . (1) Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at
Humacao, Humacao P.R 00791, Puerto Rico

Cyclic and acyclic anilines are very important organic compounds that are used as
intermediates for the synthesis of a variety of pharmaceutical products. Aniline
derivatives such as benzazepines have been poorly or none studied in biological
systems. Recent biological studies have demonstrated that benzazepine compounds
have relevant biological activity for treatment of degenerative neurological diseases
such as Alzheimer and Parkinson.

Now, we're trying to synthesize analogues of 1-benzazepine as nicotinic acetylcholine

agonists using a method developed in our laboratory. We've developed a new efficient
method to rearrange O- silylated oximes on reduction with boron triflouride/borane
system. The bulk of the substituent on the silyl atom and the electronic effect of
substituent on the aromatic ring play an important role in the rearrangement of the
oximes. Aromatic O-triisopropylsilyl ketoximes were efficiently rearranged to cyclic and
acyclic aniline derivatives on reduction with BF3- ethearate/ borane.

CHED 965

Integrating biological mass spectrometry into introductory undergraduate

teaching laboratory experiments

Edward C Colosky(1), [email protected], 37 S College Ave, Ardolf Science Center,

St. Joseph MN 56374, United States ; Edward J McIntee(1); Kate J Graham(1); Henry V
Jakubowski(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, CSB/SJU, St. Joseph MN 56374, United
States

Our goal is for students to develop practical skills in the laboratory so that they are
prepared to apply their knowledge in a variety of situations. With the growing field of
proteomics, protein analysis has become a major research area in many laboratories.
The primary analytical tool used for protein determination is mass spectrometry. We
developed a laboratory to give students a first exposure to LC-MS sample preparation
and data interpretation.

Students are given an unknown mixture of a protein and a peptide. They are asked to
separate them by size exclusion column chromatography and analyze the fractions by
UV spectrometry. Students then submit samples that they believe contain the purified
components for MS analysis. Students identify the components of their unknown
mixture by comparing spectra to standards. Once identified, students do a literature

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search on SciFinder to investigate the biological importance, use or history of the

identified components.

CHED 966

Exploring microwave assisted oxidation reactions in organic synthesis

Kara Swallow(1), [email protected], 5151 Park Avenue, Fairfield CT 06825,

United States ; Linda Farber(1), [email protected], 5151 Park Avenue, Fairfield
CT, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield
Connecticut 06825, United States

Microwave Chemistry is known to decrease reaction time and potentially increase yield.
This research will explore the oxidation of secondary alcohols to their corresponding
ketones using Microwave Chemistry. Alcohols such as benzylhydrol, 1-(4-bromophenyl)
ethanol, and 4-bromoacetophenone are studied. A mild oxidizing agent, chromium
trioxide resin is used for the oxidation. Results of these studies will be presented.

CHED 967

Guided-inquiry nitration experiment for the undergraduate organic laboratory

Justin D Dancer(1), [email protected], 1928 Saint Mary[apos]s Road, Moraga CA

94556, United States ; Kayla M Diemoz(1), [email protected], 1928 Saint
Mary[apos]s Road, Moraga CA 94556, United States ; Valerie A Burke(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary[apos]s College of California, Moraga CA 94556,
United States

Nitration of aromatic compounds is a common topic for the organic chemistry lecture
and laboratory. Although textbooks provide lists of compounds with activating or
deactivating groups, and ortho/para or meta directors, we sought to develop an
experiment in which students themselves derived these trends. Ten monosubstituted
aromatic compounds that can be nitrated under a given set of conditions were identified.
In a two-week experiment, students will nitrate an aromatic compound and identify
products by HPLC. Students will also conduct competitive nitrations to determine
relative reactivity of a pair of aromatic compounds; by combining class data, a full series
of relative rates can be determined. Students will be guided to discover the trends of
activating vs. deactivating substituents, and ortho/para vs. meta directors. Results of the
development of this experiment and the initial implementation in the teaching laboratory
will be discussed.

CHED 968

Recrystallization and identification of organic and inorganic unknowns in an

introductory laboratory experiment

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Moses A Adeagbo(1), [email protected], 37 S. College Ave, Ardolf Science Center,

St. Joseph MN 56374, United States ; Chris P Schaller(1); Kate J Graham(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, CSB/SJU, St. Joseph MN 56303, United States

Many of the basic skills for working with compounds are developed in the organic
chemistry laboratory. Recrystallization is one common technique that is usually
developed at this stage. We have developed an open-ended recrystallization
experiment in which students must purify an unknown compound by recrystallization.
The compound is analysed by infrared spectroscopy and melting point. Students then
select the identity of the compound from a list of possibilities. In a new variation on this
experiment, students are given inorganic, organometallic or organic unknowns.
Although some of these compounds decompose instead of melting, color is an
additional factor that helps student identify the compounds.

CHED 969

Reinvestigating the kinetics of solvolysis of t-butyl chloride and n-butyl chloride

in ethanol and acetone

Calvin Scott(1), [email protected], 700 Pelham Road N, Jacksonville AL 36265, United

States ; Courtney Crosby(1), [email protected], 700 Pelham Road N,
Jacksonville AL 36265, United States ; Nagarajan Vasumathi(1). (1) Physical and Earth
Sciences, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville AL 36265, United States

Solvolysis is a nucleophilic reaction in which a solvent is also used as a nucleophile. In

our experiment, water is the solvent/nucleophile and acetone or ethanol, the co-solvent.
The reaction of t-butyl chloride and water yields t-butanol and hydrochloric acid as
products via SN1 reaction. The rate of reaction is monitored by adding sodium hydroxide
to neutralize HCl. In our study, reaction is observed under several varied conditions
including temperature, concentrations of t-butyl chloride, types of solvents and solvent
ratios. Such a wide-scale experiment offers an abundance of information about the rate
constant of this reaction and how it is affected by these factors.

The results yielded information contrary to our predictions, and we had to propose
different hypotheses as to why the reactions happened the way they did. In the
preliminary experiments conducted with 0.5 M t-butyl Chloride, it appears the reactions
are reaching equilibrium much before previously expected.

CHED 970

Intermediate ion binding in stereoselective catalysis

Justin R DeFrancisco(1), [email protected], 1 College St., PO Box 593,

Worcester MA 01610, United States ; Brian R Linton(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
College of the Holy Cross, Worcester MA 01610, United States

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Our research focused on developing catalysts that could be used to change the
reactivity of anionic intermediates in synthesis. Specifically, we have been designing
catalysts for reactions of carboxylate and nitronate anions. These catalysts can bind the
anion, and change the reactivity of the molecule as a whole. Binding to the substrate
allows for the possibility of defining the stereochemistry of the product, so this method
can be useful for asymmetric additions.

CHED 971

Synthesis and evaluation of bis-iodo-bis-ether chiral aryl iodides as

organocatalysts

Aaron M. Bender(1), [email protected], Kellogg-Chemistry, 611 E. Porter Street,

Albion MI 49224, United States ; Andrew N French(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Albion College, Albion MI 49224, United States

The synthesis and evaluation of hypervalent iodine reagents' capabilities to specifically

transfer chirality has been of interest to the French research group. French and Wirth
have shown that chiral aryl iodides can act as organocatalysts in alpha-oxytosylations of
enolizable ketones with modest enantioselectivity. Current research has focused on a
chiral, salen-derived, di-iodide as a potential new class of reagents. A one-step
substitution reaction using 2 equivalents of a benzyl bromide compound with 1
equivalent of (1R, 2R, 3S, 5R)-(-)-Pinanediol and the evaluation of the resulting
reagents as organocatalysts will be presented.

CHED 972

Synthetic studies toward the antimalarial bromophycolides

Stephanie L Bartel(1), [email protected], 100 N East Ave, Waukesha WI 53186,

United States ; Christopher L Walker(2); Stefan France(2). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Carroll University, Waukesha WI 53186, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
GA, United States

The bromophycolides represent a family of about 16 diterpenebenzoate natural

products isolated from the Fijian red alga Callophycus Serratus. Preliminary bioassays
show great promise for antimalarial activity as a heme crystallization inhibitor. To date, a
synthetic route has not been achieved for the bromophycolides. Herein, the rationale
and development of synthetic strategies toward this class of natural products will be
discussed.

CHED 973

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Redefining organic chemistry

Katie Zebedeo(1), [email protected], 5151 Park Avenue, Fairfield CT 06825,

United States ; Linda Farber(1), [email protected], 5151 Park Avenue, Fairfield
CT 06825, United States . (1) Chemistry, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield CT 06825,
United States

Over the years, Organic Chemistry has received a negative reputation as being one of
the most difficult subjects to understand and master. Because it consists of the basic
fundamentals of most sciences, Organic Chemistry is required for several professional
tracks such as pre-medical, pre-dental, and Chemistry and Biology related graduate
work. Students with a wide-range of scientific interests find themselves facing this
intimidating subject. The purpose of this research is to create hands-on activities that
bring Organic topics to everyday life, thus helping students obtain a better
understanding of this difficult science. Activities that are created will also serve to
reinforce lecture topics and help improve student outcomes. This poster will outline the
activities developed through this research.

CHED 974

Fragmentations observed in the reactions of α-Methoxy-γ-alkoxyalkyl iodide

substrates with flexible super electron donors

Luke A Baldwin(1), [email protected], 443 Prospect Court, Waukesha WI 53186,

United States ; John A Murphy(2); Ryan Sword(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Carroll University, Waukesha WI 53186, United States (2) Department of
Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United
Kingdom

Recently simple neutral organic electron donors have been developed and studied as
powerful reducing agents. This paper investigates whether certain substrates can be
reduced with a new DMAP derived organic electron donor. Due to the steric hindrance
and planarity of the molecule it was initially thought that this reaction would not occur. It
was found however that alkyl halide substrates could be successfully reduced by the
non-planar 4-DMAP derived donor. This is important because it helps to characterize
the possible reactions which this newly synthesized neutral electron donor can partake
in. The next focus was to successfully determine the mechanism by which this reaction
proceeds. Radical trapping rather than through an SN2 reaction was thought to be the
route which is taken towards the liberation of an alcohol. By reacting the substrate with
a Benzoimidizole donor, which can only give one electron to the substrate; it was
determined that radical trapping occurs. This successfully confirmed the proposed
mechanism which was presented.

CHED 975

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Appearance of urinary chemical signals of musth in immature African elephants

Daniel B. Mark(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR

72032, United States ; Innocent H. Harerimana(1); Thomas E. Goodwin(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States

Mature male African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants
periodically exhibit a rut-like state called ―musth‖ which is characterized by elevated
serum testosterone, swollen and draining temporal glands, urine dribbling, lowered
appetite, increased aggression, and enhanced reproductive success. A series of alkan-
2-ones is more abundant in secretions and excretions from musth males than in those
from non-musth males (Rasmussen & Wittemyer, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2002, 269,
853-860). Using automated solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE) coupled with GC-
MS, we have analyzed urine from immature male African elephants over several years
to gain new insights into the biological timing of the appearance of these alkan-2-ones,
the analogous alkan-2-ols, and other characteristic musth chemical signals. We propose
that the biosynthesis of these compounds involves the catabolism of fatty acids (by an
unusual series of reactions) and amino acids.

CHED 976

Biodiesel preparation by catalyzed transesterification

Ryan Oostendorp(1), [email protected], 1450 Alta Vista St., Dubuque Iowa

52001, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Loras College, Dubuque Iowa
52001, United States

Attempts were made to produce biodiesel oil in a transesterification reaction of several

different plant oils and methanol with enzymes that included Novozym 435 and porcine
pancreas. The use of spectroscopy (both NMR and IR) and thin-layer chromatography
were explored to determine the success of the reaction by identifying the presence of
unreacted plant oils, different fatty acids and the biodiesel, which is the methyl ester of
the fatty acids, in the reaction mixture. These techniques are also used to determine the
percent yield of the desired products.

CHED 977

2-Furfuryl alcohol as a diene for green Diels-Alder reactions

Cheryl E. Sturm(1), [email protected], Johnstone Science Center, Oneonta New

York 13820, United States ; Mark S. Erickson(1), [email protected], 457
Johnstone Science Center, Oneonta New York 13820, United States . (1) Department
of Chemistry, Hartwick College, Oneonta New York 13820, United States

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Green chemistry topics are important additions to subjects normally offered at any level
of chemistry education. As part of a continuing effort to further green the organic
chemistry laboratory curriculum, the classic Diels-Alder reaction using cyclopentadiene
and maleic anhydride was targeted. The primary goal of reducing the use of volatile
organic compounds (VOC's) and organic solvents was accomplished by developing
aqueous and solventless Diels-Alder reactions between 2-furfuryl alcohol and
maleimide. This resulted in good to excellent yields of endo and exo 3a,4,7,7a-
tetrahydro-4-(hydroxymethyl)-4,7-epoxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione at room
temperature and atmospheric pressure in the hands of students during a single four-
hour laboratory period. 2-Furfuryl alcohol showed an enhanced reactivity as a diene
when compared to other monosubstituted furans, which was investigated by reacting
several 2-substituted furans with maleimide.

CHED 978

Synthesis of chloramphenicol analogs

Michael Sean Banales(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 838, 300

Fraser Purchase Road, Latrobe PA 15650, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry,
Saint Vincent College, Latrobe PA 15650, United States

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial

infections. It works by inhibiting the activity of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Due to a number of drug resistant strains of bacteria, some side effects that were not
clearly understood and the development of newer medications, chloramphenicol use
began to decline. A recent push to investigate older medications has begun due to the
increased presence of drug-resistant bacteria. The purpose of this research is to
investigate a commonly used synthesis route for chloramphenicol and to create a
number of stable analogs of chloramphenicol that alter functional groups along the
molecule in an attempt to improve the effectiveness of it as an antibiotic.

CHED 979

Clicked sweet-curcumin: Modulator of amyloid-β aggregation at ultra-low

concentrations

Dinali Obeysekera(1), [email protected], 2800 Victory Blvd., Staten Island

New York 10314, United States ; Sukanta Dolai(1); Christopher Corbo(1); Saadyah
Averick(1); Alejandra Alonso(1); Probal Banerjee(1); Krishnaswami Raja(1). (1) Department
Of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, Staten Island New York 10314, United States

We have developed a general strategy towards mono-functional derivatives of

curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric (the dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa).The
synthesis of a water/plasma soluble , non-toxic, bio-compatible derivative of curcumin
with amplified bio-efficiency in modulating amyloid-β aggregation is presented.

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Curcumin mono-alkyne was 'Clicked' with commercially available acetal-protected

galactose azide. The deprotected curcumin Clicked galactose (sweet curcumin) is freely
soluble in water. Sweet-curcumin inhibits Aβ aggregation at significantly lower
concentrations compared to curcumin. Where curcumin barely inhibits Aβ aggregation
at a concentration of 8 mM, sweet-curcumin inhibits aggregation at concentrations as
low as 8nM. It was found to be a more powerful antioxident than curcumin. A MTT
assay on cultured hippocampal slices of mouse-brain indicated that the sweet-curcumin
is potentially neuroprotective and non-cytotoxic. Thus Sweet-curcumin is a promising
Green-drug candidate against Alzheimer's Disease.

CHED 980

Enantioselective synthesis of 1,2-aminoalcohols aryl epoxides via reduction of α-

prochiral ketones using a chiral spiroborate-borane system

Edgardo J. Pomales(1), [email protected], CUH Station, Humacao Puerto Rico

00777, United States ; Kun Huang(1); Karilyn Torruellas(1); H. Wang(1); Margarita Ortiz-
Marciales(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Puerto
Rico 00791, United States

The enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones to obtain the corresponding optically

active alcohols are one of the most study in organic chemistry for the preparation of a
variety of medicinally compounds. One relevant application is the synthesis of
nonracemic aryl epoxides. These epoxides can be regioselectively ring opened with
strong nucleophiles to obtain 1,2-aminoalcohols, which are known for their biological
importance. Our result on the reduction of α-aryl ketones, obtaining the corresponding
enantio-pure β-aryl alcohols will be presented. The corresponding aryl epoxides were
obtained in good yield and outstanding enantiomeric excess. We are also studying the
opening of this epoxides to obtain its corresponding 1,2-aminoalcohols, which are
valuable neurological compounds

CHED 981

Temporal aspects of bacteria-mediated production of urinary chemical signals of

elephant musth

Page 473 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Innocent H. Harerimana(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway

AR 72032, United States ; Daniel B. Mark(1); Laura J. Broederdorf(1); Blake A. Burkert(1);
Zach J. Waldrip(1); Randall A. Kopper(1); Thomas E. Goodwin(1); Mark V. Sutherland(2);
Elizabeth W. Freeman(3); Julie A. Hollister-Smith(4); Bruce A. Schulte(5). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States (2) Department
of Biology, Hendrix College, Conway Arkansas 72032, United States (3) New Century
College, George Mason University, Fairfax Virginia 22030, United States (4) Oregon
National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton
Oregon 97006, United States (5) Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University,
Bowling Green Kentucky 42101, United States

Mature male African and Asian elephants periodically experience a rut-like state called
―musth‖, involving elevated serum testosterone, swollen and draining temporal glands,
urine dribbling, lowered appetite, increased aggression, and enhanced reproductive
success. A series of alkan-2-ones is more abundant in secretions and excretions from
musth males than in those from non-musth males (Rasmussen & Wittemyer, Proc. R.
Soc. Lond. B 2002, 269, 853). Using solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE) and GC-
MS, we have shown that these alkan-2-ones, the analogous alkan-2-ols, and several
aromatic compounds continue to increase in concentration exogenously in the
deposited urine. This process can be halted by centrifugation and filtration to remove
solids, including bacteria, and restored by reintroduction of the centrifugation pellet.
Bacterial involvement in production of mammalian chemical signals is well-documented
(Albone, Mammalian Semiochemistry, Wiley-Interscience, 1984). We suggest bacteria
may be involved in the release of urinary chemical signals of elephant musth in the wild.

CHED 982

Intermolecular chemistry of dichlorocarbene additions to strained C-C pi bonds:

Finding the
dynamics threshold

Marlena Sheridan(1), [email protected], 3009 Broadway, New York NY 10027,

United States ; Marina Orman(1), [email protected], 3009 Broadway, New York
NY 10027, United States ; Julia Tolentino(1); Ul Weena(1); Aliza Stein(1); Dina C.
Merrer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York NY 10027, United
States

Our group has shown that dihalocarbene additions to C-C pi systems containing greater
than 55 kcal/mol of strain energy (cyclopropene and benzocyclopropene) are affected
by reaction dynamics. We are now investigating the threshold strain energy in the pi
substrate necessary for inducing dynamic control. Adamantene (Estrain = 37 kcal/mol) is
generated from noradamantyldiazirine photochemically in situ with CCl2 from
dichlorodihydrophenanthrene to form an adamantene-CCl2 adduct. Similarly,
cycloheptyne (Estrain = 25 kcal/mol) is reacted with CCl2 photochemically via co-
irradiation of cycloheptenocyclopropenone with the CCl2 precursor. We are additionally

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

investigating CCl2 additions to two anti-Bredt olefins, with Estrain = 30 and 25 kcal/mol,
respectively. Product studies will help elucidate the mechanisms of addition and help
determine whether these reactions adhere to or deviate from transition state theory. In
so doing, we will bracket the strain energy in the pi substrate needed to induce dynamic
control.

CHED 983

Use of palladium diimine complexes for Suzuki Coupling in an undergraduate

organic chemistry lab

Dan Foerster(1), [email protected], 100 N University Drive, Edmond OK 73034,

United States ; Steven K Meier(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Central
Oklahoma, Edmond OK 73034, United States

Transition metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are excellent methods for forming
C-C bonds; however, there exist only a few undergraduate organic laboratory
experiments that teach these reactions. One of the difficulties with using these reactions
in the undergraduate lab is that transition metals often require the use of an inert
atmosphere, which is often difficult or impossible to achieve in undergraduate
laboratories. This research developed an undergraduate organic laboratory experiment
using the Suzuki coupling reaction under aerobic conditions. Five diimine ligands were
successfully synthesized from 2,3-butanedione and aniline derivatives using formic acid
as a catalyst. Four of these ligands along with Pd(OAc)2 are used in separate reactions
to couple 4-bromoanisole and phenylboronic acid under aerobic conditions. However,
only one ligand (R-N=C(CH3)-(CH3)C=N-R, where R = 2,6-(CH3)2C6H3) resulted in
complete conversion of 4-bromoanisole in under an hour, as shown by GC-MS. The
other reactions did not result in the consumption of 4-bromoanisole.

CHED 984

Synthesis of γ-ketonitriles and their enzymatic enantioselective reduction

Laura Wright(1), [email protected], 11935 Abercron St, Savannah GA 31419, United

States ; Guiseppe Gumina(2); Brent Feske(1). (1) Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong
Atlantic State Univ, Savannah GA 31419, United States (2) Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, South University, Savannah GA 31406, United States

γ-Ketonitriles 5 were synthesized in four steps from aldehydes 1. The synthetic strategy
is based on classic umpolung of the starting aldehydes using 1,3-dithioethane,
alkylation of the resulting dithianes 2 with 1-bromo-2-chloroethane and a facile cyanide
displacement, followed by deprotection. The resulting γ-ketonitriles 5 were subject to
enzymatic reduction using a reductase library.

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

CHED 985

Synthesis and studies on the stability of hypochlorous acid, HOCl, in water, ether,
and ether-methanol

Renae Minnema(1), [email protected], 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego

California 92106, United States ; Victor Heasley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Point
Loma Nazarene University, San Diego California 92106, United States

The information in this abstract discusses the synthesis of hypochlorous acid, HOCl, a
chlorinating agent used in disinfecting drinking water, in various reagents. It has been
previously reported that HOCl can made in H2O, and we recently prepared it in ether,
and ether/methanol. After several studies on these solutions, the stability of HOCl in the
latter two solutions was compromised when made in concentrations higher than 0.15 M.
Overall, HOCl is most stable when maintained in H2O. This study concluded that HOCl
must be made at a lower concentration when extracted into ether, and that Cl2 begins to
form in the ether solution even when kept on ice. The solution of HOCl/ether/methanol
reacted similarly and Cl2 was formed in the solution after an hour.

CHED 986

Evidence supporting a concerted pathway for reaction chlorosulfinyl isocynate

with monofluroalkenes

Kelli Hickle(1), [email protected], 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego California

92106, United States ; Dale Shellhamer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Point Loma
Nazarene University, San Diego California 92106, United States

Hydrocarbon and monofluorinated alkenes react with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) to

form chlorosulfonyl hydrocarbon and fluorinated beta-lactams; both of which are easily
reduced to their respective beta-lactam structures. A kinetics study measuring the rates
of the reactions between various alkenes and CSI was conducted in order to see if the
reactions share a common pathway. The natural log of the rate constants were plotted
against ionization potentials and illustrate that there is in fact, a change in the
mechanism. The hydrocarbon alkenes react with CSI to proceed through a step-wise
transition state, while the fluorinated alkenes react with CSI to proceed through a
concerted transition state. Quantum chemical calculations provide further evidence of a
concerted mechanism, which involves an in-plane transition state that incorporates the
lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen of CSI. A few of the alkenes tested gave lower
rates of reactions due to steric effects.

CHED 987

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Determination of active chlorine in dichloramine

Ryne Holmberg(1), [email protected], 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego

California 92106, United States ; Victor Heasley(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Point
Loma Nazarene University, San Diego California 92106, United States

Dichloramine (NHCl2) is commonly used as a disinfectant in drinking water. It is known

that NHCl2 is reactive and can be used as a chlorinating agent, but it is not known
whether one or both of the chlorines on the molecule are active. The extent of possible
chlorination in dichloramine reactions has been determined by reacting NHCl2 with
excess resorcinol and determining the amount of the chlorinated products formed. The
major product is 4-chlororesorcinol, with the formation of some 2-chlororesorcinol and
2,4-dichlororesorcinol as well. Product formation is determined by GC using the internal
standard method.

CHED 988

Progress towards selectively fluorinated curcumin analogs

Theresa Nguyen(1), [email protected], 1100 Henderson Street, Arkadelphia

AR 71999, United States ; Martin J. Campbell(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Henderson State University, Arkadelphia AR 71999, United States

Progress towards the synthesis of selectively fluorinated curcumin analogues, using

various methods of indirect aromatic fluorination is reported. Curcumin, a phytochemical
substance, has been shown to possess significant biological properties including anti-
cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. Replacing one or more hydrogen
with fluorine in pharmaceuticals has become an increasingly common and beneficial
approach to seeking enhancement of biological properties. Thus, preparation of
fluorinated curcumin analogues bearing one fluorine atom on each ring provides a way
to attempt to extend the well-documented properties of curcumin.

CHED 989

Reaction studies of monobromamine with styrene

Mark Boerneke(1), [email protected], 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego

California 92106, United States ; David Lingner(1); Victor Heasley(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego California 92106, United States

Humic acids are present in drinking water before disinfection, and they react with
halogen disinfectants to produce organohalogen contaminants. Chlorination studies
have been done on model compounds of complex humic acids. Monobromamine,
NH2Br, is a halogenating agent that is formed in this disinfection process. Bromide ions,
oxidized by chlorine in the presence of NH3, react to form monobromamine which leads

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

to carcinogenic organobromine compounds. NH2Br, which was recently synthesized in

our labs under drinking water conditions, was reacted with styrene. This study suggests
three important conclusions: NH2Br does not react via OBr- since they give different
products; NH2Br, but not NH2Cl, oxidized products of styrene (styrene bromohydrin, for
example) to yield small amounts of phenacyl bromide and bromoform, CH3Br. 1-
Phenylethanol was also oxidized to acetophenone and other bromine products; NH2Br
probably reacts by an ionic mechanism, since NH2Cl, which reacts by an ion-radical
mechanism, does not react with styrene.

CHED 990

Synthesis and activity of fluorous-phase oxime palladacycle catalysts

Kimberly Berry(1), [email protected], 2200 169th St., Hammond IN 46323, United

States ; Adrianne Harrigan(1), [email protected], 2200 169th St., Hammond IN
46323, United States ; Marcy Hugg(1), [email protected], 2200 169th St,
Hammond IN 46323, United States ; Kari Johnson(1), [email protected], 2200
169th St, Hammond IN 46323, United States ; Michael W. Pelter(1); Libbie S. W.
Pelter(1). (1) Department of Chemistry & Physics, Prudue University Calumet, Hammond
IN 46323, United States

In our ongoing investigations of palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation,

oxime palladacycle catalysts have shown unique chemoselectivity in Sonogashira
reactions with trihalobenzenes. The selectivity of these catalysts prompted further
investigations and fluorous oxime palladacycle catalysts are currently being developed
and explored as catalysts with potentially improved stability, activity, and selectivity. The
presence of the fluorous tag on the catalyst allows the reactions to be carried out in the
solution phase while permitting an easy separation of the catalyst from the desired
product. Additionally, this methodology allows for catalyst recovery and reuse. A three
step synthesis of the catalysts in good yield from readily available starting materials will
be presented. Several examples will also be shown that demonstrate the stability and
selectivity of fluorous oxime palladacycles as homogeneous catalysts for the
Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. A comparison of conventional and microwave
heating methods for the coupling reactions will also be presented.

CHED 991

Efficient synthesis of 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindan-4',5-dicarboxylic acid (PIDA):

A green process

Ryan T. Focht(1), [email protected], 50 East Frederick St., Millersville

PA, United States ; Steven M. Bonser(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Millersville
University of Pennsylvania, Millersville PA 17551, United States

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 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

1,1,3-Trimethyl-3-phenylindan-4',5-dicarboxylic acid, commonly referred to as PIDA, is a

polycondensation monomer used in industrial polyester polymerization processes.
Although a number of syntheses of PIDA have been reported, a more environmentally
friendly and cost effective process is desirable. The updated synthesis represents an
efficient four-stage approach from readily available starting materials. The key step in
the new reaction scheme is the use of "green" chemistry principles to oxidize the aryl
methyl groups in 1,1,3,5-tetramethyl-3-(p-methylphenyl)indane to the corresponding
dicarboxylic acid moieties of PIDA in the last step. The development of this optimized
synthesis of PIDA is the subject of this poster.

CHED 992

Synthesis of new chiral oxetanes via enantioselective reduction of prochiral β-

halogenated aryl ketones with amino spiroborate esters

Javier O Rivera(1), [email protected], Estación Postal CUH 100 Carr. 908,

Humacao Puerto Rico 00791-4300, Puerto Rico ; Lilinete Roldan(1); Miriam M Padilla(1);
Margarita Ortiz-Marciales(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico,
Humacao Puerto Rico 00791-4300, Puerto Rico

Enantiopure oxetanes are important building blocks of a large variety of biologically

active compounds such as, chiral γ- amino alcohols, which are used as chiral drugs for
the treatment of anxiety and depression. Industrially, they are primarily used for the
synthesis of polymers, in stereo-litography are found to be the key in the efficient
production of SL resins. A new method for the synthesis of non racemic oxetanes via
the borane reduction of β-halogenated aryl ketone using the spiroborate ester 1 derived
from ethylene glycol (EG) and diphenyl prolinol (DPP) as catalyst and subsequent base
catalyzed cyclization, is investigated. Presently, we are studying the enantioselective
reduction of β-chloroaryl ketones to their corresponding β-chloro alcohol in up to 94%
ee using 10 mol porcent of catalyst 1 (EG-DPP). The complete oxetane formation was
achieved at room temperature using 3 equivalents of potassium tert-butoxide in THF,
with excellent yield (up to 98%) and high enantiopurity (up to 96% ee). Syntheses of
oxetanes with other β-halogenated ketones are under study for the synthesis of
enantiopure γ- amino alcohols.

CHED 993

Mechanism of didebromination by Zinc in styrenedibromides

Amanda Young(1), [email protected], 55 Fair Dr, Costa Mesa CA 92626,

United States ; Edward Lorance(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Vanguard University of
Southern California, Costa Mesa CA 92626, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Dibromination-didebromination could be a very useful reaction sequence in the

protection of alkenes in multistep sytheses. To investigate this mechanism, a Hammett
study comparing the rates of didebromination for 1,2-dibromo-1-phenylethanes with
differing para-substituents was conducted. The kinetic studies were carried out by time
resolved UV-visible absorption, conductivity monitoring, and GC-MS. The results and
implications of this mechanism will be discussed.

CHED 994

Undergraduate organic lab using microwave deprotection of aromatic acetates

using silica gel supported ammonium formate (HCOONH4)

Douglas G. Pohl(1), [email protected], CBox 082, Milledgeville GA 31061-0490,

United States ; Samanthi P. Abeyrathne(1); Croix W. Snapp(1); Michelle Wells(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Astronomy, Georgia College & State University,
Milledgeville GA 31061, United States

The use of the microwave has impacted the field of organic synthesis. Some of the
benefits using microwave chemistry are shorter reaction times and less solvent waste.
Our research group is currently developing a new laboratory for use in our second
semester of organic chemistry lab. We are using silica gel supported ammonium
formate for deprotection of aryl acetates to the corresponding phenols in excellent yield
with reaction times of 2-3 minutes. This is an alternative method for the solvent based
methods for deacetylation of aromatic acetates, which typically takes hours to produce
the free phenols.

CHED 995

Lignin degradation with ionic liquids

James Nowlin(1), [email protected], 1100 Henderson Street, Arkadelphia AR 71999,

United States ; Martin J. Campbell(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Henderson State
University, Arkadelphia AR 71999, United States

Lignin, an abundant, constantly renewing potential source of various phenolic and

benzene-derived compounds of importance, was dissolved in a variety of ionic liquids.
Treatment of the solution or suspension with metal catalysts and oxidants was explored,
screening for conditions that yielded partial degradation. A variety of green oxidants and
catalysts were explored and as much as possible, green methods, including vacuum
distillation were used to obtain and analyze products. Initial screening results will be
reported using prepared wood powder and lignin samples.

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

CHED 996

Synthesis of novel lavendamycin analogs

Justin Giessler(1), [email protected], Ball State University, Muncie IN 47306,

United States ; Robert E Sammelson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Ball State
University, Muncie IN 47306, United States

Lavendamycin was isolated in 1981 from the broth of Streptomyces lavendulae.

Lavendamycin is known to be both antimicrobial and cytotoxic. The different functional
groups at the various positions on the Lavendamycin affect the specificity and toxicity of
it as an antitumor agent. The following research focuses on the synthesis of
Lavendamycin derivatives, focusing on isoxazoles and isoxazolines attached at the 2
position of the quinoline-5,8-dione. The isoxazoles and isoxazolines will be created
using a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with alkynes and alkenes, respectively.

CHED 997

Synthesis of C-6 alkyl substituted aziridinomitosene analogs

Tyler Hoovis(1), [email protected], 3438 Nathan Drive, Idaho Falls Idaho

83404, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Boise State University, Boise ID,
United States

Mitomycin C (MC), a quinone-containing cancer therapy agent, is biologically active by

alkylating DNA. DNA alkylation by MC inhibits cancer cell growth by preventing
translation and replication, thereby destroying the cancer cell. MC demonstrates toxic
effects that are hypothesized to be caused by an essential reduction preceding the
formation of DNA adducts. A series of structurally similar compounds,
aziridinomitosenes (AZMs), have been shown to form interstrand crosslinks as well as
DNA-protein adducts without the required reduction. Our synthetic AZMs contain four
electrophilic centers (C1, C6, C7 and C10) capable of undergoing alkylation. A variety of
AZM analogs have been synthesized in order to test potency and toxicity in comparison
to MC. Inclusion of a methyl group at the C6 or C7 position has resulted in significant
differences in the efficacy. By synthesizing 6-alkyl substituted AZMs, the effect of larger
groups can be tested. These and related studies will be presented.

CHED 998

Synthesis of calcimimetic analogs derivatives from enantiopure primary amines

Jaime L. Alvarez Estrella(1), [email protected], HC-04 Box 4348 Bo. Pasto Seco,
Las Piedras Puerto Rico 00771, United States ; Sandraliz Espinosa(1),
[email protected], CUH Station, Chemistry Department, Humacao Puerto Rico

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Anaheim, CA

00777, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at

Humacao, Humacao 00771, Puerto Rico

Calcimimetics agents are new drugs, whose name reflects their major action: to mimic
the effect of calcium on calcium receptors. Calcimimetics have the potential to control
hyperparathyroidism. The Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a dangerous
disease, characterized by an excessive secretion of a parathyroid hormone in response
to the low levels of calcium in the body. Optically pure primary amines are important
organic compounds that have been used as chiral auxiliaries and catalysts in
asymmetric organic transformations, and as chiral building blocks for the synthesis of a
wide variety of biologically active compounds. An asymmetric reduction of N-Benzyl
oxime ethers, catalyzed by the spiroborate ester1/borane system to obtain enantiopure
amines, was recently developed in our laboratory. Using 10% of the catalyst1, derivated
from diphenyl valinol and ethylene glycol (EG-DPV), we obtained the corresponding
primary amines in good yield and excellent enantioselectivity (>90% ee). A new
approach for the synthesis of novel class calcimimetic analogs, using the prepared
enantiopure amines, will be presented.

CHED 999

Investigation of hydrogen bonding in beta-sheets using a cystine dipeptide

Benjamin D Brink(1), [email protected], 1 College St., PO Box 0167, Worcester

MA 01610, United States ; Brian R Linton(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of the
Holy Cross, Worcester MA 01610, United States

Protein misfolding can lead to various ailments including Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and
Parkinson's disease. A better understanding of the role of protein folding can be
achieved by studying the hydrogen bonding in small β-sheet peptidomimetics. These
peptide mimics reproduce the hydrogen bonding patterns found in beta-sheet proteins,
and permit the investigation of specific hydrogen bonding interactions. Cystine peptides
have been created that can mimic a small β-sheet and indicate the correlation between
the number of hydrogen bonds and conformation stability.

CHED 1000

Synthesis of chiral primary amines via reduction of oxime ethers with chiral
spiroborate ester derived from diphenylvalinol and ethylene glycol

Valerie E Torres-Claudio(1), [email protected], Estación Postal CUH, 100 Carr.

908, Humacao Puerto Rico 00791-4300, Puerto Rico ; Kiara M Santiago-Fidalgo(1),
[email protected], Estación Postal CUH, 100 Carr. 908, Humacao Puerto Rico

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Anaheim, CA

00791-4300, Puerto Rico ; Sandraliz Espinosa-Diaz(1); Jaime L Alvares-Estrella(1);

Hector J Melendez-Gonzalez(1); Silvia M Farre-Rosado(1); Margarita Ortiz-Marciales(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, Humacao Puerto
Rico 00791-4300, Puerto Rico

Enantiomeric pure amines are especially valuable organic compounds that have been
used as amphetamines, antihistamines and antibiotics. The enantioselective borane
reduction of oxime ethers to primary amines has been studied under catalytic conditions
using the spiroborate esters derived from diphenylvalinol and ethylene glycol. Effective
conditions were achieved by using only 10% of catalyst resulting in complete convertion
to the corresponding primary amine in up to 99%ee. Recently our group is studying the
reduction of several O-benzyl oximes and their conversion to primary chiral amines.

CHED 1001

Laboratory irradiation experiments: Photochemical changes of simulated

cometary materials

Robert Haynes(1), [email protected], 5500 N. University Pkwy, San Bernardino

California 92407, United States ; Susan Lederer(1); Nizar Farhat(1); Douglas Smith(1). (1)
Chemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino California
92407, United States

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common molecules found in comets.

Irradiation from the sun's high-energy photons cause the comet to undergo chemical
and physical changes. Studies were performed to simulate the photochemical changes
that may occur on cometary surfaces. Individual PAHs (anthracene, phenanthrene,
pyrene) were held under vacuum and irradiated through a quartz window using a solar
lamp (300 or 800 Watts) at NASA-Johnson Space Center. The samples were either
irradiated individually (dry), or mixed with either CO2 or H2O. The samples were
dissolved in methylene chloride and analyzed qualitatively by GC/MS. Chromatograms
were compared to dry, unirradiated standards and mass spectra were compared to
spectra from a NIST database. Although noticeable color changes occurred in these
samples, preliminary results suggest that either the duration of irradiation needs to be
increased, or that elevated temperatures are required to simulate chemical reactions
occurring on a celestial time scale.

CHED 1002

Synthesis of potential T4 lysozyme substrate

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Anaheim, CA

Jamie Nguyen(1), [email protected], 5709 S. Verde St., Tacoma WA 98409,

United States ; John Hanson(1). (1) Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma WA
98416, United States

One of the most studied enzymes, T4 lysozyme, is produced by T4 bacteriophage and

destroys cell walls of bacteria. It works by hydrolyzing the glycosidic bonds of the
bacterial cell wall consisting of long chains of alternating N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG)
and N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM) units. Our initial substrates consist of N-
Acetylmuramic acid derivatives containing ortho- and para-nitrophenol groups at the
glycosidic position. Since it appears that the NAM unit needs to be substituted with a
peptide side chain, we have synthesized the tripeptide Ala-D-Glu(Lys(Fmoc))-OBn
using standard DCC coupling methodology and have coupled it to the lactic acid side
chain of the muramic acid. The synthesis of these potential T4 lysozyme substrates will
be described.

CHED 1003

IR inquiry and computational chemistry

Michelle Linder(1), [email protected], Ravine Parkway, c/o Jacqueline

Bennett, Oneonta NY 13820, United States ; Alyson Marmet(1); Jacqueline Bennett(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, SUNY College at Oneonta, Oneonta NY
13820, United States

Presently, the organic chemistry course at SUNY College at Oneonta uses an IR inquiry
experiment to guide students through the basics of IR interpretation. The purpose of this
experiment is to help students realize that many IR peaks correlate to different bond
lengths and can be used to identify the functional groups in a molecule. As part of an
NSF grant to incorporate computational chemistry throughout the chemistry curriculum,
molecular modeling and mechanics activities will be included with this IR inquiry
experiment beginning fall 2011. Students will use computational programs accessed
through WebMO to construct and optimize different molecules, measure the lengths of
the various bonds, and calculate IR frequencies. The theoretical IR frequencies and
bond lengths calculated using the various molecular modeling and mechanics programs
will then be compared to literature spectra and/or experimental spectra obtained in lab.

CHED 1004

Robust and flexible route toward carbonyl-substituted

perimidinespirohexadienone photochromes

Douglas C Yarbrough(1), [email protected], 1200 W Algonquin Road,

Palatine IL 60067, United States ; Daniel J. Stanford(1); Jason G. Gillmore(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Harper College, Palatine IL 60067, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland MI 49423, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Photoinduced charge transfer (PICT) is a useful means of generating organic ion

radicals. Cation radicals generated by PICT have relevance in a variety of applications
of materials science interest. A limitation to the use of PICT-initiated cation radical
reactions is the persistence of photooxidant in the material subsequent to completion of
the desired reaction. We are therefore attempting to develop a reversible "pro-
photooxidant" system to gate sensitivity to PICT, in essence only having a photooxidant
present when it is desired.

In keeping with our group's ongoing development of the perimidinespirohexadienone

(PSHD) family of photochromes as potential "photochromic photooxidants", we have
explored a variety of routes to PSHDs bearing carbonyl substituents, which calculations
predict to be our most potent candidates yet. Our current approach is to install the
carbonyls after preparation of an acenaphthene-bottomed PSHD. The latest results and
challenges in the synthesis of the acenapthene-derived bottom moiety will be reported.

CHED 1005

Synthesis of imidazole-based carboxypeptidase B inhibitors

Juyeon Chung(1), [email protected], 1200 W Algonquin Road, Palatine IL

60067, United States ; Daniel J. Stanford(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harper
College, Palatine IL 60067, United States

Carboxypeptidases are known to be involved in many regulatory processes including

blood clotting. It has been shown that inhibitors of porcine carboxypeptidase B (CpB)
can reduce tissue damage due to blood clots formed during an induced cardiac arrest.
The homology of its active site residues with those of human CpB makes porcine CpB a
good model for testing the kinetic properites of potential human CpB inhibitors. Our
project goal is to synthesize inhibitors and explore their kinetic properties with porcine
CpB. Because it is known to be an inhibitor of carboxypeptidases, our synthetic targets
have incorporated the imidazole ring. The poster will present our current synthetic
results.

CHED 1006

Further synthesis of gallicynoic acids

Ryan P Barnes(1), [email protected], 820 Ceder st, Apt 1, Chico CA 95926,

United States ; Brandon Tautges(1); David B Ball(1). (1) Deparment of chemistry, CSU
Chico, Chico CA 95926, United States

Recently a series of nine structurally related acetylenic carboxylic acids, gallicynoic

acids, have been isolated from basiomycete Coriolopsis gallica. Some of these
acetylenic metabolites exhibit diverse bioactivities, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial,
enzyme-inhibitory, and anti-HIV activities. We have modified our previous synthetic

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Anaheim, CA

schemes in our attempts to produce these acetylenic acids in a racemic fashion. Our
first scheme featured ruthenium catalytic conjugate addition of terminal acetylenes and
Sonogashira cross-coupling of terminal acetylenes to unactivated alkyl bromides and
iodides that failed to produce the desired hetero-coupled products. Our second
synthetic scheme failed in our attempts to de-protect an acetal in conjugation with an
alkyne in the presence of a tert-butylsilyl protecting group. Our revamped synthetic
scheme giving our desired racemic products will be presented. We are currently
devising enantioselective an acetylide/aldehyde process that will lead to non- racemic
gallicynoic acids with the desired stereochemistry.

CHED 1007

Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted triazole derivatives using click chemistry

Wes A Robertson(1), [email protected], 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs

CO 80918, United States ; Kirstin A Knobbe(1); Seth Levulis(1); Allen M Schoffstall(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs,
Colorado Springs CO 80918, United States

Copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, introduced by K. Barry Sharpless et al,

was employed to synthesize novel 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. This reaction is an
example of Click Chemistry, which emphasizes mild reaction conditions, high yields,
regiospecificity, and readily available reagents. Our research group has employed the
triazole formation procedure from substituted benzyl azides and terminal alkynes
containing fluoro and nitro substituents. Characterization via NMR and GC-MS was
performed to ensure successful synthesis.

CHED 1008

Synthesis of descycloropylmangiferonic acid analogs

Meagan Donaldson(1), [email protected], 301 Lake Street, Dallas

Pennsylvania 18612, United States ; Larry Pedersen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Misericordia University, Dallas Pennsylvania 18612, United States

(22Z,24)-3-Oxocycloart-22,24-dien-26-oic acid, an analog of mangiferonic acid isolated

by Kadota et.al from propolis, has been shown to PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer
cells. To determine if the cyclopropyl ring is essential for the activity, synthesis of the
corresponding compound (1) lacking the cyclopropyl ring, but having a methyl group at
C-10, has been initiated. Progress toward the total synthesis of Figure 1 from
progesterone is reported.

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CHED 1009

Lactic acid as a green catalyst for imine synthesis

Samantha Kamp(1), [email protected], Ravine Parkway, c/o Jacqueline

Bennett, Oneonta NY 13820, United States ; Michelle Linder(1); Alyson Marmet(1);
Jacqueline Bennett(1); Anyango Kamina(1). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
SUNY College at Oneonta, Oneonta NY 13820, United States

Prior research by our group has shown that ethyl lactate is an effective solvent for rapid
synthesis of aryl aldimines at room temperature. Some imines, however, still take
several hours to form under these conditions, especially those imines derived from
vanillin and piperonal. One remedy for this problem is to use an acid to catalyze the
reaction, which is common in imine reactions. For example, acidic Dowex resin and p-
toluenesulfonic acid are common acid choices for speeding up imine reactions.
However, environmentally friendly acid catalysts for imine reactions have not been
examined thoroughly. Here we present the results of our investigation of lactic acid as a
green catalytic alternative for imine synthesis.

CHED 1010

Preparation and characterization of novel thiophosphoramidates

Susannah Coates(1), [email protected], PO Box 173362, CB 52, Denver CO 80217,

United States ; Kameko Edgecombe(1); Zane Smith(1); Susan M Schelble(1); Milton J
Wieder(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Metropolitan State College of Denver, Denver
CO 80217, United States

This paper will describe the preparation of new thiophosphoramidates prepared from
amines and dimethyl (dimethyoxy) thiophosphoryl chloride. The various amine
substituents will be prepared to allow for characterization of the two dimethyl groups on
phosphorus. This will include electron donating and withdrawing groups on substituted
anilines and will use NMR to probe the diastereotopic nature of the dimethyl moieties.

CHED 1011

Formylthiocholine: Synthesis and comparison of catalyzed vs. uncatalyzed

thioester hydrolysis reactions

Daniel Madeux(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo CA

93407, United States ; Rafael Miranda(1); Sharon Mathys(1); Emily Fogle(1); Lori
Robins(1); Kristen Meisenheimer(1); John Marlier(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry,
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

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Thioesters are similar to the more commonly found oxoesters, except they have a sulfur
atom in place of an oxygen atom in the leaving group position. They are a very
important class of reactive carboxylic acid derivatives used in both chemistry and
biochemistry. The uncatalyzed and enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis reaction of the
thioester, formylthiocholine, was investigated. The novel thioester substrate was
synthesized in two steps from 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-ethanethiol and the rate of
formylthiocholine hydrolysis under alkaline conditions was studied. The thioester was
also used as a substrate analog for enzymatic hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase
(AChE). The enzymatic kinetic data (Km and kcat/Km) for formylthiocholine was compared
to another thioester-containing substrate, thioacetylcholine.

CHED 1012

Synthesis of an aziridinomitosene analog for investigating the role of the C6 and

C7 electrophilic sites in DNA/protein crosslink formation

Mikenna M Summers(1), [email protected], 1910 University Dr.,

Boise ID 83725, United States ; Don Warner(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise ID 83709, United States

Bioreduction of mitomycin C (MC), a naturally occurring anticancer agent, results in the

formation of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), which interrupts cell replication and
growth. This reduction, however, is thought to contribute to the negative side effects
seen in patients treated with the compound. Aziridinomitosenes (AZMs) are structurally
similar to MC, but do not require reductive activation to alkylate DNA. We have shown
that a synthetic, quinone-unsubstituted AZM can form ICLs and DNA/protein crosslinks
(DPCLs) under non-reductive conditions. This AZM contains four electrophilic sites at
which alkylation can occur: C1, C6, C7, and C10. We hypothesize that the C6/C7
positions are responsible for protein adduct formation. To test this hypothesis, a methyl
substituted analog with these sites blocked is being prepared. Assuming the hypothesis
is correct, this new compound should be resistant to DPCL formation. Details
concerning synthetic efforts, as well as relevant
preliminary studies, will be presented.

CHED 1013

Analysis of the structures of phallotoxin compounds utilizing molecular modeling

Christina H McCulley(1), [email protected], PO Box 254, Princeton California,

United States ; Stuart McDaniel(2); Robert Zoellner(3). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University, Chico, Chico California 95929, United States
(2) Department of Chemistry, Wofford College, Spartanburg South Carolina, United
States (3) Department of Chemistry, Humboldt State University, Arcata California
95521, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Seven phallotoxins were isolated and identified in 1937 from Amanita phalloides
mushrooms, along with the better-known amatoxins. Both amatoxins and phallotoxins
are poisonous but phallotoxins are not toxic when ingested because they are apparently
not able to be absorbed through the lining of the intestine. To better understand the
phallotoxins both structurally and energetically, computational methods were used to
model the phallotoxins beginning with initial trial geometries that incorporated different
torsion angles at the peptide bond to determine the lowest energy structures for the
molecules. The molecular modeling programs Gaussian 03W and PC Spartan Pro were
used, and the molecules were investigated at Hartree-Fock and density functional levels
of theory.

CHED 1014

Template directed polymerization: Synthesis of adenosine

Kaitlyn Ohden(1), [email protected], Bethel University #1985, 3900 Bethel

Drive, St. Paul MN 55112, United States ; Mitchell Maddox(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul MN 55112, United States

Since the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953, scientists have explored ways to
mimic the natural DNA replication process. One area of study that has found some
success has focused on creating template directed polymerization products with non-
traditional backbones. Polymers with an amine-linked backbone are of particular interest
to our research group, since they provide a way to study template directed
polymerization in the absence of enzymes. The polymerization takes place via a
reductive amination that requires two critical structural modifications to the natural DNA
bases. The modified monomer differs from natural DNA bases in that it is altered at the
3' carbon to include an aldehyde functional group, and at the 5' carbon to include an
amine. In this investigation significant progress has been made toward, an 11-step
synthetic pathway to produce the modified adenosine nucleoside monomer needed to
further investigate this unique polymerization process.

CHED 1015

Cost effective synthesis of indigo dye for the undergraduate organic laboratory

Carmen Duran(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo CA

93405, United States ; Nanine A Van Draanen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo CA 93405,
United States

We present an alternative, cost-effective preparation of indigo dye. Starting from indole,

sequential electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions followed by
hydrolysis yields indigo dye. This preparation is suitable for undergraduate organic
chemistry students, giving experience with two types of aromatic substitution reactions.

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Use of the prepared indigo to dye material gives a real-world application to the
laboratory exercise.

CHED 1016

Progress toward verdazyl carboxylic acids

Jan Ho(1), [email protected], One Washington Square, San Jose CA 95192-

0101, United States ; Jason Wilburn(1); Thu Nguyen(1); David J. R. Brook(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose CA 95192-0101, United
States

6-oxoverdazyls are stable free radicals with potential application as spin labels, in
charge storage and in advanced magnetic materials. The synthesis of 1,5-dicarboxylic
substituted 6-oxoverdazyl free radicals may provide a route to increase the water
solubility and modify the metal binding characterisitics of verdazyls. We report our
progress toward this synthetic goal.

CHED 1017

Synthesis of a potentially potent antibacterial compound

Sarah R. Hansen(1), [email protected], 2115 Summit Avenue, Saint Paul

Minnesota, United States ; J. Thomas Ippoliti(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University
of Saint Thomas, Saint Paul Minnesota 55105, United States

The pharmaceutical community is challenged with developing new antibacterial agents

in response to the growing number and variety of drug resistant bacteria. One strategy
for drug development is the relatively new technique of Molecular Topology (MT) that
can predict the antibacterial properties of theoretical molecules. A computational
program utilizing MT predicts a novel fluorinated compound to have an 85% chance of
being a successful antibiotic against gram-positive bacteria. A four step convergent
synthetic route was designed that couples an epoxide and an alcohol. The epoxide
intermediate was synthesized by reaction of hexamethyleneimine with epichlorohydrin.
The alcohol intermediate was synthesized by a two step reaction sequence in which
difluorophenol was brominated and then reacted with bromoethanol to give the alcohol
intermediate. This was coupled with the epoxide to form the final product. Spectral data
of all intermediates will be discussed.

CHED 1018

Linking general and organic chemistry: pKa determination of carboxylic acids

Sydnee Mardell(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo CA

93405, United States ; Nanine A Van Draanen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and

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Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo CA 93405,

United States

General and organic chemistry are usually taught as separate subjects, leading
students to see these as separate worlds. We are interested in bringing organic
chemistry concepts to the general chemistry laboratory, and vice-versa, in order to link
the first two years of chemistry into a cohesive whole. In this experiment, the
relationship between structure and acidity is explored by conducting a pKa
determination (a standard general chemistry experiment) on a series of electronically
different organic carboxylic acids. The results and experimental details will be
presented.

CHED 1019

Toward self assembled systems based on verdazyl free radicals

Daniel Sun(1), [email protected], One Washington Square, San Jose State

University, One Washington Square, San Jose CA 95192-0101, United States ; David J.
R. Brook(1); Janice Wong(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University,
San Jose CA 95192-0101, United States

The discovery of the verdazyl class of molecules dates back approximately half a
century ago. Unlike typical free radicals, verdazyl molecules are stable and can be
isolated under ambient conditions. The presence of three variable substituents and two
nitrogens available for metal coordination, lend them to a variety of applications. We
have been developing verdazyl ligands that complex with metal ions, with the ultimate
goal of creating self assembled structures. We report recent results with the synthesis of
pyrazine based verdazyl ligands and attempts at self assembly.

CHED 1020

Computational study of the thermal rearrangement of allylic sulfinates to sulfones

Christina H McCulley(1), [email protected], PO Box 254, Princeton California

95970, United States ; David B Ball(1); Randy M Miller(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, California State University, Chico, Chico California 95929, United
States

The experimental product distributions indicate that the rearrangement of allylic

sulfinates to sulfones occurs via two competing pathways.

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The two theoretical pathways are believed to be a concerted 2, 3-sigmatropic

rearrangement and an ionic process with an allylic carbocation ion-pair intermediate.
We present a DFT computational study of the ground and transition state structures for
the 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement pathway and a preliminary study of the ionic
process.

CHED 1021

Synthesis of a key chiral precursor for the total synthesis of the natural product
Spiroxin A

Ka Yiu Alice Kwan(1), [email protected], 21 Wellesley College Road, Unit 3419,

Wellesley MA 024810234, United States ; Dora Carrico-Moniz(1),
[email protected], 106 Central Street, Wellesley MA 024818203, United States ;
Johanna Stein(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, United States

Spiroxin A, a natural compound isolated from a marine fungus, has shown promising
cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells. However, the limited availability from natural
sources and the synthetic challenges posed by spiroxin A have impeded further
biological studies. The bis-naphthospiroketal structure of spiroxin A contains six
stereogenic centers within a twenty-carbon framework. The two partially saturated
naphthalene rings are joined by a carbon-carbon bond and two cyclic epoxide systems,
forming an unusual octacyclic ring system. Our approach towards the total synthesis of
the natural product proceeds through a key chiral intermediate followed by the
construction of the octacyclic core. Novel synthetic methodology to obtain the key chiral
intermediate en route to the construction of the common spiroxin framework will be
presented.

CHED 1022

Preparation and characterization of a new branched polyphosphonium polymer

Colby Skar(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 5838, Winona MN 55987, United

States ; Thomas Nalli(1); Manish Nepal(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Winona State
University, Winona MN 55987, United States

A novel polyphosphonium polymer was prepared through the reaction of 1,4-

bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (DPPB) and 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene (TBMB).
DPPB was prepared by a known method (Stille) which utilized 1,4-diiodobenzene,
Ph2PSiMe3, and Pd(MeCN)2Cl2. The growth of the polymer was found to be limited by
the presence of monophosphine oxide (DPPBO) in the reactant. To assist in the
assignment of polymer 1H and 31P resonances (DMSO-d6), the smallest unit of the
polymer, (benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(methylene))tris((4-

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Anaheim, CA

(diphenylphosphoryl)phenyl)diphenylphosphonium), was synthesized by reaction of

DPPBO and TBMB. Preparation of DPPBO used a literature method (Abatjoglou).

CHED 1023

Greener ester synthesis with zirconium and hafnium catalysts

Lori M Katrencik(1), [email protected], Box 392, New Wilmington PA 16172,

United States ; Timothy A. Sherwood(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Westminster
College, New Wilmington PA 16172, United States

Esters
are important naturally occurring and synthetic compounds that are discussed and
synthesized within organic curriculum. To synthesize esters, carboxylic acids are
reacted with alcohols in an acidic environment and produce only a small yield of
product. To obtain a high yield of ester, carboxylic acids must first be converted to acid
halides by reaction with thionyl chloride. The acid chlorides are then reacted with
alcohols to produce the ester product with toxic hydrogen chloride as a byproduct. Both
of these syntheses are not particularly efficient nor environmentally friendly. To promote
greener synthesis, zirconium and hafnium catalysts have been shown to promote the
high yield ester synthesis from carboxylic acids and alcohols. These zirconium and
hafnium catalysts are also less toxic, more stable and less expensive than equivalent
metal (IV) oxides. This greener synthesis of esters was adapted for use in the
sophomore organic chemistry curriculum.

CHED 1024

Fluorinated 1,5-disubstitued 1,2,3-triazoles

Huy A Nguyen(1), [email protected], 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs CO

80918, United States ; Allen M Schoffstall(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs CO 80918,
United States

Synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles has been made possible using the method
of Kwok, et al, (2010). Our focus has been to prepare fluorinated triazole analogs that
are 1,5-disubstituted. The Kwok method utilizes a strong base catalyst, such as
potassium tert-butoxide or benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide to catalyze reactions of
organic azides with terminal alkynes in DMSO solvent. The method is straight-forward,
uses readily available catalysts and is done at room temperature. The reactions
presented here utilize two variants of aryl azides and terminal alkynes, with fluoro and
other substituents. The method and outcome are contrasted with results of similar

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Anaheim, CA

reactants using the copper (I) catalyzed method of Sharpless, et al, which affords 1,4-
disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles.

CHED 1025

Resonance stabilization of enimines

Kathrine Rennie(1), [email protected], 316 Washington Ave., Wheeling WV

26003, United States ; Anne DeFruscio(1); Mary E. Railing(1); James E. Coffield(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling WV 26003, United
States

The objective of this research is to evaluate the resonance stabilization of nitrogen

containing conjugated compounds (enimines). The resonance stabilization effect in
hydrocarbons with two or more carbon-carbon double bonds has been exhaustively
studied. The resonance stabilization of a carbon-carbon double bond conjugated to the
carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O) of ketones and aldehydes is also widely accepted.
However, reports of the resonance stabilization energies of enimines have been
considerably less numerous. While conjugated enimines (C=C-C=N) have been used
synthetically for decades, there has been little investigation into the resonance
stabilization of these compounds. The determination of resonance stabilization will be
accomplished by measuring the heat of hydrogenation for conjugated compounds and
comparing it to that of non-conjugated compounds. The heats of hydrogenation will be
determined for a series of enimines with varying structures to probe the effect structure
has on resonance stabilization and therefore on the extent of conjugation.

CHED 1026

Soluble “smart” polymer changes pH with temperature

Cynthia E Agosto(1)(2), [email protected], Autonomia 80, Canovanas Puerto

Rico, Puerto Rico ; Alex Mijales(1); Aisnley Allen(1); David Bergbreiter(1). (1) Department
of chemistry, Texas A & M, College Station Texas 77840, United States (2) Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, College Station Texas
77840, United States

These studies involved synthesis of copolymers of poly(N-isopropyl)acrylamide

(PNIPAM), studies of the copolymer's lower critical solution temperature (LCST), and
the effects of these copolymers LCST on a bulk aqueous solution. Copolymers were
prepared by reaction of poly(N-acryloxysuccinimide) with isopropylamine and 4-amino-
2,2,6,6-tetra-methylpiperidine (TEMP). The resulting PNIPAM-c-PTEMPAM copolymers
were prepared with varying mol% contents of TEMP group. For example, copolymers
containing ca. 5 or 13 mol% of the TEMP group had an LCST ranging from 36-46 °C
with the copolymer of higher loading of TEMP having a greater LCST. The presence of
TEMP groups in the copolymer lead to changes in the pH of the bulk solution due to an

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LCST event. These changes varied depending on the loading of the TEMP in the
copolymers, but could be as high as 2 pH units. These changes in pH are explained by
the change in the copolymer amine's microenvironment after an LCST event.

CHED 1027

Analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Hackelia species

Chris M. Kee(1), [email protected], One University Blvd., La Grande OR 97850, United

States ; Kelsey C. Irish(1), [email protected], One University Blvd., La Grande OR 97850,
United States ; Theresa D. Gluth(1), [email protected], One University Blvd., La Grande
OR 97850, United States ; Allia D. Richardson(1), [email protected], One University
Blvd., La Grande OR 97850, United States ; Byron K. Morris(1), [email protected],
One University Blvd., La Grande OR 97850, United States ; Ron B. Kelley(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Oregon University, La Grande OR
97850, United States

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA's), potentially toxic natural secondary products, are typically
found in the plant family Boraginaceae. As a member of the family, genus Hackelia can
be expected to contain PA's. Hackelia is found throughout the western North America.
Previous work on Hackelia established the presence of the PA diesters latifoline,
neolatifoline, and the monoester 7-angeloyl retronecine. A preliminary GC/MS
investigation of H. hispida var. hispida has shown the main PA's to be similar to the
literature compounds. Initial analysis of H. cusickii exhibited the same chromatographic
pattern as the H. hispida var. hispida sample with the exception of one major PA that is
apparently unique to the genus Hackelia. The exact structure of the alkaloids found in
the Hackelia will be elucidated using NMR and other instrumental methods.

CHED 1028

Exploration in high speed ball milling

Amanda Conde(1)(2), [email protected], 1400 Brush Row RD., Wilberforce

Ohio, United States ; Teresa Cook(1); James Mack(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Cincinnati, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Central State
University, United States

Over the past few years there have been many consumer products that have been
labeled green; however methods still need to be developed. Green chemistry focuses
on preventing and limiting toxic waste. There are ten principles that define green
chemistry. A process called High Speed Ball Milling uses 2 of the 10 principles:
prevention and catalysis. This process uses a small metal ball and custom made metal
vials. Upon placing the ball and reagents in the vial, the machine shakes the vial in a
figure eight motion at high velocity thus causing the reaction to begin. By preventing

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hazardous waste and using a catalyst already provided in the mechanism, this method
for organic synthesis is safer, more effective, and better for the environment.

CHED 1029

Unusual rearrangement of ethyl dihydrocinnamate in electron impact mass

spectrometry

Edward D Hoegg(1), [email protected], 300 Washington Ave, Chestertown MD

21620, United States ; Sean A Harrison(1); Aaron W Amick(1); Katelyn R Houston(2);
Richard R Hark(2); Dietmar Kuck(3). (1) Chemistry, Washington College, Chestertown
MD 21620, United States (2) Chemistry, Juniata College, Huntingdon PA 16652, United
States (3) Chemsitry, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

Ethyl dihydrocinnamate is an unremarkable compound with an unusual electron impact

(EI) mass spectrum. In addition to the expected signals at 178, 133, 105, 91 and 77
m/z, peaks are also observed at 107 and 104 m/z that cannot be explained by using a
simple fragmentation mechanism. To confirm the identity of these signals and the
mechanism that leads to their formation, various ethyl dihydrocinnamate derivatives
were synthesized, including acids and esters of varying chain length, an ester with a
thiophene ring, and deuterium labeled compounds. The EI mass spectrometry data as
well as the mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) mass spectrometry data of these
derivatives allows us to suggest a new mechanism for the formation of the 104 m/z
fragment and to confirm the mechanism for the formation of the 107 m/z fragment
previously proposed by Resink et. al.

CHED 1030

Progress toward the total synthesis of spathoside

Nicolas W Nogoda(1), [email protected], 6647 Roosevelt Ave, Charleston Wv

25304, United States ; Brittany M Ratcliff(1), [email protected], 920 Main St,
Charleston WV 25302, United States ; Micheal W Fultz(1). (1) Chemistry, West Virginia
State University, Institute West Virginia 25112, United States

Spathoside

, isolated from the African tulip tree, was found to be biologically active against gram
positive and negative bacteria. The focus of this project is the total synthesis of this
complex molecule to help identify the mode of biological activity as well as determine
the absolute stereochemistry of each site.
Beginning from Garner's aldehyde and glyceraldehyde we have established all the
stereochemistry for all enantiomers and diastereomers. The groundwork has been

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established for all 8 isomers for comparison to the natural product spectra. Using
oxoniums and EDCI coupling the molecule will be convergently synthesized to give the
desired products shortly.

CHED 1031

Dehydration kinetics of 1,1-diaryl-1-propanol and 1,1-diaryl-1-ethanol

Kellan N. Candee(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo CA 93407,

United States ; Eric J. Kantorowski(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave, San Luis
Obispo CA 93407, United States ; Zoe A. Lusth(1); Michelle Takacs(1); Jen Petraitis(1);
Melanie M. Miller(1); Gayle Warneke(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

Kinetics is a topic commonly covered in the undergraduate organic chemistry lecture,

but is less common in the accompanying lab course. We are currently developing an
NMR-based experiment that offers students an opportunity to explore reaction rates. In
the experiment, a tertiary diaryl alcohol is introduced to an acid and the resulting
dehydration reaction is followed using NMR spectroscopy. Varying the aryl substituents
allows for study of the effect of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on
the reaction rate. The alcohols that we tested for viability were 1,1-diphenyl-1-propanol,
1,1-diphenyl-1-ethanol as well as substituted derivatives thereof, chosen based on their
relative ease of synthesis and purification. Results will be presented for a variety of
acids and NMR solvents.

CHED 1032

Development of a small molecule autoinductive amplication reagent

Christopher M. Daly(1), [email protected], 104 Chemistry Building, University Park

PA 16802, United States ; Matthew S Baker(1); Kimy Yeung(1); Scott T. Phillips(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802,
United States

This poster describes the design and synthesis of a small molecule signal amplification
reagent. The amplification reagent responds autoinductively to exogenous fluoride and
amplifies the fluoride more than 1700 times. A small molecule reagent produces a
fluorescent signal upon reaction with the amplified fluoride.

CHED 1033

Does using video clips impact students' ability to learn and perform organic
chemistry laboratory techniques?

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Angela J Allen(1), [email protected], 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn MI 48128,

United States ; Kristen Hutchens(1), [email protected], 4901 Evergreen
Road, Dearborn MI, United States . (1) Department of Natural Sciences, University of
Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn MI 48128, United States

The impact of preparatory video clips on the students' degree of preparation in regards
to extraction with separatory funnel technique is evaluated. The selection of the
technique was based on both the instructor's perception that students seem to feel less
prepared using only the textbook and the students' answers to a survey in which they
were asked to select the most difficult technique to perform using only the textbook as a
resource. The investigation included a control group of students who used only the
textbook and a test group, which used video clips to prepare for the extraction with
separatory funnel experiment. Both groups completed a laboratory skill test of the
extraction technique to assess the skill level and the percent yield for separatory funnel
extraction which was used to determine the effect of the video clips with respect to both
skills and practical results.

CHED 1034

Synthesis and characterization of 3-amino-2-phenylpropene derivatives

Scott R. Latimer(1), [email protected], 400 S. Jefferson, Hillsboro Kansas 67063,

United States ; Bruce J. Heyen(1). (1) Tabor College, Hillsboro Kansas 67063, United
States

3-Amino-2-phenylpropene (APP) derivatives have been shown to be effective

monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The goal is to synthesize two APP derivatives: 3-amino-
2-(4'-fluorophenyl)propene.HCl and 3-amino-2-(4'-isopropyl)phenyl propene.HCl. For
the fluoro derivative, p-fluoroacetophenone was converted to 2-(4'-flourophenyl)propene
through the Wittig reaction. Subsequent steps are bromination of allylic carbon with
NBS and followed by Gabriel synthesis and hydrazinolysis for the final product. For the
synthesis of 3-amino-2-(4'-isopropyl)phenyl propene, 4-isopropylacetophenone was first
synthesized by Friedel-Crafts acylation of cumene. The synthesis will be similar to the
previous one mentioned except bromination will be with CuBr2. These products could
be useful for the study of monoamine oxidase transport since both compounds are
monoamine oxidase inhibitors and also inhibit vesicular monoamine transporters.

CHED 1035

Trade-offs between the physical and chemical defenses of Sinularia soft corals

Jessie S Roy(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont California 91711, United
States ; Adam Brown(2), [email protected], 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont California
91711, United States ; Catherine S McFadden(2); Katherine N Maloney(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont California 91711, United

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States (2) Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont California 91711,
United States

Individual species in the soft coral genus Sinularia vary widely in the extent to which
they utilize chemical anti-predator defenses such as toxins and feeding deterrents, and
physical defenses such as densely-packed calcium carbonate spines called sclerites.
Because anti-predator defenses incur an energetic cost to the organism,
there may exist a trade-off between production of chemical vs. physical defenses in
these soft corals. In order to explore this possibility, samples of a variety of Sinularia
species were collected in Palau. These samples were identified using DNA barcoding
and morphological characters. The physical defenses of each sample were evaluated
using the mass of sclerites collected from each sample and the average size of those
sclerites. Secondary metabolites were extracted from each sample, and chemical
profiles of each extract were collected using GC/MS and LC/MS. Physical and chemical
defenses were then compared to one another to determine the extent of correlation
between them; the results of these comparisons are reported here.

CHED 1036

Progress toward the isolation and structure elucidation of antibiotic compounds

produced by an endophytic fungus from Ribes viburnifolium

Millie H Fung(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont California 91711, United
States ; Caitlin M Olmsted(1); Katherine N Maloney(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Harvey Mudd College, Claremont California 91711, United States

Ribes viburnifolium is a rare, drought-resistant shrub found in the chaparral habitat of

Southern California. Like many California-endemic plants, R. viburnifolium has not
previously been examined for endophytes. We isolated six fungal strains from various
surface-sterilized parts (either berry or twig) of R. viburnifolium. Extracts from each
fungal strain were screened for antibiotic activity against Bacillus subtilis in a disk-
diffusion assay. Activity was observed in an extract from fungal strain PF27, which
shared 99% rRNA gene sequence identity to Gibberella sp. CBS 119214. Initial
examination by NMR spectroscopy suggests the active compound may be a
depsipeptide. We report our progress toward the isolation and structure elucidation of
this antibiotic from Gibberella sp.

CHED 1037

Novel, highly-fluorinated derivatives of 1,2,3,4-

tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)cylcopentadiene

Jonathan C. Perkins(1), [email protected], 221 College Lane, Salem

Virginia 24153, United States ; W. Gary Hollis, Jr.(1); Paul A. Deck(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Roanoke College, Salem Virginia 24153, United States (2) Department of

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Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg Virginia 24061,
United States

A method was developed to replace the para fluorine atoms of the pentafluorophenyl
substituents of 1,2,3,4-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadiene with fluorinated
chains of varying length by reaction of fluorous alcohols in the presence of excess
sodium hydride. The fluorous alcohols, 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butanol and
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-1-heptanol, were reacted in excess in a 6:1
equivalence with 1,2,3,4-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)cylcopentadiene. All products were
purified using silica gel chromatography and characterized by 1H and 19F NMR
spectroscopy.

CHED 1038

Reactions of highly-fluorinated alkoxides with 1,2,3,4-

tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadiene

Peter-Philip M. Booth(1), [email protected], 221 College Lane, Salem

Virginia 24153, United States ; W. Gary Hollis, Jr.(1); Paul A. Deck(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Roanoke College, Salem Virginia 24153, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg Virginia 24061,
United States

A method was developed to replace the para fluorine atoms of the pentafluorophenyl
substituents of 1,2,3,4-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadiene with fluorinated
chains of varying length by reaction of fluorous alcohols in the presence of excess
sodium hydride. The fluorous alcohols, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-pentadecafluoro-1-
octanol and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-heptadecafluoro-1-nonanol, were reacted
in excess in a 6:1 equivalence with 1,2,3,4-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)cylcopentadiene.
All products were purified using silica gel chromatography and characterized by 1H and
19
F NMR spectroscopy.

CHED 1039

Rapid and inexpensive flash column chromatography using a manual positive

pressure pump

Christopher Li(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave., San Luis Obispo CA 93407,

United States ; Ashley Boeckx(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave., San Luis
Obispo CA 93407, United States ; Kristen Meisenheimer(1); Poncho Meisenheimer(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San
Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

The Manual Positive Pressure Pump (MP3) is a simple and effective pressure source
for performing flash column chromatography in labs without in-house air systems. The

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MP3 is constructed from the aneroid gauge and pressure bulb of a simple blood
pressure device called a sphygmomanometer. The apparatus allows users to apply
pressure (0-6 psi) to a flash column by compressing the pressure bulb repeatedly and to
monitor the system by examining the aneroid gauge. Several fluorophores, including
fluorescein, tetramethylrhodamine and a rhodol were synthesized and then separated
using silica gel flash chromatography and the MP3 to demonstrate the utility and
convenience of this apparatus.

CHED 1040

Investigations into the reactivity of itaconic acid derivatives with soft

nucleophiles

Brian P Van Parys(1), [email protected], 18952 E. Fisher Road, St. Mary[apos]s

City MD 20686, United States ; Leah R. Eller(1), [email protected], 189, St.
Mary[apos]s City MD 20686, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, St. Mary[apos]s College of Maryland, St. Mary[apos]s City MD 20686,
United States

The n-butyl and ethyl esters of itaconic acid, and other derivatives of itaconic acid, have
been treated with a variety of soft nucleophiles. The conjugate addition products have
been characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopies and by MS spectrometry.

CHED 1041

Reactivity profiling of relevant natural products: Bergamottin and N-3-oxo-

hexanoyl-homoserine lactone

Patrick Barbour(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave., San Luis Obispo CA 93407,

United States ; Kristen M. Meisenheimer(1); Michelle Tellier(1); Kristina Pfeiffer(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San
Luis Obispo CA 93401, United States

Relevant natural products (RNPs), as defined here, are naturally occurring compounds
that show increased incidence and significance in current biotechnology literature.
Because many RNPs are biologically active and/or therapeutically useful, the
preparation of synthetic derivatives of these particular types of compounds is extremely
desirable. To better understand the reactivity of RNPs, we will enhance the current
reaction profile of two known biologically active compounds: bergamottin and N-3-oxo-
hexanoylhomoserine lactone. Bergamottin and N-3-oxo hexanoylhomoserine
lactone will be exposed to a variety of common and exotic synthetic methods to produce
novel RNP derivatives. Ultimately, these derivates will be sent to the National Institute of
Health's Small Molecule Repository to be screened for biological and
therapeutic activity.

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CHED 1042

Investigating the scope of electron withdrawing effects in directing gamma silyl

elimination for cation mediated formation of bridgehead bonds

Sean Corning(1), [email protected], 320 Washington St., North Easton

MA, United States ; Jackie Genovese(1), [email protected], 320
Washington St., North Easton MA, United States ; Leon Tilley(1). (1) Stonehill College,
United States

We have been investigating the effect of electron withdrawing groups on the formation
carbon rings. We have recently discovered that positioning a tri-fluoro methyl group in
the alpha position of carbon facilitates gamma silyl elimination and the formation of 1,1
trimethyl silyl 3 tri-fluoro cyclobutane. Currently we are investigating the full scope of the
methodology in terms of varying the electron withdrawing group and synthetic utility
towards formation of other strained hydrocarbons such as substituted tetrahedranes.
Our work so far includes the synthesis of several 3-(trimethylsilyl)-cyclobutyl derivatives,
and we hope to expand our investigation of this effect to the synthesis of 2,3-
bis(trimethyl-silyl)-cyclobutyl derivatives.

CHED 1043

Titanium(II)-catalyzed hydroborations of unsaturated heteroatomic substrates

Abdulafeez Oluyadi(1), [email protected], 8000 York Rd, Towson MD

21252, United States ; Clare Muhoro(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Towson
University, Towson MD 21252, United States

Hydroboration is one of the most important reactions in organic chemistry. It allows for
the conversion of alkenes and alkynes into synthetically versatile alcohols and ketones.
The classic uncatalyzed Brown Hydroboration reaction involves the reaction of alkenes
with BH3 and favors the formation of anti-Markovnikov products. The catalytic
hydroboration of alkenes has been shown to occur homogeneously, rapidly and in high
yields using the titanium (II) complex Cp2Ti(HBcat)2. This catalyst also selects for Anti-
Markovnikov products. In order to explore the generality of hydroboration reactions
catalyzed by Cp2Ti(HBcat)2, we have applied the reaction to a variety of heteroatom-
containing substrates: vinylphosphines, carbonyls and imines. The catalyst provides
significant improvement on current methods and rapidly provides
phosphanyl(organyl)boronate esters, alkylboronate esters and aminoboronate esters.
We present these results as well as studies on catalytic preference for functional group.

CHED 1044

Hypervalant iodine arylation of organic compounds

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Robert A. Swyka(1), [email protected], Campus Center no. 1074, 16800 Point

Lookout Rd, St. Mary[apos]s City MD 20686, United States ; Andrew S. Koch (1);
Stephen G. DiMagno(2). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary[apos]s College of
Maryland, St. Mary[apos]s City Maryland 20686, United States (2) Chemistry, University
of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln NE 68588, United States

Diaryl iodonium salts can react with anions to form trisubstituted iodoniums with three
carbon-iodine bonds. Upon heating, these iodoniums can further react via reductive
elimination to yield carbon-carbon coupled compounds and an iodophenyl compound.
This reaction will be explored by using the cyclopentadiene anion as one of the groups
coordinated to the iodonium.

CHED 1045

Development of fluorinated chiral hydrogen-bond donor catalysts

Daniel J. Sprague(1), [email protected], 1301 Memorial Drive, Room 352, Coral

Gables FL 33146-5191, United States ; Norito Takenaka(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables Florida 33146, United States

Essential to an asymmetric catalyst is the presence of a highly reactive, stereoselective

chiral environment surrounding the reaction site. It has been suggested that the
reactivity and enantioselectivity of a hydrogen-bonding catalyst increases proportionally
with the acidity of the hydrogen bond donor. Intrigued, we sought to investigate the idea
that the incorporation of fluorine may offer a general strategy to fine-tune hydrogen
bonding catalysis by investigating its effects on a helical-chiral scaffold previously
developed in our lab (Figure 1).

CHED 1046

Asymmetric triaryl iodonium salts

Christopher D. Sanborn(1), [email protected], 20535 Deer Wood Park Dr.,

Leonardtown MD 20650, United States ; Andrew S. Koch(1); Stephen G. DiMagno(2). (1)
Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary[apos]s College of Maryland, St. Mary[apos]s City
Maryland 20686, United States (2) Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln
NE 68588, United States

The characterization of asymmetric triaryl iodoniums is lacking and previously reported

high-yielding synthesis processes require lithium reagents. However, the synthesis of a
specific asymmetric triaryl iodonium can be achieved in high yields via a two step
process using benign reagents (exempting lithium compounds, with a 68% yield

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overall). This specific triaryl iodonium can exist under ambient conditions for a
prolonged period of time, thus presenting itself as a key reagent for studying reactions
with asymmetric triaryl iodoniums.

CHED 1047

Development and application of peptide catalysts for the asymmetric Michael

addition

Omran A Karmach(1), [email protected], 800 N. State College, Fullerton CA

92834, United States ; Vincent T Vu(1); Nicholas T Salzameda(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State Universy, Fullerton California 92834, United
States

A useful carbon-carbon bond forming reaction is the Michael addition, it is a powerful

tool for synthetic chemists, widely used for many synthetic routes and as such the
development of new asymmetric catalysts for this reaction is desirable. One area of
asymmetric catalysis that has exploded is in the field of organic catalysts.
Organocatalysts are more robust, less expensive and environmentally friendlier than the
metal based catalysts. Focusing on organocatalysts, a library of short peptides was
synthesized and their catalytic activity was explored for the asymmetric Michael addition
of ketone to alkylidene malonates.

CHED 1048

New methods for synthesis of aryl substituted viologens

Benjamin M. Biber(1), [email protected], 16800 Point Lookout Rd., Campus Center

#2083, St. Mary[apos]s City MD 20686, United States ; Andrew S. Koch (1); Stephen G.
DiMagno(2). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary[apos]s College of Maryland, St.
Mary[apos]s City Maryland 20686, United States (2) Chemistry, University of Nebraska-
Lincoln, Lincoln NE 68588, United States

The synthesis of various asymetric viologens was accomplished with the use of
iodonium salts. N-Methyl (monoquat) and N-aryl viologens were reacted with diaryl
iodonium (PF6) salts and subjected to reductive elimination conditions to give N,N'-
disubstituted viologens as characterized by high-field NMR. This was found to be a
convenient method for the introduction of non-electron deficient aryl rings to the
viologen nitrogens.

CHED 1049

Synthesis of conjugated polyalkenes from organometallic chromium complexes

for use as molecular wires

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Jack A Terrett(1), [email protected], 2026 Middlebury College, Middlebury VT

05753, United States ; Jeffrey H Byers(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury Vermont 05753, United States

Organometallic chromium complexes, notably η6-styrene chromium tricarbonyl,

catalyzed by Hoveyda-Grubbs 2nd Generation catalyst in olefin metathesis reactions,
were investigated to determine their effectiveness as monomers in conjugated
conducting polymers. Emphasis was focused on forming the dimer, which was
successfully synthesized using varying solvent conditions – primarily diethyl carbonate –
and verified by TLC, GC-MS, and 1H/13C NMR. Both the synthesis of
benzocyclobutadiene chromium tricarbonyl and divinylbenzene chromium tricarbonyl
and their use as monomers in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and
acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) respectively, were also studied.

CHED 1050

Nucleophilic addition to 4-unsubstituted oxazolium salts to form five-membered

nitrogen heterocycles

Jeremy P Daniels(1), [email protected], 1910 University Dr, Boise ID

83725, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State
University, Boise ID 83725, United States

Nucleophilic addition to an oxazolium salt offers a potential method for the preparation
of pyrrolidines, pyrrolines, and pyrroles. If a suitable nucleophile attacks C2 of an
oxazolium salt, a 4-oxazoline is formed. Provided that the starting oxazolium salt was
unsubstituted in the 4 position, the oxazoline will undergo spontaneous electrocyclic
ring-opening to generate a stabililzed azomethine ylide. Cycloaddition with a suitable
dipolarophile then yields the desired pyrrolidine, pyrroline or pyrrole. Depending on the
substitution pattern of the starting oxazole, relatively complex compounds can be
formed under mild conditions and with good control. To date, hydride and cyanide have
been used successfully as nucleophiles in this reaction. However, alternate
nucleophiles that can form carbon-carbon bonds would expand on this methodology.
Exploration of silyl enol ethers, silanes, stannanes and boron reagents as nucleophiles
will be described.

CHED 1051

Studies in spatial ability and sophomore organic chemistry students

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LaTanya Gobin(1), [email protected], 2000 Clayton State University

Blvd., Morrow GA 30260, United States ; Susan F. Hornbuckle(1). (1) Department of
Natural Sciences, Clayton State University, Morrow GA 30260, United States

Students in two first semester Organic Chemistry courses participated in a spatial ability
research study. Pre- and post measurements in spatial ability were taken using The
Purdue Visualization of Rotations (ROT) test. Student performance on test items
requiring an understanding of the 3-demensional structure of molecules was also
analyzed as well as overall performance in the course. Statistical analysis regarding
student improvement in spatial ability while taking Organic Chemistry I will be
presented. Also, performance on the ROT as a predictor of success in Organic
Chemistry I will also be addressed.

CHED 1052

Synthetic efforts toward a C7-alkyl substituted aziridinomitosene

Lauren E. Davis(1), [email protected], 1910 University Dr., Boise Idaho

83725, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State
University, Boise Idaho 83725, United States

Mitomycin C (MC) is a natural product that exhibits therapeutic cancer qualities by

forming interstrand crosslinks with DNA in cancer cells, therefore inhibiting replication
and cell growth. However, the clinical utility of MC is limited because of adverse side
effects. It is hypothesized that MC toxicity arises from the reduction that is required
before DNA adducts are formed. Aziridinomitosenes (AZMs), compounds structurally
similar to MC, are able to alkylate DNA without reductive activation. Most notably, our
synthetic AZMs have been shown to form DNA/protein crosslinks as well as DNA
interstrand crosslinks in the absence of added reductant. In order to determine the
mechanism by which these adducts form, several analogs with varying substitution at
four separate electrophilic centers are being prepared. Synthetic efforts toward a C7-
alkyl substituted AZM propagates testing that may potentially create more potent and
less toxic anti-cancer agents. These and related studies will be presented.

CHED 1053

Development and application of a novel desilylative click methodology

Hannah Haley(1), [email protected], 1600 Grand Avenue, Saint Paul Minnesota

55105, United States ; Ronald Brisbois(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Macalester
College, Saint Paul Minnesota 55105, United States

Here we report the development of and a scope and limitations study for a novel
desilylative click methodology. The reaction scheme allows for the one-pot coupling of a
silyl-protected alkyne and an azide in the presence of the base DBU. A wide array of

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different functionalities can be reacted using pur protocol, with the exception of certain
aldehydes and esters.

CHED 1054

Synthesis of a modified cinchonidine catalyst for use in the asymmetric Michael

reaction

Craig Van Bruggen(1), [email protected], University of Puget Sound,

3582 Wheelock St Center, Tacoma WA 98416-3582, United States . (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma WA 98416, United States

Within the last decade, quinine and its fellow chinchona alkaloids have found
considerable use in the development of asymmetric catalysts. Some of the most
successful and well known cinchona alkaloid catalysts have been created from the
quaternization of the alkaloids' nucleophilic amino group to form ammonium salt phase-
transfer catalysts. Quinine and its alkaloid cousin cinchonidine, however, have other
functional groups that may prove useful in the development of novel and potentially
useful asymmetric catalysts. Our work focuses on the development of new catalysts by
esterifying the secondary-hydroxyl group on the alkaloid cinchonide with hydroxyphenyl
acetic acids. When these cinchonidine derivatives are complexed with the aluminum
reducing agent Vitride, these complexes can be used to catalyze the asymmetric
Michael reaction involving the nucleophilic addition of certain malonates to cyclic
enones. The development of a cheap and naturally derived chiral catalyst that could be
used to produce an enantiomerically pure Michael adduct would be very useful to many
synthetic chemists.

CHED 1055

Synthesis of 4,4- dimethyl-2-pentanone and

2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-pentanone for reduction and stereochemical analysis

Nathan A Eberhardt(1), [email protected], 300 N Broadway, Lexington KY

40508, United States ; Yunan Yang(1), [email protected], 300 N Broadway,
Lexington KY, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Transylvania University,
Lexington KY 40508, United States

Previous work with LiAlH4 reduction of 3-X-2-butanones showed low selectivity for X=F,
but high selectivity for X=Cl or Br. This was not consistent with previous theories of
diastereoselectivity. Therefore, we embarked on a plan to synthesize more sterically
hindered ketones. Specifically, we sought to make 4,4- dimethyl-2-pentanone and
2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-pentanone. 4,4- dimethyl-2-pentanone was synthesized through
the oxidation of 4,4dimethyl--pentene through the use of potassium dichromate. 2,2,4,4-
tetramethyl-3-pentanone was synthesized through the conversion of 3,3dimethyl-1-
butene with MCPBA to create the epoxide 3,3dimethyl-1epoxybutene. The 3,3dimethyl-

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1-epoxybutene was then treated with the Grignard tert-butylmagnesium bromide to

create the alcohol 2,2,4,4-methyl-3-pentanol. The 2,2,4,4-methyl-3-pentanol will then
oxidized to create the 2,2,4,4-methyl-3-pentanone. The ketones would then brominated,
chlorinated, and fluorinated. We hope to complete the processes in the future so that we
can reduce the compounds and analyze the stereoselectivity.

CHED 1056

γ-Oxygenation and amination of α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketones by vinylogous

Mukaiyama adol reaction

Yexenia E. Nieves Quiñones(1)(2), [email protected], HC 4 Box. 43847, Lares

PR 00669, Puerto Rico ; Kellymar Rosa-Pérez(1); Jiong Yang(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, College
Station Texas 77843, United States

The α-oxygenation of carbonyl compounds is an important method for C-O bond

formation and it has been broadly studied before. In principle, vinylogous extension of
the α-oxygenation reaction to γ-enolizable-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds can be
used to prepare γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, which are common in
natural products. The main purpose of this research was to develop a catalytic
enantioselective reaction. For this purpose, we prepared the silyl dienol ether of 6,6-
dimethylcyclohexen-2-enone. It was treated with nitrobenzene in the presence of three
different ligands. The reaction indeed gave the γ-hydroxy ketone as the only product,
but no enantioselectivity was observed. We also extended the reaction to γ-amination
by treating the silyl dienol ether with DEAD and the same three ligands. The chiral
phosphoric acid did lead to the formation of the desired γ-amination product with similar
yield to those obtained with nitrobenzene, but without observable enantioselectivity.

CHED 1057

Analysis of the extraction of benzene from fabric samples contaminated with

cigarette smoke

Marissa Johnsey(1), [email protected], 5163 Cobblestone Park Dr,

Milledgeville GA 31061, United States ; Chelsey Williams(1); Catrena H Lisse(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, Georgia College and State
University, Milledgeville GA 31061, United States

Benzene, a volatile organic compound, is present in cigarette smoke and is a known

carcinogen. Four fabric samples: cotton, polyester, muslin and fleece were subjected to
the environmental tobacco smoke of a 100mm Marlboro red cigarette. To quantitatively
determine the amount of benzene present on the contaminated fabric, a purge and trap
auto-sampler was coupled with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC/MS) to

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analyze the organic compounds, more specifically benzene, in cigarette smoke. The
experimental design and results of the research will be presented in this paper.

CHED 1058

Grignard aldehyde reactions on Vanillin

Ryan M Smith(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway, Lexington Kentucky

40508, United States ; Sarah E Czack(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway,
Lexington Kentucky 40508, United States ; Eva Csuhai(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Transylvania University, Lexington Kentucky 40508, United States

Vanillin is a well-known ingredient used as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and

pharmaceuticals. We have taken this molecule and replaced its aldehyde functional
group with various new substituents to form potential new scent molecules. The vanillin
that we have used in our synthesis is 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, a pleasurably
scented molecule, as our starting material. By using the Grignard-synthesis reaction, we
replaced the hydrogen on the aldehyde group with various alkyl halide chains ranging
from three to six carbons, and converted the aldehyde into an alcohol at the same time.

The products were purified using a ligroin solvent wash of the solid suspension and then
they were recrystallized to further purify the solid product. In order for us to determine
the effect of the alkyl-substitution pattern on the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the
scents, groups of college students were asked to smell the different products as well as
the starting material, vanillin, and answer a variety of questions about the scents.

CHED 1059

Toward the synthesis of a novel series of metal conjugated polymers

Michael Ross(1), [email protected], 1 Cunningham Square, Providence RI

02918, United States ; Ethan White(1), [email protected], 1 Cunningham
Square, Providence RI 02918, United States ; Elizabeth Dhulst(1),
[email protected], 1 Cunningham Square, Providence RI 02918, United
States ; Jay Pike(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Providence College,
Providence RI 02918, United States

Newly emerging technologies such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs),

photoconductors, and integrated optic devices and sensors has lead to a rapidly
growing interest in the development of conductive materials. This new generation of
molecular wires is fully conjugated so as to decrease the potential for degradation that
takes place as current passes through its coupled chains. We have developed a
synthetic strategy for a new series of conjugated polymers based on the ―salphen‖
monomer with the potential to act as molecular wires. These polymers can also
incorporate metals similar to the ―salphen‖ monomer and can be derivatized to add

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fluorophores and crown ether appendages to the backbone. The ―salphen‖ derivative,
4,5-bis(5-iodosalicylideneimine)benzene has been synthesized and characterized.
Steady progress toward the syntheses and characterizations of 4,5-bis(5-
iodosalicylideneimine)benzene and derivatives are underway with the polymerization of
the two ligands soon to follow.

CHED 1060

Effect of the electrolyte anion size on the cyclic voltammetric response of the
oxidative organic redox couples, tetrathiafulvalene and anthracene

Rhonda Kalasho(1), [email protected], 1377 Avenida Ofelita, El Cajon CA

92019, United States ; Mariam Dinkha(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diegp California 92182, United States

The effect of two different electrolyte anions, the large B(C6F5)4 (TFAB) and the smaller
PF6 - on the cyclic voltammetric behavior of different oxidative organic redox couples is
explored. The large electrolyte anion TFAB prevents precipitation of the stable
tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) dication at the working electrode in methylene chloride. In
contrast, with the smaller PF6 - anion the TTF dications can interact with each other
resulting in the precipitation of a pi-stacked solid on the electrode surface. Cyclic
voltammetry of anthracene with PF6 - in methylene chloride shows two irreversible
oxidations which indicates the radical cation and the dication are unstable; however with
TFAB electrolyte the first oxidation is reversible indicating that the radical cation is
stable with the larger anion. We have also developed experimental techniques designed
to efficiently recover the large and costly NBu4TFAB out of various electrolysis solutions
in high yield.

CHED 1061

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel isoprenyl coumarin derivatives as

potential antiviral and anticancer agents

Tehsina Devji(1), [email protected], 106 Central Street, Wellesley MA 02481, United

States ; Dora Carrico-Moniz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College,
Wellesley MA 02481, United States

Isoprenylated coumarins have long been shown to exhibit potency as both anticancer
and anti-inflammatory agents. Most recently, compounds of this class have shown to be
efficacious as antiviral agents against H1N1, which causes Influenza A. While isoprenyl
coumarins are ubiquitous in nature, their chemical nuances will be explored in order to
build structure-activity relationship (SAR) around basic core isoprenyl coumarin
structures isolated from Ferula assafoetida. The present study aims to investigate the
effect of altering chain length, saturation, pKa, chirality and rigidity on the biological
activity of isoprenyl coumarins. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a novel

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class of prenylated coumarin analogues and preliminary structure-activity relationship

(SAR) studies. Based on the SAR found around initial modifications, future studies will
be directed toward the investigation of more extensive synthetic modifications.

CHED 1062

Electrophilic opening of 1-arylbicyclo[4.1.0]hexanes

Melanie M. Miller(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo CA

93407, United States ; Eric J. Kantorowski(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave,
San Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States ; Kellan N. Candee (1); Zoe A. Lusth(1);
Michelle Takacs(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

Our interest in the kinetics and regioselectivity of cyclopropane fragmentation has led us
to explore the behavior of 1-arylbicyclo[4.1.0]hexanes in the presence of a variety of
electrophiles. Heterolytic fragmentation along either of the cyclopropane bonds attached
at the benzylic position yields an aryl-stabilized carbocation that is rapidly captured by
an available nucleophile. Depending on the regioselectivity of addition, the five-
membered ring may either remain intact or realize a one-carbon expansion event. We
are currently studying the kinetic and regioselective response of the system to the
presence of electron-donor and electron-withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring. The
kinetics of each derivative can be conveniently determined by performing the reaction in
an NMR tube.

CHED 1063

Synthesis of isoflavanone derivatives as potential anti-breast cancer drug

candidates

Hannah Agard(1), [email protected], Nunn Drive, Highland Heights KY, United States ;
Kevin Bonfield(2); James M Keeler(2); David Roy(2); Tony Bankemper(2); Erica Amato(2);
Stefan Paula(2); Lili Ma(2). (1) Washington and Lee University, Lexington VA 24450,
United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland
Heights KY 41099, United States

Approximately 2.5 million women in the U.S. are living with breast cancer, a cancer
caused by the overproduction of estrogens. A new line of therapy is to inhibit the
enzyme aromatase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of estrogen. We present here the
design and synthesis of different isoflavanone derivatives and their inhibitory effects
against aromatase. The results showed that isoflavanone compounds with hydrogen-
bonding and/or hydrophobic interactions exhibited moderate to good inhibitory effects
against aromatase. These compounds could potentially be useful in the treatment of
breast cancer.

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CHED 1064

Characterization of N,N'-bis[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-selenocystine

Marie Agan(1), [email protected], 1 Winooski Park, Colchester Vermont 05439,

United States ; Alayne Schroll(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint Michael[apos]s
College, Colchester Vermont 05439, United States

For many years, it was believed that only 20 amino acids served as building blocks of
peptides and proteins. Now it is known that there are others, ones that are also
incorporated during protein biosynthesis (translation). One of these ―new‖ amino acids is
selenocysteine (Sec) which is very similar to cysteine except that its side group contains
a selenol (RSeH) rather than a thiol (RSH). Interest in synthesizing Sec-containing
structures has grown as the list of natural peptides and proteins containing Sec has
grown. In order to build such structures, protected derivatives of Sec are required. To
that end, we synthesized, purified, and characterized N,N'-bis[(9H-fluoren-9-
ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-selenocystine (bisFmocSec). Although the molecule has been
reported a few times, to date (11/1/10) no detailed characterization of the structure
exists. Therefore we will report characterization data including melting point,
chromatographic properties, IR, NMR and MS. Follow-up
work involves the preparation of selenol protected FmocSec derivatives.

CHED 1065

Monitoring the solid-phase synthesis of peptoid foldamers

Katherine V. Morris(1), [email protected], 807 Union Street, Schenectady NY

12308, United States ; Joanne D. Kehlbeck(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Union
College, Schenectady NY 12308, United States

The solid phase synthesis of peptoids was monitored by mass spectrometry. Cleavage
conditions and instrumental methods were optimized for ease of examination. The
synthesis was previously monitored using qualitative methods. Despite their sensitivity,
the ninhydrin and chloranil tests fail to provide specific structural confirmation. Using
mass spectrometry, we were able to examine structural details of cleaved products at
any point in the synthesis. Methods for the use of liquid chromatography with tandem
mass spectrometry will be presented. Cleavage methods were also explored to
determine the most effective method using reagents compatible with LC-MS/MS. Such
an optimized cleavage method permits identification of synthetic products with efficiency
and ease.

CHED 1066

Selective lithiation of 2,6-dichloropyridine

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Chase Buchanan(1), [email protected], 600 Chestnut Street, Science S35E, Terre

Haute IN 47809, United States ; Andrew Kast(1); Richard Fitch(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Physics, Indiana State University, Terre Haute IN 47809, United States

Lithiation of halopyridines by directed metalation reactions is a useful method for the

synthesis of medicinally relevant heterocycles. In accord with prior literature we have
observed that 2,6-dichloropyridine may be lithiated at either the 3- or 4-position
depending on base and conditions. The reaction is very sensitive to stoichiometry and
base. With a slight excess of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) high selectivity for 3-
lithiation is observed. With substoichiometric amounts of LDA or very short reaction
times, we observe predominant 4-lithiation, which can rearrange very slowly to the 3-
isomer. We have traced this behaviour to the presence of n-butyllithium at very short
reaction times. We have also observed direct lithiation of 2,6-dichloropyridine by n-
butyllithium in THF at -78oC as opposed to literature reports of alkylation under these
conditions. The results of our optimization study of this reaction will be presented.

CHED 1067

Diastereomeric ratios of halohydrins formed by reduction of 2-halo-4,4-dimethyl-

3-pentanones

Jonathan Kelly(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway, Lexington KY 40508,

United States ; David Saxon(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway,
Lexington Ky, United States ; Stephen Porter(1), [email protected], 300 North
Broadway, Lexington Ky, United States ; Jeremy Yoder(1), [email protected], 300
North Broadway, Lexington Ky, United States ; Robert Rosenberg(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Transylvania University, Lexington Ky 40508, United States

This study investigates the effect of a polar group (F, Cl or Br) on the
diastereoselectivity of reduction of ketones.. The molecules of study are 2-halo-4,4-
dimethyl-3-pentanones, all of which were synthesized. Here high selection is seen for
the bromo- and chloro-hydrins with no selection seen for the fluoro-hydrin. This raises
serious questions about the conformation of the transitions states for the compounds.
Specifically, the results for the bromo- and chloro- compounds is consistent with most
theories of stereoselectivity. The data for the fluoro- compound argues against the
Felkin-Anh model and for the Cornforth model.

CHED 1068

Selective reductions using sodium borohydride and palladium

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Zachary M Rousslang(1), [email protected], 2043 College Way, Forest Grove

Oregon, United States ; Alyssa T Russo(1); David B Cordes(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Pacific University, Forest Grove Oregon 97116, United States

The carbon-carbon double bonds of α,β unsaturated compounds are rapidly and
selectively reduced using sodium borohydride in the presence of a small amount of a
palladium catalyst. This heterogeneous reaction system can also be used for the
hydrodehalogenation of aromatic halides.

CHED 1069

Nitrolignin: A safer combustible

Justin M Wurtzel(1), [email protected], 1200 23rd st Bar-54B, Cedar falls iowa 50613,
United States ; Michael Elioff(1). (1) Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Northern
Iowa, Cedar falls iowa 50613, United States

The theory is that by using nitrolignin to coat sodium azide rather than nitrocellulose we
can create a more effective combustible. The end product we sought after, the ideal
combination of sodium azide and nitrolignin. This was done by first synthesizing
nitrolignin using non-standard nitration methods. Then basing the process off the
coacervation principle a solvent/non-solvent method was used to microencapsulate
sodium azide in the nitrolignin. One of our major findings in the process of creating this
mixture that there was a threshold of effectiveness between 4% to 20% nitrolignin
content. Our interpretation of this research is that there is a more effective mixture
between 4% and 20%. Making it much more effective then nitrocellulose and safer to
use for constructive demolition or any other situation that calls for a safe combustible.
This research was supported by the UNI College of Natural Sciences.

CHED 1070

Synthesis of archaeal-type phospholipids with varying alkyl chain lengths

Reem Abo-Zahrah(1), [email protected], 2911 Centenary Blvd, Shreveport LA,

United States ; Charles Madden(1), [email protected], 2911 Centenary
Blvd, Shreveport LA 71104, United States ; David Brownholland(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport LA 71104, United States

Bolalipids, or archaeal-type phospholipids, are unique materials which form fluid

lamellar-phase membranes with enhanced stability over membranes formed from more
conventional monopolar phospholipids. This enhanced stability presumably comes from
1) an ether-linkage between the glycerol backbone and the hydrophobic region of the
lipid and 2) the presence of transmembrane spanning alkyl group(s). Bolalipids have
demonstrated potential in applications such as lipid membrane-based biosensors, drug-,
gene- and vaccine delivery vehicles, and as molecular fossils. Despite some recent

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advances; the structure-function properties of bolalipids are poorly understood. Two

bolalipids, C22BAS and C24BAS, are synthesized to gain a fundamental understanding
of the effects of alkyl length on the physical properties of the resulting membranes.
Similar synthetic strategies used to synthesize the previously generated bolalipids,
C20BAS and C32BAS, are employed.

CHED 1071

Mechanisms of 1,2-cycloaddition reactions of 1,3-dioxol-2-ylidene to substituted

double bonds

Gabriela Fernandez-Cuervo(1), [email protected], 1113 Natural Sciences II,

Irvine CA 92697, United States ; Fillmore Freeman(2). (1) University of Puerto Rico, Rio
Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico (2) Department of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine CA 92651, United States

The singlet-triplet gap and the mechanisms of the 1,2-cycloaddition of 1,3-dioxol-2-

ylidene to double bonds substituted with electron releasing groups (ERG) and electron
withdrawing groups (EWG) to form derivatives of spirocyclopropanes have been studied
using CBS-QB3, CCSD(T), QCISD(T), B3LYP, B3PW91, PBE1PBE, and MP2. The cc-
pVDZ and 6-311+G(d,p) basis sets were employed. The predicted singlet-triplet gap of
1,3-dioxol-2-ylidene is compared with the predicted values for other structurally similar
dihetrocyclic carbenes. Polar cyclic three-center transition states are predicted for the
exothermic 1,2-cycloaddition of 1,3-dioxol-2-ylidene to alkenes.

CHED 1072

1,2,4-Azadiphosphol-3-ylidene: Structure, 1,2-rearrangements, and cycloaddition

reactions to alkenes

Stacia A. Sherry(1)(2), [email protected], 1113 Natural Sciences II, Irvine CA 92697,

United States ; Fillmore Freeman(3). (1) Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa CA
95401, United States (2) University of California, Davis, Santa Rosa CA 95401, United
States (3) Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697,
United States

Electronic structure, singlet-triplet gap, 1,2-rearrangements, and cycloaddition reactions

to alkenes of 1,2,4-azadiphosphol-3-ylidene have been studied using CBS-QB3,
CCSD(T), QCISD(T), B3LYP, B3PW91, and PBE1PBE with the cc-pVDZ and 6-
311+G(d,p) basis sets. The singlet structure displays aromatic character (cyclic 6π
electron delocalization) and its concerted exothermic 1,2-rearrangements to five
member heteroaromatics proceed through out-of-plane cyclic three-center transition
states. The singlet state of 1,2,4-azadiphosphol-3-ylidene displays aromatic character
(cyclic 6π electron delocalization). The concerted exothermic 1,2-rearrangements of the
singlet heterocyclic carbenes to five member heteroaromatics (annular tautomers)

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proceed through out-of-plane cyclic three-center transition states. Unsymmetrical polar

cyclic three-center transition states are predicted for the exothermic 1,2-cycloaddition of
1,2,4-azadiphosphol-3-ylidene to substituted ethenes.

CHED 1073

Garlic chemistry: Low energy conformers, reactions, and rearrangements of S-(2-

propenyl) 2-propene-1-sufinothioate (allicin) and its isomers

An Bui(1), [email protected], 1113 Natural Sciences II, Irvine CA 92697, United

States ; Fillmore Freeman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States

Allicin (S-(2-propenyl) 2-propene-1-sufinothioate) is obtained from freshly crushed or cut

garlic, is relatively unstable, and has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties.
Recently, allicin has shown activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a strain of
bacteria that is resistant to penicillin drugs. The conformations, structures and relative
energies of conformers of allicin and its isomers RO—S—S—R and RO—S(=S)—R
have been studied using CBS-QB3, CCSD(T), QCISD(T), B3LYP, PBE1PBE, and
BHandHLYP. The cc-pVDZ and 6-311+G(d,p) basis sets were used. Details of the
mechanisms of the concerted [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements of allicin to RO—S—
S—R, of RO—S—S—R to RO—S(=S)—R, and the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of
allicin to RO—S(=S)—R have been investigated. The predicted mechanisms for the
conversions of allicin to ajoene, 1,2-vinyldithiin, and 1,3-vinyldithiin at various levels of
theory are also compared.

CHED 1074

Electronic control of intermolecular allene cyclopropanation mediated by a chiral

dirhodium catalyst

Furqan Hassan(1), [email protected], 2001 Main St., Buffalo NY 14208-1098,

United States ; Robert J. Stewart(1), [email protected], 2001 Main St., Buffalo
NY 14208, United States ; John R. Frost(2); Timothy M. Gregg(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Canisius College, Buffalo NY 14208-1098, United States
(2) Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627, United
States

Intermolecular cyclopropanation of monosubstituted allenes is a powerful method for

preparing chiral alkylidene cyclopropanes. This efficient rhodium-catalyzed reaction is
subject to electronic effects of substituents, which can accelerate or retard the reaction
rate. To improve the usefulness of the reaction, we are investigating electronic effects of
aryl substitution on the rate of phenylallene cyclopropanation. Cyclopropanation of a
series of para-substituted phenylallene substrates in competition with the unsubstituted
analog indicated that reaction rates correlate with Hammett substituent coefficients. This

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is consistent with a mechanism involving buildup of positive charge at the central carbon
of the allene substrate. We have demonstrated that electron-releasing substituents
accelerate the rate of cyclopropanation, and electron- withdrawing substituents
decrease the rate of cyclopropanation thus aiding the development of enantiomerically
enriched alkylidene cyclopropanes for use in the synthesis of complex targets.

CHED 1075

Imidazolium-based ionic liquid simulations: Importance to the determination and

application of local structure data

Nina Bahar(1), [email protected], 4 Washington Place, Suite 424, New York New
York 10003, United States ; Mauro C.C. Ribeiro(2); Romulo A. Ando(2). (1) Department of
Physics, New York University, New York New York 10003, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo Sao Paulo 05508-900,
Brazil

Simulations of ionic liquids (ILs) allow one to determine their local structure. Charge and
geometry-optimized outputs from DFT calculations enable one to verify molecular
structure through comparison with experimental Raman spectra, allowing for the
assignment of the vibrational modes. In addition, it is possible to estimate the distance
between the cation and the anion for comparison with neutron scattering data, and
elucidate how conformation impacts the transition from liquid to solid states. Local
structure data from DFT calculations may help with the usage of ionic liquids in a variety
of applications, such as the removal of carbon dioxide from flue gases. While an
excellent step in minimizing the environmental impact of flue pipe emissions, current
techniques yield byproducts that require storage, disposal, and/or processing for re-use.
Characterizing the vibrational features of imidazolium-based ionic liquid cation-anion
pairs through the use of DFT calculations provides experimentalists with insight into
important molecular characteristics.

CHED 1076

Exploration of the relationship between ring size, degree of nitration, and strain
energy in a series of polycyclic explosives

Frank Q. Mitchell(1), [email protected], 809 Commerce Street, Jackson AL

36545, United States ; Cole P. Smith(1); Andrew J. Swift(1); Ginger E. Tyson(1); Maureen
K. Murphy(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Huntingdon College,
Montgomery AL 36106-2148, United States

We have used HyperChem and Spartan software to calculate the minimized energy,
strain energy, symmetry elements, and dipole moment for a series of polycyclic
explosives containing three-dimensional hydrocarbons of the formula CnHn, where n =6-
24 [n=6 (trismane), n=8 (cubane), n=10 (pentaprismane), etc.] as well as for the partially

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and fully nitrated analogues. Our results show a dependence of the minimized and
strain energies upon the number of carbons, ring size, carbon-carbon bond angles, and
degree of nitration. Additional temperature-dependent calculations were performed to
estimate enthalpic parameters for each of the 160 polycyclic compounds studied.

CHED 1077

Free radical intermediates in the cytochrome bc1 complex

Savannah P. Whitted(1), [email protected], 1050 Union University Drive, Jackson

Tennessee 38305, United States ; Preethi R. Vennam(2); Michael K. Bowman(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Union University, Jackson Tennessee 38305, United States
(2) Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487,
United States

The cytochrome bc1 complex is a central component of the respiratory electron

transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria of animals and most bacteria. The radical,
semiquinone, generated by the cytochrome bc1 complex is an intermediate in the Q-
cycle and was trapped inside the Qo site by rapid freeze quenching. Pulsed EPR and
solid-state ENDOR spectra were recorded to study the interactions of the protein with
the ubisemiquinone radical in an effort to understand how the protein safely processes
the semiquinone. EasySpin was used to perform spectral fittings in order to obtain g-
values and hyperfine couplings of protons on the ubisemiquinone radical. No large
anisotropic couplings were found suggesting that the radical is the radical anion form of
the semiquinone and is not strongly hydrogen bonded to the protein.

CHED 1078

QM-MM investigation of the oxidation of methanethiol by hydrogen peroxide in

water

Ryan J Babbush(1)(2), [email protected], 300 North College Street, Northfield

Minnesota 55057, United States ; Darío A Estrin(1); Mariano C González Lebrero(1). (1)
Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina (2) Department of Chemistry, Carleton College,
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina

The oxidation of methanethiol by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solvent has been

simulated using combined quantum-classical (QM-MM) molecular dynamics
simulations. In our QM-MM scheme, the reactants were modeled using the PBE density
functional in conjunction with the DZVP basis set. The solvent was simulated explicitly
with the mean-field TIP4P force field and a periodic boundary condition. The free energy
surface of this reaction was explored using an umbrella sampling scheme which
employed as a reaction coordinate the difference between the S-O bond length in the
oxidized thiol and the O-O bond length in the hydrogen peroxide. Our results suggest a

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significantly different mechanism than previous studies of this reaction which had relied
upon continuum solvent models. Our findings are shown to be consistent with
experimental measurements.

CHED 1079

Student exploration of the Mills-Nixon effect: Kinetics measurements using FT-

NMR and electronic structure calculations using Gaussian 09

Steven J Tobin(1), [email protected], 441 Country Club Road, York PA 17403, United
States ; James B Foresman(1). (1) York College of Pennsylvania, United States

The Mills-Nixon effect has largely been misunderstood since its proposal. According to
the literature, strain-induced bond localization (SIBL) has replaced the original
explanation of why two seemingly equivalent aromatic positions would have measurably
different reaction rates. This study will focus on improving the accuracy of previous work
and optimizing conditions so that the experiment can be performed easily by
undergraduates. Rates will be determined for the reactions of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-
tetrahydronaphthalene, 5-methoxyindan, (2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl)-6-chromanol, and b-
tocopherol using trifluoroacetic acid as the agent of deuteration. FT-NMR (300 MHz)
measurements of these electrophilic substitutions will be conducted and an automated
kinetics program will be used to gather the data. A model will be proposed and tested in
an attempt to explain the preferred site of E+ attack. This study represents a natural
follow-up to the traditional physical chemistry experiment involving naphthalene.

CHED 1080

Photochemistry experiments using Kronos spectrophotometer

Bridget Gavaghan(1), [email protected], 3800 Victory Pkwy, Cincinnati OH

45207, United States ; Barbara M Hopkins(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Xavier
University, Cincinnati OH 45207, United States

Photochemistry and kinetics experiments have been carried out using the Kronos
Educational Flash Photolysis Spectrophotometer manufactured by Ultrafast Systems.
The ultimate goal with Kronos is to incorporate the use of the instrument and a few
representative experiments into the physical chemistry laboratory course at Xavier
University. Kronos is a tabletop spectrophotometer that is capable of emission and
transient absorption measurements on a microsecond time scale. The suggested
educational experiments that came with Kronos are being done to check for
repeatability of the provided methods and adaptability to the course. These experiments
introduce the student to photochemical principles, first, second, and pseudo-order
reactions, and introduce students to data acquisition and analysis of kinetics
experiments. When indicated, the procedures are being modified for clearer
understanding of the educational goals.

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CHED 1081

Full computer simulation of the formaldehyde bisulfite clock reaction: The

effective use of MAPLE in the undergraduate curriculum

David Alcaraz(1), [email protected], 2100 MOORPARK AVE, SAN JOSE CA

95128, United States ; Kevin Astudillo(1), [email protected], 2100 MOORPARK
AVE, SAN JOSE CA 95128, United States ; Jose Cabrera(1). (1) CHEMISTRY, SAN
JOSE CITY COLLEGE, SAN JOSE CA 95128, United States

The effective use of MAPLE in the General Chemistry curriculum can be used to
introduce students to the analysis of complicated chemical systems. In our work we
have employed MAPLE in a thorough theoretical analysis of the formaldehyde bisulfite
clock reaction. The formaldehyde clock reaction has been extensively employed in
many general chemistry laboratories to teach chemical kinetics. Due to the complexity
of the mechanism, involving acid-base equilibria and knowledge of pH, most students
find it difficult to fully grasp what is actually happening in the reaction. With the intent of
making this experiment more transparent to students we have simulated the
formaldehyde-bisulfite kinetics experiment on a MAPLE platform to reproduce
experimental data; our simulation accurately predicts the experimental data. Our
analysis and results demonstrate the effective use of MAPLE as a novel pedagogical
tool in the study of complex chemical reactions.

CHED 1082

Studies of cationic effects, hydrogen peroxide, and photolysis on nitrate through

Raman spectroscopy

Elizabeth A Fugate(1), [email protected], 1906 College Heights Blvd.,

Bowling Green KY 42101, United States ; Matthew J Nee(1), [email protected],
1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green KY 42101, United States ; Natalie
Schieber(1); Krysta Waldrop(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky
University, Bowling Green KY 42101, United States

Evaluating the interaction of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals with nitrate is
essential for understanding the photolysis of nitrate in snowpack. Using Raman
spectroscopy, the interactions of hydrogen peroxide with nitrate during photolysis were
studied. Samples of nitrate and hydrogen peroxide were photolyzed and Raman spectra
were collected over time. Samples were tested in which both species and only the
hydrogen peroxide or the potassium nitrate was photolyzed. In another study the effect
of the counter ion was tested by using samples of ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate,
and sodium nitrate. There was a distinct difference in the Raman spectra of the samples
in which only the potassium nitrate or the hydrogen peroxide was photolyzed. This
change is believed to be due to the hydroxyl radical generated from the hydrogen

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peroxide. The data collected enhances our understanding of the hydroxyl radical and its
influence on the photolysis of nitrate.

CHED 1083

Experimental and computational explorations of uncommon oxygen species in

microwave-frequency discharge-activated ozone

James E Boulter(1), [email protected], 105 Garfield Avenue, Eau Claire WI 54702,

United States ; Yifei Xu(1); Lindsey D Baumgartner(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire WI 54702, United States

Ground-state molecular oxygen, activated using a microwave-frequency discharge, is

known to populate a variety of higher-energy species including triplet oxygen atoms,
singlet oxygen molecules and ozone. More exotic molecular oxygen species (including
O2 dimers and oligomers up to O8) have been generated from other sources and
infrequently reported in the literature. We are investigating these and other such weakly-
bound species using complementary experimental and computational approaches. A
gas stream containing ozone is passed through a microwave-frequency discharge-
induced plasma and admitted into a high-vacuum chamber where it impinges on a gold
mirror maintained at 35 K. Fourier-transform infrared reflection-absorption spectra of
products condensed either in an oxygen or argon matrix are measured along with the
matrix thickness, determined by laser interferometry. The structure, bonding, and
energetic properties of various candidate molecules are characterized by density
functional theory and Hartree-Fock calculations for comparison to experimental
observations.

CHED 1084

Benzobisazole cruciforms: 2D pi-delocalized systems

Deborah Leman(1), [email protected], 82 College Circle, Dahlonega GA

30597, United States ; Aimee Tomlinson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, North Georgia
College & State University, Dahlonega GA 30597, United States

There are very few conjugated hydrocarbons which possess the properties necessary to
be a two-dimensional pi-delocalized system. The low band gaps and planarity of these
structures make them desirable to the solar and fuel cell industries. Here we examine
an array of cruciforms possessing a benzobisazole nucleus. To access their potential
success for use in photovoltaics, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) will
be employed
to obtain their electrochemical properties (HOMO, LUMO, and band gaps). Finally,
morphological trends will be inspected in the form of electrostatic potential maps and
frontier orbitals.

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CHED 1085

In silico DNA melting

Stephanie R Sandor(1), [email protected], 6030 Lawnhill Drive, Bartlett TN

38135, United States ; Brielle Davis(1); Timothy Robbins(1); Yongmei Wang(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis TN 38152, United States

Understanding DNA melting mechanism in atomistic detail is fundamental for

advancement in molecular biology and nanotechnology. To elucidate the DNA melting
pathway, a series of molecular dynamic simulations for three B-DNA duplex sequences
were performed. The three sequences chosen were a 12-basepair
(dCGCGAATTCGCG), a 9-basepair (dCAAAGAAAG), and a 6-basepair (dCGTACG)
respectively. Each B-DNA duplex was solvated with TIP3P water and counterions and
the whole system was subjected to unrestrained molecular dynamic simulations at
different temperatures ranging from 275K – 500K at 25 K intervals after the initial
equilibration of water and ions. Simulation data at each temperature were analyzed for
base-pair breaking and denaturation, yielding a melting curve for each sequence. The
obtained simulation melting curves for the three sequences were compared against the
predictions by Santa Lucia's unified nearest neighbor (NN) model. While the exact
melting temperature from
simulation does not match with NN model prediction, the relative melting temperatures
of the three sequences agree with the NN model prediction. Additionally, simulations
provide details of geometric and structural changes of DNA duplexes during melting.

CHED 1086

Investigating biopolymer functions and probe dynamics by utilizing fluorescence

techniques

Alyssa A Cassabaum(1), [email protected], 35 E. 12th St., Holland MI

49422, United States ; Arcelia S Ortega(2), [email protected], 2310 S Whipple
St., Chicago IL 60623, United States ; Christine A Gobrogge(1); Christain J Calyore(1);
Jacquelyn D Lewis(1); David A Paul(1); Amy L Speelman(1); Conrad M Tobert(1); Brent P
Krueger(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland MI 49422, United
States (2) Department of Physical Science, City Colleges of Chicago, Chicago IL 60623,
United States

The Hairpin Ribozyme is a small catalytic RNA with both endonuclease and ligase
activities that undergoes a large structural change as part of its function. Fluorescence-
detected resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments have provided significant data

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about the function of the Hairpin Ribozyme, but are limited due to a number of
assumptions. To better understand these assumptions and how they impact structural
dynamics measured through FRET experiments, we examined model DNA and RNA
motifs labeled with fluorescent probes. These motifs, based on the Hairpin Ribozyme,
are examined using several spectroscopic fluorescence techniques: bulk steady-state,
bulk time-resolved, and single-molecule, all of which provide FRET data. These
methods are utilized to determine how the limiting FRET assumptions affect results and
how the dynamics of these dyes contribute to the overall dynamics measured in FRET
experiments. Thus far, our experiments have centered on the fluorescent probes Cy3
and Cy5. Preliminary analysis of the three methods has demonstrated consistent FRET
values.

CHED 1087

Solvent effects in the VCD analysis of two chiral building blocks

Kayla C Sapp(1), [email protected], 310 West Jackson St., York Pennsylvania 17403,
United States ; James B Foresman(1). (1) Department of Physical Science, York College
Of Pennsylvania, York PA 17403, United States

Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) detects differences in the vibrational absorptions

of a compound arising from left and right circularly polarized light. This work will explore
two compounds, (1R, 2S)-1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanol and (4R, 5S)-1,5-
dimethyl-4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone, whose VCD spectra have not yet been reported to
our knowledge. The study will focus on how the selection of solvent influences the
spectra obtained from a ChiralIR-2X spectrometer from Biotools, Inc. Theoretical
methods using Gaussian 09 will be performed to deduce what is the proper modeling to
reproduce the experimental data. This calibration will be helpful in increasing confidence
levels for those using the technology to assign absolute configurations of molecules.

CHED 1088

Studies of
the interactions between methylene blue and honeycomb-like of polyurethane
films
using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry

Elizabeth Fugate(1), [email protected], 1906 College Heights Blvd.,

Bowling Green KY 42101, United States ; Yu-Chen Tsai(2); Chun-Ming Yeh(2); Ru-Jong
Jeng(2); Shing-Yi Suen(2); Eric Conte(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky
University, Bowling Green KY 42101, United States (2) Department of Chemical
Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Republic of China

Methylene blue has various applications in many fields. It is often used as pH indicator
and reacts as a photosensitizer in light to produce singlet oxygen vital in some organic

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reactions. Polyurethane is a functional polymer often used in rubbers, foams, coatings

and adhesives.
In this study cyclic voltammetry was first used to analyze the interactions of methylene
blue with Indium-Tin Oxide electrodes coated with honeycomb-like and spin-coated
polyurethane films. Amperometry was then used to analyze the effect of methylene blue
concentration at the oxidation peak. The data collected indicates a much greater
reaction of methylene blue with the
honeycomb structure. This method can be used to understand the morphological
behavior of polyurethane and how these morphologies differ in reactivity with methylene
blue.

CHED 1089

Quantum mechanical calculations on the monoanionic form of carboxyphosphate

in N5-CAIR
synthetase

Joshua A Snyder(1), [email protected], 1105 Bard Dr., Shippensburg PA 17257, United

States ; Hebert P Sebastien(2); Venkata S Pakkala(2); Steven M Firestine(3); Jeffrey D
Evanseck(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg PA
17257, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne
University, Pittsburgh PA 15282, United States (3) Department of Pharmacy and Health
Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit MI 48201, United States

The enzyme N5-CAIR synthetase catalyzes a key step in de novo purine biosynthesis in
microorganisms but not in humans, making this enzyme a potential antimicrobial drug
target.
To investigate this mechanism, we have conducted high-level quantum calculations on
portions of the putative reaction mechanism. N5-CAIR synthetase is believed to
synthesize carboxyphosphate (CP) from bicarbonate and ATP. CP is initially
synthesized in the dianionic form, however, varying levels of quantum calculations
suggest that CP must be protonated to the monoanionic form before decomposition to
CO2. We have shown that CP exists in a variety of pseudo-chair conformations and
conversion to the monoanion results in a conformational change that allows for
intramolecular proton transfer, facilitating the ultimate decarboxylation. The reaction
path for dianionic decarboxylation of CP could not be located. The charge state, unique
conformations, and associated energetics have important implications for N5-CAIR
synthetase and other carboxylating enzymes.

CHED 1090

Photophysics of the natural estrogens estrone and 17-beta-estradiol

Kara Chan(1), [email protected], Nunn Dr., SC 204, Highland Heights KY 41099, United
States ; Bridget Gavaghan(2); Nicholas Georgescu(1); Karla Irizarry(1); Andrew

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Stoeckel(1); Patrick M. Hare(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky

University, Highland Heights KY 41099, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Xavier University, Cincinnati OH 45207, United States

The photophysics of the estrogens 17-beta-estradiol and estrone were studied using
steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy and computational chemistry.
Fluorescence quantum yields, spectra, and emission lifetimes were determined in
various solvents. The fluorescence quantum yield of estradiol was found to decrease
twenty-fold in non-polar solvents compared to polar solvents. Strong dependence of
emission spectra and yields on the excitation wavelength was also found.
Computational calculations were carried out to help interpret these results. In estradiol,
fluorescence occurs from only one state and the spectral shape is unaffected by
solvent. In estrone, two emission bands are observed, with a small, solvent-dependent
energy barrier separating the second band. A charge transfer state was calculated
that accounts for the second emission band in estrone and the solvent dependent
spectra for both molecules. These results have implications for the photodegradation of
the estrogens in the environment and waste treatment strategies.

CHED 1091

Isoergic hydrogen bonding in substituted acetic acid dimers

Guinevere P.E. Bitker(1), [email protected], 600 E 4th Street, Morris

Minnesota 56267, United States ; James B Togeas(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Minnesota Morris, Morris MN 56267, United States

Quantum chemical computation on twenty-seven substituted acetic acid ring dimers

leads to the conclusion that their dissociation energies at T = 0 are the same within
chemical accuracy. Other measures of ring stability are also insensitive to the inductive
and resonance effects of substituents. The ring of acetic acid dimers is an invariant unit.
Carboxy-lipophilic hydrogen bonded bilayers would be synthetic analogs of cell
membranes and nucleic acids.

CHED 1092

Vibrational Stark effect measurements of the binding interface between mutants

of Rap1A and RalGDS

Robert W. Newberry(1), [email protected], 2204 San Gabriel St.,

Austin TX 78705, United States ; Christina M. Ragain(1); Lauren J. Webb(1). (1)

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Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX

78705, United States

Ras and Rap1A, two regulatory GTPases, bind to downstream effectors with
remarkably different affinities despite high structural homology and amino acid identity.
A particular Ras-like charge reversal mutation to Rap1A, K31E, has been shown to alter
Rap1A binding affinity to downstream effectors like RalGDS by orders of magnitude,
producing binding constants more consistent with WT Ras than with WT Rap1A. We
hypothesize, therefore, that differences between the electrostatic environments at the
binding interfaces of these two proteins contribute to their differences in binding
affinities. Measurements of the electrostatic environment at the interfaces between
three mutants of Rap1A (E30D, K31E, and E30D K31E) bound to RalGDS were made
using vibrational Stark effect spectroscopy, in which the shift in absorption energy of a
vibrational probe is related to the local electrostatic environment. Here, we compare
these measurements to those made previously of WT Ras and WT Rap1A bound to
RalGDS.

CHED 1093

Analysis of the energetic stability and electronic properties of exohedral

derivatives of C20: C20Xn (X = H, F, Cl, Br; n = 1-4)

Vivian B Gomez(1), [email protected], 4901 E. University Blvd, Odessa TX 79762,

United States ; Kyle A Beran(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, The University of
Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa TX 79762, United States

Exohedral derivatives of the smallest fullerene, C20, with the general formula of C20Xn (X
= H, F, Cl, Br: n = 1-4) have been analytically investigated in order to evaluate the
energetic stability of these molecular structures and determine their respective
electronic properties. Equilibrium geometries and vibrational analyses were determined
by employing the hybrid Hartree-Fock/density functional theory (DFT-B3LYP) with the
Gaussian 6-31G* basis set. Subsequent single-point energies of the optimized
structures utilized the B3LYP functional with the 6-311+G** basis set. Analysis of the
results indicate that the addition of exohedral atoms increase the stability of the caged-
structure to varying degrees according to the predicted HOMO-LUMO gaps. Further
support for increasing stability is derived from the calculated reaction and binding
energies of the exohedral atoms. Initial results indicate that the stability of the C 20
fullerene increases according to the electron-withdrawing properties of the exohedral
atoms.

CHED 1094

Synthesis of a fluorine containing convertible nucleoside

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Kelsey Rusbarsky(1), [email protected], 1 Opportunity Ave, Pt.

Lookout MO, United States ; Jerry C Easdon(1). (1) Chemistry, College of the Ozarks,
Pt. Lookout MO 65726, United States

We have synthesized a substituted ―convertible‖ nucleoside in a multi-step synthesis.

This molecule will be part of a DNA aptamer. The nucleoside contains a fluorinated
moiety that could serve as a reporter group using fluorine-19 NMR, or be replaced with
other groups. The synthetic route is presented in the figure below.

CHED 1095

Synthesis, characterization, and kinetic degradation study of di-creatine maleate

followed by NMR

Brittany Kuhl(1), [email protected], 11300 NE 2nd Ave, Miami Shores Florida

33161, United States ; Tony Wallner(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, Barry
University, Miami Shores Florida 33161, United States

Di-creatine maleate, a creatine salt, was synthesized using maleaic acid in combination
with creatine monohydrate. Creatine is used commercially as a nutritional supplement.
Its growing popularity due to correlations between increased muscle size, endurance
and enhanced performance has produced numerous studies to enhance its solubility
and bioavailability. The role of solvent on reaction yield was studied. NMR was used to
verify the creatine salt formulation and analyze the samples degradation in an aqueous
solution at room temperature (27 degrees Celsius) and body temperature (37 degrees
celsius). The di-creatine maleate data were compared to pure creatine monohydrate
and a consumer sample to observe any differences. Samples of di-creatine maleate
were further analyzed using NMR at pH levels of 2, 6, and 7 to replicate different
biological systems. Degradation and solubility comparisons were made between all
samples.

CHED 1096

Applying Raman spectroscopy to problems in laboratory astrochemistry

Michael J. Fryauff(1), [email protected], 572 Holloway Road, Mail Stop 9B,

Annapolis MD 21402, United States ; Robert F. Ferrante(1), [email protected], 572
Holloway Road, Mail Stop 9B, Annapolis MD 21402, United States . (1) Department of
Chemistry, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis MD 21402, United States

Laboratory investigations can directly support astronomers in their quest to understand

chemical processes occurring throughout the cosmos. Low temperature (10-150 K) IR

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spectroscopy of ices has been particularly useful because laboratory IR spectra can
provide direct comparisons with infrared data obtained from terrestrial telescopic or
space probe observations of comets, outer solar system objects, or ice-coated dust
grains in interstellar space. Laboratory studies help to identify chemical species, model
rates of formation or loss by reaction or photolysis/radiolysis mechanisms, or suggest
thermal history based on the amorphous or crystalline state of the ice. Although a
Raman spectrometer has been proposed for inclusion on a Mars probe, there have not
yet been direct astrophysical Raman measurements. Still, low temperature Raman
spectroscopy provides some unique capabilities that can enhance the value of
laboratory astrochemical research. This work will provide several examples of the
application of Raman spectroscopy to astrophysical-type ices.

CHED 1097

Creatine orotate stability and kinetics analyzed using NMR

Brian Garner(1), [email protected], 11300 NE 2nd Ave, Miami Shores Florida

33161, United States ; Tony Wallner(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, Barry
University, Miami Shores Florida 33161, United States

Interest in creatine exists due to its popularity as a nutritional supplement for increasing
muscle size, endurance, and performance based on numerous studies. Creatine salts
are becoming popular due to physiological benefits and increased solubility in water
compared to creatine monohydrate. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) was used to
determine the degradation of creatine orotate investigated in pH levels from 2.0 to 11.5
for a period of 20 days and at temperatures of 4°C, room temperature and 37°C.
Results are compared to previous data on the degradation of creatine monohydrate.
Titrations of acidified creatine and creatine orotate were also performed to determine
the pKa values of the compounds and this data was compared to NMR analysis at
various pH values. Creatine orotate is also in the process of being characterized using
x-ray crystallography and high performance liquid chromatography.

CHED 1098

Synthesis and characterization of creatine ascorbate

Jonothan Colon(1), [email protected], 11300 NE 2nd Ave, Miami Shores Florida

33161, United States ; Tony Wallner(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, Barry
University, Miami Shores Florida 33161, United States

Creatine, a supplement used to enhance physical performance in athletes, has limited

solubility within the human body. It is believed that synthesizing creatine in a salt form
will therefore increase its bioavailability. The purpose of this research was to synthesize
creatine abscorbate, an organic salt in various solvents to obtain maximum yield. Once
the synthesis was optimized, the degradation of the salt under different conditions (pH

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from 3-7.5 and temperatures of 4°C, 25°C, and 37°C) was characterized using NMR
spectroscopy. The characterization and optimal reaction conditions for the synthesis of
creatine ascorbate will be discussed as well as the results of the degradation studies.

CHED 1099

Preparation and characterization of Al2O3 thin films for spectroscopic studies

Phillip A Cox(1), [email protected], 2043 College Way, Forest Grove OR 97116,

United States ; Adam J Hopkins(2); Geraldine L Richmond(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Pacific University, Forest Grove OR 97116, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403, United States

Molecular adsorption from aqueous solution to the surface of aluminum oxide is of

significant interest in a number of areas including heterogeneous catalysis,
environmental chemistry and geochemistry. Thin films of aluminum oxide on highly
transparent substrates provide a means of examining spectroscopically the adsorption
and reactivity of aluminum oxide under various aqueous solution conditions. A
challenge with such studies however is to prepare these films in a manner that allows
them to remain stable in solution and in the presence of various reactants and
adsorbing species. In this presentation the results of our efforts to prepare such films for
spectroscopic studies will be discussed.

CHED 1100

State-specific reactions of gas phase Ni+ with CH3X and CF3X (X=Br,I): Evidence
of selective halogen abstraction

Kendall G Fancher(1), [email protected], 205 Laney Building, Conway AR 72035, United

States ; William S Taylor(1); Ashley J Cooper(1); Li-Chen Chen(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Central Arkansas, Conway AR 72035, United States

The gas-phase reactions of ground and excited state Ni+ with CH3X and CF3X (X=Br,I)
have been examined in a selected ion drift cell apparatus. State-specific product
formation in these reactions was determined using electron state chromatography.
These experiments have revealed that under near-thermal conditions, Ni+(2D) (the
ground state) produces association products exclusively while excited state Ni +
abstracts X to form NiX+. Excited state Ni+ also participates in charge-transfer with CH3I
and CF3I. State-specific kinetic measurements display a broad range of reaction
efficiencies for both ground and excitedstate metal ions. Our results suggest that while
several excited Ni+ states may be present during these reactions, overall energetic and
spin requirements suggest that there are only two nickel ion excited states capable of
producing NiX+. In combination with the kinetic results, this suggests the presence of
one or more unreactive excited states.

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CHED 1101

Hyperfine structure in the electronic spectrum of TaS

Andrew J Bendelsmith(1), [email protected], 1600 Grand Ave, St. Paul MN

55105, United States ; Keith T Kuwata(1); Thomas D Varberg(1). (1) Chemistry,
Macalester College, St. Paul MN 55105, United States

We have studied the J–X12Δ3/2 (0,0) and N–X22Δ5/2 (0,0) bands of tantalum sulfide (TaS)
by laser excitation spectroscopy. The gas-phase molecules were prepared in a hollow
tantalum cathode discharge source by the reaction of the sputtered metal with SF 6. In
order to resolve the hyperfine structure arising from the 181Ta nucleus, we recorded sub-
Doppler spectra using the method of intermodulated fluorescence (IMF) spectroscopy.
The appropriate Hamiltonian was used to complete a least-squares fit of the rotational
and hyperfine structure, resulting in an accurate set of molecular constants for TaS.
Density functional theory calculations were performed on the electronic ground state in
order to determine values for the hyperfine parameters, which agree reasonably well
with experiment.

CHED 1102

NMR spectra of organofluorine compounds with complex splitting patterns

Nicholas G Zaibaq(1), [email protected], 3800 Montrose Blvd, Houston TX 77006,

United States ; Megan M Nunes(1); Thomas B Malloy(1); Lawrence B Alemany(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, Houston TX 77006, United States
(2) Department of Chemistry and Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston
TX 77251, United States

We have been studying the 1H, 19F and 13C nmr spectra of organofluorine compounds
with an Anasazi Eft-60 at UST and Bruker 400 and 500 MHz instruments at Rice for the
last few years. These compounds often exhibit long range 13C-19F and 19F-19F
couplings, and compounds with hexafluoroisopropyl or perfluoro-t-butyl groups
frequently exhibit complex patterns in 1H-decoupled 13C spectra and for the 13C
satellites in 19F spectra. In addition, spin-lattice relaxation studies reveal cross-
correlated relaxation. Recent examples showing these effects, including
hexafluoroactone, perfluoro-t-butyl alcohol, and methyl heptafluoroisopropyl ether, will
be presented and discussed.

CHED 1103

Investigation into relaxation times and conductivities of aqueous solutions of

brain metabolites

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Justin Conrad(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 17, Point Lookout MO 65726, United
States ; Carol J Breaux(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of the Ozarks, Point
Lookout Missouri 65726, United States

Solutions of brain metabolites (sodium lactate, sodium glutamate, and dopamine

hydrochloride) were prepared at several concentrations (0.025-0.2M) in both water and
deuterated water. Longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times of the water
signal in the deuterated solutions were measured with a Varian 400MHz NMR.
Conductivities of aqueous solutions were measured with a Vernier conductivity probe. A
correlation between conductivity of solutions, relaxation times (T1 and T2) of water
protons, and concentration of metabolites was investigated.

CHED 1104

Palladium based bulk metallic glass in biomedical applications

Lisa Watanabe(1), [email protected], 1301 Avenida Cesar Chavez, Monterey

Park Ca 91754, United States ; Dale Conner(2); William L Johnson(3). (1) MESA
Program, East Los Angeles College, Monterey Park California 91754, United States (2)
Department of Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, CSU Northridge,
Northridge California 91330, United States (3) Department of Materials Science,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United States

The potential of PdNiCuP bulk metallic glass (BMG) as a biomedical engineering

material for use in load-bearing applications was assessed by investigating its
corrosion, fatigue, and mechanical properties and comparing them to commonly used
biomaterials (e.g., stainless steel, Ti- and Co-based alloys). PdNiCuP proved highly
resistant to corrosion when immersed in several corrosive environments, including
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium chloride (NaCl) and Eagle's
Medium. When mechanical properties were found and compared to established
biomaterials, the low Young's Modulus of PdNiCuP made it an excellent choice to stave
off stress shielding. Rotating beam fatigue tests were carried out in air and Eagle's
medium to investigate a physiological environment's potential corrosive effects on
fatigue. The results of tests completed in Eagle's Medium were found to be similar to
those carried out in air. Moreover, fatigue results of the palladium based alloy proved
superior to that of CoCrMo and SUS-316L samples (two biomaterials already in use)
which indicated the potential for PdNiCuP to be used successfully as an engineering
material in biomedical applications.

CHED 1105

Studies of the conformational rigidity of heterocyclic arylamide foldamers

Chi Ngong Tang(1)(2), [email protected], 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia PA

19104, United States ; Jhenny Galan(1)(2); Shubhashis Chakrabarty(1); Zhiwei Liu(1)(2);

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Guillermo Moyna(1)(2); Vojislava Pophristic(1)(2). (1) Department of Chemistry &

Biochemistry, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA 19104, United
States (2) West Center of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, University of the
Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States

Foldamers are synthetic polymers that adopt stable, secondary structures through non-
covalent
interactions like hydrogen bonds (H-bond) and Π-Π stacking. Arylamides are an
important class of foldamers that consists of aromatic rings and peptide bonds. Previous
research has demonstrated that various H-bond acceptors in different sites of the
aromatic ring influence the conformational flexibility and often control the overall
geometry of the oligomers. Using a combination of quantum mechanics, molecular
dynamics simulations, and NMR NOE experiments, the conformational behavior of N-
methylfuroylamide and
N-methylthiophenecarbonylamide, foldamers building blocks, in various solvents is
examined. The results are compared to non-heterocyclic arylamides with similar
acceptors but different
H-bonding geometry and electronic features. We have assessed quantitatively the effect
of varying structural features, solvent types, and H-bonding abilities of the acceptor on
the conformational preference of arylamides. The quantitative evaluation of the
backbone flexibility will contribute to a more efficient rational design of functional
foldamers.

CHED 1106

Plasmon enhanced luminescence of Mn-doped CdSe quantum dots

Benjamin L Cotts(1)(2), [email protected], 300 North College St., Northfield

Minnesota 55057, United States ; Arika Pravitasari(1); Hsiang-Yun Chen(1); Dong-Hee
Son(1); James D. Batteas(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University,
College Station Texas 77842, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Carleton
College, College Station Texas 77842, United States

The excitation of the local surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles creates a
nanoscaled antenna that intensifies the local electrical field and thereby enhances the
photoluminescence of proximal fluorophores. Plasmonic enhancement (PE) contributes
to both the excitation and emission of fluorophores, but it is mitigated by a competing
quenching mechanism, leading to the occurrence of an optimal separation distance
between the nanoparticles and the fluorophores. Here we report the use of a patterned
array of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to directly probe the photoluminescence of Mn-
doped CdSe quantum dots (QDs). A photomask was used to create a grid of two
different silane-derivative self-assembled monolayers, inducing directed binding of the
AuNPs. Then, a layer-by-layer deposition of two oppositely charged polymers yielded
controlled spacing of the QDs and AuNPs. Confocal fluorescence-atomic force

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microscopy was conducted to characterize the sample surface and to observe the PE
as a function of spacer distance.

CHED 1107

Synthesis of heterocyclic inhibitors of the dengue virus NS3 protease

Kimberly Potter(1), [email protected], Box 5005, Ashland VA 23005,

United States ; Nora S. Green(1). (1) Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland VA
23005, United States

The dengue virus, which is spread by infected mosquitoes, is causing serious human
health problems since there is currently no preventative vaccine or specific treatment.
One potential treatment is to inhibit the NS3 protease (nonstructural protein 3) which
cleaves the viral polypeptide into functional proteins. The synthesis of heterocyclic
arginine-arginine mimics for the inhibition of the NS3 will be described. Several different
heterocyclic mimics, connected by a urea or carbamate linkers, yield a small library of
potential inhibitors of the degnue virus NS3 protease.

CHED 1108

Zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy in higher energy of the para-

fluorotoluene cation

Kayla Gutsmiedl(1), [email protected], 100 N. East Ave., Waukesha WI 53186,

United States ; Adrian Gardner(2); Jaiya Bhandari(2); Timothy G. Wright(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Carroll University, Waukesha WI 53186, United States (2)
School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and zero electron kinetic energy

(ZEKE) spectroscopy were used to study higher energy vibrational levels, above 800cm -
1
, of the para-fluorotoluene cation. This included, the not previously studied, 12 2 and 12
overtones along with the combination band of 12111. The ZEKE spectra of these
vibrations followed the same spectral pattern as seen in the fundamental 12 1 and 11
spectra. Combination bands with the 6a1 vibration were also seen in this region. The
structure of most of the ZEKE spectra obtained seemed to indicate that intramolecular
vibrational redistribution was present. Fundamental, overtone, and combination band
vibrations were present in this region, which lead to an increase in the number of ZEKE
signals observed. These signals tended to cluster together in groups, which made
assigning the vibrations difficult to do due to the increase in the possible number of
allowed assignments.

CHED 1109

Neutron and ion bombardment effects on various metals

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Sarah S. Blevins(1), [email protected], 201 High St., Farmville VA

23909, United States ; Keith B. Rider(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Longwood University, Farmville VA 23909, United States

Fusion is not yet a viable source of energy and will not become one until numerous
technological problems are overcome. A low cost Inertial Electrostatic Confinement
(IEC) fusion reactor was used to examine the stability of the metals that were used
inside the reactor. Metals with a high melting point were chosen and then exposed to
the temperature, reactive plasma, and radiation that go along with fusion. The metals
were then analyzed to see how brittle they were and how pitted their surface was after
being bombarded by neutrons and ions. This experiment was performed for a variety of
exposure times. Information from SIMION, a computer program, was also used because
it allowed predictions to be made about the relative neutron and ion impact rates
through simulations.

CHED 1110

Scattering of polyatomic molecules off self-assembled monolayers

Caela R Bernecker(1), [email protected], 296 Kidder St, Wilkes Barre PA

18702, United States ; Henry J Castejon(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Wilkes
University, Wilkes Barre PA 18766, United States

The internal energy distribution of N2, NO, and CH4 scattering from alkanethiolate on
Au(1 1 1) self-assembled monolayers was studied using classical molecular dynamics
simulations. The effect of chain length, incident energy, and incident angle on final
internal energy distribution, angular distribution, and probability of trapping was studied.
Longer alkanethiol chains appear to increase rotational excitation, inelasticity of
scattering, and probability of trapping. Higher incident energies appear to decrease
scattering inelasticity and trapping probability.

CHED 1111

Enumeration and study of substituted naphthalenes

Chaney R. Durham(1), [email protected], 11935 Abercorn St., Savannah GA

31419, United States ; Greg J. Murrell(1); Clifford W. Padgett(1); Tad S. Whiteside(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah
GA 31419, United States (2) Savannah River National Lab, Aiken SC, United States

The heat of formation has not been experimentally determined for many fluoro-, chloro-,
or mixed fluoro- and chloro- substituted benzene and naphthalene compounds. In this
work we have computationally determined the heat of formation using levels of theory
ranging from PM3, DFT and G3MP2 for the 92 benzene compounds and PM3 and DFT
for the 1701 naphthalene compounds and where experimental values do exist, these

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have been compared with our computational results. The results from these calculations
and measurements have led to a better understanding of the steric effect of
intramolecular groups. In addition, the reliability of calculations as the number of
electrons increase has been documented and the development of a group additivity
model for this class of compounds has been completed.

CHED 1112

Theoretical study of electronic structure of free radical polymerization

Rebecca K Carlson(1), [email protected], 3900 Bethel Drive, PO 498, St

Paul MN 55112, United States ; Rollin A King(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Bethel
University, St Paul MN 55112, United States

The yield of copolymerization of non-polar 1-alkenes and types of polar acrylamides and
acrylates is increased by the participation of a Lewis acid in free-radical
polymerizations. Also, the extent of incorporation of the 1-alkene into the chain is
greater in the presence of a Lewis acid. This theoretical study aims to interpret the
experimental results in terms of transition-state barrier heights and enthalpies of
reaction for the addition of closed-shell monomers of ethylene, acrylamide, methyl
acrylamide, methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate to a radical model of a polymer
chain. The thermodynamic product and kinetic are the same for most reactions, but for
the addition to methyl methacrylate by a closed-shell monomer, the kinetic product is
distinct from the thermodynamic product and corresponds to the formation of a primary
radical by the addition of an closed-shell ethene.

CHED 1113

Quantum mechanical study on the thermal decomposition of exo-

tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene

Ignatius Nguyen(1), [email protected], 3800 Montrose Blvd, Houston TX 77006,

United States ; Elmer B Ledesma(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics,
University of St. Thomas, Houston TX 77006, United States

Fuels used in supersonic missiles operate under very high pressures and have to
sustain very high heat loads in order to meet aircraft cooling requirements. JP-10 is an
aviation turbine fuel that is currently used in supersonic-combustion missiles. It is
composed essentially of one chemical compound: exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene
(C10H16). It's unique properties (appreciable density, very low freezing point, cooling
ability, high heat load) enable it to be used under the extreme conditions of supersonic
combustion. Under the high pressures and temperatures in supersonic combustion, the
fuel can undergo pyrolytic reactions, which have the potential of forming carbonaceous
solids that can clog fuel lines and foul fuel nozzles. To develop a reliable fuel system
that will not be subjected to solid deposit formation, a thorough understanding of the

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thermal decomposition behavior of exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene is needed. In this

presentation, quantum mechanical calculations are used to investigate the initial thermal
decomposition routes during the gas-phase pyrolysis of exo-
tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene.

CHED 1114

Computational study of the formation of methanimine on water and silicon oxide

clusters

Tianqi Zhang(1), [email protected], 1116 8th Ave., Grinnell College, Grinnell IA

50112, United States ; Heriberto Hernandez-Soto(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Grinnell College, Grinnell Iowa 50112, United States

We studied the reaction CH2OH + NH3 → CH2NH2 + H2O by means of quantum

mechanical computations. All computations where performed at the B3LYP/6-
31++G(d,p) level of theory. The reaction between protonated formaldehyde and
ammonia forms a stable species NH3CH2OH, which undergoes a proton transfer from
the NH3 group to the OH group to yield water and methanimine. The activation energy
for the proton transfer is 133.3 kJ/mol in the gas phase. We looked at how this reaction
proceeds in the presence of water clusters containing two, three and four water
molecules. The activation energy was lowered by 12.79 kJ/mol when the reaction
proceeds in the presence of the water dimer. Similarly, we looked at the reaction in the
presence of silicon oxide clusters, SixOy (x=1, 2, 3; y=2, 3, 4). In the presence of Si2O2
the activation energy was lowered by 25.3 kJ/mol when it is compared to the gas phase
reaction.

CHED 1115

State of the art solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Bridget E Piko(1), [email protected], 60 S. Lincoln St, Washington PA 15301,

United States ; Robbie J Iuliucci(1); Arno Knetgens(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Washington & Jefferson College, Washington PA 15301, United States (2) Department
of Chemistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Solid-state NMR is a premier tool to elucidate the structure of condensed phase

materials and compounds. Achieving high resolution with solids in NMR requires strong
homogenous magnetic fields, intense radio frequency pulses and fast magic-angle
spinning (MAS). The NMR facilities at Radboud University, Nijmegen in the Netherlands
hosts the necessary state of art equipment; here we present various projects
demonstrating its unique capabilities. The 850 MHz wide-bore superconducting Oxford
magnet enhances the spectra by eliminating dipolar coupling to quadrupolar nuclei,
which is important for pharmaceutical compounds containing nitrogen. Intense radio
frequencies can be created in coils with small diameters. Radboud's self-composed

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micro-coil with a sample volume of 60 nanoliters delivers high RF decoupling. The 1.2
mm rotor CP/MAS probe enables spinning rates greater than 50 kHz, which significantly
reduces the proton-proton homonuclear dipolar couplings in organic materials.

CHED 1116

Molecular modeling of casein kinase-1

Matthew N Blam(1), [email protected], 2911 Centenary Blvd, Shreveport LA

71104, United States ; Troy C Messina(1); Cynthia J. Brame(1); Lucy C. Robinson(2). (1)
Biophysics, Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport LA 71104, United States (2)
Biochemistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport LA 71104,
United States

Casein kinase-1 is an enzyme associated with budding/binary fission in yeast. We

hypothesize that mutations to the activation loop of the kinase will affect the ability for
yeast to bud. We have performed mutations of phosphorylatable amino acids in the
activation loop of casein kinase-1 and simulated these mutants using implicit solvent
molecular modeling. Clustering algorithms were used to determine similarities in the
mutated activation loop compared to the wild-type enzyme. Further comparisons were
made of cluster results to experimental mutation data on the homologous Yck-2
enzyme. Details of the computational and experimental work will be described.

CHED 1117

Investigation of the reaction of NO with γ-Fe2O3

J. W. Jordan(1), [email protected], 171 Moultrie Street, Charleston SC 29409,

United States ; H. M. Bevsek(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, The Citadel, Charleston
SC 29409, United States

Reactions of NOx (=NO + NO2) species with metal oxides are relevant both for
atmospheric chemistry and for catalysis. α-Fe2O3 (hematite) interacting with NOx
specifically has been focused on since α-Fe2O3 is a common component of mineral dust
and can catalyze the reduction of NOx and CO in automobile exhaust. However, there
are very few studies involving the reaction of NOx with γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite), a
polymorph of hematite that also occurs naturally. The interaction of purified NO with γ-
Fe2O3 was studied at various pressures to elucidate the reaction mechanism. The
reaction was carried out in a high-vacuum reaction chamber and the surface-bound
products identified via DRIFTS (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform
spectroscopy). The products formed at different pressures provide insight to the
reaction mechanism and also serve to clarify the reaction mechanism of a previously-
studied reaction of NO2 with γ-Fe2O3.

CHED 1118

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Anaheim, CA

Group increment scheme for IR absorption intensities of greenhouse gases

Sara I. L. Kokkila(1), [email protected], CSB P.O. Box 1425, 37 South College

Ave., Saint Joseph Minnesota 56374, United States ; Partha P. Bera(2); Joseph S.
Francisco(3); Timothy J. Lee(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Department of
Mathematics, College of Saint Benedict and Saint John[apos]s University, Saint Joseph
Minnesota 56374, United States (2) Division of Space Science and Astrobiology,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Mountain View
California 94035, United States (3) Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth
and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United
States

A molecule's infrared absorption capacity in the atmospheric infrared (IR) window is an

indicator of the radiative efficiency of a greenhouse gas. In this research, models for
determining the absorption of fluorinated molecules were developed to assess their
radiative impact. The infrared absorption of over three hundred and fifty greenhouse
gases, particularly hydrofluoroethers, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluoroethers, and
perfluorocarbons, were systematically investigated using ab initio quantum mechanical
methods. Least squares regression techniques were used to formulate group increment
models for the infrared absorption intensities of the fluorocarbons based on this data.
The number and placement of fluorines in the molecule are found to significantly affect
the infrared absorption intensity of these greenhouse gases in the IR window. These
factors were incorporated into the models. The models formulated in this research will
be useful in comparing different fluorinated olefins' and ethers' contributions to global
warming and in designing more environmentally friendly industrial gases.

CHED 1119

Detection of various vapors using liquid crystals on different substrates

John W Robinson(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont California

91711, United States ; Mark Cyffka(1); Gerald R Van Hecke(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont California 91711, United States

Liquid crystals are unique molecules whose properties can be exploited to make vapor
phase detectors. Analytes change the orientation of liquid crystals at the microscopic
level, which can be observed macroscopically using crossed polarizing sheets. The
liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) was coated on to surface substrates with
hydrogen bond donors. Vapor analytes acting as hydrogen bond acceptors adsorb on
the substrate, changing the orientation of 5CB. The detection limit of an analyte was
measured via its partial pressure. Analytes with greater dipole moments are detected at
lower partial pressures. For analytes with similar dipole moments, larger molecules are
detected at lower pressures than smaller molecules. Comparing the detection limits of
the various analytes, dipole moment and molecular size are the major factors for
determining the sensitivity of the detector with respect to a given analyte.

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CHED 1120

Determination of the binary phase diagrams of the lyotropic phases of heptyl

alkyl glucosides and water

Karen N. Heinselman(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Boulevard,

Claremont CA 91711, United States ; Kerry K. Karukstis(1); Gerald R. Van Hecke(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont CA 91711, United States

Alkyl glucosides are green surfactants - non-toxic, biodegradable chemicals that

decrease the surface tension of water. They consist of a head group (the glucoside
part), an alkyl tail, and a linking atom. The compounds under investigation were n-
heptyl-β-D-glucoside (BC7G1) and n-heptyl-β-D-thioglucoside (BC7SG1). Due to the
hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of the molecules when mixed with water, these
surfactants form lyotropic phases that are used in drug delivery systems, as detergents
and to model biological structures. Using polarizing microscopy and fluorescence
spectroscopy, we constructed their binary phase diagrams with water. Lamellar,
hexagonal, micellar, and gel aggregates were observed. The distinct phase diagrams of
each surfactant will be presented.

CHED 1121

Determination of the lyotropic phase diagram of the surfactant n-nonyl-β-D-

thioglucoside in water using fluorescence spectroscopy and polarized optical
microscopy

Hayden A. M. Hatch(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont CA

91711, United States ; Kerry K. Karukstis(1); Gerald R. Van Hecke(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont CA 91711, United States

Consisting of a glucose head group, a sulfur linking atom and a nine-carbon alkyl tail, n-
nonyl-β-D-thioglucoside belongs to a family of alkyl-thioglucosides, known as green
surfactants. Green surfactants are ecologically friendly compounds that are
biodegradable, non-toxic, and can be obtained from renewable resources. When
combined with water, these surfactants can assume a variety of diverse lyotropic
phases including micellar, hexagonal, cubic, lamellar, and gel. Using polarized optical
microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, a phase diagram for n-nonyl-ß-D-
thioglucoside in water was constructed using prodan (6-propionyl-2-
dimethylaminonaphthalene) as a fluorescent probe. Prodan emits light of varying
wavelengths based on the polarity of its environment. Since each lyotropic structure
differs in polarity, the presence of prodan enables the determination of the phases
present. The temperature-dependent fluorescence emission spectra of each sample,
resembling additive Gaussian curves, can then be analyzed in order to construct an
accurate phase diagram.

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CHED 1122

Determination of the binary phase diagrams of lyotropic phases formed by alkyl

maltoside and galactoside surfactants in water

Malous M. Kossarian(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont

CA 91711, United States ; Kerry K. Karukstis(1); Gerald R. Van Hecke(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont CA 91711, United States

Alkyl maltosides and galactosides are ecologically green and biodegradable surfactants
with several applications, including use in drug delivery, detergents and oil recovery.
Upon mixing with water, these surfactants will form lyotropic phases including micellar,
hexagonal, lamellar, cubic, and gel. The specific surfactants studied were n-dodecyl-β-
D-maltoside (C12M) and n-octyl-β-D-galactoside (C8G). With the molecular probe
prodan, fluorescence spectroscopy was used to construct the binary phase diagrams of
these surfactants in water. Prodan is a neutral probe that fluoresces at different
wavelengths depending on the polarity of its environment. By creating surfactant
samples of differing compositions with prodan, the resulting emission spectra indicate
the phases present at that composition and temperature. Each of the lyotropic phases
will exhibit a unique characteristic spectrum with a characteristic peak emission
wavelength,. Analyzing the spectra gives the results necessary to construct the phase
diagrams that will be presented.

CHED 1123

Determining the binary phase diagram of n-octyl-β-D-thioglucoside and water

using polarizing microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy

Heidi M. Linder(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont CA 91711,

United States ; Kerry K. Karukstis(1); Gerald R. Van Hecke(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont CA 91711, United States

n-octyl-β-D-thioglucoside is a green surfactant that consists of a glucose ring, sulfur

linking atom, and eight-carbon chain. It is considered a green surfactant because it is
nontoxic, biodegradable, and made from renewable resources. The polar head group
and nonpolar tail allow it to form lyotropic phases when mixed with water, specifically
the micelle, lamellar, cubic, and gel phases. Polarizing microscopy and fluorescence
spectroscopy were used to create the binary phase diagram of n-octyl-β-D-thioglucoside
in water. The molecular probe prodan was added to samples and used to determine
what phase the surfactant exhibited since prodan fluoresces at different wavelengths
depending on the polarity of the aggregate and thus the phase of the surfactant. Each
phase has a peak wavelength that can be used to determine its presence in the sample
at a given temperature. By examining different surfactant compositions over a range of
temperatures, a phase diagram was created.

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CHED 1124

Study of electron transport and recombination in zinc oxide nanorods in dye-

sensitized solar cells

Ha Seong Kim(1), [email protected], 340 E. Foothill Boulevard, Claremont California

91711, United States ; Daniel O[apos]Neil(1); Chiara Giammanco(1); Nancy
Eisenmenger(1); Hal Van Ryswyk(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College,
Claremont California 91711, United States

Acid etching of ZnO nanoparticles by porphyrin dyes greatly improve the efficiency of
dye-sensitized solar cells. In comparison to the tradition TiO2 photoanodes, ZnO
demonstrates better electronic properties. Despite the improvement, the grain
boundaries formed by ZnO nanoparticles serve as barriers which hinder the transport of
electrons across the anode. Preferentially grown ZnO nanowires have been synthesized
to eliminate the grain boundaries and facilitate electron transport in the anode. The
transport and recombination of electrons in the photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells
has been studied using intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and
intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS). Comparisons in electron
transport parameters have been made between the photoanodes based on
preferentially grown ZnO nanowires and ZnO nanoparticles.

CHED 1125

Photon enhanced aggregation of single walled carbon nanotube dispersions

Joseph S Manser(1), [email protected], 9201, Charlotte North Carolina 28223, United

States ; Jordan C Poler(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Catawba College, Salisbury
North Carolina 28144, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of North
Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte North Carolina 28223, United States

Carbon nanotube have potential applications in sensor, photovoltaic, and optoelectronic

technologies. Understanding the aggregation kinetics of single walled carbon nanotubes
(SWNTs) dispersed in non-aqueous solvents is key to implementing a directed self-
assembly process. Two ruthenium coordination compounds (+2 monomer and +4
dimer) were used as coagulants in this procedure. These complexes are representative
of larger ruthenium metallodendrimers that have probable directed self-assembly
applications. A blue, high-powered LED served as the photon source and was housed
along with the samples in a custom-built assembly. UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy was used
to analyze the coagulant and photon enhanced aggregation (PEA) effects. Illumination
of SWNT dispersions functionalized with coordination compounds results in enhanced
aggregation kinetics as compared to control samples that are not functionalized. We will
present a kinetic analysis of this process. PEA as a function of SWNT type, coagulant
type, illumination power and time will be presented.

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CHED 1126

Electron transport in ZnO nanostructures for use in dye sensitized solar cells

Daniel O[apos]Neil(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont CA 91711, United

States ; Ha Seong Kim(1); Hal Van Ryswyk(1); Chiara Giammanco(1); Nancy
Eisenmenger(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont CA
91711, United States

ZnO anodes offer a versatile altenative to TiO2 for use in dye sensitized solar cells.
However, to optimize this material it is necessary to understand its instability in acidic
solutions as well as electron injection characteristics. It has been observed that more
acidic dyes inject more efficiently into ZnO than dyes with a lower pKa for the tethering
carboxylic acid; the mechanism for this enhanced injection, however, is unclear. In the
nanotube morphology, the enhancement can be replicated by acid etching of the
semiconductor's surface prior to dye absorption. However, this effect is not consistently
observed for the nanoparticle morphology. Possible explanations of this enhancement
are examined by correlating the electron transport properties of nanoparticle, nanorod,
nanotube, and nanodisc morphologies as measured by impedance spectroscopy with
injection efficiencies after pretreatment.

CHED 1127

Enantiomeric interactions of D, L, and DL N-acetyl leucine in zeolite NaY

Jasmine Wills(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Rd., Los Angeles California

90049, United States ; Hyeran Choi(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Rd.,
Los Angeles California 90049, United States ; Erika Martinez(1); Deniz Cizmeciyan(1);
Robert Senter(1). (1) Department of Physical Chemistry, Mount St. Mary[apos]s College,
Los Angeles California 90049, United States

Solid state NMR and TGA techniques are used to elucidate the enantiomeric
interactions of D, L, and DL N-acetyl leucine in zeolite NaY. The 13C NMR spectra of N-
acetyl-D-leucine and its L counterpart are identical to the spectrum of the racemic N-
acetyl-DL-leucine. This indicates that N-acetyl-DL-leucine crystallizes as a racemic
conglomerate where the powder consists of microcrystals of pure L or D enantiomers,
rather than a racemic compound where the unit cell of the crystals contain a 1:1 ratio of
D and L enantiomers. It could be speculated that heterodimer adsorption may be
limited. In TGA different lattice planes are affected in corporation of amino acids. The
spectra of the inorganic/organic composite show three distinct regions of weight loss,
which is difficult to discern between amino acid plus solvents. X-ray diffraction and
Polarimetry techniques will be used to further elucidate the microevironments of
adsorbed amino acids.

CHED 1128

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Anaheim, CA

Determining the size of the hydration sphere of Myoglobin and its variation with
temperature

David M Balyozian(1), [email protected], 1 College St, Worcester MA 01610,

United States ; Sarah A Petty(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, College of the Holy
Cross, Worcester MA 01610, United States

The hydration sphere surrounding a protein affects the balance of entropy and enthalpy
that control protein structure. Infrared spectroscopy was used to probe the
intermolecular association between water molecules, which is disrupted in the presence
of protein. The results were utilized to determine the size of the hydration sphere
surrounding Myoglobin, an example of a compact, well-characterized protein. We
determined an inverse linear relationship between the area of the association band and
the concentration of Myoglobin at concentrations lower than approximately 20 mg/ml. At
higher protein concentrations, the area of the association band no longer varies with
concentration due to overlap between neighboring hydration spheres. By consideration
of the density and nearest-neighbor separation of the protein molecules we can extract
information regarding the thickness of the hydration sphere. As temperature is
decreased, we observe a change in the hydration sphere thickness, reflecting a
decreased entropic contribution to free energy.

CHED 1129

UV-Vis absorption properties of benzoic acid derivatives

Juliana A Wurzler(1), [email protected], Albion College, 6270 Kellogg Center, Albion

Michigan 49224, United States ; Craig R Bieler(1). (1) Chemistry, Albion College, Albion
Michigan 49224, United States

Within the past several years, a spectrometry technique called Matrix Assisted Laser
Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) has come into common use. This technique allows mass
spectrometry of large organic molecules by crystallizing them into one of a variety of
nonorganic matrix compounds. However, a satisfactory understanding of the processes
by which these matrix compounds absorb light has not yet been attained, thereby
undermining the understanding of the MALDI mechanism as a whole. My research has
focused primarily on hydroxybenzoic and aminobenzoic acids, some of the more
common matrix compounds, in particular the ways in which position of the hydroxy or
amino group and the number of those groups on the benzene ring affects the molecule'
s ability to absorb light. If we can gain more insight into how the position of the
functional group affects the photophysics of benzoic acid, we may be able to better
suggest and support hypotheses about how the molecule is involved in the matrix
absorption process.

CHED 1130

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Bonding insights into group 14 analogs of semibullvalene and barbaralane

April L Corman(1), [email protected], 300 North Broadway, Lexington KY

40508, United States ; Samuel Q. Gaines(1); Alan C. Goren(1); Huu K. Nguyen(1). (1)
Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington KY
40508, United States

Bishomoaromaticity has been observed in the degenerate Cope rearrangement. The

reaction proceeds via a bishomoaromatic transition state. Hypothetically is it possible for
other Group 14 elements to exhibit bishomoaromaticity or is it limited to carbon
compounds only? Computational calculations on the Group 14 analogs
(X=Si,Ge,Sn,Pb) of semibullvalene (X8H8) and barbarlane (X9H10) may answer this
question and lend insight into bonding trends and reveal the relative importance of size
in assessing the strength of double bonds and the concept of pi electron delocalization
in conjugated systems.

CHED 1131

Partial chemical shielding reveals NMR shift variation due to structural change
and crystalline distortions

Sean T. Holmes(1), [email protected], 50 South Lincoln Street, Washington PA

15301, United States ; Robbie J. Iuliucci(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Washington
and Jefferson College, Washington PA 15301, United States

The inherent sensitivity of the chemical shift makes NMR one of the leading structural
elucidating techniques. The measured chemical shift reveals local fluctuations in the
strength of an external magnetic field at the nucleus; these locally induced fields are
computed as the isotropic chemical shielding and its directional properties. The induced
magnetic fields are explained by the Biot-Savart Law, which relates current density to
the field generated at the nucleus. Partial shielding density from individual nuclei and
bonds can be calculated to a sufficient resolution to determine their contribution to the
overall shielding, a technique which is here exploited for the first time. This study
demonstrates the convergence of the Biot-Savart Law for Density Functional Theory
using Gauge Including Atomic Orbital method to calculate shielding density. The
shielding variations in polymorphs of cimetidine and the intra-molecular shielding
methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside are explored by shielding density isosurfaces.

CHED 1132

Determining the mechanism of the reaction of ascorbate with chlorite

Lyssandra G Ju(1), [email protected], 320 Washington St, #2151, Easton Ma

02357, United States ; Sean Mc Manus(2); Michael Pollino(2); Vasumathi Desikan(2);
Kenneth Kustin(3); Maria A Curtin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College,

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Easton MA 02357, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Massasoit Community

College, Brockton MA 02302, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, Brandeis
University, Waltham MA 02453, United States

The reaction of ascorbate ion with chlorite ion at basic pH is of interest because it
produces chlorine dioxide. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), a well-known intermediate
proposed in mechanisms of ascorbic acid oxidation is not observed in this reaction.
However, hypochlorite, a byproduct of the chlorite reaction with ascorbate, can quickly
oxidize ascorbate intermediates and other products making it difficult to determine the
presence of DHA or the chlorite-ascorbate mechanism. Final products of ascorbate ion
and DHA oxidation reactions by chlorite and hypochlorite such as carbon dioxide and
oxalate were analyzed under different reaction conditions. Chlorine dioxide and chloride
ion obtained from chlorite ion were also determined. An in-depth analysis of
dehydroascorbic acid and other possible ascorbate products by NMR was carried out to
determine the oxidative path of the ascorbate.

CHED 1133

Detection of quadruplex DNA by metal complexes and nanoparticles

Heather F. Crouse(1), [email protected], 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove PA

17870, United States ; Swarna Basu(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna
University, Selinsgrove PA 17870, United States

Metal complexes and nanoparticles have been used to detect low concentrations (<10
ppb) of quadruplex DNA. The following DNA sequences have been studied: double-
stranded 12mer (G4T4G4), triplet repeat (GGC)3 which is associated with Fragile X
syndrome, and the 15mer aptamer (GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG) with binds to and inhibits
thrombin. In the presence of quadruplex DNA, gold nanoparticles formed aggregates
which led to an enhancement in plasmon resonance light scattering (PRLS) signals of
the nanoparticles. DNA melting experiments were used to investigate if the
nanoparticles helped to stabilize or promote further formation of quadruplex DNA.
Fluorescence enhancement of lanthanide and nickel complexes has also been used as
a form of detection of quadruplex DNA. Finally, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
(SERS) is currently being used as a more sensitive form of detection whereby the
presence of quadruplex DNA is expected to result in a change in SERS intensity of the
enhanced surface of various probes.

CHED 1134

Keto-enol tautomerism of acetylacetone: Modeling solvent effects using the

effective fragment potential

Jade Pratt(1), [email protected], 953 Danby Road, Ithaca NY 14850, United States ;
Juan Duchimaza(1), [email protected], 953 Danby Rd, Ithaca NY 14850, United

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States ; Vincent DeTuri(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Ithaca College, Ithaca NY

14850, United States

The equilibrium concentration of the diketone and enol tautomer of acetylacetone as a

function of solvent is investigated by computational calculations. The percentage of enol
at equilibrium is experimentally determined by NMR in the solvents cyclohexane,
benzene, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, acetone, methanol, acetonitrile,
nitromethane, dimethylsulfoxide, and water. Experimental NMR analysis of percent enol
shows a linear correlation with the dielectric constant. As the dielectric strength of the
solvent increases the percent enol decreases; thus, the stronger dielectric solvents are
better able to stabilize the dipole of the diketone. However, ab initio calculations with
electron correlation, triple-zeta basis, diffuse functions, and polarization functions using
a polarized continuum model fail to reproduce the
experimental data. An explicit solvent study was carried out combining an effective
fragment potential with a polarized continuum. Configuration space is sampled by a
simulated annealing process to identify minima. Initially, 400 geometries were
generated for acetylacetone with solvent molecules using a simulated annealing
process sampling 560,000 structures. From the lowest energy configurations identified
with simulated annealing, the 40 lowest energy structures were optimized at HF/6-
31G(d) with a polarized continuum. The statistically significant geometries are optimized
at M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) with a polarized continuum to calculate the equilibrium
concentrations of acetylacetone. This computational method was applied using common
NMR solvents and the percent enol was compared to experimental NMR data. Inclusion
of explicit solvent molecules is necessary to accurately calculate the acetylacetone
tautomers in solution.

CHED 1135

Identification of interactions of D-, L-, and DL- isomers of N-acetylmethionine in

zeolite NaY

Jasmine A. Rios(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Rd., Los Angeles CA

90049, United States ; Hilary Ruiz(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Rd., Los
Angeles CA 90049, United States ; Deniz Cizmeciyan (1); Robert Senter(1). (1)
Department of Physical Chemistry, Mount St. Mary[apos]s College, Los Angeles CA
90049, United States

We are investigating the selectivity of zeolite NaY in enhancing the relative abundance
of one
enantiomer over the other in the adsorption of D-, L-, and DL- isomers of N-
acetylmethionine. 13C CPMAS spectrum of D- and L- isomers N-acetylmethionine
exhibit peaks at 170, 55 and 30ppm for the carbonyl, α and β carbons respectively,
while the racemic mixture shows a second peak for the carbonyl group at 165 ppm
implying that the latter crystallizes as a racemic compound. This gives reason to
speculate an increased tendency for heterodimer adsorption onto the zeolite.

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Thermogravimetric analysis and powder X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to
explain the microenvironments of adsorbed amino acids. A new avenue to enantiomeric
enrichment in zeolites is important for the study of prebiotic development of
enantiomeric purity. Furthermore, this mechanism can be useful for the pharmaceutical
industry where enantiomeric
purity is important.

CHED 1136

Investigation of the effect of oxygen-containing functional groups on the reaction

of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes with NO

L. Ashley Washington(1), [email protected], 171 Moultrie Street, Charleston

SC 29409, United States ; H. M. Bevsek(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, The Citadel,
Charleston SC 29409, United States

The reaction of NO with single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT and
MWNT, respectively) was investigated using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier
transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The nanotubes (NTs) were placed in a high vacuum
reaction chamber and exposed to 100, 300, 500 Torr of purified NO. Separate samples
of the as-is NTs were also purified of the metal catalyst contaminates by refluxing the
NTs in a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid; however this process is known
to add oxygen-containing functional groups to the exterior of the NTs potentially altering
the reactivity of the NTs. The types of functional groups present were identified and
quantified via fluorescence labeling of surface species (FLOSS) and then the oxidized
SWNTs and MWNTs were reacted with NO. The difference in the reactivities of NO
reacting with SWNTs and NO reacting with MWNTs will be discussed as will the effect
of the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the reactivity of NO.

CHED 1137

Kinetics of the chlorination of caffeic acid

Samuel C Martin(1), [email protected], 800 S Tucker Dr., Tulsa OK 74104, United

States ; Paul W Baures(1); Gordon H Purser(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa Ok 74104, United States

Caffeic acid, CA, found in the cell walls of almost all plants, has been suggested to
exhibit antioxidant effects. HOCl is a strong oxidizing agent produced by neutrophils.
Excess HOCl can be harmful to other non-pathogenic cells with which it comes into
contact. The kinetics of the reaction of caffeic acid with HOCl is the subject of this
presentation. The reaction of CA with HOCl is fast and exhibits multiple kinetic steps,
even when the CA concentration is in large molar excess with respect to HOCl. This fact
suggests that the reaction is complex, with an initial intermediate quickly decomposing
via several subsequent intermediates to a final product. The kinetics of the first step as

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Anaheim, CA

well as the information gleaned from the spectral behavior of the system will be the
focus of this presentation.

CHED 1138

Space-resolved compositional analysis of calcium-silica tubes

Fredy S Pratama(1), [email protected], 7400 Bay Road, University Center Michigan

48710, United States ; Hannah F Robinson(1); Jason J Pagano(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center Michigan 48710, United
States

Reverse silica gardens consist of hollow tubular structures that form from mechanically
held silicate crystals immersed into dilute metal salt solution. We investigate the growth
dynamics, structure and composition of these tubes in the context of an experimental
model. The experimental paradigm allows for growing tubes in a reproducible fashion
based on predetermined reactant concentrations and flow rates. In these experiments,
waterglass is injected into large volumes of dilute calcium chloride solution. Thermal
analyses of tube fragments indicate the presence of calcium hydroxide. The results from
image analyses, qualitative experiments, FT-IR, and SEM-EDS are presented.

CHED 1139

Design and synthesis of styrene-based organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells
(DSSCs)

Andrew J Adan(1), [email protected], 614 W. Superior Street, Alma Michigan 48801,

United States ; Cassie N Kopke(1), [email protected], 614 W. Superior Street, Alma
Michigan 48801, United States ; Sean J Mo(1); Scott T Hill(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Alma College, Alma Michigan 48801, United States

Four novel styrene-based organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)
application were examined. Two sets of styrene-based compounds were designed and
calculated for their electron transfer properties using the Gaussian09 program. The
calculations were performed with at the DFT level of theory (B3LYP) with LanL2DZ
basis set. Ground geometric optimization, vibrational frequency and time-dependent
(TD) excited state calculations were performed. The TD-DFT study showed electron
transfer between the HOMO and HOMO-1 to the LUMO of the products. Two other
styrene-based compounds were synthesized in the laboratory via the Wittig reaction.
Using the Wittig reaction a reagent was synthesized with an extra unit of conjugation.
Analysis of the resulting products was characterized using 13C, 13C DEPT and 1H NMR.
The NMR data indicated an aldehyde peak on newly synthesized starting compounds.

CHED 1140

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Anaheim, CA

Multi-angle laser light scattering to estimate molecular "cluster" sizes in

hydrocarbon-alcohol mixtures

Arthur S Vasek(1), [email protected], 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont California

91711, United States ; Gerald R Van Hecke(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harvey
Mudd College, Claremont California 91711, United States

Light scattering has long been used to measure molecular sizes from polymers to
colloidal particles. Moreover, in addition to sizing, static and dynamic light scattering can
measure quantities such as excess Gibbs potentials [GE] and self-diffusion coefficients.
For sometime, we have used static scattering measured at 90° to the incident beam to
determine GE of binary mixtures of simple liquids, typically alkanes or aromatics with
alcohols. Parallel measurements of molar volumes of the mixtures provide excess
volume data VE. The VE
and GE results suggest the existence in solution of molecular ―clusters‖ that depend on
concentration and temperature. The goal of this work is to measure scattering
intensities not just at 90° but as a function of angle to test whether such data can
provide size estimates of the suspected ―clusters.‖ The results for various hydrocarbon
– alcohol mixtures will be presented.

CHED 1141

Ion-molecule chemistry in and fragmentation of boron trichloride cluster ions:

Experiments

Rane M Dearing(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; David A Hales(1); M Vincent Gammill(1); Jamie R Dimond(1); J W
Eickman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway AR 72032, United
States

Clusters of boron trichloride molecules undergo ionization by either electrons or excimer

laser photons (248 and 193 nm) and mass analysis in a reflectron time-of-flight mass
spectrometer. Clusters are mass-selected with a time-based double-pulse mass gate,
and both metastable fragmentation and laser-induced photofragmentation (1064, 532,
355 nm) are observed. Relative intensities of parent and fragment ions and patterns in
fragment formation, informed by molecular modeling, lead to conclusions regarding
internal structures of the cluster ions.

CHED 1142

Ion-molecule chemistry in and fragmentation of boron trichloride cluster ions:

Theory

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Jamie R Dimond(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR

72032, United States ; J W Eickman(1); Rane M Dearing(1); David A Hales(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway AR 72032, United States

Cluster ions observed in electron ionization and laser photoionization mass

spectrometry of boron trichloride clusters are modeled computationally using DFT and
MP2 methods. Enthalpies of formation of the cluster ions and enthalpy changes for the
observed fragmentation reactions are determined from the calculated energies.
Predicted structures are correlated to cluster ion fragmentation data.

CHED 1143

Computational study of ions formed from boron trifluoride clusters

J W Eickman(1), [email protected], 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway AR 72032,

United States ; Rane M Dearing(1); Jamie R Dimond(1); David A Hales(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway AR 72032, United States

Cluster ions observed in electron ionization mass spectrometry of boron trifluoride

clusters are modeled computationally using DFT and MP2 methods. Enthalpies of
formation of the cluster ions and enthalpy changes for removal of molecules from the
cluster ions are determined from the calculated energies. The calculated energies and
predicted structures are compared to those from an earlier study using lower-level
computational techniques.

CHED 1144

Identification of D, L and DL N-acetyl alanine interactions in zeolites by solid state

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray
diffraction

Jessica Cardenas(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon Road, Los Angeles,

CA 90049, United States ; Lauren E Que(1), [email protected], 12001 Chalon
Road, Los Angeles CA 90049, United States ; Tram Duong(1); Robert Senter(1); Deniz
Cizmeciyan(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, Mount St Mary[apos]s College, Los
Angeles California 90049, United States

Drug molecules are often chiral, where only one of the ―mirror images‖ is useful. We are
investigating the selectivity of Zeolite NaY in enhancing the relative abundance of one
enantiomer over the other in the adsorption of D, L, and DL N-acetyl Alanine. We are
using solid-state 13C NMR, TGA and X-ray Diffraction to explore the microenvironment
of the adsorbed solutes. Spectra of pure enantiomers of N-acetyl-Alanine change
significantly upon adsorption while their racemate's one carbonyl peak at 175 ppm is
replaced with three when adsorbed, as is the -a-Carbon peak at 51 ppm. The
interactions occurring inside the zeolite will be further investigated by thermal

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Anaheim, CA

gravimetric analysis and x-ray diffraction. A new avenue to enantiomeric enrichment in

zeolites is important for the pharmaceutical industry and also as a possible explanation
for the prebiotic development of enantiomeric purity.

CHED 1145

Photophysical characterization of free-base and di-acid (arylethynyl)porphyrins

Peter K. Goldberg(1), [email protected], 1600 Grand Ave., St. Paul MN 55105,

United States ; Kathryn E. Splan(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Macalester College,
St. Paul MN 55105, United States

The addition of arylethynyl groups to the porphyrin macrocycle represents an effective

strategy with which to enhance light-harvesting properties of porphyrins. Currently, the
use of (arylethynyl)porphyrins in optical systems has centered primarily on
metalloporphyrin derivatives. Herein we present electronic absorption and emission
spectral characterization for a series of di-substituted free-base (arylethynyl)porphyrins
in both their neutral and diacid forms. Relative to tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and di-
substituted derivatives, the (arylethynyl)porphyrins exhibit significantly red-shifted
absorption spectra and substantial increases in molar absorptivity in the Q-band region.
Protonation of the compounds with trifluoroacetic acid results in substantial red-shifts in
both the B and Q-band region of the spectrum. (Arylethynyl)porphyrins display
fluorescent quantum yields that are substantially higher than the corresponding
tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives, and upon protonation, exhibit reduced Stokes shifts
relative to tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives, indicating that the addition of arylethynyl
substituents results in favorable fluorescence properties.

CHED 1146

Determination of the optimal conditions for bovine serum albumin surface

enhanced Raman scattering on silver colloids

Joell Reyes(1), [email protected], 140 SW Brumback St, McMinnville Oregon 97128,

United States ; Brian Gilbert(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Linfield College,
McMinnville Oregon 97128, United States

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was analyzed using surface enhanced Raman scattering
(SERS) to find the optimal conditions to observe BSA with SERS. Colloidal silver,
Na2SO4, and BSA were mixed together at varying pHs and concentrations to obtain
multiple spectra. The most favorable conditions using SERS for BSA were 500ug/mL
and pH 4. The spectrum under those conditions showed the most intense and
discernable peaks and the alpha helical secondary structure was very distinct at 1297
cm-1. SERS can be used for label free detection of proteins, thus finding the best
conditions to obtain spectra using this technique may be very beneficial to proteomic
research.

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CHED 1147

Gas phase fluorescence of ozone-sulfur dioxide complexes

Adam M Grayson(1), [email protected], 3800 Jennings Dr-RTH 215C, Cedar Falls

Iowa 50613, United States ; Michael Elioff(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls Iowa 50613, United States

Ozone and sulfur dioxide molecules come together to create a complex with different
properties than either ozone or sulfur dioxide. We would like to investigate the gas
phase fluorescence lifetimes of the ozone-sulfur dioxide complexes. We designed and
constructed an apparatus to collect gas-phase fluorescence. To test the apparatus, we
excited sulfur dioxide molecules using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser emitting at a wavelength
of 266nm. Using a photomultiplier tube, we detected the fluorescence and determined
its fluorescence lifetime to be 5.6ms. The lifetime we determined for the A 1A ←X1A1
vibronic transition was within the range of previously determined values for this
transition in sulfur dioxide. The next step in the experiment will be to generate the
ozone-sulfur dioxide complexes and begin measuring fluorescence lifetimes for those
complexes.

CHED 1148

Coupled cluster doubles (CCD) calculations of optical rotation using optimized

orbitals

Grant Lindh(1), [email protected], 3900 Bethel Dr #1694, St. Paul Minnesota 55112,
United States ; Taylor J Mach(2); T Daniel Crawford(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Bethel University, St. Paul Minnesota 55112, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States

In organic synthesis, specifically new drug design, discovering the absolute

configuration of a chiral molecule is vital, since the compound's stereochemistry can
have a direct impact on its role in biological or chemical systems. Recent research has
proposed using optical activity, such as optical rotation, as an easier method than the
current procedures. However, in order for the absolute configuration to be identified
conclusively, the optical rotation for a given enantiomer must be previously known.
Theoretical quantum chemistry can have a direct role in this process. Algorithms for
computing optical rotations have been developed for both Coupled Cluster and Density
Functional Theory (DFT) with good agreement between experiment
and theory. However, some cases have resulted in troubling inaccuracies,
demonstrating further room for improvement. In this endeavor, orbital optimization in
Coupled Cluster calculations
has been performed to elucidate potential errors arising from the use of molecular
orbitals taken from Hartree-Fock theory.

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CHED 1149

Characterization of the invertase-sucrose complex using surface-enhanced

Raman
scattering

Amanda K Wolf(1), [email protected], 190 SE Brumback St, McMinnville OR 97128,

United States ; Brian Gilbert(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Linfield College,
McMinnville OR 97128, United States

Understanding the relationship between protein structure and function is essential for
better understanding complex molecular interactions. Much research is currently being
done in this area by many divisions of science. In this study we used the invertase-
sucrose complex to try to determine if surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
could be used to characterize changes in protein structure. Optimal conditions for SERS
of invertase on Ag colloids were found to be pH 7 and 25 μg/mL invertase. Reference
spectra were taken of invertase, sucrose, glucose, and fructose. The enzyme was
mixed with sucrose and spectra were taken and compared to the reference spectra.
Based on these preliminary results, the invertase-sucrose complex is detectable
through SERS. A band at 1674 cm-1, seen in the complex and not in SERS of
invertase, corresponds to β-sheet which indicates a conformational change. It could
also indicate that invertase and the complex bind differently to the colloids.

CHED 1150

Study of computational geometry and stability of hydrogen bonds formed

between the bases of DNA and RNA and bases so-called "molecules of the
future", using the methods semi empirical AM1 and PM3

Maria R Gonzalez(1), [email protected], Hc-70 box 26041, San Lorenzo

Puerto rico 00754, Puerto Rico ; Glendaliz Maldonado(1), [email protected],
Hc-02 box 10400, Aibonito Puerto Rico 00705, Puerto Rico ; Jem M Morales(1), jem-
[email protected], Hc-01 box 6070, Gurabo Puerto Rico 00778, Puerto Rico ; Juan G
Estevez(1); Carlos M Torres(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico,
Cayey Puerto Rico 00736, Puerto Rico (2) Department of Chemistry, University of
Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Puerto Rico 00931, Puerto Rico

Hydrogen bonds have had a decisive influence on the structure and function of DNA.
They have been widely studied. Known abundantly that the increase in the number of
interactions of hydrogen bonds can increase the stability of the complex trained.
However, few studies show the different interactions that can arise between species
that have multiple possibilities of forming hydrogen bonds. With the purpose of
adquiring better understandings in these interactions, it has been studied hydrogen
bonds between: adenine cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil with the 22 bases so-
called "molecules of the future". For example cytosine samples three complex with the

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Anaheim, CA

base 9, see figure one. The calculations made by PM3 show the following results:
Cytosine•molecule 9-PM3: 6.12 Kcal/mol, Cytosine•molecule 9-PM3-1: 6.154 Kcal/mol,
Cytosine•molecule 9-PM3-2: 12.685 Kcal/mol. The first and third complexes are not flat
and the second complex is flat. The calculated values of ∆Hfº AM1 are higher. It will
compare these values, in some cases, with calculations ab-initio.

CHED 1151

Chemical kinetics: Effect of solvent composition on the rate constant and rate law
of a chemical reaction, using the iodine clock reaction and method of initial rates

Christine Jandrain(1), [email protected], 188 Science Hall, Notre Dame IN

46556, United States ; Kathleen M Kuhler(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Saint Mary[apos]s College, Notre Dame IN 46556, United States

Using the iodine clock reaction and the method of initial rates, we determined the rate
constant and rate law of a chemical reaction. The iodine clock reaction was performed
using arsenious acid, iodate, two interchangeable buffer solutions, and iodide. By
utilizing the method of initial rates and the actual initial concentrations of the solutions
we obtained the rate, rate constant, and partial orders of each species in order to
complete the rate law, resulting in the following rate law: Rate = k[IO3-][I-]2[H+]2 where
kavg = 7.7 x 1010 (M-5s-1).

The rate law and rate constants were determined in pure water, and in aqueous
solutions of methanol, absolute ethanol, denatured ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol.
Results were determined for solvent mixtures with organic component with mass
percent 10%, 15%, or 20%. Data was collected at 25.0°C, 30.0°C and 20.0°C. The
effect of temperature on the rate constant and rate law was observed.

CHED 1152

Interaction of interfaces: Absorption of polyacylic acid (paa) cetyl trimethyl

ammonium bromide (ctab) and gold nanoparticles on an oil water interface

Jacqueline K Burgher(1), [email protected], 1252 University of Oregon,

Eugene OR 97403, United States ; Ellen Robertson(1); Hristina Staleva(1); Geri
Richmond(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403,
United States

Emulsions play a prevalent role in several industrial and environmental applications.

Often, surfactants, polyelectrolytes, surfactant/polyelectrolyte mixtures, and particles are
used as emulsion stabilizers. The oil/water interfacial behavior of these materials is
largely unexplored. In this study, the adsorption of polyacrylic acid (PAA), cetyl
trimethlammonium bromide (CTAB), and ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles was
examined at an oil/water (CCl4/H2O) interface using surface tension measurements. It

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Anaheim, CA

was shown that both PAA and CTAB are surface-active individually. PAA with CTAB,
however, was shown to be more surface-active than either individual component,
indicating complex interactions between the polyelectrolyte and surfactant at the
oil/water interface. Surface tension measurements were also employed to study the
adsorption behavior of ligand - modified gold nanoparticles. It was found that the
nanoparticles readily partition to the oil/water interface with adsorption strongly
influenced by particle surface modification. In addition, our results show that particle
adsorption is a diffusion driven process.

CHED 1153

Undergraduate physical chemistry experiment on the kinetic salt effect and

photochromism

Daniel J Murray(1), [email protected], 186 J st., Cayucos California 93430,

United States ; Hagen John(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
Polytechnic sate university, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo California 93407, United
States

An experiment for the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory has been developed
that explores the kinetic salt effect on a intramolecular reaction in a non-aqueous
solvent. The photochromism of 1',3'-dihydro-1',3',3'-trimethyl-6-nitro-spiro(2H-1-
benzopyran-2,2'-2H-indole
(6-NO2-BIPS) has been chosen due to the zwitterionic nature of the colored ring-open
(MC) form of the compound. The thermal reversion reaction of the MC form to the ring-
closed spyropyran (SP) form is followed by monitoring the absorbance with UV/Vis
spectrophotometry. A negative salt effect is observed which can be explained by the
neutral charge of the activated complex. Ammonium bromide and tetrabutylammonium
bromide are used as inert salts as to provide some insight into steric effects in the
stabilization of the reacting species . Acetone and ethanol are used as solvents so that
the solvochromatic properties of the system can be seen.

CHED 1154

Adsorption of mixed surfactant systems

Zachery Leland(1), [email protected], 109 Mustang Dr. #202, San Luis Obispo CA
93405, United States ; John Hagen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
California Polytechnic University - San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo CA 93401, United
States

Surface tension data for mixed solutions of sodium dodecylsulfate and

cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were collected using a KSV Sigma 703D
Tensiometer. From this data, values for the critical micelle concentration, ΔmicG°, ΔmicH°,
and ΔmicS° and ΔadG°, ΔadH°, and ΔadS° were determined.

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CHED 1155

Computational analysis of substituted phenols: Investigation of excited state

hydrogen atom transfer

Florence M. Patino(1), [email protected], 2000 W. University Ave., Muncie IN 47306,

United States ; Mitch D Goshert(1), [email protected], 2000 W. University Ave.,
Muncie IN 47306, United States ; Jason W. Ribblett(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Ball
State University, Muncie IN 47306, United States

It has been proposed that methyl salicylate undergoes a large geometry change caused
by an excited state hydrogen atom transfer from the hydroxyl group to the carbonyl of
the ester group. In this project, a computational model of the excited state hydrogen
atom transfer was developed. This model was applied to other substituted phenols,
including 2-nitrophenol and methyl-2-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoate. B3LYP and MP2
techniques were used to determine ground state optimized geometries for multiple
conformations of all compounds studied. In 2-nitrophenol, a ground state conformer
having the hydrogen atom transferred from the hydroxyl to the nitro group was found. It
also was found that the intramolecular hydrogen bond from the hydroxyl group preferred
the ester group over the nitro group. CIS techniques were used to determine excited
state optimized geometries for multiple conformations of all compounds studied.

CHED 1156

Reactions of water and acetonitrile in the investigation of amino acid synthesis in

space

Lindsay M. Carl(1), [email protected], 101 N. College Ave., Annville PA 17003, United

States ; Heather R. Howard(1); Anderson L. Marsh(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Lebanon Valley College, Annville PA 17003, United States

Amino acid precursors and their reactions have the potential to play a key role in the
interstellar medium formation of amino acids, especially due to the discovery of prebiotic
compounds in meteorites. In this study, the reactions of water and acetonitrile were
examined in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber to simulate conditions in the
interstellar medium. Ices were grown on a highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG)
surface and photoreactions were induced using a 193 nm ArF laser. The formation of
products was monitored by temperature programmed desorption of the ice from the
HOPG surface using mass spectrometry. Experimental evidence revealed that
acetonitrile and water were stable even with exposure to the laser radiation. As none of
the intended products were seen on the mass spectrometer, it can be concluded that
the reactants are most likely not precursors to aminoactonitrile, which itself is a
precursor to glycine.

CHED 1157

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Anaheim, CA

Adsorption of mixtures of long-chain alkanols at the air-water interface

Nicole L. Martin(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo CA,

United States ; John P. Hagen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

The aim of this work was to compare the adsorption and surface tension effects of non-
ionic surfactant mixtures with that of the individual non-ionic surfactants. The non-ionic
surfactants analyzed were 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, and 1-dodecanol. The equilibrium
constant for adsorption to the aqueous solution/air interface was determined for each
non-ionic surfactant was determined by fitting the surface tension data to the
Szyszkowski equation. From this, the standard free energy of adsorption was
determined for each non-ionic surfactant. Binary solutions of the surfactants were then
made and their adsorption to the solution/air interface was characterized to determine
the effects of chain length on adsorption for non-ionic
surfactant mixtures.

CHED 1158

Adsorption of 1-octanol at the air-water/glycerol interface

Jessica M. Hazard(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo CA,

United States ; John P. Hagen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

The adsorption of 1-octanol to the surface of glycerol-water solutions was studied at

different temperatures and concentrations using a Du Nouy ring tensiometer. The data
were fit to the Szyszkowski and Frumkin equations to determine the ΔG° of adsorption,
the molecular area parameter (ω) and the Frumkin interaction parameter (a) for different
solvent compositions.

CHED 1159

Application of polymeric quaternary ammonium salt-montmorillonite intercalates

in triphase catalytic reaction

Alex Austiff(1), [email protected], Box 1652, Edwardsville IL 62026-1652, United States

; Nahid Shabestary(1); Mark Cox(1). (1) Chemistry, Southern Illinois University
Edwardsville, Edwardsville IL 62026-1652, United States

Natural montmorillonite (MMT) from smectite clay family was modified through
intercalation reaction with ammonium salts of poly (oxypropylene)-polyamines with
different molecular weights (230, 400, 2000, and 4000 Mw) to use as a solid catalyst in
triphase catalytic system for converting n-butyl bromide to n-butyl chloride. Reaction
occurs by transfer of the reagents from the liquid phases to the surface of the solid

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Anaheim, CA

catalyst phase. Using X-ray powder diffraction, we have observed a relatively large
basal spacing (63 A°) for MMT when a 4000 molecular weight polyamine was
intercalated. A positive correlation was observed between molecular weight of the
polymer and the intercalated MMT basal spacing. The rates of the displacement
reaction have been investigated for different MMT/Polymer intercalates under triphase
catalytic conditions. The results have indicated no catalytic activities for intercalated
polymers with 230 and 400 molecular weights while MMT/polymers with 2000 and 4000
molecular weight have shown catalytic activities.

CHED 1160

Energetics of biodiesels an application to methyl formate decomposition

Holly R Vietzke(1), [email protected], 1000 N Main Street, Findlay Ohio 45840,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, The University of Findlay, Findlay Ohio
45840, United States

The thermodynamic data of an oxygenate methyl formate, a simple model compound

related to biodiesel fuels, is investigated using Spartan '08 V1.1.1. Several mechanism
pathways are studied and the corresponding T1 heats of formation are calculated for
the reactants and products. We also investigated the transition states to identify the
probable pathway for the combustion reaction. Experimental and theoretical values for
the enthalpy of formation of methyl formate are compared, and it is shown that these
are in good agreement with our calculated value.

CHED 1161

Translational diffusion of hydrocarbon solutes in squalane

Michael B. Watson(1), [email protected], 221 North Grand Boulevard,, Saint Louis

MO 63103, United States ; Bruce A. Kowert(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis
University, Saint Louis MO 63103, United States

The translational diffusion constants, D, of 27 hydrocarbon solutes have been measured

in squalane (2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane) at room temperature using
capillary flow techniques. The results are compared with previous determinations of the
solutes' D values in the n-alkanes hexane through hexadecane. The squalane results
give data for a hundred-fold change in viscosity; at room temperature that of squalane is
about 30 cP while those of hexadecane and hexane are 3.0 cP and 0.30 cP,
respectively. Deviations from Stokes-Einstein behavior were seen for the solutes in the
n-alkanes. The deviations, which increased as the solute size decreased, persist in
squalane. The deviations are discussed in terms of a modification of the Stokes-Einstein
equation and the relative sizes of the solute and solvent molecules.

CHED 1162

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Systematic determination of the structure and point group of the CH3COO radical
from density functional calculations

Jeffrey W Beattie(1), [email protected], 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit

Michigan 48221, United States ; Jonathan E Stevens(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit Michigan 48221, United States

The acetyloxy (CH3COO) radical is commonly involved in atmospheric reactions. To-

date, most computational studies of this theory have either exclusively studied
symmetric (Cs) structures, or have located such structures as minima with optimizations
performed with relatively low levels of computation. Our work investigates the structure
of this radical with intensive calculations using newly developed density functional (DFT)
methods and large basis sets. We present optimizations of the acetyloxy radical using
the M052X DFT method and several basis sets. The highest level calculations show
that the correct point group of this species to be a C1 structure (C1-M) slightly distorted
from the symmetric Cs structure in which all atoms of the CO2 moiety are in-plane with a
methyl hydrogen (structure CS-1). The relative stability of the asymmetric minimum C1-
M are compared to the energy of CS-1 and the other possible Cs structure, in which the
CO2 moiety is rotated 90°.

CHED 1163

Building a virtual instrument using Labview for the data collection of thermal lens
transients

Karissa Tonoli(1), [email protected], 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield CA 93311,

United States ; David Saiki(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, California State University
Bakersfield, Bakersfield CA 93311, United States

In this project, we will present work that uses National Instrument VI's to build an
efficient data collection system for a thermal lens spectrometer. This is necessary due
to the nature of the experiment where the temperature will be varied in small increments
and several transients will be collected and averaged. When temperature is varied tens
of millions of data points must be acquired, processed, and stored in a systematic way.
Considering that each temperature step will take approximately 5 minutes, the total
experiment will take nearly 2 days to complete. A software-hardware interface will be
discussed that will make this experiment feasible. This virtual instrument will control the
temperature of the sample cell, measure the intensity over time, repeat each acquisition
n times, average and store the data. The data will then be processed using
Mathematica to measure how the heat capacity changes as a function of temperature.

CHED 1164

Towards thermal lens spectroscopy: Optically transforming a diode laser beam

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Chad Ott(1), [email protected], 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield CA

93311, United States ; David Saiki(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, California State
University Bakersfield, Bakersfield CA 93311, United States

Use of thermal lens spectroscopy to probe very weak absorbances has long been
established for the measurement of physical constants such as liquid state heat
capacity (Cp). The choice of instrumentation has centered on either cw gas lasers or a
high-cost tunable ω dye lasers. This budget-conscious project's goal of probing
sensitive biological molecules such as insulin for its dissolution equilibria and phase
transitions without denaturing requires a low-power tunable laser. To utilize the thermal
lens effect the laser beam used to probe the sample must have a low-noise Gaussian
distribution of intensity in its entire cross section. Work has progressed from
constructing a thermal lens spectrometer with a diode laser that has been shown to be
tunable to efforts to better transform the elliptical beam produced to a low-noise
Gaussian beam at the point of probing using cruciform cylindrical lenses.

CHED 1165

Electrochemically controlled hydrogen bonding: Tuning the binding strength with

two interacting redox centers in an oxidation-based arylurea-amide system

Karina Kangas(1), [email protected], 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego CA

92182, United States ; An T. Pham(1), [email protected], 5500 Campanile
Drive, San Diego CA 92182, United States ; Jessica E. Woods(1); Andrew L. Cooksy(1);
Diane K. Smith(1). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State
University, San Diego CA 92182, United States

It has been shown that it is possible to selectively and significantly perturb the strength
of hydrogen bonding between organic molecules using electrochemistry. In this paper
we report studies based on oxidation with the electroactive urea bis-
dimethylaminophenyl derivative, which can undergo two reversible oxidations. Addition
of a cyclic diamide guest shifts the oxidations negative. Taking the negative shift into
account, we have quantitatively estimated the increase in binding strength upon
oxidation of U. This calculation shows that hydrogen bonding between the guest and
urea is more than 1 x 105 times greater than with the neutral urea.
We are attempting to simulate the CV's and perform NMR titrations to gain a better
estimate of the magnitude of binding constants. Also, computational methods are used
to better understand the hydrogen bonding using a combination of density functional
theory (DFT) with a correlation consistent polarized valence double zeta (cc-pvdz) basis
set.

CHED 1166

Towards understanding atomic scale defect nucleation on and successfully

lubricating silica surfaces

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Anaheim, CA

Bronwyn L. Harrod(1), [email protected], PO Box 30012, College Station TX

77842-3012, United States ; Ryan L. Jones(1); James D. Batteas(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77842, United States

The nanoscopic details of friction, adhesion, and wear are of significant consequence
for developing technologies, including microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
devices. Defect generation at surfaces in sliding contact catalyzes the wear of the
MEMS material, ultimately leading to device failure. Atomic force microscopy studies on
quartz investigated atomic scale nucleation of silica materials. Adhesion vs. pH
experiments and wear studies performed at pH 3, 5, and 8 quantified the amount of
force necessary to induce changes in adhesion, friction response, and surface
morphology in varying environments. The process of wear occurred in three distinct
steps: 1) a shift in adhesion distribution; 2) friction response alterations; and 3) the
observation of gross wear. A new lubrication scheme consisting of 3-phenyl-1-propanol
intercalated into a self assembled monolayer (SAM) was tested on silica samples
functionalized with 40 nm silica nanoparticales. FTIR Spectroscopy tracked the
occurrences of solvent intercalation within the C8 and C12 SAMs.

CHED 1167

Kinetic study of protonation and deprotonation of anthocyanins in different

solvent medias using nanosecond laser flash photolysis

Evan Carder(1), [email protected], G09-1 Panther Hall, 3805 University Dr. C, Pittsburgh
PA 15213, United States ; Frank Quina(2); Sergio Souza(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil

Known for their luscious colorant properties in plants, anthocyanins are valuable
antioxidants
and eradicators of hazardous active oxygen species. Due to their distinct
chemical characteristics, anthocyanins effectively absorb visible and ultra
violet radiation, playing a vital role in protecting photosynthetic processes
from excess radiation and photooxidative stress. Based on previous kinetic
studies, a new method was developed to determine the rate constants of
proton-transfer in the ground state of select anthocyanins and their parent
synthetic flavylium salts. To further this knowledge, we report the kinetic
study of protonation and deprotonation of 7,5-dihydroxymethyl- and 7-hydroxy-5,
4-methylflavium salts in different organic solvents. By shifting the
ground-state equilibrium using a nanosecond light pulse, the ground-state
transient can be observed with a resolution between nanoseconds and
microseconds. Our results reveal laser-induced perturbation, allowing the
determination of the dissociation and protonation constants, Kd and
Kp respectively, of the specified flavylium salts in specific solvents.

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CHED 1168

Electron poor poly(5,8-quinoxaline ethynylene)s

Elizabeth M Henry(1), [email protected], 735 University Ave, Sewanee Tn

37383, United States ; Kathy B Woody(2); David M, Collard(2). (1) Chemistry Department,
Sewanee:The University of the South, Sewanee TN 37383, United States (2) Chemistry
Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, United States

A majority of conjugated polymers reported to date are electron donating rich

polymers, i.e., polymers with low electron affinity. There are very fewer reports of
electron accepting poor conjugated polymers that might serve as electron acceptors in
electro-optic devices. Poly(5,8-quinoxaline) contains heteroaromatic units and has
potential applications as an electron accepting material. However, one common criteria
for high performing conjugated materials is the need for a highly planar, polymeric
backbone which promotes high electron charge carrier mobility. Owing to the arene-
arene bond of poly(5,8-quinoxaline) does not have a planar the polymer conjugated
backbone as a result of steric interactions between the quinoxaline units is likely to be
highly twisted. In this study, we have prepared a new class of electron accepting
poly(5,8-quinoxaline ethynylene) conjugated polymers, which consist of
alternating quinoxaline and alkyne units in the backbone, or poly(5,8-quinoxaline
ethynelene)s. In order to better understand the properties of these new polymers, we
also prepared a donor-acceptor PPE analog with alternating quinoxaline ethynylene and
dialkoxyphenylene ethynylene units, and an electron rich dialkoxy PPE for comparison.

CHED 1169

Towards synthesis of “functional molecular necklaces,” polyrotaxanes, with

poly(ethylene glycol)s of variable length and alpha-cyclodextrins modified with
transition metals

Heather Hawkins(1)(2), [email protected], 245 Memorial Drive,

Suite#7069, Cullowhee NC 28723, United States ; Alexandre Pichavant (1); Valérie
Marvaud(1); Bernold Hasenknopf(1). (1) Department of Supramolecular Chemistry,
University of Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris 74005, France (2) Department of Chemistry,
University of Florida, Paris 74005, France

Current research has shown that several alpha-cyclodextrins can be threaded onto a
single polymer chain such as poly(ethylene glycol), or PEG, to yield polyrotaxanes. We
decided to use an amino function for the capping reaction, which requires alpha,omega-
diamino-polyethyleneglycol. The synthesis is achieved by ditosylation of a PEG with
molecular weights ranging from 300g/mol to 4000g/mol, substitution with potassium
phthalimide and deprotection. On the other hand, the cyclodextrin is functionalized with
transition metals. Threading of several alpha-cyclodextrins onto a single polymer chain
and blocking them there by capping the ends with bulky groups yields the final

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Anaheim, CA

polyrotaxane. The ditosylation of PEG will only form under specific conditions of
equivalence and KOH concentrations. Monotosylated PEG was produced and repetition
with various KOH concentrations revealed a higher concentration is required to produce
the desired ditosylated PEG. Substitution with potassium phthalimide of monotosylated
PEG was achieved as well as the threading of unmodified alpha-cyclodextrins. The
synthesis of succinic esters and metal complexes of alpha-cyclodextrins were also
achieved but they have not yet been threaded onto a PEG. This
supramolecular assembly should be useful as functional material.

CHED 1170

Discovery of a new nickel-catalyst for chain-growth polymerizations

Christine M. Gleave(1), [email protected], 2400 W. Chew St.,

Allentown PA 18104, United States ; Erica L. Lanni(2); Anne J. McNeil(2). (1) Chemistry,
Muhlenberg College, Allentown PA 18104, United States (2) Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48104, United States

Organic Π-conjugated polymers are important materials for many recently developed
technologies including photovoltaic cells and light-emitting diodes. Recent evidence that
some of these polymers can be synthesized in a chain-growth nickel-catalyzed cross-
coupling reaction has been reported, but this method is limited due to the unique
conditions required for each monomer. Our goal is to comprehend the mechanistic role
of the monomer and ligand by understanding the chain-growth mechanism with the aim
to find a new catalyst. We are examining the catalytic ability of numerous bidentate
phosphines with varying sterics and bite angle. In particular, nickel catalysts have been
synthesized by mixing the free phosphine ligand with NiCl2. These catalysts have been
tested for chain-growth polymerization using NMR spectroscopy, ReactIR spectroscopy,
gas chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. Preliminary results indicate
that Ni(depe)Cl2 and Ni(dppbz)Cl2 may be promising catalysts for the synthesis of a
broader range of well-defined polymers.

CHED 1171

Modification of the surface tension of cellulosic substrates by thiol-ene click

chemistry

Andrea Green(1), [email protected], 800 South Tucker Drive, Keplinger Hall,

Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States ; Ruya R Ozer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States

The main ingredient of cotton based textiles is cellulose which contains several hydroxyl
groups. The availability of reactive chemical groups on the surface opens up variety of
possibilities of surface functionalization in order to develop functional textiles with
antimicrobial, hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. There are several available

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Anaheim, CA

technologies for surface modification of cotton based textiles ranging from traditional
solution treatments to biological applications. However, inexpensive, simple, and
environmentally benign processes are greatly needed. In this research, thiol-ene ―click‖
reaction was employed to impart hydrophobicity to the cotton based textile surfaces.
Thiol-ene ―click‖ reaction does not require a metal catalyst and is easily activated both
thermally and photochemically. Procedure described can be readily applied to surface
functionalization of all cellulosic substrates.

Organic acid catalyzed functionalization of the cotton based cellulose textiles resulted in
the surface immobilized double bonds. Textile surface displayed hydrophobicity after
subsequent derivatization with thiol-ene ―click‖ chemistry. Resulting modified textile
surface was characterized by SEM, Contact Angle Goniometer, FTIR, TGA, and XPS.
Physical properties of the modified textiles such as tensile strength and breathability
were also studied.

CHED 1172

Ring opening polymerization of L-lactide with metal alkoxide initiator/catalysts in

ionic liquid solvents

Matthew R Dolcich(1), [email protected], Box 409, 300 Fraser

Purchase Road, Latrobe Pennsylvania 15650, United States ; Daryle Fish(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe Pennsylvania 15650, United
States

Utilizing greener methods of chemical synthesis with ionic liquid solvents, as opposed to
volatile organic compounds, is a recently pioneered step towards achieving safer and
improved polymer chemistry. With polylactic acid being the most abundantly
synthesized biodegradable polymer worldwide, there exists an urgent need for greener
synthesis conditions to complement the final product. The immediate objective of this
research project is to focus on choosing a new solvent as an alternative medium for
polymerization of poly-L-lactic acid so that the benefits of reduced usage and handling
of volatile organic compounds will be exposed. One objective is to synthesize PLLA in
ionic liquids through a metal alkoxide initiated ring opening mechanism with greater
degrees of polymerization and higher molecular weight averages than PLLA
synthesized using conventional volatile organic solvents. In the future, ionic liquid
research will lead not only towards ending the world's reliance on volatile organic
compounds as solvents, but also towards a betterment of people's health and the health
of the environment.

CHED 1173

Synthesis of vegetable oil-based step-growth polymers using a 2” wiped-film still

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Benjamin D. McFadden(1), [email protected], 400 East 2nd Street,

Bloomsburg PA 17815, United States ; Jonathan S. Stewart(1),
[email protected], 400 East 2nd Street, Bloomsburg PA 17815, United
States ; Mark A. Tapsak(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg
University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg PA 17815, United States

There is significant interest in preparing polymeric materials from renewable resources.

This work explored the use of vegetable oil as the primary feedstock for step-growth
polymers. It is well known that the chemical functionality present in the fatty acids can
be used to create difunctional monomers for novel polymer materials. For example,
oleic acid found in many common vegetable oils can be considered di-functional as it
contains a carboxylic acid and an alkene. This project focused on the cross-metathesis
of oleic and linoleic acid based methyl esters. In this way, high boiling alkenes and α,ω-
diesters are synthesized. The novelty in this preparation results from the application of a
2‖ wiped-film still apparatus to the cross-metathesis reaction. This affords efficient
separation of the high boiling point alkene from the diester macromer during the
reaction. The preparation of polyesters and polyamides from this macromer was
investigated.

CHED 1174

Depolymerization of cellulose in a binary ionic liquid system

David K D Klein(1), [email protected], 572 Holloway Road, Annapolis MD 21402,

United States ; Matthew P Foley(1); Luke M Haverhals(1); W Matthew Reichert(2); Daniel
W O[apos]Sullivan(1); Hugh C De Long(3); Paul C Trulove(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis MD 21402, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile AL 36688, United States (3) Air Force
Office of Scientific Research, Arlington VA 22203, United States

The depletion of fossil fuels requires us to find alternative sources to meet our ever
increasing demand for power. Nature provides a possible source in the form of
cellulose. As the most abundant natural product on the planet, cellulose represents a
nearly limitless renewable source of energy (1). Rogers et al. showed that ionic liquids
(ILs) can be highly effective solvents for cellulose (2). Additionally, Davis and coworkers
demonstrated that protic ILs can act as acid catalysts in synthetic reactions (3). We
applied these two properties in a binary system of IL solvent and IL acid catalyst that
effectively depolymerizes cellulose into products that include glucose, 5-
(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde, and cellobiose. In this presentation, we report on our
investigation of the effects of temperature, time, and the nature of the IL acid catalyst on
the depolymerization of microcrystalline cellulose. Results will be presented for the
evaluation of reaction progress using time dependent viscosity measurements and the
determination of reaction products using HPLC and colorimetric analysis.

CHED 1175

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Characterization of fiber welded biopolymer composites

Robert W Burdon(1), [email protected], 572M Holloway Road, MS9B, Annapolis

Maryland 21402, United States ; Luke M Haverhals(1); Matthew P Foley(1); Hugh C De
Long(2); Paul C Trulove(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy,
Annapolis Maryland 21402, United States (2) Directorate of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Arlington Virginia 22203, United
States

Our group has recently demonstrated a method, which we call ―Natural Fiber Welding,‖
that makes possible the generation of novel biopolymer composites by the mobilization
and reorganization of natural materials. During fiber welding, fibrous materials are
treated with an ionic liquid (IL) solvent in a controlled manner. The IL solvent penetrates
individual fibers to swell and mobilize surface biopolymers, which then reorganize and
congeal to create composite materials upon removal of the ionic liquid solvent. Several
novel techniques to deliver controlled amounts of IL solvent with precise spatial
resolution are presented. Processed materials are characterized by microscopy and
spectroscopy to determine the effect of IL amount, purity, and placement on natural
material modification. The discussion focuses on development and enhancement of
techniques that impart physical and chemical alterations to small areas/volumes of
biopolymer composites.

CHED 1176

Overview of ring opening metathesis polymerization with liquid crystalline side-

chain monomers

Jonathan Green(1)(2), [email protected], 321 Chinook ave., apt. 8, Syracuse New York
13210, United States ; Prashant Deshmukh(1); Yuxiang Zhou(1); Suk-kyun Ahn(1);
Rajeswari M. Kasi(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and The Polymer Program, Institute
of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs Connecticut 06269, United States
(2) Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Storrs Connecticut 06269, United
States

Here, we report synthesis and characterization of a side-chain liquid crystalline (SCLC)

based block copolymer which can have potential ability to exhibit shape memory effect
(SME). The block copolymer is consisted of three different monomers where main-chain
polynorbornene comprises three different functional side-chains; cholesteryl ester,
polyethylene glycol (PEG) and butyl acrylate. Each monomer provides specific function
in the polymer; 1) rigid cholesteryl ester affords liquid crystalline ordering, 2) PEG
provides melting temperature (Tm) and 3) acrylate acts as potential cross-linkable group.
The SCLC type block copolymer was prepared by ring-opening metathesis
polymerization (ROMP) with Grubbs 3rd generation catalyst by addition of the three
monomers in sequential manner. ROMP is particularly useful method to prepare this
polymer since it not only controls molecular weight, but also gives narrow polydispersity

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index (PDI). Molecular characterizations and thermal analyses on this polymer were
conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography
(GPC) and differential scanning microscopy.

CHED 1177

High surface area carbon aerogels: Modifying preparation to optimize structure

and poroscity

Jennie S. Wood(1), [email protected], 2355 Fairchild Dr., Suite 2N225,

USAF Academy Colorado 80840-6230, United States ; Margaret H. Rakowsky(1);
Jessica L. Kashka(1). (1) Chemistry, US Air Force Academy, USAF Academy Colorado
80840-6230, United States

The polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde results in the formation of

polymer ―clusters‖. Crosslinking in the ―clusters‖ produces gels which are dried under
supercritical conditions to obtain high surface area carbon aerogels. These aerogels
exhibit several unique properties including high surface-to-volume ratios, continuous
porosities, and electrical conductivity enabling them to be used in various applications
such as energy storage, adsorption, and catalysis. The effects of modifying the
synthetic preparation of the aerogel will be studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning
electron microscopy to determine the best carbon or hydrocarbon structure and porosity
for a desired application.

CHED 1178

Synthesis characterization and greening of vinylbenzyl thymine monomer,

vinylbenzyl thymine, and vinylpyridine copolymer

Jennifer Bento(1), [email protected], 300 The Fenway, Boston MA 02115, United

States ; Deborah Malamen(1), [email protected], 300 The Fenway,
Boston MA 02115, United States ; Milo Williams(1); Amanda McLaughlin(1); Katrina
Thistle(1); Richard Gurney(1); Nancy Lee(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Simmons College, Boston MA 02115, United States

Vinylbenzyl thymine (VBT), a versatile monomer, has been successfully copolymerized

with vinylbenzyl triethylammonium chloride (VBA) to prepare many useful materials,
however, the molecular weight of the polymer cannot be determined by MALDI-TOF MS
due to the polymer's highly positive charge. The copolymerization of 4-vinylpyridine (VP)
with VBT will lead to a polymer that can be characterized by MALDI-TOF MS and can
also be subsequently quaternized to yield a water soluble polymer with similar utility, but
with higher potential tunability to that of the VBT/VBA system. The synthesis and
characterization of the 4-VP homopolymer, (VBT)n(4-VP)m copolymers, as well as our
efforts to green the VBT synthesis will be described. All synthetic procedures will be

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evaluated by iSUSTAIN™, whereby the greenness of each process will be calculated

on a scale of 0 to 100 based on the twelve principles of green chemistry.

CHED 1179

PBC-DFT: An efficient method to calculate energy band gaps for conducting

polymers used in solar cells

Jennifer A. Schmidt(1), [email protected], 600 E 4th St, Morris MN, United

States ; Ryan E. Koehn(1); Ted M. Pappenfus(1); Joseph D. Alia(1). (1) Division of
Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris MN 56267, United
States

In recent years, conducting polymers have gained attention for their promising
application in solar cells due to their potential low cost, lightweight, and flexibility.
Desirable polymers have a small band gap and a low HOMO energy level. Methods of
finding this band gap exist using density functional theory (DFT) by calculating the
energy gaps of increasing oligomer lengths (n), and plotting the HOMO-LUMO gap (in
eV) as a function of the reciprocal polymer length (1/n). This method, however, proves
time consuming and computationally costly. An alternative, less time-consuming method
using periodic boundary conditions (PBC) exists. In our research, we studied existing
donor-acceptor polymers from the literature and used PBC to calculate their band gaps
for comparison with experimental data. To perform these calculations we used DFT at
the B3LYP/3-21G(d) level of theory on optimized dimers. The PBC method yields
results consistent with experimental values and can be useful in determining theoretical
band gaps prior to synthesis which can aid in saving valuable lab time.

CHED 1180

Synthesis and characterization of perfluoropolyether segmented poly(urethane)s

Casey G. Hawkins(1), [email protected], 2355 Fairchild Drive, USAF

Academy CO 80840, United States ; David W. Richards(2); C. Michael Lindsay(2);
Sharon C. Kettwich(1); Scott T. Iacono(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, United States Air
Force Academy, USAF Academy CO 80840, United States (2) Air Force Research
Laboratory, Eglin AFB FL 32542, United States

Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) are an attractive class of low molecular weight polymers

that possess stability in extreme processing conditions. There are applications whereby
modifying a poly(urethane) system with PFPE segments in order to improve oxidative
resistance, thermal stability, and water/hydrocarbon repellency is highly desired. In
order to achieve poly(urethane) with PFPE enchainment, a commercial dihydroxyl-
terminated PFPE was used to achieve high molecular weight segmented poly(urethane)
copolymers. This work entails the polymerization kinetics and characterization of the
commercial PFPE diol with various diisocyantes. This study also investigates the effects

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that hard and soft urethane polymeric blocks have on the mechanical properties of the
polymer as well as methods for overcoming the low miscibility of fluorinated PFPE diols
with diisocyantes.

CHED 1181

Synthesis and characterization of benzodithiophene with phenylethynyl

substituents

Sussana A. Elkassih(1), [email protected], 800 West Campbell Rd.,

Richardson Texas 75080, United States ; Prakash Sista(1); Michael C. Biewer(1); Mihaela
C. Stefan(1); Ruvini S. Kularatne(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, The University of
Texas at Dallas, Richardson Texas 75080-3021, United States

A benzodithiophene monomer with decylphenylethynyl substituents containing π-

conjugated side-chains has been synthesized. Reaction of bromobenzene with
decanoyl chloride by Friedel-Crafts acylation followed by Wolf-Kishner reduction
generated 4-decyl-1-bromobenzene. Sonogashira coupling of 4-decyl-1-bromobenzene
with trimethylsilylacetylene (TMS) followed by deprotection generated 4-decyl-1-
ethynylbenzene. Reaction of 4-decyl-1-ethynylbenzene with 4,8-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-
b']dithiophen-4,8-dione formed the benzodithiophene monomer. The corresponding di-
brominated and di-stannylated derivatives were polymerized by Stille coupling to
generate semiconducting polymers.

CHED 1182

Synthesis of random and block copolymers containing poly(3-alkenylthiophene)

Martin K. Huynh(1), [email protected], 800 W. Campbell Rd.,

Richardson TX 75080, United States ; Mahesh Bhatt(1); Mihaela C. Stefan(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX 75080,
United States

Synthesis of random and block copolymers containing poly(3-alkenylthiophene) is

reported. The alkenyl side chains are versatile functional groups, allowing facile
chemical modification to generate novel materials with tunable optoelectronic
properties. Poly(3-hexylthiophene-ran-3-pentenylthiophene) and poly(3-
hexylthiophene)-b-poly(3-undecenylthiophene) were synthesized by nickel mediated
cross-coupling polymerization. The field-effect mobilities were measured for both the
random and block copolymers. TMAFM was used to investigate the morphology of the
synthesized polymers.

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CHED 1183

Analysis of microencapsulated frontal polymerization systems: Thermal

instabilities and mechanical properties

Andrea Muffuletto(1), [email protected], 415 N. College Ave., Clarksville

Arkansas 72830, United States ; Denise Wirth(1), [email protected], 415 N.
College Ave., Clarksville Arkansas 72830, United States ; Brian McFarland (1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of the Ozarks, Clarksville Arkansas 72830, United
States

The use of microencapsulated thermal free-radical initiators has been previously shown
to not only increase the pot-life of frontal polymerization systems, but also improve the
mechanical properties of the polymers that have been produced from such systems.
The reason for the improved mechanical properties has not previously been clear, but it
is suspected that a possible reason is the reduction or elimination of thermal instabilities
known as "spin modes". In this research, multiple crosslinked polymers were prepared
using microencapsulated initiators, and then analyzed for evidence of spin modes.
Mechanical properties such as tensile strength and toughness were also analyzed.

CHED 1184

Stereoselective lactide polymerization with aluminum catalysts

Samantha K. Cary(1), [email protected], 953 Danby Rd, Ithaca NY 14850, United

States ; Stephanie M. Thompson(1), [email protected], 953 Danby Rd, Ithaca NY
14850, United States ; Michael P. Haaf(1); Charlotte K. Williams(2); Rachel H. Platel(2).
(1) Chemistry, Ithaca College, Ithaca NY 14850, United States (2) Chemistry, Imperial
College, London England SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a compostable polymer made from non-petroleum resources.

Further progress on the synthesis of PLA from lactide using stereogenic aluminum
catalysts will be discussed. Quinolide ligand substituents on the catalyst and their
subsequent effects on polymerization reaction rates, polymer stereochemistry, and
molecular weights will be discussed. The overall synthesis and characterization of the
ligands and aluminum complexes will be described, as well as the polymerization data.

CHED 1185

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Anaheim, CA

Analysis of thermal instabilities and mechanical properties of free radical frontal

polymerization systems

Benjamin Martin(1), [email protected], 415 N. College Ave., Clarksville

Arkansas 72830, United States ; Michael Prusator(1), [email protected], 415 N.
College Ave., Clarksville Arkansas 72830, United States ; Brian McFarland (1). (1)
Chemistry, University of the Ozarks, Clarksville Arkansas 72830, United States

It has previously been demonstrated that thermal free-radical polymerization systems

can be subject to "spin modes", which are one example of a thermal instability that can
periodically propagate through the system as polymerization occurs. The presence of
spin modes can be increased or decreased by adjusting the Zeldovich number of the
system, which in part depends on initial temperature of the system and the total
activation energy of the system, which can be manipulated by varying initiator type and
concentration. In this research, a representative monomer (1,6-hexanediol diacrylate)
was frontally polymerized using cumene hydroperoxide at different concentrations, as
well as at different starting temperatures. The presence of spin modes in the polymers
produced was analyzed, as well as mechanical properties
of the polymers.

CHED 1186

Experimental investigation of the polymerization reactivity of novel acrylate

monomers bearing carbamate functionality

Riley K Anderson(1), [email protected], 500 College Hill, Box 1059, Liberty

MO 64068-1849, United States ; Jason A Morrill(1); Christopher N Bowman(2); Jeffrey W
Stansbury(3). (1) Department of Chemistry, William Jewell College, Liberty MO 64068-
1849, United States (2) Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, United States (3) School of Dentistry, Health Sciences
Center, Biomaterials Research Center, University of Colorado, Aurora CO 80010,
United States

Since the development of monovinyl acrylates bearing carbamate functionality by

Decker et al., the exact mechanisms involved in the polymerization of these novel
monomers have yet to be completely understood. Phenyl carbamate ethyl acrylate
(PCEA) in particular, possesses exceptionally fast polymerization rates relative to
traditional monovinyl acrylates. Polymers from PCEA are also extraordinarily strong,
flexible, and leave behind minimal unreacted monomer, and thus have practical
applications in the field of dentistry for composite fillings. Although many factors
contributing to the fast reactivity of PCEA have been elucidated, a complete mechanism
has not been proposed. We report on our investigation of PCEA polymerization by
comparing PCEA polymerization kinetics to those of a silylated derivative using EPR.
Differences in polymerization rate between PCEA and the silylated PCEA may provide

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insight into the role(s) of hydrogen bonding and intramolecular stabilization regarding
the extraordinarily fast polymerization rates of PCEA.

CHED 1187

Under pressure: The effect of surface pressure on PS-PEO nanostructures

Carolyn M Averback(1), [email protected], 50 South Lincoln St.,

Washington PA 15301, United States ; Jennifer L Logan (1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Washington & Jefferson College, Washington PA 15301, United States

Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO) diblock copolymer is an amphiphilic

polymer that microphase separates into well-defined nanostructures that resemble dots,
spaghetti, and continents. These structures can spontaneously assemble when applied
to the air/water interface, and the structures can be used as polymer templates. Of
particular interest is learning to predict and therefore control the density, size, and
distribution of the nanostructures. This study examines the effect of surface pressure on
PS-PEO domain formation. Several polymers with constant PEO chain length and
varying amount on PS were characterized as Langmuir films through isotherm data and
examined as Langmuir-Blodgett films through tapping-mode atomic force microscopy
(AFM). Images were analyzed by measuring the dimensions of the observed features in
order to better assess the role that surface density plays in film formation.

CHED 1188

Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) nanostructures: The effect of spreading

concentration

Marissa A Milchak(1), [email protected], 50 S. Lincoln Street, Box 1106,

Washington PA 15301, United States ; Jennifer L Logan (1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Washington & Jefferson College, Washington PA 15301, United States

Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO) is an amphiphilic diblock copolymer that

spontaneously self-assembles into orderly nanostructures when applied to an air/water
interface. These nanostructures can serve as polymer templates, with applications in
semiconduction and particle growth. A series of six polymers with varying compositions
of PS and PEO were studied at low (0.1 mg/mL), intermediate (1.0 mg/mL), and high
(5.0 mg/mL) concentrations using a Langmuir trough. Langmuir-Blodgett films were
transferred at 2 mN/m and imaged using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Various
nanostructures resembling continents, spaghetti, dots, and mesh were observed. The
nanostructures were analyzed in terms of height and width as well as surface density in
order to assess the effect of spreading concentrations. Isotherm plots of mean
molecular area vs. surface pressure obtained during compression were also interpreted.
This study allows us to better understand PS-PEO interactions at the air/water interface
and thus better control the resulting nanostructures.

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CHED 1189

Synthesis and characterization of poly N-C*HCH3Ph-carboxylanhydride

Zachary J Brown(1), [email protected], 50 S. Lincoln St., box 233, Washington

Pennsylvania 15301, United States ; Donghui Zhang(2); Jinhai Li(3). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington Pennsylvania 15301, United
States (2) Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Louisiana
70803, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, Rochester University, Rochester
New York 14627, United States

Both conformations of N-C*HCH3Ph-carboxylanhydride have been synthesized and

individually polymerized. Characterization via mass spectrometry and circular dichroism
has shown that these polymers are cyclic and helical. In this work, a racemic mixture of
(R) and (S) monomers was created and polymerized in effort to determine if the
polymerization is stereoselective. Racemic N-C*HCH3Ph-carboxylanhydride was
synthesized via a carbene inititiated ring opening polymerization. Mass spectrometry
analysis shows that both linear and cyclic polymers are created, while circular dichroism
results indicate that there is no chirality in the polymer, suggesting that there is no
stereoselectivity.

CHED 1190

Comparison of cationic and uncharged phosphonated polynorbornenes as fire-

retardant additives

Sergey A. Isarov(1), [email protected], 1000 Chastain Rd., MD #1203,

Kennesaw GA 30144, United States ; Amanda N. Barrett(1),
[email protected], 1000 Chastain Rd., MD #1203, Kennesaw GA
30144, United States ; Gregory J. Gabriel(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Kennesaw State Univeristy, Kennesaw GA 30144, United States

Our group has been investigating new polymers with phosphonate groups in the side
chain as possible fire-retardant additives. Phosphorus containing compounds including
phosphonated polymers have been reported to possess good char-forming properties
leading to self-extinguishment. Thus far norbornene esters and oxanorbornene imides
functionalized with phosphonates have been polymerized via ring opening metathesis
polymerization (ROMP). Thermogravimetric analyses have been performed on a series
of homo and copolymers made from these monomers. Recently flame studies of
polymer coated paper substrates were also performed using a modified UL94
procedure. We will also report here a new series of cationic derivatives which has been
synthesized in order to investigate how charge affects polymer loading and fire-
retardant properties.

CHED 1191

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Co-solvent effects on the synthesis of Polymer Tethered Fullerenes (PTFs)

Amy M. Alexander(1), [email protected], 5101 H St #10, Little Rock AR 72205,

United States ; Shariq Ali(1); Jonathan Eller(1); Josh Moore(1); Brian C. Berry(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock AR 72204,
United States

Fullerenes were coupled with amine-terminated polystyrene via a simple addition

reaction. Reagent ratios and reaction times were varied to establish their influence on
mono- versus poly-adducted product yield. While toluene was employed as the primary
solvent in the synthesis, co-solvents such as pyridine, DMF, and DMSO were
incorporated in various ratios to determine which results in optimum yields of the
desired mono-adducted product. The resultant PTFs were analyzed by TGA, GPC, and
UV-Vis spectroscopy to determine the number of adducts. The reaction conditions were
found to directly impact the number of adducts and overall yield.

CHED 1192

Determination of the kinetic parameters of BB'B'' monomers utilized to prepare

hyperbranched
poly(arylene ether)s

Huong Hoang(1), [email protected], 6227 Autumn Meadows Dr., Dayton Ohio

45424, United States ; Eric Fossum(1); Shravanthi Raghavapuram(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Wright State University Main Campus, Dayton Ohio 45424, United States

The degree of branching in hyperbranched poly(arylene ether)s prepared from 3,5,4'-

trifluorodiphenyl sulfone, 1, or 3,5,4'-trifluorobenzophenone, 2, can be tailored via
reaction temperature. 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopic analysis of 1 and 2 indicated that
the 4'- site was the most reactive and that displacement of the first meta fluorine
resulted in a considerable decrease in the reactivity of the second. To better understand
and control the overall polymerization process, it is crucial to determine the activation
energy of each reactive site in the BB'B‖ monomers. Thus, a series of kinetic studies
were performed, employing 2 equivalents of m-cresol, 3, as the nucleophile. Initial
kinetic studies were carried out on the corresponding BB' monomer, 3,5-difluorodiphenyl
sulfone, 4. Reaction temperatures of 75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C, 150 °C were utilized and
the aliquots removed from the reaction mixture were analyzed via a combination of
GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy.

CHED 1193

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Optimal concentration of surfactant for the enhancement of polymer electrolytes

through interface stabilization and increased ion conduction

Alexander J Mesko(1), [email protected], 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa Oklahoma

74104, United States ; Dale Teeters(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
The University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104, United States

Nanobattery electrolytes are thin films of polymer that when added between the cathode
and anode of a nanobattery allow for ion flow. These electrolytes are made of a mixture
of three compounds, Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which acts as the bulk of the
electrolyte film, LiSO3CF3 salt, which provides for ion flow, and a wax that forms a Self
Assembled Monolayer (SAM). The purpose of this research is to explore the effects the
SAM has on the enhancement of the electrolyte by using AC Impedance spectroscopy
and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The wax, a soap-like molecule, bonds with the
PEO to form structures called block co-polymers in the film. These block co-polymers
have been found to increase the conductivity of the electrolyte. The SAM is also used to
prevent the formation of organolithium on the surface of the electrolyte helping prevent
the electrolyte from failing.

CHED 1194

Composite armor: Multi-layered polymer protection

Steve N Guidry III(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 12480, Annapolis MD 21412,

United States ; Maria J Schroeder(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, U.S. Naval
Academy, Annapolis MD 21402, United States

Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have caused numerous American combat

casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan. The destructive power of IEDs can be devastating,
but damage can be mitigated through advanced armor concepts utilizing polymeric
materials. Polymers are beneficial coatings due to their high protection-to-weight ratio
as well as cost effectiveness compared to steel. This project investigates the effects of
projectile impacts on aluminum-based armor substrates laminated with various
polymeric materials. An elastomeric polymer, crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS),
and a glassy polymer with a glass transition temperature around room temperature,
polybutylmethacrylate (PBMA), were used to determine the most effective polymer
component under the impact conditions studied. Various configurations and lamination
schemes were investigated through ballistics tests, up to 1200 fps, to determine the
most effective impact protection. These experiments will provide a better understanding
of polymer-based composite protection to optimize advanced armor materials for
military applications.

CHED 1195

Investigations of nanoclay-polymer coatings for armor protection

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Christopher R Infante(1), [email protected], P.O. Box 12796, Annapolis MD 21412,

United States ; Maria J Schroeder(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, U.S. Naval
Academy, Annapolis MD 21402, United States

Trains, trucks, and other vehicles transport industrial chemicals across the country on a
daily basis. These vehicles can be potential targets for terrorists or individuals wishing
to inflict chemical and biological harm to the environment or people. Small-arms fire on
these vehicles could result in chemical releases, such as chlorine from a tanker car,
producing casualties and severe disruption to normal activities. This project investigates
the fundamental properties governing self-sealing protective coatings. The optimum
coating would provide suitable impact protection from projectiles, chemical resistance to
the transported material, and self-sealing ability in the event of a breach. One possible
coating includes nanoclay-polymer composites for their strength and elastic capabilities.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) networks with various concentrations of nanoclay were
synthesized and characterized by mechanical tests, impact protection, and chemical
resistance. These results should provide insight into the possible application of
nanoclay-polymer composites for enhancing the protective properties of transport
vehicles.

CHED 1196

Teaching integrated rate laws without the calculus: An alternative approach for
introductory chemistry courses

Nicole McAllister(1), [email protected], DEPT CHEM AND

BIOCHEM, 1000 CHASTAIN ROAD MD1203, KENNESAW GA 30144, United States ;
GREGORY RUSHTON(1), [email protected], DEPT CHEM AND
BIOCHEM, 1000 CHASTAIN ROAD MD1203, KENNESAW GA 30144, United States .
(1) DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY, KENNESAW STATE
UNIVERSITY, Kennesaw GA 30144, United States

Many students enrolled in the introductory chemistry sequence find the treatment of
chemical kinetics to be particularly challenging to master. In particular, the interpretation
of experimental data presented as reactant (or product) concentrations as a function of
time for determining reaction orders involves ideas from calculus to which our students
are only beginning to understand. For our successful students, the transformations of
the kinetic data to achieve linearity using the natural logarithm and inverse of the
concentrations with time becomes another exercise in learning an algorithm to achieve
a (teacher-directed) specified conclusion; for our unsuccessful students, the ideas about
integrated rate laws are too confusing to perform these calculations appropriately or
develop an understanding of the chemical principles, either. In this presentation, we
propose an alternative approach to reaching the same learning outcomes without the
explicit introduction of the calculus concepts. Our strategy is for students to analyze the
kinetic data sets using only algebra-based calculations and simple linear plots to
facilitate their conceptual development. Specifically, students are asked to make

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Anaheim, CA

determinations about reaction order only by calculating instantaneous rates constructing

rate vs. concentration data plots for which relationships between these variables is
straightforward to recognize. We have found two accessible experimental reaction
systems to generate both first and second order kinetics data for students in the
introductory course to analyze, one involving the chemiluminescence of commercial
glow sticks and the other using phosphorescent "glow-in-the-dark" pigments.
Implications for the teaching of kinetics at the introductory college level will be
introduced and discussed.

CHED 1197

Metal-ion-catalyzed isomerization of azo dyes dispersed in polymeric films

Philip A Weiss(1), [email protected], 525 S Main St., Ada OH 45810, United States ;
Josh E Szekely(1); Jeffrey A Gray(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Ohio Northern University, Ada OH 45810, United States

Azobenzene dyes readily photo-isomerize from trans to cis. We have previously shown
that azo dyes complexed with metal ions in acetonitrile solution display enhanced
thermal cis to trans relaxation rates. Dyes doped in polymeric films relax at varying
rates, depending on the polymer matrix and the substituents on the azo dye. We have
used transient UV-Vis spectroscopy to investigate isomerization rates for azo dyes
doped into plasticized poly(methyl methacrylate) films containing acids such as H + and
Yb3+. Azo molecules were also bonded as pendants onto a polystyrene backbone.
Samples of this polymer exhibit interesting photo-isomerization properties such as an
unexpected ―bullseye‖ diffraction pattern due to aggregation induced by a 532-nm laser.
These results suggest that acids may be used to modify the relaxation rates of azo dyes
in polymeric films for applications in photo-functional materials.

CHED 1198

Synthesis of novel fluorinated poly(aryl ether)s by step growth polymerization of

bis-(4-fluorophenyl)-difluoromethane

Patrick Homyak(1), [email protected], Pasteur Hall, Winona Minnesota 55987,

United States ; Robert Kopitzke(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Winona State
University, Winona Minnesota 55987, United States

Poly(aryl ether)s (PAEs) have gained considerable interest lately due to their superior
chemical, mechanical and electrical properties. However, research involving PAEs that
contain fluoro groups in the backbone of the polymer has been limited. Previous work
has shown that -(CF2)- groups can sufficiently activate molecules for nucleophilic
aromatic substitution via the SNAr mechanism. In this research novel fluorinated PAEs
will by synthesized from Bis-(4-fluorophenyl)-difluoromethane (BFPDF) and bisphenol A
derivatives.

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CHED 1199

Synthesis and characterization of aluminum perfluoropolyether blended materials

Scott N Pierson(1), [email protected], 2355 Fairchild Drive Suite 2N225,

USAF Academy CO 80840-6230, United States ; David W Richard(1); C Michael
Lindsay(1); Scott T Iacono(1); Sharon C Kettwich(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, United
States Air Force Academy, United States Air Force Academy CO 80840-6230, United
States

Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) are unique materials whose physical properties have been
exploited for numerous applications including use as lubricants in satellites and delicate
mechanical apparatuses as well as fluids in vacuum pumps. PFPEs are valuable
materials due to the fact that they are generally chemically resilient to oxidation,
evaporation and display thermal stability over a large temperature range. In fact,
thermal decomposition of these materials is known to occur at temperatures as high as
410 °C. However, in presence of a metal, the
degradation of PFPEs is accelerated. In this work, Fomblin Y (Aldrich) is blended with
aluminum powder (≤ 1000 nm) to chemically modify surface properties such as
wettability, adhesion and
roughness. The chemistry and characterization involved in the synthesis, modification,
and classification of these Fomblin/Al blended materials will be presented.

CHED 1200

Fluorescent quantum dots for metal ion sensing in aqueous solution

Eric L Coats(1), [email protected], 2043 College Way, Forest Grove Oregon

97116, United States ; Raissa V Hang(1); Elizabeth R Sherman(1); David B Cordes(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Pacific University, Forest Grove Oregon 97116, United States

Fluorescent CdSe and CdTe quantum dots are synthesized and modified for
applications as sensor materials. These fluorescent materials were evaluated for their
ability to selectively detect various metal ions in aqueous solution.

CHED 1201

Alumatrane-inspired lactide polymerization catalyst

Jonathan Weil(1), [email protected], c/o Prof. Getzler, Tomsich Hall, Gambier OH

43214, United States ; Yutan DYL Getzler(1), [email protected], Tomsich Hall,
Gambier OH 43214, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Kenyon College,
Gambier OH 43022, United States

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We have synthesized a new, discrete aluminum complex which is active for lactide
polymerization. Specifically, (tBu-SalAmEE)Al (tBu-SalAmEEH3 = N,N-Bis(3,5-di-tert-
butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol) is a single species by 1H and 13C
NMR over a range of temperatures (20 – 90 °C) in benzene-d6. The complex is
prepared from the
parent ligand and trimethylaluminum using standard Schlenk techniques.
Polymerization in the melt is rapid (70% conversion in 2 hrs at 200:1 monomer:catalyst)
and percent conversion, as measured by NMR, increases with increased catalyst
loading.

CHED 1202

Synthesis and characterization of hydrazine linked dendrimers

Guizella A. Rocabado(1), [email protected], 351 W. University Blvd.,

Cedar City UT 84720, United States ; D. Brack Mulliner(1), [email protected],
351 W. University Blvd., Cedar City UT 84720, United States ; Mackay B.
Steffensen(1), [email protected], 351 W. University Blvd., Cedar City UT 84720,
United States . (1) Department of Physical Science, Southern Utah University, Cedar
City UT 84720, United States

Dendrimers, perfectly branching polymers, represent a scaffold for constructing unique

molecular architectures. The dendrimer targets are based on a 1,3,5-triazine branching
unit, and hydrazine as a two-atom linking unit. This scaffold results in molecules with
limited flexibility and high nitrogen to carbon ratio. The desire to incorporate azo
linkages between the triazines, may lead to novel photo-responsive macromolecules.
Efforts to construct and understand the properties of these molecules as well as
comparison between conventional and microwave heating will be described. A more
efficient synthesis of the macromolecules will assist in producing a series of dendrimers
for identification of molecules with potential unique properties and applications.

CHED 1203

Synthesis and self-organization of resorcinarene-core polylactide/polyethylene

glycol star block copolymers

Zachary J Il[apos]Giovine(1), [email protected], 401 College Avenue, Ashland OH

44805, United States ; Tiffany L Weaver(1), [email protected], 401 College
Avenue, Ashland OH 44805, United States ; Victoria A Goudy(1); Perry S Corbin(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Ashland University, Ashland OH 44805, United States

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The synthesis of resorcinarenes is well-developed and a variety of functional groups

may be integrated into the ―primary structures‖ of these macrocycles. As a result,
resorcinarenes are excellent platforms for the attachment of polymers for subsequent
use in drug-delivery applications. In this presentation the successful synthesis of
recorcinarene-core polylactide (PLA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) star block copolymers
will be reported. Studies are currently underway to examine the capabilities of the
resorcinarene-core star-shaped copolymers to form multimeric, micellar assemblies in
water. Results of these studies will also be described.

CHED 1204

Synthesis and self-organization of four-armed, calixarene-core

polylactide/polyethylene glycol star block copolymers

Victoria A Goudy(1), [email protected], 401 College Avenue, Ashland OH 44805,

United States ; Perry S Corbin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Ashland University,
Ashland OH 44805, United States

The chemical synthesis of polymer building blocks that have varied molecular
architectures and are rationally designed to self-organize or assemble into higher-order
structures is critical to the design of multifaceted materials. Along these lines, this
presentation will focus on the efficient synthesis of unique four-armed, calixarene-core
polylactide (PLA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) star block copolymers that have the
potential to function as effective drug-delivery vehicles upon assembling into micelles.
Fluorescence spectroscopic and dynamic light-scattering studies investigating the
capability of the amphiphilic star-shaped copolymers to form aqueous micellar
assemblies will also be reported.

CHED 1205

Synthesis of degradable organic nanotubes from bottlebrush copolymers

Mark J Johnson(1), [email protected], 359 Natural Sciences Comlex, Buffalo New

York 14260-3000, United States ; Javid Rzayev(1); Kun Huang(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo New York
14260-3000, United States

A core-shell bottlebrush copolymer was used to generate nanotubes that are applicable
in biological systems and are soluble in aqueous solution. This type of polymer is
composed of a molecule consisting of a backbone with densely grafted polymeric side
chains. The bottlebrush copolymer is formed via controlled radical polymerization (CRP)
and ring-opening polymerization techniques. Using these methods, it is possible to
maintain a well-defined structure as each component is selectively and strategically
added to attain the desired structure. The outer shell is held together by intramolecular
disulfide linkages and the tube is formed by etching out the polyester core. The length of

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Anaheim, CA

the tubular structure is a function of the lengths of the backbone and the diameter is
determined by the length of the brushes.

CHED 1206

Synthesis of Curcumin incorporated water-soluble copolymers for imaging and

therapeutic applications

Cristopher Santana(1), [email protected], 2800 Victory Blvd., Staten Island

New York 10314, United States ; Sukanta Dolai(1); Krishnaswami Raja(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island/CUNY, Staten Island New York
10314, United States

Azide terminated poly(tert-butyl acrylate) was synthesized via atom transfer radical
polymerization [ATRP]. Subsequent deprotection was performed to yield poly(acrylic
acid) (PAA) possessing a reactive chain-end. Curcumin was reacted with propargyl
bromide to produce curcumin mono-alkyne, which was further reacted with amino-PEG-
azide under 'click' conditions to yield curcumin mono-amine. A one pot sequential
amidation of the PAA with the amine derivatives of curcumin and glucose produced
curcumin incorporated water soluble copolymers. A series of copolymers containing
different loadings of curcumin were synthesized. The copolymers were characterized
via NMR, FT-IR and GPC techniques. Biological activity assay of these copolymers
were performed.

CHED 1207

Preparation of polyamides (nylons) from renewable materials

Charrina Crawford(1), [email protected], 700 East Broadway, Monmouth IL

61462, United States ; Eric M Todd(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Monmouth College,
Monmouth IL 61462, United States

The majority of polymers that we encounter are derived from petroleum and an active
area of research is to find alternative sources for these materials from natural,
renewable resources that can ultimately degrade back into components that can be
reincorporated into the environment. We are attempting to contribute towards these
goals by using the bio-renewable
molecules (-)-menthone and (+)-carvone. These compounds have been converted into
the corresponding lactams by utilization of the Beckmann rearrangement, with the
intention of preparing novel polyamides. Here we report the synthesis and
characterization of the lactams and oxime intermediates of both compounds. We also
report our initial attempts to prepare polyamides through a controlled ring opening
polymerization process.

CHED 1208

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Anaheim, CA

Silicone-modified polyurethanes for medical applications

Alison M Rohly(1), [email protected], 3900 Bethel Drive, St. Paul MN 55112, United
States ; Megan Nagel(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul
Minnesota 55112, United States

Polyurethane tubing originally used for cardiac applications has potential for neural
possibilities, requiring investigation into the physical and chemical properties to ensure
reliability and function. By decreasing the size of the tubing in diameter, strength and
flexibility must be maintained by the addition of a silicone-containing monomer. PDMS
(polydimethyl siloxane) was added to the initial polyurethane reaction containing MDI
(methylene diphenyl isocyanate), PTMO (poly tetramethylene oxide) and BDO
(butanediol). Reaction times were relatively slow, with only 6% reacted after one hour.
Observed phase-separated regions on the surface of the tubing using SEM indicated
concern for the function of the tubing. The structure of PDMS used was relatively polar
with hydroxyl groups on each end. A different structure of PDMS with relatively non-
polar side chains was then synthesized. The reaction proceeded more quickly and was
complete after thirty minutes.

CHED 1209

Synthesis and physical properties of dicarboximide-functionalized oxanorbornyl

polymers

Adrienne Hollister(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S., Tacoma WA 98447, United
States ; Dean A. Waldow(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University,
Tacoma WA 98447, United States

Several novel and potentially useful polymers and copolymers were synthesized via ring
opening metathesis polymerization under living conditions using a Grubbs third
generation catalyst. The polymers were characterized by gel permeation
chromatography using polystyrene standards. Their polydispersity (PD) values were
generally narrow (PD < 1.1). Glass transition temperatures were measured and found to
vary significantly with respect to side chains. The highest glass transition temperature
was observed for polymers with a phenyl side chain, and the lowest was observed for
polymers containing a five-carbon diether side chain. The glass transition temperatures
of the polymers decreased with larger and more flexible side chains. Diblock
copolymers gave two transition temperatures approximately equivalent to those of the
corresponding homopolymers. The characteristics of thin film polymer samples on a
silicate surface were also examined by Atomic Force Microscopy.

CHED 1210

Investigation of copolymer compatiblization in bulk polymer blends characterized

by CP-MAS solid-state NMR

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Anaheim, CA

Jessica Dottl(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S., Tacoma WA 98447, United States
; Dean A. Waldow(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma
WA 98447, United States

Polymer blends are highly relevant industrial materials, and the ability to tailor polymer
blends to possess particular properties is very important. Polymer blends of low
molecular weight polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) were investigated by 13C
cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (13C CPMAS) using a 500 MHz NMR and solid-
state NMR techniques. The effectiveness of different copolymers as compatibilizers was
studied using deuterated PS in the polymer blend. This approach probes information
related to the location of a copolymer in a polymer blend by measuring the effectiveness
of cross-polarization with respect to the aromatic and aliphatic regions of PS.
Preliminary data from 13C CPMAS experiments indicates that there is greater cross-
polarization transfer in a blend compatibilized with a random copolymer than in a blend
compatibilized with a diblock copolymer.

CHED 1211

Thin-film polymer blends and copolymers on modified silicon and silicate

surfaces studied by AFM

Yuanqing Tang(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S., Tacoma WA 98447, United
States ; Dean A. Waldow(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University,
Tacoma WA 98447, United States

The surface energy of a silicon or silicate surface can control the organization of a
polymer blend or copolymer on a surface. Two approaches were taken to modify silicon
and silicate surfaces through the chemical attachment of a random copolymer to a
surface. The first approach involved a platinum catalyzed alkyl silylation of a random
styrene-butadiene copolymer and subsequent attachment to the surface. In the second
approach, 3-mercaptopropyl triethoxysilane was attached to a silicon or silicate surface
followed by a thiol-ene click reaction to bond the random copolymer to the thiol. These
modified surfaces were used as substrates to spin-cast thin films of
polystyrene/polybutadiene polymer blends or styrene-butadiene diblock copolymers.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the surface characteristics of the thin
films on the modified silicon and silicate surfaces compared with unmodified surfaces.

CHED 1212

Towards the synthesis of a click chemistry based multi-functional core for star
copolymers

Chad Cain(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S., Tacoma WA 98447, United States ;
Dean A. Waldow(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma
WA 98447, United States

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Polymer blends are important for industrial uses and their properties are often improved
by the use of compatibilizers, which are copolymers that function to stabilize polymer
blends. Compatibilized polymer blends can lead to a wider spectrum of polymer
applications. One such compatibilizer is a star copolymer synthesized from a
multifunctional core. A bi-functional core molecule was synthesized to produce star
copolymers using click chemistries. The core makes use of orthogonal alkyne / azide
and maleimide / anthracene click chemistries. The synthesis of the core began with 2,2-
bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol, and was first functionalized with two azide moities.
Then progress was made towards synthesizing and attaching two maleimide moities.
The star copolymer will be completed using different anthracene terminated and
propargyl terminated polymer chains. The star copolymers will then be studied as
polymer blend compatibilizers.

CHED 1213

Characterizations of resins used in paper coating by dyanamic light scattering

Sarah Sihvonen(1), [email protected], 2911 Centenary BLVD, Shreveport

LA 71104, United States ; Sumit Libi(2); David Norwood(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport LA 71104, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond LA 70402,
United States

Resins can provide coatings for paper with various degrees of protection. The particle
size distribution of these resins can be used as a quality control measure among
batches in the manufacturing process. In this study, eleven resin samples were
characterized by dynamic light scattering. The concentrations of the resins were
adjusted to optimize the scattering signal. For some samples, dilution with water was
required whereas others required further concentration. Reliable size distribution data
are given for samples for which optimal conditions were obtained.

CHED 1214

Thiophene-naphthalimide donor-acceptor dyads for use in organic electronics

Eloy Ramirez(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway, CPO 311, San Antonio

TX 78209, United States ; Kate R Edelman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, The
University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio TX 78209, United States

An extensive area of research in the development of organic-based materials for

electronic devices from OLEDs, OTFTs and solar cell devices has blossomed over the
last decade. Specifically, dyad molecules which incorporate electron donor (D) and
acceptor (A) components are particularly interesting do to the D-A molecules ability to
be used as nanoscale p-n heterojunctions. D-A small molecules and polymers are also
desirable because of the ability of these materials to have small band gaps. On the

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Anaheim, CA

basis of these materials, we have developed thiophene-1,8-naphthalimide donor-

acceptor small molecules for use in organic electronic devices. Experimental evidence
shows these materials have great potential to produce low-band gap high mobility
materials. The synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical analysis are discussed
herein.

CHED 1215

Synthesis and modification of chitosan from crabshell

Nathaniel Griffin(1), [email protected], 2300 W. Innes St., Salisbury North

Carolina, United States ; Biswajit Ghosh(2); Marek Urban(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Catawba College, Salisbury North Carolina 28144, United States (2)
Department of Polymers and High Performance Materials, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406, United States

Chitin is a long chain polymer that can be isolated from crab shell, shrimp, lobster,
crawfish, fungi, as well as other insects, and used in the synthesis of chitosan. Several
methods for isolating chitin from crab shell were tested in this research project. Chitosan
is synthesized through the deacetylation of chitin. Chitosan can then be modified to
obtain a variety of macromolecules like ethylamine hydroxyethyl chitosan, thiol-
containing chitosan. One method was chosen for isolating chitin, which was used to
synthesize oxetane-substituted chitosan. Chitosan synthesis and modification were
analyzed through diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and
Raman spectroscopy. Results of the chitosan synthesis showed that one method out
performed the others in small scale production but more replicates need to be
completed. This research presents possibilities for the utilization of crab shell, synthesis
and modification of chitosan, and chitosan based self-repairing polymeric networks.

CHED 1216

Application of ionic liquids in biopolymer processing: Hydrolysis of chitin using

ionic liquid acid catalysts

C.J. Gaston(1), [email protected], 6040 USA Drive South, Mobile AL

36688, United States ; W. Matthew Reichert(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University
of South Alabama, Mobile AL 36688, United States

With the depletion of petroleum, a renewable source of hydrocarbons needs to be

developed. A potential source of feedstock chemicals is biopolymers. One of particular
interest is chitin; a biopolymer found in crustacean shells and made up of N-
acetylglucosamine. Chitin can be hydrolyzed to its monomer unit which can be modified
into feedstock chemicals and hydrocarbon-based fuels. The major obstacle for this path
is the dissolution of chitin, because of its insolubility in traditional solvents without
degradation or derivitization. Ionic liquids have been shown to dissolve chitin without

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Anaheim, CA

any degradation thus opening new reaction pathways. Once dissolved in an ionic liquid,
an ionic liquid acid catalyst can be used to hydrolyze the chitin into N-
acetylglucosamine, which could be used to produce biocompatible polymers or be
further modified. This presentation will discuss the use of ionic liquids as solvents for
chitin and catalysts for the hydrolysis of the biopolymer.

CHED 1217

Raman and thermal analyses of novel bioplastics

Steven Mankoci(1), [email protected], 7400 Bay Road, SE 272, University Center MI

48710, United States ; Tami L. Sivy(1); David S. Karpovich(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center MI 48710, United States

Recent research at SVSU has resulted in an innovative biodegradable plastic created

from soy protein isolate and polysaccharide-rich corn cob powder. After treating corn
cob powder with hypochlorite to oxidize the C6 of each glucose monomer to a
negatively charged carboxylate, the soy protein isolate is added. Then, the components
are compression molded at high temperatures. It is hypothesized that electrostatic
interactions or an amide bond forms between positively charged amines of the protein
and carboxylates of the polysaccharides. The purpose of this study is to further
investigate the chemistry behind this process using recently procured analytical
equipment, including Raman spectroscopy. Different variables of the process and ratios
of the reagents are modified to see how the properties of the biodegradable plastic vary.
Included in this modification is the exploration of the usage of the enzyme trypsin to
increase the amount of available amines in the soy protein isolate.

CHED 1218

HPLC Troubleshooting Expert System: An e-learning program

Rabin D Lai(1), [email protected], PO Box 3670, Fullerton CA 92834, United

States ; Dennis Saunders(1). (1) Academy Savant, Fullerton CA 92834, United States

Interactive e-Learning is more effective and efficient than static slide-based lecture aids
(like Powerpoint). Interactivity between the student and the subject material is not
merely clicking on links to other pages. Graphic programming techniques enable the
development of animations and simulations for web- and computer-based courses,
which can stimulate a high level of focus and comprehension in students.

Two recently produced modules on Troubleshooting HPLC are designed to first teach
the methodology of resolving HPLC problems, and then offer an Expert System to
diagnose situations and recommend solutions. The use of timeline-based graphics with
underlying mathematical scripting significantly assists in simplifying the explanation of
relatively complex concepts. The Expert System is based on a decision-tree approach

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Anaheim, CA

to analyzing symptoms.

This presentation will be illustrated with examples of interactive animations and

simulations, both numeric and graphic. The course is an addition to an existing series of
e-Learning modules on HPLC.

CHED 1219

Chemical Mahjong: An online game

William Tandy Grubbs(1), [email protected], Unit 8271, DeLand FL 32723, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Stetson University, DeLand FL 32723, United
States

An open-access, web-based game has

been developed whereby introductory chemistry knowledge is tested within a Mahjong
solitaire game playing environment. Several tile sets and board layouts
are included that are themed upon different chemical topics. Introductory tile sets can
be selected that prompt
the player to match element names to symbols and metric prefixes to powers of
ten. More advanced tile sets are
available that require the player to assign oxidation numbers and electronic
configurations, predict precipitation, and recognize weak/strong acids and
bases. Goals, learning outcomes, and
costs associated with this project will be discussed. Recommendations will be offered
that will
hopefully promote the development of similar gaming initiatives.

CHED 1220

Virtual laboratory based game for introductory chemistry students

David Yaron(1), [email protected], 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh PA 15213, United States ;
Michael Karabinos(1); Bridget Hogan(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh PA 15213, United States

The ChemCollective virtual lab (http://www.chemcollective.org/vlab) allows students to

design and interpret their own experiments. The educational goal is to encourage
students to connect the content of introductory courses to authentic chemistry goals.
Many of our current virtual labs involve identification of unknowns. "Chemical Recon" is
a game that converts such activities into a two player game. Each player first designs
an unknown solution for their opponent. The winner is the first player to correctly identify
their unknown. The game encourages students to develop efficient procedures for
identifying unknowns, and adds the additional strategy step of determining which
unknown would be the most challenging for their opponent to identify. The game also

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Anaheim, CA

brings in competition and other social factors. Our hope is that the additional levels of
strategy will encourage students to think more deeply about chemistry, while the social
factors of the game will keep them motivated to do so.

CHED 1221

Teaching chemistry online: Ins and outs of bringing chemistry alive in the virtual
world

Lisa M. Lindert(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo CA 93407,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Cal Poly San Luis
Obispo, San Luis Obispo CA 93407, United States

The challenge:
create an engaging, entirely online chemistry program (including
laboratory) on two chemistry skill levels. The result: Stanford's
Education Program for Gifted Youth Online High School (EPGY-OHS) Honors and AP
Chemistry program. This college-level
chemistry program was developed in an online only format, using a video-based
lecture, virtual classroom for discussion, at-home lab and web-based course
management system for written content delivery. This presentation will discuss the
construction of the
program, best practices in teaching chemistry online, the advantages and
limitations of the format and the future of online education in chemistry.

CHED 1222

We're all in this sandbox together: Learning to share in our teaching of inorganic
chemistry through Visible Teaching

Barbara A. Reisner(1), [email protected], MSC 4501, 901 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg

VA 22801, United States ; Joanne L. Stewart(2), [email protected], PO BOX 9000,
Holland MI 49422-9000, United States ; B. Scott Williams(3),
[email protected], Keck Science Center, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont CA
91711, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison
University, Harrisonburg VA 22801, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Hope
College, Holland MI 49423, United States (3) Joint Science Department, Claremont
Colleges, Claremont CA 91711, United States

The
rise of cheap, easy ―many-to-many‖ communication enables us to think
about different kinds of distributed cultures of teaching and learning.
Through the interactive website VIPEr, the Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical
Electronic Resource, our distributed community of inorganic chemists
has seen the beginnings of cultural changes that benefit faculty

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development and student learning. By encouraging a shift to smaller

online publication units, or ―learning objects,‖ we facilitate better
assessment of student learning and easy translation to different
educational environments. A culture of open sharing increases the
quantity and variety of teaching materials available to instructors and
students. The vast and varied expertise of the community is shared in
VIPEr's social, online environment. We have dubbed this style of an open
collaborative exchange of ideas, materials, expertise, and pedagogical
tools ―Visible Teaching.‖ We will discuss examples from VIPEr that have
contributed to faculty development and student learning.

CHED 1223

Evolution of Calibrated Peer Review from a teaching tool to a vehicle for deep
learning and applied scholarship

Arlene A Russell(1), [email protected], 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles CA

90095-1569, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los
Angeles CA 90095-1569, United States

During the past ten years the Calibrated Peer Review (CPR) program, which was
initially conceived as a means to introduce web-managed writing in large classes, has
evolved into a tool with solid roots in writing instruction and versatile applications for
scholarship in teaching and research. These changes have been built on the continuing
feedback of faculty who have contributed assignments to the CPR library and shared
their experiences in papers and publications. True to the original tenet, however, that
good peer review depends on consensus in evaluation, each assignment continues to
contain training, or calibration, of reviewers. The talk will specifically address the
modification in the two most recent releases, CPR4 and CPR5, which respond to new
FERPA regulations, provide opportunities to document faculty Scholarship of Teaching,
and extend the capability of the program to encompass learning of communication skills
through oral, poster, and visual presentations.

CHED 1224

Structural analysis of single-base DNA damage using protein nanopores

Henry S. White(1), [email protected], 315 S. 1400 E. Rm. 2020, Salt Lake City
Utah 84112-0850, United States ; Anna E. P. Schibel(1); Na An(1); Qian Jin(1); Aaron M
Fleming(1); Cynthia J. Burrows(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt
Lake City Utah 84112-0850, United States

The ability to detect DNA damage is an important goal in medical diagnosis and
therapies, but there are no satisfactory methods available to detect a damaged base
while providing sequence information. In the work presented here, we demonstrate the

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Anaheim, CA

detection of a single oxidative damage site using ion channel nanopore methods
employing a-hemolysin. Single-base lesions were detected by tethering the damaged
DNA to streptavidin via a biotin linkage, and capturing the DNA inside an a-hemolysin
ion channel. Ion channel currents recorded while the tethered DNA is electrostatically
held within the a-hemolysin nanopore are used to detect structural damage. Spirocyclic
adducts generated by oxidation of quanine, in both homo- and hetero-polymer
background single-stranded DNA sequences, produced current blockage levels differing
by almost 10% from those of native base current blockage levels. These preliminary
studies show the applicability of ion channel recordings to detecting DNA damage.

CHED 1225

Further electrochemical adventures with single walled carbon nanotubes

Julie V. Macpherson(1), [email protected], Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry

West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom ; Petr V. Dudin(1); Neil Ebejer(1); Aleix G.
Guell(1); Kim M. McKelvey(1); Patrick R. Unwin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Warwick, Coventry West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have attracted much excitement as an

electrode material; however rarely is the electrochemical behaviour interrogated at the
single SWNT level or smaller. To do this requires the use of either single SWNT
electrode devices or imaging techniques that are able to resolve the electroactivity of an
individual SWNT in a collective ensemble of SWNTs. In this talk I will present some of
the new approaches being undertaken at Warwick to tackle this problem, which involves
the development of electrochemical imaging techniques which are capable of multi-
functional imaging, and the results obtained.

CHED 1226

Single molecule and particle electrochemistry

Allen J Bard(1), [email protected], 1 University Station, A5300, Austin TX 78712,

United States ; Seong Jung Kwon(1); Fu-Ren F Fan(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, United States

Electrochemical studies of single molecules or nanoparticles (NPs) are challenging.

Because one cannot yet measure the transfer of a single electron, methods that amplify
the signal to single molecules or NPs are required. Experiments like trapping a molecule
in a small cavity where it can make repeated excursions between two electrodes or
studies of immobilized molecules with appropriate optical properties (e.g. appropriate
polymer molecules) by single molecule spectroelectrochemistry (SMS-EC) have
appeared.

A more general direct electrochemical approach involves collisions of metal or other

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

catalytic NPs with an electrode by using a novel current amplification scheme. A

number of different NPs and electrode reactions have been employed in such studies
and information about particle size, collision frequency and potentially the details of the
nature of the charge transfer process at the electrode surface obtained.

CHED 1227

Measuring teachers' perceptions of the complexity of chemistry exam content

Karen Knaus(1), [email protected], Campus box 194, Denver Colorado

80204, United States ; Kristen Murphy(2); Margaret Asirvatham(3); Susan Schelble(4). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver Colorado 80204,
United States (2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin -
Milwaukee, Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States (3) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder Colorado
80309-0215, United States (4) Department of Chemistry, Metropolitan State College of
Denver, Denver Colorado 80217-3362, United States

How do teachers' perceptions impact the teaching andblearning of chemistry? For

example, when teachers perceive certain chemistry content to be more ―complex‖, do
they take greater care in teaching this content? A strong theoretical basis and research
in several fields has taught us that perception is important to the learning process. In
this project, teachers' perceptions of the complexity of ―conceptual‖ vs. ―traditional‖
exam items were measured using cognitive complexity ratings. Analysis of the data
revealed that although a non-statistically significant difference was found in overall
student performance on the ―conceptual‖ vs. ―traditional‖ content, a statistically
significant difference was found in the teachers' complexity ratings for these different
types of items. Teachers rated the ―conceptual‖ items to be higher in cognitive
complexity than the ―traditional‖ items. This interesting finding sheds new light on the
importance of faculty perceptions as they relate to student performance in first year
college chemistry.

CHED 1228

Assessing correlations between reading ability and general chemistry

performance

Samuel Pazicni(1), [email protected], 23 Academic Way, Durham NH 03801,

United States ; Victor Benassi(2); Daniel Pyburn(1); Elizabeth Reiley(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 30824, United States (2) Center
for Excellence in Teaching and Learning, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH
03801, United States

While mathematical ability has long been implicated as critical for learning science, the
role reading comprehension plays in learning science has remained largely

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Anaheim, CA

uninvestigated. The present study explores correlations between reading

comprehension and performance in two general chemistry courses: (1) the first course
of a standard two-semester general chemistry sequence and (2) a one-semester
―advanced‖ general chemistry course. Here, we show that reading ability correlates
significantly with general chemistry course performance even when more typical
predictive factors are controlled for in regression analyses. This correlation is likely due
to the strong relationship between reading comprehension and knowledge construction
ability, rather than students' inability to comprehend text. We also report the design and
analysis of a ―multiple quizzing‖ intervention strategy that appears to close the
performance gap between low- and high-skilled readers.

CHED 1229

Homework or quizzes: Which works better?

Jo L. King(1), [email protected], 5800 Attebury Rd, Amarillo TX 79118, United

States . (1) Department of Science, Randall High School, Amarillo TX 79118, United
States

The research proposed to evaluate whether homework or daily quizzes were better for
academic success within high school Pre-AP chemistry or if differences in the two
methods were detectable. The study involved two years of data where homework was
assigned and graded and one year of data where homework was suggested but daily
quizzes provided the assessment. The mean of each of the unit tests were evaluated
and t-tests were calculated. The results showed that over two-thirds of the units had
statistically significant data when daily quizzes were utilized.

CHED 1230

Silent students in large active learning general chemistry classrooms

Carrie A. Cloonan(1), [email protected], PO Box 1892, MS 60, Houston TX

77005, United States ; John S. Hutchinson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Rice
University, Houston TX 77005, United States

General chemistry courses at Rice University are designed as active learning

environments to provide students with opportunities to formulate ideas and participate in
the scientific process during class. This study focused on understanding the impact of
an interactive, participatory class environment on students who do not participate via
questions and discussions. A mixed-method study allowed for the collection of both
quantitative and qualitative data via surveys and interviews. Correlations between
student participation and student perceptions of their learning in class allows for a
clearer understanding of active learning from the perspective of a silent student.

CHED 1231

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Anaheim, CA

Bridging student ideas about the dynamic aspect of reactions using interviews

Paul L. Daubenmire(1), [email protected], 2330 Haste St., Apt 106, Berkeley

CA 94704, United States ; Angelica M. Stacy(2). (1) Graduate Group in Science and
Math Education (SESAME), UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, United States (2)
Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, United States

Prior knowledge is needed for chemistry learners to make sense of ideas on the
dynamic versus static nature of reactions and their connection to dynamic
visualizations. However, much of the research in chemistry education has taken place
with pre-university students with limited conceptual understanding in chemistry. Semi-
structured interviews were conducted at a large research university with learners with
different levels of chemistry preparation (incoming students, upper-level undergrads,
and graduate students) as well as those on different preparatory tracks (e.g., traditional
majors, pre-med, junior college transfers). Preliminary results indicate that the
challenges faced by these learners are related to seeing connections across various
forms of representation. A bridging analogy was used as an instructional tool to
strengthen student understanding.

CHED 1232

Physical chemistry classroom practices: What can Toulmin analysis tell us about
discourse in a discussion oriented classroom?

Marcy H Towns(1), [email protected], 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette IN 47907,

United States ; Nicole Becker(1); Renee S Cole(2); Chris Rasmussen(3); George
Sweeney(3); Megan Wawro(3). (1) Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West
Lafayette IN 47907, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of Central
Missouri, Warrensburg Missouri 64093, United States (3) Department of Mathematics
and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego California 92182-7720, United
States

We have adapted and expanded a methodology from research on undergraduate

mathematics education for documenting the collective production of meaning in a
physical chemistry classroom community. A cornerstone of the methodological
approach was the close examination of classroom discourse through Toulmin's
argumentation model which facilitated the documentation and analysis of students'
conceptual development. From this analysis, physical chemistry classroom practices
that emerged will be presented and discussed with reference to whole class discussion,
small class discussion, and the curriculum. Our efforts to analyze the collective
production of meaning by examining classroom interaction are compatible with the
relatively recent emphasis in science education research that focuses on how
communities of learners establish ideas through discourse and inquiry.

CHED 1233

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Anaheim, CA

Plagiarism of words and data

Thomas R. LeBon(1), [email protected], 1111 E. Artesia Blvd, Compton CA 90221,

United States . (1) Department of Math/Science, El Camino College, Compton CA
90221, United States

There are a wealth of software programs to detact plagiarism. Scientific journals,

scientists and students are all aware that this technology is available. What about data
and a stream of publishing and republishing a limited amount of new data many times?
Is this acceptable or a product of the stress of our times? We have an overabundance
of stress and a limited amount of data and we need publications to keep our positions
and to get promotions. There is not an easy answer and we need to closely examine
possible solutions to this dilemma.

CHED 1234

Implications of the NRC pulication on integrity of research data in the digital age

George M. Bodner(1), [email protected], 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette IN

47907, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, United States

In 2009, The Committee on Ensuring the Utility and Integrity of Research Data in a
Digital Age of the National Academy of Science published a report entitled Ensuring the
Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age. Free PDF
access to this report can be obtained from the National Academies Press website. This
paper will focus on the genesis of this report — the letter to the NRC from editors of
Science, Nature and the Journal of Cell Biology that noted that the improper
manipulation of digital images submitted to scholarly journals had become a significant
issue for editors and publishers. Particular attention will be paid to a study done by
editors of the Journal of Cell Biology over a five-year period of the number of accepted
manuscripts that contained one or more images that had been inappropriately
manipulated.

CHED 1235

Downstream ethics: A publisher's perspective on publishing ethics in the digital

age

John Challice(1), [email protected], 198 Madison Avenue, NY NY 10016, United

States . (1) Oxford University Press, Inc, New York NY 10016, United States

Presenting the perspective of the book publisher, I will discuss issues related to how we
decide who and what to publish, and where; who to ask to review; how to optimally price
our materials; how to ensure discoverability of content; what backlist material to digitize;
how to avoid accusations of plagiarism or libel without succumbing to the chilling effects

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

of bogus threats thereof; and a few other things that publishers want you to know they
think about.

CHED 1236

An editor's perspective on contentious issues arising during peer review

Robin D. Rogers(1), [email protected], Box 870336, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Center for Green Manufacturing, The
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, United States

Over
the last decade Crystal Growth &
Design has grown with such related fields as crystal engineering, metal
organic frameworks, polymorphism, co-crystals, and several other important scientific
fields related to the solid crystalline state. Many new scientists have begun publishing in
these areas and many new concepts have been brought to the forefront. Some of these
fields have also seen a
transitional period from important early observational reports to now very
complex theory and experiment driven fundamental understanding. This presentation
will discuss my experiences
with several contentious issues related to both rapid growth and transitional periods
such as fractional publication, self plagiarism, referencing
reviews rather than original works, and rejection without review.

CHED 1237

Ethics in publishing: Editorial and related experiences

Paul S. Weiss(1), [email protected], 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles CA 90095,,

United States . (1) CNSI and Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and of Materials
Science & Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095, United States

Upon establishing ACS Nano, as editors, we were immediately confronted with a variety
of ethical issues. These came not only from inexperienced authors, but from all corners.
Sitting at the crossroads of many fields gives us an interesting perspective on the
approaches taken across fields and borders. A selection of these will be discussed.

CHED 1238

Scientific ethics education: Start early, repeat often

Richard Armstrong(1), [email protected], 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville

TN 37232, United States . (1) Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville TN 37232, United States

Page 595 of 725

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Anaheim, CA

Ethical issues in science are simple, in principle. Many of the discussions of ethical
issues are focused on how serious particular types of violations are and how they
should be dealt with. This lecture intends to illustrate how young researches can be
educated in the basics of scientific ethics in the context of publishing a scientific paper.
The process of publishing a scientific paper is actually quite complex and has well-
defined check-points that illustrate the various ethical obligations of authors (students,
postdocs, mentors), editors, and reviewers in bringing an experimental piece of science
from the bench into the public view. The work-flow of publishing a paper will be used to
reveal key, every-day ethical issues and how conflicts should be resolved.

CHED 1239

Credit practices and experiences in chemistry academia in the United States

Jeffrey I. Seeman(1), [email protected], Westhampton Way, Richmond VA

23173, United States ; Mark C. House(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Richmond, Richmond Virginia 23173, United States (2) Giant Steps Research,
Gainesville Florida 32606, United States

One criterion for misconduct of science in The White House Office of Science and
Technology Policy (2000) is an action that is a ―significant departure from accepted
practice.‖ To determine what actions are both ―practiced‖ and ―experienced‖ within the
US chemistry academic community, in 2008 we conducted a survey of faculty dealing
with authorship. Key findings included: 50% of the respondents perceived that during
their career, they failed to receive the credit they deserved, often at the hands of their
own professor. Faculty members who received their Ph.D. in the 1990's and 2000's tend
to give far less credit to their co-workers than more senior faculty. There is a tendency
to give more credit to one's own student than another faculty's student for the exact
same intellectual contributions. In determining authorship, the respondents said they
primarily ―do what feels right‖ rather than rely on ACS or other authorship guidelines.

CHED 1240

Sabbatical-based inreach to OIG from the research

community

Kenneth L. Busch(1), [email protected], 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington VA 22230, United

States ; Pedro L. Muíño(2). (1) Office of Inspector General, National Science Foundation,
Arlington VA 22230, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis
University, Loretto PA 15940, United States

As part of our outreach to members of the research community, the NSF Office of
Inspector General (OIG) hosted Dr. Muíño's semester-long sabbatical in Arlington, VA.
The length of the sabbatical was sufficient to provide practical exposure to detailed
procedures followed by NSF/OIG, and included extensive participation in cases from the

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

perspective of a member of the external research community. The experience was

supportive of Dr. Muíño's subsequent appointment as the Research Integrity Officer at
his institution. Importantly, we jointly examined issues related to scientific publications
and NSF proposal preparation such as authorship, data integrity, questionable research
practices, corrections and retractions in the literature, and mentorship in responsible
professional practices. These topics will be discussed during this presentation,
specifically as assessed during this unique sabbatical.

CHED 1241

Role of the Joint Board-Council Committee on Publications at ACS

John N Russell(1), [email protected], Code 6170, 4555 Overlook Ave SW,

Washington DC 20375, United States . (1) Chemistry Division, Code 6170, Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, United States

The ACS Joint Board-Council Committee on Publications (JBCCP) is charged with

overseeing the editorial policies and practices that in turn affect the quality and impact
of the ACS publications portfolio and the Society's overall mission as a provider of
indispensable information to the global community of chemistry professionals. In this
capacity, the committee engages in regular reviews and evaluations of the activities of
the editors-in-chief and strategic matters related to the editorial content published within
journals of the society. The reviews assess the scientific and editorial health of each title
and ensure the integrity and rigor of the editorial process, including ethical guidelines
and practices related to the oversight of the peer review process. In this talk, we will
discuss a few case studies meant to illustrate how editorial ethical issues are
considered and handled.

CHED 1242

Electronic theses and dissertations: Ethical and publishing issues

Grace Baysinger(1), [email protected], 364 Lomita Drive, Organic Chemistry

Building, Stanford CA 94305-5081, United States . (1) Swain Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering Library, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States

An increasing number of universities are accepting electronic theses and dissertations

(ETDs). Positive benefits include wider distribution at low or no cost, full-text searching,
and the ability to include native file formats for data, images, chemical structures, and
multimedia. EDTs also raise a number of publishing and ethical issues that merit further
discussion – prior publication policies, copyright transfer issues, and self-plagiarism.
This presentation will provide a brief overview on the adoption of EDTs in universities,
comparative information of ETD policies for selected publishers, and key actions
needed by graduate students.

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CHED 1243

Student members of the ACS: University of Kentucky

Kari J Zander(1), [email protected], 1051 Red Mile Road, Apt 3307, Lexington
Kentucky 40504, United States ; Elani Fouri(1); Rayontez Harper(1); Bethany Lega(1);
Carly Joehl(1); Meredith Stone(1); Marc R Knecht(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky, United States

The University of Kentucky chapter of the Student Members of the ACS is more than a
club; it brings students together to experience chemistry in a two-fold, exciting
approach. Students are invited to chapter meetings where faculty research is presented
to expose them to different areas of chemistry as well as excite their own research
interests. Secondly, social activities and chemistry movie nights help show the fun,
applicable aspect the science. In addition to social events, we pride ourselves in giving
back to our community through events like food drives, a demonstration night, and
participating in DanceBlue- a 24 h dance marathon benefitting the UK Pediatric
Oncology Clinic. The culmination of various events encourages UK students to network
with fellow students and faculty in a relaxed environment allowing our chapter to
achieve our mission in highlighting the excitement of chemistry in order to engage
passion.

CHED 1244

Kids n Chemistry in Delaware

Laura Hinkle(1), [email protected], 120 N State Street, Dover DE 19901,

United States ; Kristopher Roeske(1); Malcolm J D[apos]Souza(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Wesley College, Dover DE 19901, United States

Kids n Chemistry is an event designed to stress the importance of chemistry to young

children by giving them a hands on experience. This year, we emphasized experiments
that brought them ―Behind the Scenes‖ in chemistry. We explained the science behind
sand that can't get wet, snow that expands to twice its volume, the making of slime, as
well as various others kid-friendly experiments. Our hopes are that the approximately
600 elementary aged children who participated will learn about the wonders of
chemistry and develop a keen interest in the sciences. For Wesley College, this remains
an important activity in order to further the knowledge of young children in the field of
not only chemistry, but also other sciences as well.

[This project was supported by NIH NCRR INBRE grant number; 2 P20 RR016472-10.
This event was sponsored by the DE-ACS Section]

CHED 1245

Page 598 of 725

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Anaheim, CA

Fresno State chemistry club 2009-2010: S8 = scholarship, service, socialization,

sustainability, safety, success, synergy, and $

Steven A. Chabolla(1), [email protected], 2555 East San Ramon Ave.

M/S SB70, Fresno CA 93740, United States ; Gregory H. Harnden(1),
[email protected], 2555 East San Ramon Ave. M/S SB70, Fresno CA 93740, United
States ; Jonathan M. Powell(1), [email protected], 2555 East San
Ramon M/S SB70, Fresno CA 93740, United States ; Melissa L. Golden(1),
[email protected], 2555 East San Ramon M/S SB70, Fresno CA 93740, United
States ; Alicia Alfter(1); Keri Ponce(1); Lisa M. Crabtree(1); Selemawit T. Ghebrendrias(1);
Joy J. Goto(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Fresno
CA 93740, United States

Diversifying to cover the 8 S's kept the CSUF Chemistry club active during the 2009-
2010 academic year. Many of the club members presented their research at the San
Francisco National ACS meeting as well as a CCRS regional meeting. The club raised
funds and collected nonperishable items to make sure that the Bulldog Pantry was well-
stocked. A new social activity named ―Meet Your Professor‖ turned out to be a success,
and the year would not have been complete without the annual NCW ―Kiss-a-Pig‖
fundraiser. The students created ―green‖ spill kits using recycled kitty litter buckets.
These spill kits were distributed among the various teaching and research labs
throughout the campus. This was one component of our ongoing efforts to promote
being green.

CHED 1246

University of Kansas chemistry club (Wakarusa Valley chapter)

Maxwell Newby(1), [email protected], 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 2010 Malott Hall,
Lawrence Kansas, United States ; Cher-Yee Lye(1); Cierra Clark(1); Matt Behymer(1). (1)
Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence Kansas 66047, United States

The University of Kansas Chemistry Club, part of the Wakarusa Valley Student Chapter,
spreads the love of chemistry for all ages through numerous activities and meetings. KU
students are able to keep involved in the club through the club's website, periodic e-
mails, and a new Facebook fan page. Throughout the year, the club's meetings are
designed to teach students about chemistry through social gatherings like ―liquid
nitrogen ice cream‖ or demonstrations for younger children. These demonstrations help
cement the fundamental theories of chemistry for the club members while larger
demonstration shows, such as the club's ―Carnival of Chemistry‖, also create an early
interest in the physical sciences at surrounding elementary schools and to
homeschooled children statewide. Most importantly, the club is able to send several
driven students to the national ACS convention every year for exposure to current
research and experiences at the national level.

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CHED 1247

Development of a new fundraising initiative to support student travel and

research grants at Illinois State University

Staci Engle(1), [email protected], 303 Hewett Hall, Normal IL 61761, United States ;
Michelle Thies(1), [email protected], 19 Traders Circle Apt 247, Normal IL 61761,
United States ; Marjorie Jones(1); Jun-Hyun Kim(1); John Baur(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal Illinios 61790-4160, United States

In a pilot fundraising project between our student chapter and the Department of
Chemistry at Illinois State University, faculty-developed lab manuals for selected upper
level chemistry courses and lab safety goggles were sold. The Department provided us
with a room where we could store and sell the items, and we recruited chapter members
to volunteer their time for the sales. A memorandum of understanding was developed
between the chemistry department and chapter prior to engaging in this activity and a
fundraising chairfrom the chapter was selected to develop the business plan. Since we
are a nonprofit organization, funds raised will be used for travel grants, which will allow
members to attend regional and national chemistry conferences. The money will also be
placed in a scholarship fund, out of which textbook and research grants will be awarded
on a competitive basis to students actively involved in the Club.

CHED 1248

Yearly activities and community outreach of the Lock Haven University SAACS

Rebecca D Golder(1), [email protected], 620 E Main St, Lock Haven PA 17745, United
States ; Alex Simcox(1); Eric Driscoll(1); Krystina Armstrong(1); Kevin Range(1); Brent
May(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania, Lock
Haven PA 17745, United States

The students of the Lock Haven University Chemistry Club are dedicated to promoting
chemistry both on campus and within the community. The club participates in many
demonstration shows and outreach programs at local schools and area events. The
students host free events on campus for children such as the Halloween Science
Spook-tacular, and the Chem Camp for Kids. The club also partakes in activities like
movie night, bowling, the annual clam bake and trips to chemistry related locations like
the Penn State Breazeale nuclear reactor and industrial plants.

CHED 1249

FIU ACS chapter: Introducing chemistry to youth in South Florida

Marcela Cardona(1), [email protected], 11200 SW 8th street, Miami fl 33099, United

States ; Yamile Arocha(1), [email protected], 11200 SW 8th street, Miami Fl 33099,

Page 600 of 725

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Anaheim, CA

United States ; Jaroslava Miksovska(1); Melissa Cardenas(1). (1) Chemistry and

Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami Fl 33099, United States

Being deeply rooted in chemistry the ACS chapter at FIU, has been able to share
knowledge and passion for science with children at elementary schools as well as with
college students in order to broaden their horizons in chemistry. Our club members also
participate in weekly seminars organized by the chemistry department allowing us to
stay up to date on the latest research advancements. It is our aspiration to disseminate
chemical education by reaching out to our community and actively conducting chemical
demonstrations at local schools, and at the Miami-Metro Zoo. During out-reach
presentations we make ice cream with liquid nitrogen and elephant toothpaste for young
children with the aim to awake and stimulate their curiosity for chemistry and research in
general. Indeed, the excitement in the faces of future scientists and innovators inspires
our group to continue working with children and improving the quality of science
education.

CHED 1250

Student chapter activities at Tennessee Tech University

Daniel J. Swartling(1), [email protected], 55 University Drive, Cookeville TN 38505,

United States ; Megan Monteen(1), [email protected], 55 University Drive,
Cookeville TN 38505, United States ; Kathleen Broderick(1),
[email protected], 55 University Drive, Cookeville TN 38505, United States ;
Jessamyn Barrett(1), [email protected], 55 University Drive, Cokeville TN
38505, United States ; Ben Davis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech
University, Cookeville TN 38505, United States

The activities done during National Chemistry Week, Earth Day, Chemistry Olympiad
and other events will be presented.

CHED 1251

Gruen Chemistry Society: A renewed student chapter of the American Chemical

Society

Sarah Nicole Augustine(1), [email protected], 320 S. Main St., Olivet MI

49076, United States ; Susanne Lewis(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, Olivet
College, Olivet MI 49076, United States

Gruen Chemistry Society at Olivet College was reactivated as a student chapter of the
American Chemical Society in 2009. We have named ourselves after Dr. Gruen, the
faculty advisor for the initial student affiliate chapter. Our chapter's activities included
participating in Chemistry Day at Impression 5 hosted by the local ACS section at
Michigan State University, hosting a Chemistry Day event at our home institution, and

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Anaheim, CA

planting a tree on campus for Earth Day. We created an edible periodic table as a
fund-raiser and two students accompanied the current faculty advisor to the Fall 2010
American Chemical Society Meeting and Exposition in Boston, MA. This year's plans
include continuing participation in Chemistry Day at Impression 5, becoming active in
the local school systems, and hosting more social events for our members.

CHED 1252

[A]4: Adams Atoms ACS activities

L Elizabeth Brownlow(1), [email protected], 439 Poncha Ave, Alamosa

CO 81101, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Mathematics, and Computer
Science, Adams State College, Alamosa CO 81102, United States

This poster will summarize the activities of the Adams State College ACS Student
Affiliates Chapter in Alamosa, CO. Some of the club's community service activities
include: hands-on activities at an annual chemistry magic show, helping at a community
garden for Adams State Cares Day, judging at the San Luis Valley Regional Science
Fair and helping with Science Saturdays. Homecoming contests are an opportunity for
club members to get involved in college-wide activities. We attend local ACS meetings,
and the highlight of the year is attending the National ACS Meeting and Undergraduate
Activities.

CHED 1253

Tennessee Martin
SMACS go west and LuAu for homecoming

Lee A Elliott(1), [email protected], Mount Pelia Road, Martin TN 38238, United

States ; Kayla M Baker(1), [email protected], Mount Pelia Road, Martin TN 38238,
United States ; S.K. L Airee(1), [email protected], Mount Pelia Road, UT Martin, Martin
TN 38238, United States ; Kayla Poindexter(1); Corey L Jones(1). (1) Chemistry and
Physics, University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin TN 38238, United States

The U.T.-Martin SMACS chapter has participated in the annual homecoming activities
every year. In this poster we will report a synopsis of the activities for the last two years
for which the themes were LuAu and Wild West. An activity tent is allotted to the
SMACS during the Quad City event in which we network with the nursing students who
check the blood pressure of the visitors while SMACS treat the visitors with assorted
demonstrations, root beer made dry ice and ice cream made with liquid nitrogen coolant
on site. The donated cans of food were displayed in a periodic chart and water trough
sculpture. Demonstrations included; polymer balls, mentos reaction with diet coke, dry
ice in sealed drink explosion, display of NO and NO2, etc. Kids had fun hitting the
piñata, skewing a greased balloon, toy noodle sculptures, etc. Ambiance was generated
with saddles, horse shoes. Hula dancing, and other artifacts.

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CHED 1254

Florida Southern College: A successful student chapter

Michael J Politis(1), [email protected], Box 4620, 111 Lake Hollingsworth Drive,

Lakeland FL 33801, United States ; Matthew Leonard(1), [email protected],
Florida Southern College, 111 Lake Hollingsworth Drive, Lakeland FL 33801, United
States ; Han Nguyen(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Florida Southern College,
Lakeland FL 33801, United States

Our chapter promotes awareness of chemistry on campus and in the community. We

have spent Saturdays at a local children's museum performing educational experiments,
will host Lakeland High School students in our College's labs, and hold local Earth Day
festivities. One outreach project is for Wahneta Elementary School. Many students at
this school come from migrant homes. Members are creating kits with hands-on
activities and writing directions to use with the kits to promote science education. To
make graduate school information more accessible to students, the president presented
graduate school information to members and has provided brochures for members to
take. We also promote presenting research. We provide fun and creative means for
students to broaden their knowledge of chemistry and socialize with one another, from
holding department-wide picnics where students mingle with faculty to making meetings
interactive.

CHED 1255

"Greening" the Wilkes University chemistry club

Shauna Anderson(1), [email protected], 84 West South Street, Wilkes-

Barre Pennsylvania 18766, United States ; Troy Hinkley(1); Jaimee Ash(1); Courtney
Graham(1); Donald Mencer(1); Adriana Dinescu(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Wilkes
University, Wilkes-Barre Pennsylvania 18766, United States

The Wilkes University Chemistry Club decided to qualify as a Green Chemistry student
chapter this year. A key aspect of this process for the club has been education on the
importance of going green, inside and outside of the laboratory. One of the highlights of
National Chemistry Week was a seminar entitled "Green Plastics". The club also visited
the Joseph Priestley House and watched Dr. Priestley perform experimental
reenactments. Green chemistry has been incorporated into demonstrations and
activities for middle through high school students. Recycling and reducing plastic usage
has been practiced at many of the club socials and seminar events. The Chemistry Club
has focused on integrating green chemistry into community activities celebrating the
International Year of Chemistry themes (environmental, energy, health, and materials).
Upcoming events, like Earth Day, will serve as another opportunity to promote, educate,
and demonstrate green chemistry.

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Anaheim, CA

CHED 1256

American Chemical Society student chapter of Niagara University

Paolo N Grenga(1), [email protected], 206 DePaul Hall, Niagara University

New York 14109, United States ; Megan E McGahan(1); Ryan O[apos]Laughlin(1);
Charles Smith(1); AnneMarie Laurri(1); Haley McClory(1); Ronny Priefer(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Niagara University, Niagara University New York 14109,
United States

The Student Affiliates chapter at Niagara University has created an opportunity for the
students of Chemistry and Biochemistry departments to become better associated with
the community, each other and participate in group activities. The success of this
chapter has been attributed to work done by student officers and members who have
put time and effort into making this club a worthwhile experience for everyone.
Numerous types of activities, involvement, and ideas are all aspects carried out in the
Niagara University chapter. A major goal is to secure success to all of the members and
prepare them for professional association in the future. Fostering a professional spirit
among the members through community service, trips, and organizational meetings is
what sustains this flourishing chapter.

CHED 1257

American Chemical Society: University of New Mexico chapter

Jacob Greenberg(1), [email protected], 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque

New Mexico 87131, United States ; Sergei Von Hoyningen-Huene(1); Lisa Whalen(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque New Mexico 87131, United States

The University of New Mexico American Chemical Society chapter has over twenty
active members. About 25% of the active members are currently conducting laboratory
research in chemistry, chemical biology, and biochemistry fields. Our chapter is
responsible for selling undergraduate chemistry lab notebooks every semester. We
regularly hold fundraisers; bake sales, dunk tanks, and raffles. We have an outreach
program to expose elementary school children around Albuquerque to science. Our
outreach program is a chemical demonstration teaching children the
scientific method as well as basic chemistry concepts in the form of a magic show. We
are able to hold these 'magic shows' about twice every semester. We are now
beginning to collaborate with the department of Earth and Planetary science to
introduce the young students to more aspects of science. The key to a successful
chapter for UNM is excited, enthusiastic members who make ACS a priority in their
lives.

CHED 1258

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Anaheim, CA

Lights! camera! reaction! MTSU SMAACS activities in 2010-11

Jessica A Taylor(1), [email protected], MTSU Box X043, Murfreesboro TN

37132, United States ; Gary D White(1), [email protected], MTSU Box X043,
Murfreesboro TN 37132, United States ; Andrienne C Friedli(1), [email protected],
MTSU Box X076, Murfreesboro TN 37132, United States ; Sana Gilani(1); Cui Le
Chen(1); Nikhil C Reddy(1); Bryan Donaphan(1); Jamie L Taylor(1). (1) Chemistry, Middle
Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro TN 37132, United States

The members of the Middle Tennessee State University Chemistry Society had another
active year. Premiering this spring at the ACS meeting in Anaheim, California is Lights!
Camera! Reaction! a documentary poster in 3D describing the MTSU Chemistry
Society's activities during 2010-11. The cast includes club officers, members, and
faculty advisors, with special guest appearances by outside speakers of international
reputation. The poster was photographed on location in Murfreesboro and San
Francisco, California. Funding was provided by a grant from the snack closet and
goggle sales. Critics have called it the best poster since The Crucible. The screenplay
includes a storyline featuring young chemists on a journey to share their excitement
about chemistry with others through National Chemistry Week activities, workshops,
research panels, and volunteer work. Along the way they stop to celebrate with picnics
and pizza. Don't miss this year's blockbuster!

CHED 1259

Role of Vitamin K and minerals in health and wellness

Marc Cervantes(1), [email protected], 901 S. State Street, ASC 3011, Big rapids MI
49307, United States ; Pasquale Di Raddo(1), [email protected], 901 S. State Street,
ASC 3011, Big Rapids MI 49307, United States ; Harry Roy(1). (1) Physical Sciences,
Ferris State University, Big Rapids MI 49307, United States

Several years ago the ACS established Health and Wellness as the theme for National
Chemistry Week. We present here information on the role of Vitamin K, perhaps the
least well known of the vitamin series and of minerals in optimal health maintenance.
The chemistry, mode of action and biological significance of these compounds will be
highlighted.

CHED 1260

Ferris State University Chapter activities: Toward receiving commendable

recognition

Megan McConnell(1), [email protected], 901 S. State Street, ASC 3011, Big Rapids
MI 49307, United States ; Joseph Latavis(1), [email protected], 901 S. State Street,

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Anaheim, CA

ASC 3011, Big Rapids MI 49307, United States ; Pasquale Di Raddo (1); Corey Potter(1).
(1) Physical Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids MI 49307, United States

Some of our Ferris State University student members will describe in this poster their
numerous academic and social activities that contributed to the chapter's award of
Commendable recognition.

CHED 1261

Activities performed during the 2010-2011 school year to increase interest in

chemistry on the Loras College campus

Tyler J Willman(1), [email protected], 1450 Alta Vista St., Dubuque Iowa 52001,
United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Loras College, Dubuque Iowa 52001,
United States

The Loras College ACS student chapter has focused its outreach activities on
increasing awareness of the sciences in the campus community.

CHED 1262

Science café: What is the secret ingredient?

Johary Rivera(1), [email protected], PO Box 23346, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931,
Puerto Rico ; Wilmarie Marrero(1); Jorge Torres(1); Paula Ríos(1); Euvelisse Jusino(1);
Mayda Cartagena(1); Julian Abruña(1); Danise Rivera(1); Coralis Ramos(1); Melanie
Ortiz(1); Wilmer Adorno(1); Mariangely Almenas(1); Omar Acevedo(1); Ingrid Montes(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan,
PR Puerto Rico 00931, Puerto Rico

Mixing different ingredients such as communication, knowledge, and science has

become one of the most interesting movements known today in our chapter: Science
Café's. These have motivated attendees to engage in science related topics such as
ethics in science and green chemistry. Not only does the aroma of fresh brewed coffee
fill these community gatherings, but also that of enthusiasm of the audience when
experiencing great open discussions. The University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras
student chapter has successfully been part of what we call the Science Café Movement;
integrating the community in fulfilling topics of science. When asked what is the secret
ingredient of the Science Café's, our response will always be that the most important
element would be those hands that picked all the coffee beans and made possible all
the gatherings.

CHED 1263

Chem crew extreme: Working together for success

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Anaheim, CA

Andrea Quiñones(1), [email protected], P. O. Box 5100, San Germán PR

00683, United States ; Angela González(1); Angel Vega-Negron(1); Damaris
Fernandez(1); Jamie Rodriguez(1); Valerie Madera(1); Maria Ortiz-Mattei(1); Rey
Ramirez(1); Nilda Caraballo(1); Dannajoe Galarza(1); Edith Torres(1). (1) Department of
Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inter American University of Puerto
Rico, San Germán PR 00683, United States

The San Germán Chapter at the Inter American University of Puerto Rico, our ―Chem
Crew‖, is an ―EXTREME‖ chapter. Team work has helped us to achieve our goals and
our success. Our members have made this organization an active, competent and
renowned one in our campus. Recruiting and keeping members is the start to build a
team and work together as a family. ―Chem Crew‖ has no limits to carry out any activity.
Some of our activities are presented here, activities that show our leadership skills, our
community involvement and our concern to protect the environment. All of that show
how chemistry is involved in all phases of life. We are proud to be chemists and to have
the opportunity to show that chemistry is a science for life. Our future goal is to continue
growing as leaders demonstrating that, for the ―Chem Crew Extreme‖, the sky is the
limit.

CHED 1264

University of San Diego chem club: Student chapter of the American Chemical
Society

Shannen L. Cravens(1), [email protected], 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego CA

92110, United States ; Christopher J. A. Daley(1), [email protected], 5998 Alcala
Park, San Diego CA 92110, United States ; Stephanie L. Roadarmel(1); Alyssa
Navapanich(1); Jennifer L. Fleischmann(1); Amber D. Vitalo(1); Donald J. Millar(1); Phillip
L. Guichet(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego,
San Diego CA 92110, United States

The University of San Diego (USD) regained its ACS student chapter status in 2001.
The goals of our chapter are to (1) develop a friendly and engaged student-student and
student-faculty community in the department, (2) serve as a resource for students
interested in chemistry and biochemistry, and (3) serve as ambassadors of science in
the community. Student-faculty interactions are fostered through social activities such
as the Christmas party, End-of-Year picnic, and sea kayaking. Seminars, tours to local
industries, conference travel, Creative Collaborations, and other events allow students
the opportunity to learn about the variety of career paths available to them. Community
outreach efforts include the Chem Expo, Expanding Your Horizons, and the San Diego
Science Festival. Fundraising events include safety goggle and model kit sales. The
activities and events organized by the USD Chem Club continue to have a significantly
positive impact on the department, college, and surrounding community.

CHED 1265

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

ACS student chapter at the University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX

James Doan(1), [email protected], 3800 Montrose Blvd, Houston TX 77006, United

States ; Carlos Vences(1), [email protected], 3800 Montrose Blvd, Houston TX
77006, United States ; Elizabeth Yu(1), [email protected], 3800 Montrose Blvd, Houston
TX 77006, United States ; Courtney Meason(1), [email protected], 3800 Montrose
Blvd, Houston TX 77006, United States ; Jenine Zaibaq(1), [email protected], 3800
Montrose Blvd, Houston TX 77006, United States ; Truc Le(1), [email protected],
3800 Montrose Blvd, Houston TX 77006, United States ; Elmer Ledesma (1); Thomas B
Malloy Jr(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, Houston TX 77006,
United States

University of St. Thomas American Chemical Society student chapter has received
awards for the past ten years. This has been accomplished through publicizing and
holding regular meetings, by planning activities of interest to the student members, and
by interacting with the Local ACS section and with the community. This has been a
particularly active year. We have the largest number of members ever. We have helped
organize a career forum for mathematics and natural sciences, and visited several local
industrial facilities. planned and performed demos at the Houston Museum of Natural
Science for NCW; held demo's on campus for Mole Day, gave out Nan-O-moles, and
held demos at local schools with other local organizations for over 1000 children. We
held a spaghetti dinner at the Hospitality Apartments where patients and their families
stay during treatment at the Texas Medical Center. We were well represented at the
San Francisco National ACS Meeting and plan to be well represented at the ACS
Meeting in Anaheim. Social interactions are important and we have end of semester
banquets with other science and health professions related organizations.

CHED 1266

MWSU alchemist club community outreach activities

Alicia Allen(1), [email protected], 4525 Downs Drive, St. Joseph MO

64507, United States ; Bernadette Drees(1), [email protected], 4525 Downs Drive,
St. Joseph MO 64507, United States ; Hannah Huff(1), [email protected],
4525 Downs Drive, St. Joseph MO 64507, United States ; Shauna L. Hiley (1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph MO 64507,
United States

Since April 2010, the MWSU Alchemist Club has brought the excitement of chemistry to
students from elementary to high school at events such as the St. Joseph Museum's
―Super Science Saturday‖ and the MWSU Chemistry Department's CHEMATHON
competition. Popular hands-on activities included ―Chromatography Color Wheels‖ and
―Incredible Shrinking Plastics‖. At CHEMATHON, club members acted as judges in oral
team competitions, and as activity directors for chemistry and physics. Other community

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Anaheim, CA

activities included participation in MWSU Homecoming parade, (where we won 3 rd

place!), and hosting a booth for Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

CHED 1267

Inspiring chemistry at East LA College, the chem club aka POBC

Angel Luna(1), [email protected], 1301 Avenida Cesar Chavez, Monterey Park

Ca 91754, United States ; Laura Gallegos(1); Rachel Perez(1); Joseph Giacinto(1);
Veronica Jaramillo(1); Armando Rivera(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, East Los
Angeles College, Monterey Park California 91754, United States

We are a diverse body of students and faculty who meet regardless of our
majors/career goals, though our focus is the STEM fields and chemical careers. We call
ourselves the POBC (Priory of Biology & Chemistry) and offer a venue to strengthen the
ELAC student-faculty relationship, while exposing students to other professionals in
STEM fields and encouraging them to become leaders in various STEM educational
initiatives. We work closely with the ACS local section, hold social gatherings,
community service events and biweekly meetings usually composed of scientific
demonstrations and the participation of informal invited speakers.

CHED 1268

ACS student affiliate chapter at PCUPR celebrates science week

Rennie Perez(1), [email protected], 2250 Ave Las Americas, Suite 569, Ponce
Puerto Rico 00717-9997, Puerto Rico ; Carolina Ortiz(1); Nynoshka M. Moreno(1); Zaret
N. Velez(1); Issgrely P. Torres(1); Lizette Santos(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce Puerto Rico 00717-9997, Puerto
Rico

To educate and involve the community in the area of Chemistry,the ACS Student
Affiliate Chapter at PCUPR participated in the organization and celebration of two
important weeks. The chapter helped organize the Bioscience Week (September 17-21,
2010) and National Chemistry Week (October 17-24, 2010). The Bioscience week
included the celebration of the Biotechnology day. Two conferences were presented:
"Combining Agriculture and Microbial Genomics to Produce Biofues: and "the
Exceptional Chemical Characteristics of Planet Earth". National Chemistry Week was
celebrated with a presentation of the chemistry film library and the conference
―Chemistry Behind the Scenes‖. Chemistry and biotechnology demonstrations were
offered to all visitors, including high school students. Students from elementary schools
visited our campus and participated in several chemistry demonstrations.

CHED 1269

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Morehead State Univeristy SMACS

Clarissa Roe(1), [email protected], LA 425F, Morehead KY 40351, United

States ; Cody Murray(1), [email protected], LA 425F, Morehead KY 40351, United
States ; Mark Blankenbuehler(1). (1) Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University,
Morehead KY 40351, United States

MSU had a great year doing demos, helping the community, fundraising, sponsoring
scholarships and more. Details will be presented.

CHED 1270

Chemistry Club of Stern College for Women, Yeshiva University

Donald Estes(1), [email protected], 245 Lexington Avenue, New York NY 10016, United
States ; Loriel Solodokin(1); Avigail Soloveichik(1); Juliet Meir(1); Rebecca Weiss(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stern College for Women, Yehiva
University, New York NY 10016, United States

The College's chemistry club, a student affiliates chapter of the ACS, has been
recognized with the Society's national awards beginning in 1999. The activities resulting
in this year's commendable achievement award are discussed. Those activities include
film screenings, panel discussions, on campus seminars, outside lectures, field trips, a
magic show, launching of a new club website, and a chemistry weekend (Shabbaton).
During the year, the club was also awarded a community interaction grant for
demonstrating the relationship between chemistry and outer space to a group of
elementary school students and a travel grant to subsidize the costs in attending the
national ACS meeting in San Francisco. Highlights of those grant activities are
summarized.

CHED 1271

Campus and community involvement: How to make chemistry fun

Jessica M. Stegner(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave., Springfield Missouri

65802, United States ; Kathleen A. Allen(1), [email protected], 900 N. Benton Ave.,
Springfield Missouri 65802, United States ; Isaac B. Henson(1); Daniel C. McCan(1);
Scott A. Petrich(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Drury University, Springfield Missouri
65802, United States

As our chapter saw a lot of growth over the past year, we have incorporated more
activities into our agenda to increase involvement and awareness on campus. We have
planned multiple campus-wide events to encourage a greater interest in chemistry as
well as planning several functions to become more involved within our community. On
campus we hold bi-monthly meetings, have office hours daily for students to receive

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

additional help, and all officers make themselves available during the week to assist
students. During National Chemistry Week we served our student body liquid Nitrogen
treats and celebrated Mole Day by designing shirts. Later in the fall semester we will
promote participation in an Outdoor Fitness Festival that is promoting healthy life-styles
and have several activities related to the holiday season. To promote awareness about
different programs after graduation we have invited representatives from graduate,
pharmacy, and medical schools to our campus so students will be better informed about
the application process. In addition to all of the on-campus involvement activities
mentioned, we also strive to become involved in our community. We do outreach
activities with local churches and elementary schools by doing magic shows. These are
designed to show kids at an early age how fun science can be. Throughout the rest of
this semester and the next we plan on inviting guest speakers to lecture about topics
students have expressed interest in, having social outings with our chapter, and
becoming more involved.

CHED 1272

Activities of the Texarkana College chemistry club

Keith Chase(1), [email protected], 2500 North Robison Road,

Texarkana Texas 75599, United States ; Garreth Russell(1),
[email protected], 2500 North Robison Road, Texarkana Texas
75599, United States ; Patricia L. Harman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Texarkana
College, Texarkana Texas 75599, United States

The Texarkana College Chemistry Club will present a poster that highlights the club's
activities for the 2010-2011 academic year.

CHED 1273

Outstanding Seton Hill University chemisty club: Activities of 2009 - 2010

Holli A Gonder(1), [email protected], 1 Seton Hill Drive, Greensburg PA 15601,

United States ; Joshua R Blase(1); Jenna M Forzano(1); Robert J Vasinko(1); Camron S
Fredrick(1); Susan M Yochum(1); Demetra A Czegan(1). (1) Division of Natural and Health
Sciences - Chemistry, Seton Hill University, Greensburg PA 15601, United States

The Seton Hill University ACS affiliated chapter demonstrates the value of service to
both the university and surrounding community. On-campus enrichment events and
outreach programs provide the chapter with the opportunity to promote chemistry and to
discuss current scientific issues. The club outreach includes Mole Day and National
Chemistry Week activities on campus and off campus at a local science center, Adopt-
a-Highway, and a cookie bake sale to raise relief funds for Haiti. To foster scientific
enrichment on-campus, the club sponsors a ―Women in Science‖ day event that
includes a guest speaker and conversational dinner. Members participate in events

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Anaheim, CA

such as taking a tour of labs at a local chemical manufacturing company, a local ACS
symposium, and a seminar on careers in chemistry and graduate school. Monthly on-
campus club meetings and social activities promote friendship and interaction among
diverse individuals.

CHED 1274

Chemistry in the community: Behind the scenes

Lauren Kurek(1), [email protected], 400 Saint Bernardine St., Reading

Pennsylvania 19607, United States ; Amanda McGettigan(1),
[email protected], 400 Saint Bernardine St., Reading Pennsylvania
19607, United States ; Daniel Kwasniewski(1), [email protected], 400
Saint Bernardine St., Reading Pennsylvania 19607, United States ; Chelsea Borror (1);
Kevin Burns(1). (1) Department of Math and Science, Alvernia University, Reading
Pennsylvania 19607, United States

Our chapter is committed to staying involved in the community while incorporating

chemistry education. We focus on educating local elementary school children about
chemistry, biochemistry and forensic science. Some of our activities include Science
Day, where we bring elementary students to campus and demonstrate the different
areas of chemistry, Christmas on Campus, where we teach local families simple holiday
experiments, Eco-Fun Day, where we educate local children on the importance of the
environment, Earth Day, where Alvernia students help plant flowers around campus and
Friendly's Family Fun Night, where the local community came out to support our club.
The club spotlights using hands-on events to educate through experiences. By involving
the community, our chapter can reach out to future generations to expose them to
chemistry behind the scenes.

CHED 1275

Chemistry: Earth's nucleus

Harold U Ortiz-Medina(1), [email protected], PO Box 6150, Aguadilla Puerto Rico

00604, Puerto Rico ; Charlene Ramos-Villanueva(1), [email protected], PO Box
6150, Aguadilla Puerto Rico 00604, Puerto Rico ; Natalia D Sola-Aviles(1); Lorena Rosa-
Velez(1); Brenda J Ramos-Santana(1). (1) Department of Natural Science, University of
Puerto Rico at Aguadilla, Aguadilla Puerto Rico 00604, Puerto Rico

In Chemistry nucleus means the positively charged dense center of an atom. In the
American Chemical Society nucleus means the strong and creative mind that come
from the enthusiastic student chapters. Earth's nucleus is made of pure substances, iron
and nickel. We compare the Earth with an atom. Its nuclear spin creates a magnetic
field like the spin of the Earth. Iron is not only important for the Earth, it's also important
for the human body. Iron is vital due to its ability to bond with oxygen in hemoglobin

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Anaheim, CA

protein. There are factors that affect the nucleus, like environmental contamination and
soil exploitation. Earth is constantly under different geochemical reactions. One of the
products that the Earth liberates to the atmosphere is natural gas. How would society
evaluate the pros and cons of the usage of natural gas in order to conserve energy? As
an outstanding chapter our responsibility is to create knowledge about the usage of
natural gas.

CHED 1276

Washington & Jefferson College SAACS

Ashley M Smith(1), [email protected], 60 S. Lincoln St, Washington PA,

United States ; Bridget E Piko(1), [email protected], 60 S. Lincoln St,
Washington PA, United States ; Zachary J Brown(1), [email protected], 60 S.
Lincoln St, Washington PA, United States ; Matthew J Needles(1),
[email protected], 60 S. Lincoln St, Washington PA 15301, United States ;
Nobunaka Matsuno(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Washington & Jefferson College,
Washington PA 15301, United States

The past year for our chapter at Washington & Jefferson College has been one of the
most successful years in our organization's history. Our members participated in a wide
variety of activities including Saturday Science, regional science fair judging, and white
water rafting. For National Chemistry Week, members created a cupcake periodic table
and hosted a campus-wide scavenger hunt for Mole Day. Our chapter hosted multiple
speakers on a variety of topics and provided many opportunities for members to present
their own research. We promoted student-faculty interactions through parties and
dinners to allow students to have more opportunities to get to know their professors
outside of the classroom. This year, as always, our chapter here at Washington &
Jefferson College focused on building strong relationships with our faculty, interacting
with the community both inside and outside of the organization, and fundraising to
support our many activities.

CHED 1277

UIW chemistry club: In our element

Kathryn Laskowski(1), [email protected], 4301 Broadway, CPO 311, San

Antonio TX 78209, United States ; Rafael Adrian(1), [email protected], 4301
Broadway, CPO 311, San Antonio TX 78209, United States ; Kate R. Edelman(1),
[email protected], 4301 Broadway, CPO 311, San Antonio TX 78209, United States
; David Gonzalez(1); Paola Mendez(1); Valerie Pecina(1); Vivian Pecina(1); Jannelly
Villarreal(1); Alakananda Chaudhuri(1); Edward Gonzalez(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
The University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio TX 78209, United States

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Anaheim, CA

As the Chemistry Club of the University of the Incarnate Word (UIW), we strive to
enhance our community through service and educational projects. We participate
in community service activities such as collecting cans for the campus-wide Golden
Harvest food drive and volunteering at the university's retirement home. We aim
to enlighten the minds of our youth by performing demonstrations at elementary
and middle schools to encourage young students to become excited about
chemistry in everyday life. UIW Chemistry Club members and faculty collaborate
together in contributing to the betterment of our student body by participating
in chemistry tutoring through our PASS UIW Program, hosting discussions about
the significance of science in our everyday lives, and promoting research
opportunities. We will continue to uphold the mission statement of UIW and the
Chemistry Club so our future scientists can understand the true value of chemistry in
the world.

CHED 1278

Eastern Oregon University ACS student member chapter: Promoting community

outreach programs for students of all ages

Sarah A Servid(1), [email protected], One University Blvd, La Grande Oregon 97850,

United States ; Elizabeth Garton(1); Calvin Erickson(1); Emily Byrd(1); Anna G Cavinato(1).
(1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Oregon University, La Grande
Oregon 07850, United States

As one of the most active clubs on campus, the EOU ACS Student Chapter participates
in many school activities, community outreach programs and professional
engagements. This year marked the eighth annual ―Girls in Science‖, a day where sixth
to eighth grade girls used experimental techniques to solve a mystery.
Club members also organized a program for TAG students from the local elementary
schools where participating students learned about sugars, proteins, and fats through
hands-on activities. Other events that promoted science in the community included the
Eastern Oregon robotics competition, and the middle school Family Science Night.
Eleven student members attended the ACS national meeting in San Francisco, CA to
present research in various fields of chemistry and receive an outstanding award for
activities conducted in the previous year. The trip was made possible through funding
from ACS national, the local Richland Section, EOU Senate, and club fundraisers.

CHED 1279

Chemistry... everything for the International Year of Chemistry

Nadjah Soto(1), [email protected], PO BOX 191293, San Juan PR 00919, United

States ; Agnes Dubey(1). (1) Department of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), Interamerican
University of Puerto Rico Metropolitan Campus, San Juan PR 00919, Puerto Rico

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Chemistry Student Association of the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico

celebrated the National Chemistry Week presenting the theme ―Chemistry Behind
the Scenes‖, with AVATAR. The local community visiting Old San Juan on a Sunday
afternoon, enjoyed interactive activities like green slime, acid-base color changes,
mystic sand and the demonstration of the unique property of Avatar, the
electrochemistry communication. Other activities held during this week, was the General
Chemistry Olympiads and a Forensic Sciences conference focused on the role of
chemistry in this field. The activities planned for the IYC include the presentation of
Chemistry demos at least one school per month. We will also join the activities of the
Master Plan for IYC for Puerto Rico along with all the other Chemistry Chapters. The
most important activities will be developed for the IUPAC 2011 Conference in August
2011.The AEQ visited several industries to show students a focus of the different
chemistry roles in a workplace. The Chemistry Students Association also focuses its
vision to educate students in chemistry from local schools with a mission
to awaken the curiosity of these students to study chemistry. Furthermore the AEQ
participate in the local Senior Technical Meeting and our Chemistry Chapter also is
committed to help others at the end of each semester, this an activity promote concern
for others and quality of life.

CHED 1280

St. Edward's University ACS student chapter: Serving the university and
community

James C. McMeans(1), [email protected], C/M 1007, 3001 South Congress Ave.,

Austin TX 78704, United States ; Kyralyssa E. Hauger(1); Zachry Theis(1); Nicole M.
Wile(1); Candace M. Lawrence(1); Donald Wharry(1); J.D. Lewis(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, St. Edward[apos]s University, Austin TX 78704, United States

The ACS Student Chapter at St. Edward's University is establishing a legacy of campus
and community service for its members. The chapter has a tradition of sponsoring the
guest speaker program for the Department of Chemistry, encouraging students to
attend research meetings, doing community service such as judging elementary school
science fairs, participating in social activities for campus clubs, and holding fund raising
activities such as a Mole Day bake sale. This year, the chapter has raised its campus
and community profile through activities such as helping the Department of Chemistry
organize a back-to-school party for all natural sciences students and providing
volunteers for a National Chemistry Week event attended by 14,000 Boy Scouts and
family members.

CHED 1281

Central Washington University SAACS: 2010-2011 outreach to rural Washington

state

Page 615 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Jennifer Groves(1), [email protected], 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg WA 98929-

7539, Albania ; Timothy L. Sorey(1); Dion Rivera(1); Michael Mullan(1); Jacquie Lillard(1);
Troy Kilburn(1); Whitney Wood(1); Chris Waite(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Central
Washington University, Ellensburg WA 98926-7539, United States

A specific focus of our Central Washington University Student Affiliates of American

Chemical Society (CWU - Chemistry Club) for the 2010-2011 academic year was to
perform outreach to rural Washington State. Instead of performing our Chemistry Club
show within a 10 mile radius of our college town of Ellensburg, WA, (population =
22,000 with school in session), we decided to travel within a 150 mile radius to smaller
rural towns off of the I-90 corridor to the north, south, and east. These small rural towns,
such as Brewster WA, (population = 1,500), have an excellent network of rural
mathematics and science teachers but very seldom receive visiting science shows from
state universities. After this academic year, it is our hope to expand CWU-Chemistry
Club show to a multi-discipline undergraduate student-club ―Science Road Show‖ that
incorporates Biology, Physics, and Geology.

CHED 1282

University of Minnesota, Morris ACS: A successful student chapter

Carly R Dukart(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St., Morris Mn 56267, United

States ; Stephanie L Ranzau(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St., Morris Mn 56267,
United States ; Karl Schliep(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St., Morris Mn
56267, United States ; Matthew J Osmonson(1), [email protected], 600 E.
4th St., Morris Mn 56267, United States ; Deborah K Schneiderman(1); James Togeas(1).
(1) Department of Mathematics and Science, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris Mn
56267, United States

The University of Minnesota, Morris student chapter of the American Chemical Society
seeks to involve students, both outside and within the chemistry discipline, in activities
related to chemistry. Members of the UMM chapter work with faculty, students, and
members of the community to inform others about sustainability and the role of
chemistry in society. Our chapter also hosts many entertaining events designed to
foster positive relationships between chemistry students and faculty. Here we present
some of the many events our chapter has participated in during the past year.

CHED 1283

Science Sensations: A sensational program by the University of Minnesota,

Morris Chapter

Elizabeth Vold(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St., Morris Mn 56267, United

States ; Lorri Pillatzki(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St., Morris Mn 56267,
United States ; Yehia Khalifa(1), [email protected], 600 E. 4th St., Morris Mn

Page 616 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

56267, United States ; Deborah K Schneiderman(1); James Togeas(1). (1) Department of

Mathematics and Science, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris Mn 56267, United
States

Science sensations is an after school program organized by our chapter and the
community education program at the local school; its objective is to stimulate scientific
interest in 5th grade students from local elementary schools. This year's the program
was divided into two themed sessions: "Light and Optics" and "The Science of Life."
Students from our chapter worked with the Biology and Physics clubs at our school to
design exciting interactive demonstrations for each session. Student volunteers from
our chapter as well as the Physics and Biology clubs then acted as teachers for the
program. Here we describe the content, organization, and results of this year's science
sensations program.

CHED 1284

Southeastern Oklahoma State University ACS student members chapter:

Chemistry from the blue and gold

Nancy L. Paiva(1), [email protected], 1405 N. 4th Ave., PMB 4215, Durant OK

74701, United States ; Rebekah Ritchie(1), [email protected], 1405 N. 4th Ave.,
PMB 4215, Durant OK 74701, United States ; Nicholas Wade(1),
[email protected], 1405 N. 4th Ave., PMB 4215, Durant OK 74701, United States ;
Courtney Tolar(1); Chikako Nishina-Martin(1); Gordon Eggleton(1). (1) Chemistry,
Computer & Physical Sciences, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant OK
74701, United States

The Southeastern Oklahoma State University's American Chemical Society Student

Members Chapter is constantly involved with chemistry students and the surrounding
community. The goal is to spread the knowledge and joy of chemistry to our fellow
students and local community. The officers and advisors arrange for graduate school
and professional program recruiters to give presentations to students. A booth was set
up at a football home game during National Chemistry Week to promote chemistry by
giving away chemistry souvenirs, and a drawing was conducted for a donated periodic
table blanket. This year the chapter is using an ACS Undergraduate Programs
Innovative Activities Grant to help motivate local minority and rural high school students
to prepare for science majors, using the chemistry of plastics recycling as a chemical
demonstration topic. Other activities include canned food drives for local food banks,
partnering with local businesses for charitable events, and chapter fundraisers.

CHED 1285

Seattle Pacific University: Engaging the community through chemistry

Page 617 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Olivia Lenz(1), [email protected], 3307 3rd Ave W, Seattle WA 98119, United States ;
Stephen Schale(1); James McDonald(1); Trang Le(1); Erin Dunnington(1); Nicholas
Maurice(1); Sean Maloney(1); Kate Jendersee(1); Karisa Pierce(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle WA 98119, United
States

The Seattle Pacific University ACS Student Affiliate chapter was reactivated in 2003,
and has since been involved with students in the sciences through various quarterly
activities. These student activities include events with professors that foster
relationships as well as events that encourage discussion between chemistry students.
The SPU SAACS has continued to provide students with lab coats and notebooks
through quarterly sales as means for fund raising and added the sale of SPU beaker
mugs this year. The chapter sponsors a lecture series designed to connect students
with outside chemists and faculty. This year we also hosted our bi-annual REACT
chemistry 'magic' show. We will present on our past, current and future activities,
events, and successes.

CHED 1286

Clemson chemistry colloquy

Vincent Kassel(1), [email protected], 161 Matheny Drive, Goose Creek South

Carolina 29445, United States ; Alyssa Rabon(1), [email protected], 115 Purple
Court, Clemson South Carolina 29634, United States ; Jared Stritzinger(1),
[email protected], 18294 Reeves Drive, Covington Louisiana, United States ;
Matthew Banks(1), [email protected], 134 Egret Lane, Goose Creek South
Carolina 29445, United States ; Heather Brinson(1), [email protected], 2258
Olde Creek Road, Rock Hill South Carolina 29732, United States ; Dennis Taylor(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson South Carolina 29634, United
States

Recent changes in the Clemson Undergraduate ACS Chapter have resulted in a

stronger organization with the resources and members necessary to successfully
promote the field of chemistry. Through new recruiting techniques and social events the
chapter has seen an increase in popularity. This increased participation has
provided more support for the organization, allowing for more activities throughout this
academic year. The chapter's activities include bi-monthly meetings, promotion of
graduate and medical school, encouragement of undergraduate research and
participation in REU programs, and several social events. These social events include
cookouts with faculty, a hiking trip, and advocating chemistry to local students through
demonstrations. Members were also taught about green chemistry and the chapter
coordinated with student government to determine how to become a greener
organization. Through increased membership and better events it is evident that the
Clemson ACS Chapter is a successful organization and will continue to expand.

Page 618 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

CHED 1287

Suffolk University successful chapter 2009-2010

Andrew K Alexander(1), [email protected], 41 Temple St, Boston MA 02114,

United States ; Desiree B Saracino(1), [email protected], 41 Temple St, Boston
MA 02114, United States ; Stephanie Laurer(1); Bridgett Giarusso(1); Meaghan
Sebeika(1); Doris Ingram Lewis(1). (1) Chemistry/Biochemistry, Suffolk University, Boston
MA 02114, United States

The American Chemical Society Chapter at Suffolk University kept with the tradition of
having four major objectives in order to ensure a successful year. Our goals were to
interact with K-12 students, 1) promote chemistry, 2)hosting and attending green
chemistry events, 3) increasing our interactions with other chemists in local sections,
and 4) to recruit new members in various areas of study. The chapter worked with local
middle schools performing science experiments and teaching the twelve principles of
green chemistry as well as volunteering an after-school tutoring programfor those who
wanted/needed assistance. Kate Andreson and Raksmey Derival, from non-profit
organization Beyond Benign, again offered fellowship opportunities to our chapter
members that allowed us to perform experiments in local schools further promoting the
concepts of green chemistry. The chapter participated in many events during National
Chemistry Week, with a theme of ―Chemistry! Its Elemental‖, including demonstrations
at the Boston Children' Museum and the Museum of Science as well as initiating a local
canned food drive where students could donate an aluminum can in exchange for a t-
shirt to tie-dye. The process for recruiting new members occurred through campus wide
Mole Day initiatives. Further recruitment involved the Temple Street Fair as well as
various booths in the Suffolk business and law schools promoting our chapter. Our
chapter again involved Suffolk University as well as the City of Boston in organizing the
second annual Earth Hour event. This event showcased our dedication to helping the
community and the planet, as well as our seriousness to the conservation energy. An
interaction with chemists, biologists and other scientists could be accomplished through
our attendance of NESACS regular, local meetings. The success and dedication of our
chapter could not have been accomplished without the help of our advisors, members,
co-workers, friends and acquaintances.

CHED 1288

Carroll University trades cookies for science

Kristina L Kaney(1), [email protected], 100 N East Avenue, Waukesha WI 53186,

United States ; Kayla A Gutsmiedl(1), [email protected], 100 N East Avenue,
Waukesha WI 53186, United States ; Bridget Loftus(1); Michael Schuder(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Carroll University, Waukesha WI 53186,
United States

Page 619 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

The Chemistry Club of Carroll University developed a program for 40 young women
ages 7 to 18 in the Girl Scouts of Northern Illinois Council. The program was a one day
event that centered around a forensic science theme. Activities included a mock crime
scene, hands on analysis of mock evidence, and demonstrations by Chemistry Club
members. Members also shared their thoughts on their college experience and
promoted the science field to the young women. The Girl Scouts gained a better
knowledge of the forensic science field and an insight into what opportunities higher
education can offer them. Chemistry Club members learned to effectively express their
knowledge and had a incredible time working with the Girl Scouts.

CHED 1289

Exergonic ACS student chapter: The Pacific Lutheran University Chem Club 2009-
10

Julia A. Rutherford(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S, Tacoma WA 98447, United

States ; Skylar D. Johnson(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S, Tacoma WA
98447, United States ; Jeremy S. Thomas(1), [email protected], 1010 122nd St. S,
Tacoma WA 98447, United States ; Jessica A. Dottl(1); Neal A. Yakelis(1); Craig B.
Fryhle(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma WA 98447,
United States

The Pacific Lutheran University (PLU) ACS Student Chapter has made noteworthy
achievements since the 2010 Spring National Meeting. It has expanded community
outreach activities and social events, increased inter-club collaboration, and improved
sustainability awareness. The 2009-10 academic year concluded with our annual
Desserts and Demos event for students and an Earth Day guest speaker to discuss soil
testing results from the PLU Community Garden. Fall 2010 began with a campus
involvement fair, liquid nitrogen ice cream social, peer-led discussion on success in
chemistry, study sessions, and new sustainability officer positions. For National
Chemistry Week, the annual Halloween-themed Mole Day Eve Spooktacular attracted
over 100 members of the PLU community and members held a social outing to Pike
Place Market in Seattle, WA. Future plans include a student talk on chemistry in the
movies, recruiting new members, promoting chemical education at local high schools,
and touring graduate research laboratories.

CHED 1290

Demos in the dark: Things that go boom

Ashli Lawson(1), [email protected], 900 College Street, UMHB Station 8438,

Belton Texas 76513, United States ; Michelle Del[apos]Homme(1); Darrell Gene
Watson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton Texas
76513, United States

Page 620 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

October 2010 marked the 17th anniversary of UMHB's ACS Student Affiliate Chapter
―Demos in the dark: Things that go boom.‖ Demos in the Dark was sponsored by
UMHB's chemistry department and the Heart O' Texas Section of the ACS. Over 800
chemistry fans attended this event throughout the two-night performance on October
19th and 21st. Admission to the event was one non-perishable can of food to be donated
to a local food bank (613 pounds were donated). The 20 plus volunteers who turned out
to help were comprised of Chemistry Club members and returning alumni. Along with
controlled fires and explosions, the Screaming Gummy Bear, Methane Mambo,
Thermite Reactions, and Dr. Watson's famous Elephant Toothpaste were smash hits
culminating in explosive salt filled balloons. After the show, the attendees were invited
to celebrate by making their own slime, drinking nitrogen slushies, and acquiring ACS
paraphernalia. The Temple Daily Telegram once again named this year's Demos in the
Dark a huge success.

CHED 1291

University of Southern Maine Chemistry Club creates instructional vodcasts:

Applications to provide insight into natural resource issues and educate students
of all ages

Maria Popescu(1), [email protected], PO Box 9300, Portland Maine 04104,

United States ; Nick Mahoney(1); Layla Venturini(1); Donovan Lane(1); Olga Diomede(1);
Shylo Burrell(1); Lucille A. Benedict(1); Peter J. Woodruff(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Southern Maine, Portland Maine 04104, United States

The goal of this project was to enhance chemical knowledge in local schools, both at
the university and the nearby community, through a series of chemical demonstration
and instructional web-based videos that have been developed by the University of
Southern Maine's (USM) chemistry club. Vodcasts developed for local schools will
feature experiments that students see at the club's chemical demonstration shows and
will include do-it-yourself experiments. One such video experiment uses soil bacteria to
electrically power a small toy, illustrating the concept of alternative biochemical energy.
Instructional videos of instrumentation and laboratory techniques were also developed
to aid university students in laboratory courses. These vodcasts will be posted online on
the USM chemistry club's website, the USM chemistry club's Facebook page, and on
YouTube and will be instantly retrievable on smartphones via 2D barcodes.

CHED 1292

Millersville University of Pennsylvania ACS student chapter

Jennifer V. Nguyen(1), [email protected], 5A Normal Ave,

Millersville PA 17551, United States ; Michael V. Novak(1),
[email protected], 469 Long Ln, Lancaster PA 17603, United States ;
Andrew R. Dixon(1), [email protected], 4 S. Duke St, Millersville PA

Page 621 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

17551, United States ; Lyman Houston Rickard(1). (1) Chemistry, Millersville University,
Millersville PA 17551, United States

Off and on campus activities as well as community service are highlighted. Events in
general are aimed to increase interest in science in students from ages of 5-18 through
local exhibitions. Fundraising based on scientific themes and sale of student laboratory
equipment financially cover events and recreation activities. Close interaction between
upperclassmen and underclassmen is stressed to unify and stabilize the organization.

CHED 1293

Success of the ACS student chapter at South Texas College

Ludivina Avila(1), [email protected], 3201 W. Pecan, McAllen Texas

78501, United States ; Ezequiel Rodriguez(1), [email protected], 3201 W. Pecan,
McAllen Texas 78501, United States . (1) Physical Science and Engineering, South
Texas College, McAllen Texas 78501, United States

The American Chemical Society Student Chapter at South Texas College, STC, is
successful due to the dedication of each member and advisors. The main objective of
the STC chapter is to promote science by traveling to different schools throughout its
region, under the name of the Traveling Chemists. Scientific demonstrations are
performed in subjects ranging from chemistry to physics in order to spark interest in
students enrolled in kindergarten through the 12th grade. The chapter is also active in its
community. Among other events, the chapter volunteers at its designated adopted
Texas Highway, helps with the Regional Science Olympiad, and conducts toy drives
and food drives to meet local need. Many other projects are important to the chapter,
such as the Texas Stream Team's water quality testing program, the green chemistry
awareness workshops, and the annual Environmental Fair. Because of the chapter's
overall success, we have received an ACS Outstanding Award and Green Chemistry
Award. This poster will illustrate the fun and success of the ACS Student Chapter at
South Texas College.

CHED 1294

Chem camp: Enriching local students in the sciences

Viktoria Meadows(1), [email protected], 900 College Street, UMHB Station

8438, Belton Texas 76513, United States ; Rebecca Johnson (1); Jordan Franks(1);
Darrall Gene Watson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor,
Belton Texas 76513, United States

June 2010 marked the 17th anniversary for our flourishing summer ―Chem Camp‖.
Chem Camp was sponsored by UMHB's Sigma Pi Chemistry Club, the College of
Sciences, UMHB's chemistry department and the Heart O' Texas Section of the ACS.

Page 622 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Many children from the surrounding communities and towns attended this one week
camp either during June 7th-11th or 14th-18th. The camp entertained children in the 4th,
5th and 6th grade and the admission fee was $100 per child. During this week long
camp, the aspiring scientists were exposed to polymers, acids and bases, metals,
combustion along with reactions and energy. Our twelve volunteers consisted of current
Sigma Pi members, Sigma Pi alumni, and a few chemistry department faculty and staff.
At the end of each day Dr. Watson pulled it all together by demonstrating the properties
of liquid nitrogen, his famous elephant toothpaste, and everyone's favorite explosive salt
filled balloons. During this camp the children got hands on chemistry experience and
were allowed to take home oobleck, slime, and silly putty. Chem Camp is always
celebrated and is the most asked about event that Sigma Pi helps sponsor.

CHED 1295

Barry University Chemistry Club: “Oh, for the love of chemistry”

Stefanie Sveiven(1), [email protected], 11300 NE 2nd Ave., Miami

Shores FL 33161, United States ; Brittny Randolph(1),
[email protected], 11300 NE 2nd Ave., Miami Shores FL 33161,
United States ; John Stefancin(1), [email protected], 11300 NE 2nd
Ave., Miami Shores FL 33161, United States ; Adam Mauk(1),
[email protected], 11300 NE 2nd Ave., Miami Shores FL 33161, United
States ; Andrew Seraphin(1), [email protected], 11300 NE 2nd Ave.,
Miami Shores FL 33161, United States ; George Fisher(1). (1) Physical Sciences, Barry
University, Miami Shores FL 33161, United States

The primary goal of the Barry University ACS Student chapter is to promote interest and
understanding of chemistry within the university and the surrounding community. Using
CISA grant funding, Chem Club members performed ―Chemical Changes‖ and ―Magic
Shows‖ to over 1000 kids at local elementary schools, and performed demos at the
Miami Museum of Science during NCW and at the San Francisco Exploratorium and
Chem Demo exchange during the ACS national meeting. To promote chemistry and
provoke interest in our peers, we hosted seminar speakers and had a NCW display
table where we sold chemistry bumper stickers and t-shirts. For Mole Day the Club
hosted a ―Who Wants to be a Moleinaire‖ game in an effort to stir up excitement for
chemistry! We also participated in the Miami Dade coastal cleanup and Miami Heart
Walk, as well as collected relief items for Haiti earthquake victims and Christmas gifts
for children with HIV/AIDS.

CHED 1296

Improving outreach activities to meet the needs of members, campus, and

community

Page 623 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Miranda R Thornton(1), [email protected], 51 W College Street,

Waynesburg PA 15370, United States ; Evonne A Baldauff(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Waynesburg University, Waynesburg PA 15370, United States

The ACS Student Chapter at Waynesburg University seeks to continually assess and
improve their outreach activities to meet the needs of members, campus, and
community. For example, to more fully promote National Chemistry Week, our members
held on-campus activities such as ―Name that Element‖, make your own mole,
decorating cookies with chemistry themes, hosting a ―Haunted Lab Tour‖ and making
slime. In addition members volunteered at ChemFest, a yearly event sponsored by the
Pittsburgh ACS chapter. The group also hosted its second annual ―Cool Chemistry‖
event with local Girl Scout troops. Having been awarded an ACS Community
Interactions Grant, this program was expanded to include more experiments and
demonstrations. Participants earned a Chemistry Interest Project Patch.

CHED 1297

Successful activities of SAACS at the University of Central Oklahoma

Ellen Moore(1), [email protected], 100 N University Dr, Edmond OK 73034, United States
; Cooper Garbe(1), [email protected], 100 N University Dr, Edmond OK 73034, United
States ; Dan Foerster(1); Michelle Lenis(1); Sharome Goode(1); Noah Easton(1); Dana
Rundle(1); Steven Meier(1); Dallas New(1); Tommy Dunlap(1). (1) Chemistry, University of
Central Oklahoma, Edmond OK 73034, United States

The University of Central Oklahoma Chapter of the Student Affiliates of the American
Chemical Society has continued to develop a nucleus of dedicated active members
through cooperation between the science related organizations. The latest group of
officers brought new ideas to the chapter and has resulted in more promotion of
chemistry through outreach activities in the community and on campus. Along with
traditional National Chemistry Week events such as Element Day and the wildly
successful Dunk-the-Professor fundraiser, UCO-SAACS has engaged in numerous
outreach activities. These activities include: chemistry demonstrations at local malls;
hosting a booth at downtown Edmond's Safe Trick-or-Treat event on Halloween; and
picnics for more member socialization. With the creation of a Twitter account and
continued use of the Facebook group, the club has been able to reach a broader
following. Speakers throughout the year enhanced member knowledge of industrial and
academic chemical careers along with graduate school promotion and recruitment.

CHED 1298

Fundraising: An integral part of the North Dakota State University Chemistry Club

Josh Nye(1), [email protected], NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo ND
58108-6050, United States ; Erica Pfarr(1), [email protected], NDSU Dept. 2735,

Page 624 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

P.O. Box 6050, Fargo ND 58108-6050, United States ; Seth C. Rasmussen(1). (1) North
Dakota State University, United States

Fundraising plays a key role in supporting the efforts of the NDSU Student Chapter of
ACS to increase awareness of chemistry in the Fargo area. Our fundraising efforts
includes selling goggles for chemistry laboratories, selling the previous year's chemistry
exams as study materials, and working concessions stands at the Fargo Dome, an
events stadium just off campus. Money raised through fundraising is used to fund club
activities, such as supporting students to go to the national ACS conference, and
community outreach projects. Through such activities, the chapter helps spread interest
and knowledge of the study of chemistry to all levels of the community.

CHED 1299

Sharing chemistry with students at PLNU and in the San Diego area

Mark Boerneke(1), [email protected], 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego

California 92106, United States ; Troy Kurz(1); Seth Simonds(1); David Vandenbroek(1);
Summer Bunting(1); Sara Yu Choung(1); Carli Coco(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego California 92106, United States

The Student Chapter of the ACS at PLNU spread interest and enthusiasm in chemistry
on campus and in San Diego. The club co-hosted seminars for students interested in
graduate school. One club gathering was a Mole Day celebration on October 23 rd with
food, swimming, games, and a periodic table of cupcakes. The club taught 8th grade
science classes at Wilson Middle School presenting topics such as the periodic table,
physical and chemical changes, and hands-on demonstrations. We welcomed Tri-City
Christian High School students from Vista, CA to our institution for tours, laboratory
experience, and presentations about laboratory and research instruments.
Understanding of these lessons was assessed using multiple choice quizzes. The club
volunteered at the San Diego Chem Expo, hosted by the San Diego ACS Section
annually in recognition of National Chemistry Week. Pictures from these events, quiz
results, and discussions of the effectiveness of classroom sessions will be presented.

CHED 1300

Influencing with chemistry

Manpreet Bains(1), [email protected], NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050,

Fargo ND 58108-6050, United States ; Dustin Mueller(1), [email protected],
NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo ND 58108-6050, United States ; Seth C.
Rasmussen(1). (1) North Dakota State University, United States

The NDSU ACS Student Chapter has been contributing to the surrounding community
in many different ways. The chapter has been playing pivotal roles in efforts to introduce

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Anaheim, CA

children of all ages to the wonders of chemistry. In addition to outreach through

classroom visits and chemistry demonstrations for local youth, many club members
have also worked as supplemental instructors for University chemistry courses, one-on-
one tutors, and departmental teaching assistants. Chapter members have also worked
as mentors to prospective students who visit the campus, as well as students in the
Fargo-Moorhead school district. The goals of these ongoing outreach projects are to
further educate the community and to spark an interest in science.

CHED 1301

Saint Louis University Chemistry Club: Improving the community through

chemistry

Patrice Vallot(1), [email protected], 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis MO, United States ;
Angela Hoynacki(1), [email protected], 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis MO, United
States ; Amy Bi(1), [email protected], 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis MO, United States ; Brent
M. Znosko(1), [email protected], 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis MO, United States ;
Wanying Qu(1); Vanessa Goodwill(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis
University, St. Louis MO 63103, United States

The Saint Louis University Student Chapter of the American Chemical Society strives to
spark an interest in chemistry in people of all ages through programs that provide
exciting information and applications of our favorite science. Our Chemistry Club does
this through hands-on activities and demonstrations that we organize throughout the
year. Some of the events in which we have participated in last year include a Boy Scout
Merit Badge Clinic, Expanding Your Horizons, Mississippi Valley Trash Bash, National
Chemistry Week, and Earth Day. We not only focus on educating the community, but
we also provide our members with career resources by touring local chemical
companies, inviting guest speakers, and attending departmental seminars. Our
chapter's activities have been recognized by the American Chemical Society for the
past 11 years, and we hope to continue this success in the future.

CHED 1302

Central Michigan University's student members: Chapter poster

Erynn M. Hill(1), [email protected], 258 Dow Science, Mount Pleasant MI 48859,

United States ; Sharyl A Majorski(1), [email protected], 258 Dow Science, Mount
Pleasant MI 48859, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan
University, Mount Pleasant MI 48859, United States

Central Michigan University's Student Members are proud to accept their seventh
consecutive Outstanding Recognition Award as well as their third consecutive Green
Chemistry Award. Our chapter has enjoyed a long history of highly active and
outstanding student members who have positively promoted chemistry both on campus

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Anaheim, CA

and off. We have participated in many activities that have taught us more about
chemistry, as well as activities where we have taught others more about chemistry. We
have improved our leadership skills through being involved in leadership positions such
as by serving on the executive board and by taking the lead in various projects. Our
group has demonstrated what it takes to be a successful ACS student chapter and we
are very honored to share our successes with other chapters so that they too can be
successful. Our poster highlights: Recruitment, NCW, Outreach, Earth Day, Attendance
at Meetings, and Faculty Interactions and collaborations.

CHED 1303

Using themes to enhance an inspiring academic experience: Illinois Valley

Community College strategies

Andrew Pypno(1), [email protected], 815 North Orlando Smith Avenue,

Oglesby Illinois, United States ; Cortney Mikesell(1); Kevin Caba(1); Shelby Wagner(1);
Michaela Nelson(1). (1) Illinois Valley Community College, Oglesby IL, United States

The poster will include the following activities: Chemistry demo/holiday shows,
professional guest speakers, social activities, workshops, National Chemistry Week
activities and on-campus activities.

CHED 1304

Staging the scene for success: Pro-action!

Amy M. Alexander(1), [email protected], 5101 H St #10, Little Rock AR 72205,

United States ; Shariq Ali(1), [email protected], 1900 Sawgrass Dr, Little Rock AR
72212, United States ; Janie M. Donaldson(1); Anna Brezden(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock AR 72204, United States

The ACS – SO of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock partnered with faculty and
volunteers to create a stronger presence on campus and within the Chemistry
Department. Monthly meetings are held to discuss current events and host a variety of
speakers from all areas of chemistry. Membership and the benefits associated with it
are highly emphasized at the meetings and within the classroom. These efforts were
rewarded by a 100% increase in student membership. Members act as liaisons between
students and faculty to decrease intimidation and increase interest in the subject: one
way in which this was achieved is through free tutoring offered to students for all
chemistry subjects. For fund-raising, Chapter officers sell safety eyewear and organic
model kits. Emphasis was also placed on safety awareness within the laboratory,
facilitated by an ―experiment‖ on student initiative, to be rewarded by the organization at
the end of the semester.

CHED 1305

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Student members reach out to the campus community and beyond

Grant Anderson(1), [email protected], 1900 Belmont Blvd., Nashville TN

37212, United States ; Alison Moore(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Belmont University, Nashville TN 37212, United States

Belmont University's Student Members host two week-long events each year designed
to draw attention to the discipline and make connections with the ―real world‖. To
celebrate National Chemistry Week, students participate in different types of events.
One type of event is a presentation of chemistry that goes ―boom!‖ to the students of
Belmont's campus. The other type of event involves bringing area high school students
to campus for hands-on experience. In the spring, Belmont students organize a week-
long series of events focusing on several aspects of forensic science. The week begins
with a discussion of the realities of data collection and analysis during forensic
fieldwork. The week ends with an opportunity for students to put their sleuthing skills to
work to solve a staged crime after observing the evidence.

CHED 1306

Oil spill: “Raising environmental awareness to the younger generation”

Eric Ceballo(1), [email protected], 3000 SW 87 AVE, Miami FL 33165, United

States ; Corey Zimmer(1), [email protected], 3000 SW 87 AVE, Miami FL 33165,
United States ; Leslie Revoredo(2), [email protected], 3000 NE 151 ST, North Miami
FL 33181, United States ; Lorilee Valientes(2), [email protected], 3000 NE 151 ST,
North Miami FL 33181, United States ; Roxanne Eugene(3), r-
[email protected], 3000 NE 151 ST, North Miami FL 33181, United States ;
Daniela Andre(3), [email protected], 3000 NE 151 ST, North Miami FL 33181,
United States ; Ajani Morgan(3), [email protected], 3000 NE 151 ST, North Miami
FL 33181, United States ; Noah Lizaire(3), [email protected], 3000 NE 151 ST,
North Miami FL 33181, United States ; Mayra Exposito(2), [email protected], 3000 NE
151 ST, North Miami FL 33181, United States ; Junior Smith(3); Solange Summers(3);
Nyla Duperval(3); Agar Geneus(3); Levance Walker(3); Rodrigo Vigo(3); Christine
Joseph(3); Clyde Saint-Fleur(3); Dalidah Andre(3); Theodore Bruteney(3); Elena Cruz(3);
George Simms(3); Dalila Pita(1); Patricia Santana(2). (1) Mas Scholars, Christopher
Columbus High School, Miami FL 33165, United States (2) Chemistry, Florida
International University-Biscayne Bay Campus, North Maimi FL 33181, United States
(3) Upward Bound Math-Science, Florida International University-Biscayne Bay
Campus, Miami FL 33199, United States

Due to concerns arising from the recent BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the FIU
Biscayne Bay Campus Science Club collaborated with upcoming seniors of two different
high school programs (UBMS and Christopher Columbus High School) in order to
further investigate and understand the nature and concerns of oil spills. The students
gained research skills and conceptual understanding by researching oil spills throughout

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Anaheim, CA

history prior to starting their hands-on research. They performed mini-scale simulations
of an oil spill in different environments using Kerosene and trials of developing ―green‖-
er methods of the extraction of Kerosene. Laboratory techniques such as simple
distillation, extraction, percent recovery, IR, GC, and refractive Index along with
statistical software such as SPSS were used to analyze their results. The students
developed awareness and understanding on how much an oil spill can impact our
surroundings as well as the methods that are used to clean it.

CHED 1307

Demonstrating the magic of chemistry

Danielle M Garshott(1), [email protected], 4001 West McNichols Rd, Detroit MI

48221, United States ; Jeff W Beattie(1); Kimberly R Coughlin(1); Brian M Greenhoe(1);
Lance A Gschwender(1); Steve K Jones(1); Enas S Karim(1); Candice Kashat(1); David M
Bartley(1); Matthew J Mio(1). (1) Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy,
Detroit MI 48221, United States

Nothing seems to capture a young child's interest faster than a giant arch of orange
flames exploding a mere five feet above the ground. Or how about watching a giant
graduated cylinder erupt with green foam. As a student it can be very exciting to
participate in demonstrations, but it is quite spectacular to witness young minds
enthralled in the wonders of chemistry. Throughout the year, UDM's Chem Club has a
number of events in which we perform live chemistry magic shows. The club hosts
shows at The Cranbrook Institute of Science, The Detroit Science Center, and our own
University's Technology Day. By taking basic chemistry knowledge and amping it up
with good showmanship and flames, we have opened the minds of all ages to the world
of chemistry. Demonstrations include colored flames, liquid nitrogen, flame throwers,
flask hammers, and the ever-popular oxygen and hydrogen balloons. If at the end of the
day we can get one child to consider chemistry as a possibility in their future, then we
have more than succeeded.

CHED 1308

UM-Flint chemistry club: Bringing chemistry to campus and community

Ian C Luther(1), [email protected], 303 East Kearsley, Flint Michigan 48502, United
States ; Caitlin M McCarthy(1); Suzan Limberg(1); Trisiani Affandi(1); Michael Stogsdill(1);
Benjamin Brandt(1); Monique Wilhelm(1); Jessica Tischler(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint Michigan 48502, United States

The University of Michigan-Flint Chemistry Club has tried to plan activities that are both
fun for our members while promoting chemistry to the rest of our campus and our
community. We have a very active National Chemistry Week program that includes a
daily chemistry trivia contest, a ―mole‖ hunt for prizes, and demonstrations at the day

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Anaheim, CA

care on campus to celebrate Mole day. We also try to entice new members through
seminars and social gatherings including movie nights, trips off campus, and the Battle
of the Chem Clubs. To provide exciting volunteer activities for our members, we are
constantly seeking to expand our involvement with the community. We have partnered
with various school groups to do demonstrations with school kids of all ages and with
local charities to lend a hand where needed.

CHED 1309

Beyond the clubroom & academia: Making friendships that will stand the test of
time

Danielle M Garshott(1), [email protected], 4001 West McNichols Rd, Detroit MI

48221, United States ; Cody A Brush(1); Andrew J Diefenbach(1); Breanna L Durocher(1);
Claudia Hanni(1); Malinda M Killu(1); Jennifer M Kolasinski(1); Jessica L Trouten(1); David
M Bartley(1); Matthew J Mio(1). (1) Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy,
Detroit MI 48221, United States

Part of what makes UDM's Chemistry Club such a successful, and renowned
organization on campus, is its open door policy. We pride our self not on being the
largest student body organization, but being the most accepting. Our Chem Club is one
big supportive family. Our membership is made up of a plethora of majors, including
those outside the sciences. It takes a lot of hard work and dedication to run a successful
club, but it takes a lot of hearts to hold together a family. Over the years we have made
a great effort to take the club beyond the weekly meetings, and interactions in the
classroom. We take the time to form lifelong friendships by spending quality time with
each other outside of campus. To prompt camaraderie amongst all the members, the
club hosts many social events. We do everything from going out for a casual dinner,
seeing a movie, hosting a Thanksgiving potluck, pumpkin carving parties for Halloween,
to late night cupcake baking sessions. Whatever the event may be, all that is required is
to be one's self, and have a great time with friends.

CHED 1310

ACS-UPRA: Approaching the chemistry successfully

Jackeline Nieves(1), [email protected], HC 2 Box 6478, Florida PR 00650-

9105, Puerto Rico ; Gabriel Acevedo(1), [email protected], HC-02 Box 22392,
San Sebastian PR 00685, Puerto Rico ; Maiella L Ramos(1); Yashira M Cabrera(1); Ivi
Velez(1). (1) Physics and Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo, Arecibo PR
00614, Puerto Rico

Our chapter meets the goal of teaching students the importance and understanding of
the chemistry in our daily lives. The Chapter had the commitment of promoting the
education where students strengthen their experience in educational and professional

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Anaheim, CA

skills. Our educational concept consists of activities where students explore the different
ways that chemistry works. Our activities are planned with dedication and hard work in
the meetings that are made by the Chapter. During the academic year 2009-2010 we
performed a variety of different activities. We succeeded in that our chapter had
extensive involvement in the community and promoted chemistry in the process by
performing interesting and intriguing experiments which get kids interested in science at
an early age. We conducted many events with high impact. An example of this is that
our chapter always participated in
activities at the children museum “El Museo del Niño” in San Juan, where many children
participated in our hands-on chemical experiments. Another activity was the
participation of Boy Scouts in the university. We prepared hands-on experiments and
demonstrations in one of our chemistry lab where these kids had the opportunity to
learn safety rules in the laboratory and also to make various experiments for the
enjoyment of them. The activity achievement was that these scouts won the Merit
badge in Chemistry and that they do an assessment of the activity where they express
their satisfaction with the activity. We also performed different activities to promote the
knowledge of the green chemistry through scientific posters, hands-on activities, talks
among others.

CHED 1311

Western Washington University Student Chapter of the American Chemical

Society

Steven R Emory(1), [email protected], 516 High Street, Bellingham WA 98225,

United States ; Amanda Norell Bader(1); Adam Jansons(1); Elizabeth Raymond(1). (1)
Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225, United States

The Student Chapter at Western Washington University (WWU) has been in continual
operation since its formation in 1969. The primary goals of our chapter include: 1) to
create a fun and engaged learning community for students, faculty, and staff, 2) to serve
as a resource for students in various stages of their education experience, and 3) to
serve as ambassadors for chemistry in our community by offering meaningful
educational and service opportunities. Activities such as the annual chemistry
department picnic, annual faculty/staff vs. student basketball game, or bowling vs.
biology bring students and faculty together in fun social settings. Informational
seminars, tours to local industries, lunches with invited speakers, conference travel,
GRE study groups, Scholar's Day, and other events help students gain practical
knowledge and experience in the chemical fields. Community outreach efforts include
mentoring elementary school science fair students, food drives, Wizards @ Western
program, and Girl Scout science badge program. Our main fundraising events that
support our activities include T-shirt and beaker mug sales. The activities organized by
the Student Chapter at WWU have made a significant impact on the department,
college, and surrounding community.

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CHED 1312

Traditions: The foundation of a successful student affiliate chapter

Karl S Mueller(1), [email protected], Box T-0540, Stephenville TX 76402, United

States ; Eric. F Poindexter(1), [email protected], Box T-0540,
Stephenville TX 76402, United States ; Kiahrae J Carter(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Geosciences, and Environmental Science, Tarleton State University, Stephenville TX
76402, United States

The active membership of an ACS Student Affiliate Chapter is constantly changing as

older members graduate and new members enter the program. Therefore, a stable
foundation must be in place to ensure that the chapter remains effective during times of
low membership or financial stress. With the passage of time, many components of this
foundation become traditions. Some of these traditions include a fixed schedule of
meetings (held once per month at a minimum), broad faculty support and participation in
chapter activities, traditional fund raising events, annual activities and social events on a
fixed schedule, and cooperation with other university student organizations to provide
increased manpower for projects. Solid traditions provide the basis for a successful
future.

CHED 1313

Miami Chemical Society: Developing future chemists

Nicole Adams(1), [email protected], 701 East. High Street, Oxford Ohio 45056,
United States ; David L Tierney(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University,
Oxford Ohio 45056, United States

The Miami Chemical Society (MCS) members are mostly undergraduates majoring in
chemistry and biochemistry although students from other areas of study are welcome to
join. This year MCS hosted a picnic at the start of the school year to give students and
faculty a chance to meet and dialogue. We also conducted chemistry demonstrations
for families at the University of Cincinnati before a football game against Mimi
University. MCS hosted National Chemistry Week at Miami University in October. We
held chemistry demonstrations for students on campus, a liquid nitrogen ice cream
social, and a research forum. During National Chemistry Week MCS also did chemistry
demonstrations for children at a local public library. To wrap up this semester, we plan
to invite a professional to speak to our chapter about chemistry after college. We also
have planned a field trip to a LEED certified building to enhance our knowledge on
green chemistry. Next semester MCS will continue to do community outreach through
chemistry demonstrations at the local elementary and middle school. We also plan to
take a group of undergraduate students to present research at the ACS national
conference in Anaheim, CA.

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CHED 1314

Truman State University successful student chapter

Caitlyn McGuire(1), [email protected], 300 Patterson St., Fair Apartment 24,

Kirksville Missouri 63501, United States ; Allison Roth(1), [email protected], 300
Patterson St., Fair Apartment 24, Kirksville Missouri 63501, United States ; Amanda
Krus(1), [email protected], 300 Patterson St., Fair Apartment 24, Kirksville
Missouri, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Truman State University,
Kirksville Missouri, United States

Student Members of Truman State University have repeatedly been awarded as an

Outstanding Chapter. Major objectives for the chapter include closer collaboration with
the local schools,
continuing to keep up our traditional social events for members, planning National
Chemistry Week and Earth Day events, reaching out to the local section, fundraising for
local scholarship, and increasing knowlege with guest seminar series. Contemporary
technology is used in outreach and communication within the chapter. Creative new
events such as life-size Candyland, Humans versus Zombies, and Elemental Bingo help
retain members and foster growing interest in chemistry. Chapter currently has thirty
members, eighteen of which are American Chemical Society Student Members. By
sharing strategies and activity ideas, it is hoped that this chapter will continue to grow
with other student chapters across the nation.

CHED 1315

Commemorating 10 years: “A decade of National Chemistry Week”

Yahaira Reyes(1), [email protected], 3000 N.E. 151st Street, North Miami Fl 33181,
United States ; Marvin Dore(1), [email protected], 3000 N.E. 151st Street, North
Miami Fl 33181, United States ; Alan Mckenzie(1), [email protected], 3000 N.E. 151st
Street, North Miami Fl 33181, United States ; Shaina Henriquez(1), [email protected],
3000 N.E. 151st Street, North Miami Fl 33181, United States ; Karen Prieto (1); Cheryl
Garcia(1); Komal Mughal(1); Geysa Ortiz(1); Lorilee Valientes(1); Jonathan Lanzas(1);
Mayra Exposito(1); Milagros Delgado(1); Alina Mateo(1). (1) Chemistry, Florida
International University Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami Fl 33181, United States

National Chemistry Week (NCW) highlights our involvement as ACS Student Chapter.
This year marks our tenth anniversary as active participants in NCW. Thus, to
commemorate this great accomplishment, our chapter composed a recollection of how
we celebrated NCW through this recent decade. It is during these years that our chapter
produced some of the most creative, entertaining, and theme-specific activities that
identify us as ACS Student Chapter and a student organization. During NCW,
experiments were chosen based not only on being environmentally friendly, but also on
highlighting the annual theme. For example ―Having a Ball with Chemistry‖ we designed

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Anaheim, CA

games for children to play like making a bouncy ball. In ―Many Faces of
Chemistry‖ activities emphasized the areas of biochemistry, materials, inorganic,
polymers, and others. Most of our events connect chemistry to all science fields
resulting in the unify theme ―Chemistry is Life‖.

CHED 1316

Community outreach to disadvataged schools and building a successful chapter

in a single academic year

Rachael Workman(1), [email protected], PO Box 1000, Department of

Chemistry, Institute West Virginia 25112, United States ; Lindsey Mundy(1),
[email protected], PO BOx 1000, Department of Chemistry, Institute West Virginia
25112, United States ; Micheal W Fultz(1). (1) Chemistry, West Virginia State University,
Institute West Virginia 25112, United States

The state of West Virginia has the lowest percentage of college graduates in the United
States. West Virginia State University is in the heart of the state with the majority of the
students as first generation college students. This is extremely important in improving
the educational attainment for an entire community.
The ACS chapter in one year went from an inactive chapter to earning a Commendable
rating and Green Chemistry and Community Interaction Grant. Recruiting, outreach,
and full time jobs have been challenges that have been overcome in building the
chapter from the ground up. The Community Interaction grant has allowed the chapter
to reach into several disadvantaged schools and community groups to bring chemistry
alive and give young people the hope of one day graduating from a university to
improve the standard of living of their families.
This is the story of reaching out and building a chapter simultaneously.

CHED 1317

Minnesota State University Moorhead Chemistry Club

Susan J Gilkerson(1), [email protected], 1104 7th Ave South, Moorhead Mn

56563, United States . (1) Chemistry, Minnesota State University Moorhead, Moorhead
Mn 56563, United States

The Minnesota State University Moorhead Chemistry Club has grown and developed as
a club due to the enthusiasm of its members. Members are devoted to the club, active
in the community, and genuinely excited about science. This year we have spent time
as a club at organizations like Dorothy Day House volunteering our time for others. We
also participated and raised money for the National Alzheimer's Memory Walk in our
community. For National Chemistry Week, members of the club set up a chemistry
question of the day trivia game for students to compete for prizes. On Halloween, the
Chemistry Club worked on an outreach project for children from the community. Our

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club also organized a tutoring program for chemistry freshmen students. MSUM
Chemistry Club plans to keep very busy promoting our school, reaching out to the
community, and getting others as excited about science as we are.

CHED 1318

San Jose State University Chapter: Student affiliates of the American Chemical
Society

Caitlin Crowder(1), [email protected], 6790 Amador Valley Blvd, Dublin CA

94568, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San
Jose California 95112, United States

SJSU SAACS aims to engage students, faculty and the community in chemistry.
Through the sales of lab books, our chapter has established an economic base which
funds a variety of chemistry events and rewards throughout the semester. These events
range from study groups for the ACS Organic Chemistry test to demonstrations for
National Chemistry Week events and social events such as the annual Faculty/Student
Winter Dinner. SJSU SAACS supports our chemistry students by providing a clubroom
filled with a variety of chemical textbooks and computer resources along with support for
students attending national meetings.

CHED 1319

Southwestern College student chapter: Establishing a culture of science in the

community

Marina Watanabe(1), [email protected], 900 Otay Lakes Road, Chula Vista

CA 91910, United States ; Arthur Miramontes(1); Austin Ballow(1); Sarai Escalante(1);
Gerardo Soriano(1); David R Brown(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Southwestern
College, Chula Vista CA 91910, United States

The Student Chapter of the American Chemical Society at Southwestern College

(SWC) strives to stir interest in the chemical sciences among the SWC campus
community, as well as in the local community. Science outreach to elementary and
middle school students is done with the intention of inspiring future scientists and
establishing a culture of science. The SWC Chapter participates in a variety of events
throughout the year, including ChemExpo, organized by the San Diego ACS Local
Section, held during National Chemistry Week. Activities of the chapter also include
displaying Molecule of the Week posters on campus, attending Local Section meetings,
hosting guest speakers from industry and academia, events to benefit the environment,
fundraisers and educational movie nights. These activities have been successful in
accomplishing the mission of the chapter to increase awareness, understanding and an
appreciation of the chemical sciences.

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CHED 1320

Chemistry matters at Washington College

Thomas Gallagher(1), [email protected], 300 Washington Ave., Chestertown

MD, United States ; Stephanie Spitznagel(1); Adam Marlowe(1); Matthew Streeter(1);
Anne E Marteel-Parrish(1); Aaron W. Amick(1). (1) Chemistry, Washington College,
Chestertown MD 21620, United States

Education in the field of science is a major focus for Washington College. The student
affiliate chapter of the American Chemical Society is highly committed to the celebration
and promotion of chemistry education on our campus and in the community. In the past
academic year, the chapter held chemistry demonstration at a local high school, raised
funds for the American Cancer Society and Haiti Relief, and petitioned for the ACS
commemorative stamp. This year, the club plans to hold a school-wide celebration of
National Chemistry Week, hold a chemistry demonstration for the local middle school,
organize a toiletry drive to donate to the Frank M. Jarmon American Legion Auxiliary for
the troops overseas, and raise money in order to donate chemistry equipment to a local
school system. A summary of the chapter's activities for the upcoming year will be
presented at the national meeting in March.

CHED 1321

Catawba College: Lights, camera, chemistry!

Nathaniel Griffin(1), [email protected], 2300 W. Innes St., Salisbury North

Carolina 28144, United States ; Jacob Hill(1); Lori Fraley(1); Blake Rushing(1); Carol Ann
Miderski(1); James Beard(1); Mark Sabo(1); Joe Manser(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Catawba College, Salisbury North Carolina 28144, United States

The Catawba College American Chemical Society student chapter, located in Salisbury,
NC has been actively involved in increasing the awareness of chemistry at the college
as well as in our surrounding community. Catawba's ACS student chapter hosts events
which include chemistry demonstrations, guest speakers, astronomy nights, movie
nights, Catawba Club Fair, and National Chemistry Week. ACS student members also
attended and presented research at conferences outside of Catawba, such as the 2010
ACS National Meeting in San Francisco, CA. We have created a traveling "Behind the
Scenes" chemistry demonstration and activity team to present at local elementary,
middle, and high schools and area events. Our poster will focus on Catawba's ACS
chapter and its involvement in and around our local area.

CHED 1322

Otterbein University cardinal chemists

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Zachary P Niday(1), [email protected], 1 South Grove St., Westerville OH 43081,

United States ; Gregory H Hanson(1), [email protected], 1 South Grove St.,
Westerville OH 43081, United States ; Lindsay L Main(1); Nicholas J Fagan(1); Andrea K
Boydelatour(1); Tiffany A Stine(1); Dean H Johnston(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Otterbein University, Westerville OH 43081, United States

Otterbein University's American Chemical Society Student Member chapter creates an

environment where both students and faculty with an interest in chemistry can engage
in a wide variety of social and educational activities. Through the devotion and
participation of our members, we coordinate events with the university and its alumni,
the surrounding community, and local schools as well. These events serve to educate
others about chemistry and its importance, strengthen involvement and communication
between the members of the group, and ultimately give our chapter a sense of unity. In
addition to our social and educational events, we also invite speakers to come share
their knowledge and discuss internships and future career opportunities. Examples of
our successful experiences and outreach activities will be presented.

CHED 1323

Xavier ACS Chemistry Club: Relating to all

Julian McKnight(1), [email protected], 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans LA 70125,

United States ; Ashley Matthew(1); Bre[apos]on Anderson(1); Asia Matthew(1); Porscha
Showers(1); Kendrea Pleasant(1); Brittani Franklin(1); Jeremy Terry(1); Michael Adams(1);
Ann Privett(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans
LA 70125, United States

Xavier University's American Chemical Society Chemistry Club prides itself on hosting
events that cater to all facets of the campus environment. We emphasize active
membership which consists of participating in fundraisers and community service
activities, and attending dinner talks, social events and general body meetings. A
plethora of events have been held in order to meet the needs of the student body.
Activities include discussions on Green Chemistry topics, a Pharmacy Career Panel,
and community service in local schools. We use each event as a learning experience to
try to determine which events benefit the student members most. We believe that by
catering to the student's interests, it will sustain the success of our club and allow it to
thrive in the future.

CHED 1324

Back to the future! Cal Poly Student Affiliates 2010-2011

Sydnee Mardell(1), [email protected], 1159 Vista del Lago, San Luis Obispo
California, United States ; Jennifer Carroll(1), [email protected], 1 Grand Ave,
San Luis Obispo California, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry &

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Anaheim, CA

Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo California,

United States

The Student Affiliates on our campus has been going through a gestation phase! We
are an undergraduate student affiliates that assists the chemistry department on
campus and provides science education to the young people of San Luis Obispo,
California. This is an overview of how we spread the love of chemistry, while growing
exponentially in our campus membership. We have achieved this through
demonstration days, celebrating National Chemistry Week, hosting chemistry seminars,
inviting graduate programs from various chemical applications to
provide workshops. We also assist the College of Science and Math with events, and
plan on hosting a campus-wide liquid Nitrogen ice cream fundraiser to promote
chemistry awareness.

CHED 1325

Behind the scenes: The activities of the College of Mount Saint Vincent Science
Club

Joy Cote(1), [email protected], 6301 Riverdale Ave, Riverdale NY

10471, United States ; Pamela K. Kerrigan(1),
[email protected], 6301 Riverdale Ave, Riverdale NY 10471,
United States . (1) Division of Natural Sciences, College of Mount Saint Vincent,
Riverdale NY 10471, United States

The CMSV Science Club has been very active once again this year. Our activities have
included the publication of the Monthly Mole. The publication is distributed to all
undergraduate students on campus and provides comments on practical applications of
chemistry and also has all sorts of humorous science jokes. This year we held our first
ever ―Mole Hunt‖ for NCW. ―Moles‖ were hidden all over campus and students were
provided clues as to their locations. We have also brought chemistry to the college
community by sponsoring a ―Tie-Dying‖ party in which all students had a chance to tie-
dye their own T-shirts. The club has been able to bring chemistry into the community
through chemistry demonstration shows. These demonstrations present science to the
students in an exciting way. The chapter has also continued to raise money through
activities such as bake sales, raffles, t-shirt sales, and study guides for ACS exams.

CHED 1326

Promoting chemistry on campus, in our community, and beyond

Elena Coupal(1), [email protected], 9500 Gilman Dr. MC 0314, 3040B Urey Hall
Annex, La Jolla CA 92093, United States ; Jonathan D Eliashiv(1); Moriah Kreeger(1);
Karissa Lee(1); Dina Katz(1); Sang Han(1); Rebecca Ou(1); Angeline Yu(1); Stacey

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Brydges(1); Judy Kim(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

California San Diego, La Jolla CA, United States

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Science, especially chemistry, is entwined into every

aspect of our daily lives. However, science literacy and awareness continues to
decrease. To help solve this issue, it is our goal to spread enthusiasm for
chemistry and to provide a welcoming, educational, and social environment where
future scientists can learn and grow in their passion for chemistry. Some of
our many on-campus events include lab tours, General Body Meetings with on and
off campus speakers, our Mentor-Mentee program, and our Student-Faculty Mixer.
In addition we have hosted a Job Workshop, where we had professionals from
local industries lead workshops on resume writing, job searching, and
networking. We participate in various outreach events to the community, such as
Chem Expo, and our major event of the year is our campus-wide annual
Undergraduate Research Symposium with faculty and industry guest judges from
around the community. Whether we're hosting our annual Research Symposium or
planning on-campus or off-campus outreach events, we continue to foster public
awareness of chemistry through promoting chemistry on our campus and in our
community.

CHED 1327

More chemistry for everyone at Ouachita Baptist University

John A Gomez(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita Street, Arkadelphia AR 71998,

United States ; Kasa B Cooper(1); Emily R Coffman(1); Lauren R Carr(1). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States

After several years of relatively little activity, our ACS student chapter has made great
strides in the past year toward becoming a popular and effectual organization. With a
current membership of 30 students, the highest within recent memory at our school of
1500, our club has become a tight-knit group that has continued to recruit members
throughout the semester. This increase in student involvement is due largely to the
initiative of the group itself in planning and participating in chemistry related activities
that are not only fun but educational. Examples of such activities include, but are not
limited to, establishing ongoing relationships with local schools to perform chemistry
demonstrations, sponsoring guest speakers, planning activities on campus to involve
the student body, and cooperating with the Museum of Discovery in the state capitol to
provide out of classroom educational experiences for students throughout the state.

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Anaheim, CA

Having been recognized by the American Chemical Society for our progress with an
"Honorable Mention" has given us confidence to be more bold in our endeavors and we
are now well on our way to establishing a sustainable high level of chapter activity.

CHED 1328

Sharing the magic of chemistry

Katie Zebedeo(1), [email protected], 5151 Park Avenue, Fairfield CT 06825,

United States ; Angela Bylo(1); Christina Cahill(1); Bridgett Carter(1); Kelly Considine(1);
Josephine Ferrantelli(1); Kristina Hankins(1); Joe Lugo(1); Meagan Lynch(1); Kelli
Rutledge(1); Jackie Shearin(1); Bart Smarkucki(1); Kara Swallow(1); Linda Farber(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield CT 06825, United States

The Sacred Heart University ACS student affiliate club is actively involved in several
activities that bring chemistry to the community. The club shares the magic of chemistry
by bringing it to the community through hands-on science workshops, seminars and
other activities. The club will also share unique fundraisers, as well as National
Chemistry Week, Mole Day and Earth Day events.

CHED 1329

UPR-Cayey Chemistry Circle: An inspirational support for Puerto Rico using

chemistry of natural resources

Maraliz Y. Cortes-Cartagena(1), [email protected], PO BOX 22, Caguas

Puerto Rico 00726, Puerto Rico ; Angel M. Suarez-Marquez(1), [email protected],
Ave.Campo Bello Bo. Arenas, Cidra Puerto Rico 00739, Puerto Rico ; Jasmine
Figueroa-Diaz(1), [email protected], PO BOX 352545, Cayey Puerto Rico
00737, Puerto Rico ; Carol Marcucci-Torres(1), [email protected], HC 08 BOX
1275, Ponce Puerto Rico 00731, Puerto Rico ; Nashicel J. Rodriguez-Rodriguez(1); Elvin
E. Morales-Perez(1); Ileana M. Rivera-Ramos(1); Isamar Ortiz-Rivera(1); Adaliz Luna-
Rivera(1); Rey J. Santiago-Crespo(1); Helson Lasanta-Luna(1); Melvin J. Aviles-
Miranda(1); Luis R. De Jesus-Baez(1); Lenis Berrios-Diaz(1); Nickole M. Lopez-Ortiz(1);
Amarilis Rodriguez-Rodriguez(1); Jose G. Cruz-Rivera(1); William J. Rosario-Orozco(1);
Zuleika Alvarado-Marrero(1); Antonio J. Santiago-Rodriguez(1); Odalis Malpica-Ortiz(1);
Zuleyka Rivera-de Choudens(1); Minoshka Ortiz-Rosa(1); Marlene Rodriguez-Colon(1);
Stefanie Rosado-Casiano(1); Karina M. Tirado-Gonzalez(1); Roberto E. Velez-Diaz(1);
Yanira Z. Cesareo-Colon(1); Karla M. Torres-Mercado(1); Jose A. Pagan-Lopez(1);
Wilfredo Resto-Otero(1). (1) Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, Cayey
Puerto Rico 00736, Puerto Rico

The Chemistry Circle of UPR-Cayey since the begging until now has had the goal to
serve as a natural and inspirational source for the development of the students of the
Chemistry Department and of our society in Puerto Rico. Chemistry in its natural

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Anaheim, CA

environment demonstrates its beauty on the positive achievements that the

undergraduates reach on a local and international level. The top traditional activity
called ―Tech-no-Chem‖, created by the students of the Chemistry Circle, has reunited
high school students as well as college students to compete demonstrating their
knowledge and interest in chemistry. Also, in our famous chemistry magic natural
resources of life like plants have been used, an example is red cabbage, a homemade
acid/base indicator. By these factors the motivation of the active students of the
Chemistry Circle stands out, which is the natural rich key by excellence of the members
of the American Chemical Society.

CHED 1330

Southeast Missouri State University Student Chapter of the American Chemical

Society

Joshua Long(1), [email protected], One University Plaza, Cape Girardeau MO

63701, United States ; Matejia Love(1), [email protected], One University Plaza,
Cape Girardeau MO 63701, United States ; Sarah Hillebrand(1); Justin Pratt(1); Chase
Silvers(1); Alan Long(1); Katelynn Austin(1); Harley Moit(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau MO 63701, United States

Since being reactivated in 2008, the Southeast Missouri State University Student
Member Chapter has earned two Honorable Mentions for chemistry activities and
service to the community. This year we have continued successful projects such as a
welcome-back picnic, bake and book sales, charity fundraising, hosting and attending
guest lectures at the university, and participating in the university homecoming
festivities. We have also continued to play a leading role in Halloween Science Night, an
event for local children. In addition, we have expanded our activities to include
demonstrations at a local children's museum and other social activities.

CHED 1331

NCW 2010: Chemistry behind the scenes at UPR Humacao

Johed A. Ruíz(1), [email protected], PO BOX CUH, Humacao PR 00791, Puerto Rico

; Sheila J. Moreno(1); Liliana Palacios(1); Melissa Rodríguez(1); Silvia Farré(1). (1)
Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Humacao, Humacao PR 00791, Puerto Rico

The ACS student member chapter at the University of Puerto Rico Humacao celebrated
NCW 2010. From the chemistry of special effects to the chemistry used to solve crimes
we made this year's NCW one to remember. A great festival de Química in Old Viejo
San Juan, with the participation of many other ACS student member chapters and
Chem Clubs from Puerto Rico, and many other activities at the university campus.

CHED 1332

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Anaheim, CA

Promoting chemistry in Arkansas

Mary Davis(1), [email protected], 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway AR 72035,

United States ; Kristin Thorvilson(1), [email protected], 201 Donaghey Avenue,
Conway AR 72035, United States ; Brandi Bowlin(1); Brian Besel(1); Casey Thurber(1);
Karen Steelman(1); Faith Yarberry(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Central
Arkansas, Conway AR 72035, United States

The University of Central Arkansas student chapter promotes chemistry on campus and
among the Arkansas community. On campus, we actively participate in an annual
Major's Fair and Registered Student Organizations' Fair. We also host guest lectures
and organize social activities. The opening of a new STEM (Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics) Residential College provides additional opportunities to
increase collegiality. Locally, we have presented chemistry workshops at the Museum of
Discovery and demonstrations at schools geared towards exciting future chemists. Our
goal is to illustrate ways that a student chapter can influence the future of the American
Chemical Society.

CHED 1333

Students committed to the promotion of chemistry

Christian M. Wallen(1), [email protected], 1050 Union University Drive,

Jackson Tennessee 38305, United States ; Jonathan B. Boyd(1),
[email protected], 1050 Union University Drive, Jackson Tennessee 38305, United
States ; Randy F. Johnston(1); Charles M. Baldwin(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Union University, Jackson Tennessee 38305, United States

The Union University ACS student member chapter has continued its tradition of
community service and membership involvement. This year's major community service
project has focused on teaching underserved elementary students about global
warming and atmospheric chemistry. The chapter has also made strides toward
increasing its visibility on the Union University campus and surrounding community by
designing and adopting a chapter logo. Signage, T-shirts, and polo shirts have played a
role in raising awareness of the chapter's involvement in the community. The chapter
has been able to take advantage of the institution's new digital signage system to
publicize its activities and events. A full slate of activities including the celebration of
National Chemistry Week, Mole Day and the International Year of Chemistry have been
accomplished through the commitment of Union students to the promotion of chemistry
at home and around the world.

CHED 1334

Analysis of educational benefits of hosting a science day for home-schooled

children

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Anaheim, CA

Jacob P. R. Deitsch(1), [email protected], 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo OH

43606, United States ; Edith Preciosa Kippenhan(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Toledo, Toledo OH 43606, United States

Many parents who decide to home-school their children find learning laboratory science
to be a challenge. This may be due to the cost of and access to supplies or the lack of
laboratory science experience of the parents. Our organization sponsored and directed
an event to introduce laboratory science learning to home-schooled students and
educate parents on how to implement this crucial piece of science education in their
children's curriculum.

CHED 1335

Opening young minds to the world of chemistry

Joshua D. Flynn(1), [email protected], 6000 J Street, Sacramento CA 95819, United

States ; Candice Gellner(1); Emily Gorrie(1); Travis Marquardt(1); Kevin Nguyen(1); Magda
Rahardja(1); Benjamin F. Gherman(1); Cynthia Kellen-Yuen(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, California State University, Sacramento CA 95819, United States

The CSUS Chemistry Club strives to put students at ease with chemistry by teaching
them from a young age that chemistry is all around us and that everything we do
involves chemistry at some level. Throughout the year, our club sponsors several youth
outreach programs where we carry out demonstrations and hands-on activities targeting
students ranging between first and eighth grades. We celebrate National Chemistry
Week by hosting a ―Mole Day in the Mall‖ event. While generally targeted towards a
younger audience, people of all ages are encouraged to participate and learn about
basic chemical concepts. We also present workshops at Expanding Your Horizons, a
conference intended to encourage young girls, ages eleven to thirteen, to pursue an
interest in science and mathematics. This past fall, we set up a Family Science Day at
local food banks where children and their parents participated in fun, chemistry-related
activities. Our student members enjoy their time in Chemistry Club and leave CSUS
ready to be leaders in their field.

CHED 1336

University of Arizona SAACS: Stronger, better, faster, greener

Emily J Simpson(1), [email protected], 1306 E. University Blvd., Attn:

SAACS, Tucson AZ 85721, United States ; Jaime Favela(1); Allena Goren(1); Cristal
Gomez(1); Kara Saunders(1); Mounir A Koussa(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, United States

The University of Arizona Student Affiliates of the American Chemical Society chapter
aims to promote a passion for chemistry on both university- and city-wide levels,

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Anaheim, CA

participate in community outreach, as well as provide unique opportunities for the

professional development of its members. A speaker series is part of the chapter's
weekly meetings, in which guest lecturers are invited from academia or industry,
allowing members to hear about cutting-edge research as well as network with
scientists in various fields. The chapter highlights the concept of ―green chemistry‖
through its speaker series as well as through its primary volunteer program, Tucson
Household Hazardous Waste, in which members aid in the collection and sorting of
environmentally-hazardous materials. Additional outreach efforts include volunteering
as tutors for members in General and Organic Chemistry, as well as at the Wildcat
Charter School, and visiting New Beginnings (a domestic abuse shelter). A highlight is
the chapter's bi-annual Science Magic Show, in which impressive demonstrations are
performed and explained to elementary-age school children. Additionally, chapter
members involved in research have the opportunity to present at conferences such as
the 2010 239th National ACS Spring Meeting in San Francisco. At the National Meeting,
the chapter received the Commendable Award for the 2008-2009 school year, as well
as the coveted SAACS Green Chapter award, received for our continuing commitment
to promoting green chemistry practices. SAACS members also enjoy regular social
events, such as bowling, barbecues, homecoming events, kickball games, dessert
outings, and our end of semester SAACS Fiesta.

CHED 1337

Starting a successful ACS Student Chapter at a two-year college with a Chemical

Technology Program

Michael E Jansen(1), [email protected], 3400 Pershall Road, St. Louis MO 63135,

United States ; Donna G. Friedman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, St. Louis
Community College at Florissant Valley, St. Louis MO 63135, United States

Students enrolled in two-year colleges face unique challenges in forming ACS Student
Chapters. This presentation describes the actions taken by Chemical Technology
Students at St. Louis Community College at Florissant Valley that led to the formation of
a chapter that won an Outstanding Chapter Award in its first year of existence.

CHED 1338

WE_LEARN organic chemistry: Best practices for performing exams using online
computer methodology

John H. Penn(1), [email protected], 1501 University Avenue, Morgantown WV

26506, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University,
Morgantown WV 26506, United States

Our group has developed the WE_LEARN system for organic chemistry to be a
―Practice Makes Perfect‖ system. In this presentation, efforts towards using the system

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Anaheim, CA

for performing testing and assessment of student knowledge of the class will be
described. Implementation problems, and best practice strategies for computer-based
testing, will be assessed.

CHED 1339

Options overload: What's happening with chemistry textbooks and Internet tools?

Mark Bishop(1)(2), [email protected], 980 Fremont Blvd., Monterey CA 93940, United

States . (1) Chemistry, Monterey Peninsula College, Monterey CA 93940, United States
(2) Chiral Publishing Company, Monterey CA 93940, United States

My textbook (An Introduction to Chemistry) has an abundance of supporting tools at

www.preparatorychemistry.com, and I sometimes wonder if this overwhelms students
with learning options and contributes to the trend away from using textbooks as a
primary learning tool. Because I think that a textbook provides a more coherent and
complete introduction to chemistry than a collection of Web tools, I'm concerned that
students are getting a disjointed and incomplete view of our subject. In partnership with
WebAssign, I'm helping to create a low-cost online textbook-tools-homework
introductory chemistry package that I hope will bring students back to using the textbook
more. For example, animations and tutorials are embedded in the electronic text, the
homework questions have links to the sections in the text where students can get help,
and chapter objectives have links to learning tools. In my
presentation, I will elaborate on the project and demonstrate its components.

CHED 1340

Microcontent publishing: A new model for development and dissemination of

educational support materials

Robley J Light(1), [email protected], 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee Florida 32306-

4390, United States ; James W Caras(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Florida State University, Tallahassee Florida 32306-4390, United States (2) Sapling
Learning, Austin Texas 78751, United States

On-line support for chemistry instruction is widely available, ranging from free, on-line
items individually developed for limited or open access, to complete integrated
packages offered by publishers for a fee. Individuals interested in development and
wide dissemination of their own materials must either learn the coding necessary not
only to develop items but to integrate them in some kind of course management system,
or contract with a publisher for the packaging and presentation. The ability to track
individual item usage by students provides a new model for compensation for the latter
option, a royalty based on student usage. This model provides for compensation
proportional to the value of the item, captures royalty not available from second hand
book sales, and is scalable to the time and effort that the developer wishes to invest.

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Anaheim, CA

The author will relate experience with such a model compared to other dissemination
methods.

CHED 1341

The OWL Book: An integrated online assignable text for general chemistry

Susan M Young(1), [email protected], Johnson Science Building, Oneonta New

York 13820, United States ; William J Vining(2); Roberta O Day(3); Beatrice H Botch(3).
(1) Department of Chemistry, Hartwick College, Oneonta New York 13820, United
States (2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SUNY College at Oneonta,
Oneonta New York 13820, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst Massachuesetts 01002, United States

This presentation will review the creation and testing

of an assignable, fully integrated online textbook and homework system
for general chemistry. This project is an extension of the OWL
electronic learning system and involves the blending of text,
problem-based homework, and interactive modules. While the organization
of the material is traditional in order and scope, the presentation
describes noninteractive material such as static explanations, video
examples, and whiteboard problem solutions with interactive and
assignable figure-based exercises, concept simulations, tutorials and
problem-based homework. The principal goal of the project is to create
a system in which the students experience "text," conceptual exercises,
and assignable homework as an integrated whole. Results from
preliminary tests with two classes will be presented, highlighting how
students navigate the system, which parts they do and do not use, and
how assignability influences their decisions as to how to use the
system.

CHED 1342

Initiative to develop topical online faculty learning communities: The Chemistry

Collaborations, Workshops and Communities of Scholars (cCWCS) program

David M Collard(1), [email protected], 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta GA

30332-0400, United States ; Cianan B Russell(1). (1) School of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332-0400, United States

The Chemistry Collaborations, Workshops and Communities of Scholars (cCWCS)

program (www.ccwcs.org) has launched a multifaceted initiative to create online faculty
learning communities. These are based, in large part, on a series of over a hundred
topical workshops organized over the last ten years by CWCS, the precursor of the
cCWCS program. The online communities provide access to databases of curricular

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Anaheim, CA

materials and facilitate the exchange of ideas though discussion boards and an online
journal. Here we describe the development of a flexible and adaptable interface for
community sites based on the Drupal platform. The forensicsciencescholars.org site
serves as a prototype of these communities. The cCWCS program will launch additional
topical communities using this interface in 2011-2014. This will be facilitated by the
continuing workshop series and the appointment of community leaders to seed the sites
and build membership. The interface will also be available to other STEM projects.

CHED 1343

ChemEd DL: High quality chemical education resources online

John W. Moore(1), [email protected], 1101 University Avenue, Madison

Wisconsin 53706-1396, United States ; Justin Shorb(1); Xavier Prat-Resina(2); Matthew
Bollom(1); David Pieper(1); Jon L. Holmes(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison Wisconsin, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Universitiy of Minnesota Rochester, Rochester Minnesota 55904, United States

ChemEd DL, the Chemical Education Digital Library, is the place to go on the Web for
chemical education resources. ChemEd DL includes: an interactive, pedagogically
designed periodic table; a collection of molecular structures that can display symmetry,
vibrations, and molecular orbitals; a wiki in which you can collaborate on a textbook that
emphasizes the applications of chemistry topics to other disciplines and everyday life; a
way for busy high school teachers to find online resources for teaching each topic of the
high school curriculum; and a course management system that can be used by anyone
to design and present online courses. This presentation will highlight the interactive
periodic table, the collection of molecular structures, and the general features of the
ChemEd DL portal.

CHED 1344

Student understanding of the macroscopic-particulate

connection

Marcy H Towns(1), [email protected], 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette IN 47907,

United States . (1) Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, United
States

It is well documented that students have difficulty connecting macroscopic phenomena

with the particulate nature of matter. One such example is the connection between
boiling points, molecular structure, and intermolecular forces. The research of David
Treagust provides and entrée into student's understanding of such connections. His
contributions to illuminating student misconceptions in this area of research will be the
focus of this presentation.

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CHED 1345

David Treagust's influence on the design of instruction and assessment to

address student difficulties with understanding electrochemical cells

Thomas J. Greenbowe(1), [email protected], 1608 Gilman, Ames Iowa 50011-

3111, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames iowa
50011-3111, United States

Both Treagust's group with Greenbowe's group worked to identify and categorize
student difficulties with electrochemical cells in the 1990s. Twenty years later, the
development of web-based instructional technology coupled with guided-inquiry tutorials
has enabled the testing of several approaches to teaching and assessing students'
understanding. This presentation will provide a brief overview of how the work of David
Treagust and his colleagues has influenced textbook authors and instructional
developers approach to electrochemical cells.

CHED 1346

Learning what you wish you didn't know: Diagnostic assessment for curricular
change

Jennifer E. Lewis(1), [email protected], 4202 E. Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa FL

33617, United States ; Janelle A. Arjoon(1); Keily Heredia(1); Ushiri Kulatunga(1); Sachel
M. Villafañe(1); Xiaoying Xu(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida,
Tampa FL 33617, United States

Each situation is unique. Therefore, inspired by the failure of a large group of

introductory college chemistry students to score well on one of Treagust's instruments
designed for use in secondary school chemistry, we adapted the instrument to capture a
small number of specific alternative conceptions associated with three topics: bond
energy, phase changes, and ionic/covalent bonds. The instrument, which relies on
Treagust's two-tier structure, includes both new items and items from published
instruments, with three items per concept. The instrument was given as a paper and
pencil low-stakes test during the second week of class to a similar group of students
enrolled in General Chemistry I. Results will be shared as part of this presentation.

CHED 1347

Measuring what students know about chemistry

Stacey Lowery Bretz(1), [email protected], 369 Hughes Laboratory, Oxford OH

45056, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University,
Oxford OH 45056, United States

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Anaheim, CA

Randy Bass once observed that while having a problem in research can lead to
questions and inspire creativity, these connotations do not typically translate to having a
problem in one's teaching. David Treagust's body of research transcends this dichotomy
to establish a rich literature that documents the origins of many difficulties in students'
understandings of chemistry. Dr. Treagust's carefully conducted studies have produced
not only a rich body of data but also a collection of instruments to measure the
understandings of chemistry students. The need for additional assessments grounded
in theory about how students learn chemistry has never been greater. Chemists
continue to engage in pedagogy and curriculum reform, yet struggle to measure student
learning. This presentation will describe a program of research to design concept
inventories across the disciplines of chemistry.

CHED 1348

Visualizing atomic and molecular behavior

Michael R Abraham(1), [email protected], The Big Chemistry Building, University

of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019, United States ; John I. Gelder(2). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019, United
States (2) Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater Oklahoma
73019, United States

It can be said that the source of the roadblocks that many students face in learning
chemistry concepts can be traced back to their difficulty with visualizing the actions and
structure of atoms and molecules. Many kinds of instructional aids have been
developed to help student make sense of atomic and molecular behavior. In recent
years the use of computer animation and molecular modeling has gained favor as an
instructional aid in teaching chemistry. This talk will examine a series of research
studies of the visualization of atomic and molecular behavior and the role that computer
animation can play in instruction. It will also look at the kinds of instructional materials
that can aid students in visualizing atomic and molecular behavior and structure.

CHED 1349

Visualizing chemical concepts through stop-motion animations

Wolfgang K. Graeber(1), [email protected], Olshausenstr. 62, Kiel Schleswig-

Holstein D-24098, Germany . (1) Department of Chemical Education, IPN Leibniz
Institute of Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel D-24098, Germany

There is a worldwide agreement among science education researchers that learning

environments should support active and self-regulated learning.To motivate students
engaging deeply in this way of learning one need to consider relevant learning content
as also adequate learning processes. These processes should include clearly defined
goals and well structured and enjoyable activities. Here we will present ideas and

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results of the EU-funded project ―Animated Science‖, which established such self-
directed learning processes, asking students to visualize new science concepts through
the construction of stop-motion animations in small groups. These processes include
the engaged activation of deep thinking strategies in the forethought, performance and
in the reflection phases. If students want to visualize e.g. a chemical reaction they first
need to find, evaluate and understand adequate information about the process. Then
they communicate the newly gained knowledge with their group members and decide
commonly on how to animate the process.

CHED 1350

Just because you've always done it that way doesn't mean it's not incredibly
stupid

Melanie M Cooper(1), [email protected], 259 Hunter Chemistry Laboratories,

Clemson SC 29634, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Clemson University,
Clemson SC 29634, United States

The time has come for chemistry educators to incorporate the findings from Discipline-
Based Education Researchers, such as David Treagust, into their teaching and learning
practices. In the face of increasing evidence that traditional methods of teaching do not
promote robust learning, it is no longer appropriate for us to cling to the curricula and
teaching methods that ―worked‖ for us. Nor is it appropriate to design new materials and
assessments based only on private empiricism (ie what we believe to be true) without
any evidence. This presentation will focus on what the data tell us about how chemistry
education might be reformed.

CHED 1351

Award Address (ACS Award for Achievement in Research for the Teaching and
Learning of Chemistry sponsored by Pearson Education). Role of multiple
representations and diagnostic assessment to enhance the teaching and learning
of chemistry concepts

David F Treagust(1), [email protected], GPO Box U1987, Perth Western

Australia 6845, Australia . (1) Science and Mathematics Education Centre, Curtin
University, Perth Western Australia 6845, Australia

This presentation examines outcomes of research in chemistry education, spanning

almost three decades, dealing with instruction and subsequent student learning related
to the role of different representations in chemistry. These representations include the
familiar macro, submicro and symbolic chemical triplet and how instruction can help
students negotiate among the three forms. In an effort to bridge the world of everyday
knowledge to chemistry, the research has investigated the role of models and analogies
used in instruction and how these can enhance the learning of chemical entities and

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their related explanations. Connected to these different representations is the manner in

which specially designed tests can be used to diagnose student learning and provide
direction for improving instruction.

CHED 1352

PRISM: An effective math/science partnership between K-12 and higher education

in Georgia

Charles Kutal(1)(2), [email protected], 300D Old College, Athens Georgia 30602, United
States ; Dava C Coleman(2); Nancy Vandergrift(2). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, United States (2) Office of STEM
Education, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, United States

The Math and Science Partnership program of the National Science Foundation aims to
integrate the work of higher education institutions with that of K-12 schools to
strengthen teaching and student learning in science and mathematics. When the
PRISM (Partnership for Reform in Science and Mathematics) project began in Georgia,
the importance of faculty involvement in such efforts was not generally considered in the
workload/salary and tenure/promotion policies of the higher education institutions
involved. PRISM developed the Faculty Work in the Schools Policy, which has been
adopted statewide and specifically advocates rewarding faculty for working with K-12
schools, for improving their own teaching, and for contributing scholarship that promotes
and improves student performance. This presentation reviews the policy, describes its
impact on science instruction at the University of Georgia, and assesses the prospects
for sustaining the changes that have occurred in faculty culture.

CHED 1353

High school chemistry/freshman chemistry changes resulting from the PRISM

project – an MSP in the state of Georgia

Charles H Atwood(1), [email protected], 1001 Cedar Street, Athens GA 30602,

United States . (1) Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602, United States

Beginning in 2003, the University System of Georgia Board of Regents and State
department of Education partnered on the NSF funded MSP designated the Partnership
for Reform in Science and Mathematics (PRISM). PRISM was designed to build
alliances between local schools and colleges in four areas of the State of Georgia. The
University of Georgia (UGA) was the lead college for the Northeast Georgia PRISM
section. UGA departments interacted extensively with the Athens-Clarke County,
Jackson County, and Oconee County school systems. In this presentation we will
discuss some of the interactions between the UGA Freshman Chemistry Program and
the local high schools, results of the PRISM sponsored chemical educational research
at UGA, the impact of changes made in instruction as a result of the research, how that

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information was transmitted to the local high schools, and the impact of this partnership
on the career of the UGA Freshman Chemistry Coordinator.

CHED 1354

Communicating and analysis of student experiences in the physical sciences

Sharmistha Basu-Dutt(1), [email protected], 1601 Maple Street, Carrollton GA

30118, United States ; Gail Marshall(1); Cianan Russell(2); Donald Wink(3). (1) University
of West Georgia, United States (2) Georgia Institute of Technology, United States (3)
University of Illinois at Chicago, United States

This paper will discuss a professional development opportunity for middle and high
school
physical science, physics, and chemistry teachers from several high-needs school
systems in Georgia. The program had two distinct, albeit interconnected
goals: (i) practice inquiry as a learning/teaching strategy; (ii) evaluate the effectiveness
of
inquiry as a teaching method. We will report program activities that helped to enhance
the teachers' abilities to: (i)
formulate scientifically oriented questions to gain knowledge, (ii) engage in
activities designed to answer these questions, (iii) develop and evaluate explanations
based on evidence from the activities, (iv) communicate and justify
explanations, (v) extend the experience to a socio-economic-political
discussion. Examples of how some of the teachers adapted/applied
concepts from the training in their own classroom and an overall assessment of the
program on teacher's attitudes will also be included.

CHED 1355

Professional development for in-service chemistry high school teachers: One

approach for two different preparations utlizing the characteristics of good pd

Elizabeth Edwards Roland(1), [email protected], 405c Lappin Hall,

Morehead KY 40351, United States . (1) Department of Earth and Space Sciences,
Morehead State University, Morehead KY 40351, United States

In this presentation the results of two inservice teacher workshops utilizing the
characteristics of good professional development will be discussed. The results show
some improvement of teacher knowledge but it also demonstrates how teacher attitudes
toward PD can have an impact upon participation and learning. Teachers with a
chemistry major had a higher content knowledge before the inservice but still improved
their knowledge as compared to those with less then a major in chemistry. More
professional development, using positive characteristics, is needed for high school
teachers.

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CHED 1356

Partnering to progress learning in physical science

Diane H Johnson(1), [email protected], 641 S. Limestone Avenue,

Lexington KY 41056, United States . (1) Department of Education, University of
Kentucky, Lexington KY 41056, United States

Two MSP's resulted in improved K-5 and 6-8 teacher content

and pedagogical content knowledge of force and motion and structure and
transformation of matter concepts, which resulted in increased student
achievement on posttests and state science assessments. Learning
progressions were developed for both physical science concepts, which guided 78
hours of professional development as well as curricular materials
development. Partnerships between university scientists, science
educators, and classroom teachers proved essential in developing the
technology-rich, guided-inquiry experiences for both teachers and students.

CHED 1357

Inquiry chemistry for teachers: An undergraduate course generated through K/8

partnerships

Martin L. Brock(1), [email protected], Moore 337, Richmond KY 40475, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond KY
40475, United States

The process of forming an undergraduate chemistry course limited to elementary and

middle school education majors will be described. This course has evolved in the
context of NSF-funded math and science partnerships and is well-informed by national
dialogues with science/math/literacy standards, misconception research, and
pedagogical methodology.

CHED 1358

Introduction to POGIL and The POGIL Project

Richard S Moog(1), [email protected], PO Box 3003, Lancaster PA 17604, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster PA 17604,
United States

Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) is a student-centered approach to

learning based on research on how students learn best. In a POGIL learning
envirionment, students work in cooperative groups on specially-dsigned activities that
typically guide them through a learning cycle of exploration, concept invention, and

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application to construct their own understanding of important concepts and also develop
key learning skills including critical thinking, communication, and teamwork. The POGIL
Project is a national professional development and dissemination effort aimed at
promoting the use of student-centered pedagogies at all levels. This presentation will
include an introduction to the major concepts of POGIL and will describe the activities of
The POGIL Project.

CHED 1359

POGIL in a general chemistry for engineering majors course: Successes on

several fronts

Jeffrey R. Pribyl(1), [email protected], 241 Ford Hall, Mankato MN 56001,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Geology, Minnesota State University,
Mankato, Mankato MN 56001, United States

A general chemistry for engineering course was developed four years ago to meet the
needs of the students in the mechanical, electrical and computer science engineering
programs on our campus. This three credit, no laboratory course presents unique
challenges and opportunities. Of the 100 students in the course, approximately 80 are
freshmen and 94 are males. POGIL activities were developed to be used once a week
in this course. This group of students readily took to POGIL activities, in fact they
embraced group work. I will talk about what the students liked, disliked and would
change about the POGIL activities. Included in the students comments about the
activities include quotes of significant insight by these students.

CHED 1360

Analysis of student satisfaction and achievement of learning objectives with

traditional vs environmentally-relevant POGIL exercises

Mari Titcombe(1), [email protected], 111 Church Street, Minneapolis MN 55455,

United States ; Howard Drossman(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Mechanical
Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, United States (2)
Department of Environmental Science, Colorado College, Colorado Springs Colorado
80903, United States

We are developing and assessing the effectiveness of new environmentally-relevant

Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) exercises to teach basic chemistry
concepts in an undergraduate environmental science class. In the first three iterations of
this class, we employed traditional POGIL learning exercises to teach core chemistry
principles. Effectiveness, assessed by student performance on ACS subject exams, and
student satisfaction, assessed through the Student Assessment of Learning Gains
survey, has been measured when using only standard POGIL chemistry exercises.
Traditional POGIL exercises were effective at teaching chemistry concepts; however

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student satisfaction with exercises was generally low. A subset of the traditional POGIL
exercises were re-written, maintaining core concepts, but with content much more
relevant to environmental science course material. Environmentally-relevant POGIL
exercises have been introduced into the latest incarnation of the course. Student
performance and satisfaction will be assessed and compared to equivalent measures
from previously taught sections of the course.

CHED 1361

Designing for discourse

Renee S Cole(1), [email protected], WCM 409, Warrensburg MO 64093, United States ;

Nicole Freeman(1). (1) Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry & Physics, University of
Central Missouri, Warrensburg MO 64093, United States

Discourse in the science classroom has been highlighted as an important way that
students develop an understanding of scientific concepts. Argumentation is a form of
discourse that is a social event in which individuals engage in back-and-forth
communication with others. In such discourse each person interprets the meaning of the
other's contributions. In a POGIL classroom, students learn in an environment that
allows them to engage in discourse with peers and/or the instructor. Toulmin analysis
provides a mechanism for documenting the collective production of meaning and
provides an empirical basis for examining the quality of classroom discourse and for
reflecting on instructional design. Preliminary analysis of student discourse in a POGIL
physical chemistry course and its relationship to the structure of the POGIL materials
will be presented. This analysis will provide insights for instructors who are developing
materials with the intent of promoting effective discourse.

CHED 1362

Revisiting POGIL methodology in the teaching of quantum mechanics

Alexander Grushow(1), [email protected], 2083 Lawrenceville Rd., Lawrenceville NJ

08648, United States ; Tricia D Shepherd(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry
& Physics, Rider University, Lawrenceville NJ 08648, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, Westminster College, Salt Lake City UT 84105, United States

A new version of POGIL activities in quantum mechanics has been developed. In this
version a set of core topics in a quantum mechanics course have been placed into a
fixed sequence. The other half of the activities in the set are designed to be used at the
discretion of individual instructors. Within each activity, a learning cycle of exploration
followed by concept development and then application is retained, but the distinction
between these parts of the learning cycle has been made more concrete in the structure
of the activity. The in-class portion of the activity focuses more on the exploration and
concept development, leaving application and preparation for exploration up the

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students to work on outside of class. In this presentation, the nature of course sequence
and structure of the activities will be described and the rationale for our content and
structure choices will be discussed.

CHED 1363

2010: A pchem odyssey

Martin D. Perry(1), [email protected], 410 Ouachita St., Box 3711, Arkadelphia AR

71998, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Ouachita Baptist University,
Arkadelphia AR 71998, United States

For thirteen years, POGIL materials authored by Moog, Farrell, and Spencer have been
utilized to facilitate learning in my Physical Chemistry courses. A new version of the
quantum mechanics activities have recently been developed by Grushow and Shepherd
and employed in the fall 2010 offering of the course. While these new activities maintain
the learning cycle approach, they offer distinctiveness in topic flexibility, depth, and
student out-of-class preparation. Specifically, the options to integrate spectroscopy with
standard quantum mechanical models as well as delve deeper into ―favorite‖ topics are
particularly beneficial and attractive. The ―pre-activity questions‖ are also carefully
structured to encourage students to explore and/or review relevant material to prepare
them for continued exploration and new concept development in the activity. The
implementation (including order, topics, text, supplementary exercises, and facilitation)
will be the focus of this presentation.

CHED 1364

Effectiveness of laboratory instruction: How the current debate between

traditional and non-traditional laboratory instruction can benefit from
understanding the debates of the early 20th century

Jacob D Schroeder(1), [email protected], 273 Hunter Hall, Clemson SC 29634,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634,
United States

The chemistry laboratory has long been understood to be a critical and invaluable
component for hands-on experimentation. In the earliest editions of the Journal of
Chemical Education (1920's), chemical educators stressed the importance of
articulating what the laboratory was to accomplish that could not be accomplished in the
lecture. Since this time, and perhaps even earlier, a constant and often chaotic debate
has existed within the chemical education community regarding not only the laboratory's
effectiveness in meeting these goals, but also its justification for existing in the first
place. Reliable and tangible evidence supporting new methods of laboratory instruction
were scarce, and a lack of unanimity existed among chemical educators regarding the
goals of the laboratory as a learning environment. This presentation will attempt to

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summarize the historical view of the laboratory as a learning environment and suggest
ways of implementing new strategies to collect data indicative of meaningful learning.

CHED 1365

Structuring the laboratory for meaningful learning: Integrating assessment into

course design

Daniel S. Domin(1), [email protected], 7900 West Division Street, River Forest IL

60305, United States . (1) Dominican University, River Forest IL 60305, United States

A critical aspect of improving laboratory instruction is ensuring that students are learning
what we want them to learn. If instructors want to be certain that meaningful learning is
actually taking place in the laboratory, then not only must the outcomes for meaningful
learning serve as the foundations of the curriculum, but the assessments for meaningful
learning must also be integrated into the curriculum as part of the initial course design.
Through the principles of ―Integrated Course Design‖ and ―Backward Design‖ the author
will present a model for collecting evidence of student learning.

CHED 1366

Argument based instruction in undergraduate chemistry labs: A comparative

study

Joi P Walker(1), [email protected], 444 Appleyard Drive, Tallahassee FL 32304, United

States ; Victor Sampson(2). (1) Science and Math Division, Tallahassee Community
College, Tallahassee FL 32304, United States (2) School of Teacher Education, Florida
State University, Tallahassee FL 32306, United States

This paper presents a new instructional model that can be used in undergraduate
college chemistry laboratory courses called Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI). ADI is
designed to provide students with an opportunity to develop their own method to
generate data, to carry out investigations, use data to answer research questions, write,
and be more reflective as they work. In addition, the ADI instructional model integrates
opportunities for students to engage in scientific argumentation and peer review. ADI
was piloted in select sections of General Chemistry I labs during the 2008-2009
academic year. During these three semesters the remaining lab sections were taught
using a traditional method and used for a comparative study. Results of the study
indicate that ADI had a positive impact on student learning, course grades and
enrollment. Of particular interest was the degree to which these findings were
determined by improved attitudes and increased enrollment for female students.

CHED 1367

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Phenomenological study of two diverse general chemistry laboratory

environments

Todd A. Gatlin(1), [email protected], 4202 E. Fowler Ave CHE 205, Tampa Florida
33620, United States ; Santiago Sandi-Urena(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University
of South Florida, Tampa Florida 33620, United States

There is sound consensus among chemistry educators regarding the potential of

laboratory instruction in promoting students' scientific literacy. Lab related education
research has focused on the implementation of different instructional approaches whose
effectiveness is typically assessed based on students' achievement and perceptions. An
implied assumption is that the effectiveness is an intrinsic property of the instructional
methodology and not of the learning environment which represents the unique shared
experience of participants in the lab. Our proposal is to explore multiple laboratory
learning environments to discern the common factors that may promote significant
learning and scientific development. Once identified, these factors can be adopted by
and adapted to real laboratory experiences. In this study we compare and contrast a
non-typical laboratory program with a typical one. For this purpose we conducted
independent phenomenological studies. Findings and implications from this work will be
presented.

CHED 1368

Meaningful Learning in a first-year analytical chemistry laboratory course: A

qualitative investigation of students' perceptions of learning across classical,
discovery, and instrumental experiments

Mary E. Emenike(1), [email protected], 1109 Gilman, Ames IA 50010, United

States ; Neil D. Danielson(2); Stacey Lowery Bretz(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Iowa
State University, Ames Iowa 50010, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States

At Miami University, the second semester general chemistry course for chemistry
majors is the equivalent of an analytical laboratory course. The instructor for this course
designed the experiments using three different structures: classical, discovery, and
instrumental. Working within the framework of Meaningful Learning, our research
investigated the nature of students' perceptions of their learning with respect to these
three types of laboratory experiments. Data was collected from semi-structured
interviews with six students three times over the course of the semester. Students'
descriptions of their cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning will be presented,
along with a comparison of these descriptions to the instructor's learning goals.
Implications for teaching will be discussed.

CHED 1369

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Assessment in the analytical chemistry laboratory: Assessing skill, knowledge

and attitude of best practices

Marina C Koether(1), [email protected], 1000 Chastain Road, MS 1203,

Kennesaw GA 30144, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw GA 30144, United States

Two purposes of the laboratory experience are to increase the chemical manipulation
and the documentation skill levels of the student. Many techniques are repeated
throughout the semester and through trial and error, students improve on their skill and
their knowledge of best practices. By completing the analysis of an unknown early and
late in a semester, this improvement can be assessed. By monitoring the laboratory
notebook before and after each laboratory, documentation skill levels are assessed. In
addition, an attitude towards safety and hazardous waste handling is represented by the
thorough record keeping. Finally, a written test assesses the student's knowledge of
best laboratory practices.

CHED 1370

Thirty years of research in chemical education

George M. Bodner(1), [email protected], 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette in

47907, United States . (1) Chemistry, Puirdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907,
United States

This spring marks the 30th anniversary of the decision to create a division of chemical
education within the Department of Chemistry at Purdue to supplement the traditional
divisions of analytical, inorganic, organic, physical and biochemistry. When this new
program was first described (Bodner & Herron, 1984), we noted that, ―in creating a
division of chemical education, the chemistry department showed a certain amount of
faith that chemical education is an area of scholarship worthy of the status afforded
established branches of chemistry.‖ We also noted that, ―only time will reveal whether
what we have done represents a significant step in the growth and development of
chemical education or merely an unimportant administrative reorganization in a single
institution.‖ This talk will examine the 30-year history of what the CER group at Purdue
has been able to accomplish.

CHED 1371

The Chemical Concepts Inventory: Reflections and new analysis

from 15 years of study

Douglas R Mulford(1), [email protected], 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta GA 30322,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322,
United States

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The
Chemical Concepts Inventory (CCI) was developed in 1996 and over the past 15
years has been used in the US and abroad. A brief overview of the development of the
CCI
and the results that have been discovered over the years will be
presented. In addition, results of the CCI
have been analyzed using Item Response Theory to produce Item Characteristic
Curves(ICC) and Option Probability Curves(OPC). ICCs allow for question level
determination of discrimination ability within a test which demonstrates for each
question if it is more or less useful for looking at the overall level of conceptual
understanding. OPCs focus on the response patterns of detractors within each
individual
question. The plot of Option Probability
verses Student Ability shows which specific misconceptions are held by stronger
verses weaker students and given the pre- and post-test nature of the data set
demonstrate changes over a course of study.

CHED 1372

Chemistry "textbook" publishing innovations

Lisa Lockwood(1), [email protected], 25004 Dane Rd, Paynesville MN,

United States . (1) Cengage Learning, Boston MA, United States

Innovations in product offerings from publishers are a collaborative effort between

educators and publishing companies. A look at the evolution of college textbooks and
what lies ahead.

CHED 1373

Forensic science education: Preparing students with a

strong foundation in chemistry

Ilene K Alford(1), [email protected], 3228 GUN CLUB RD, WEST PALM BEACH FL
33406, United States . (1) Toxicology Unit, Palm Beach County Sheriff[apos]s Office,
West Palm Beach Florida 33406, United States

A strong foundation in chemistry is essential to prepare

students for a career in forensic science that specializes in chemical
analyses. Due to popular crime scene investigation television shows, students
often have misconceptions about the educational requirements for the field of
forensics and the typical work of a forensic scientist. An increase in the number of
colleges
offering forensic science degrees stemming from an increased interest in the
field over the last decade has led the National Institute of Justice and the

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American Academy of Forensic Sciences to develop a recommended academic

curriculum for forensic science programs. This presentation outlines the development
of standards for accreditation of forensic science programs, addresses the
misconceptions students may have about forensic science, and provides a
realistic view of a day in the life of a forensic chemist and toxicologist.

CHED 1374

What makes learning difficult? A female pre-professional major's perspective of

learning chemistry, a single case study

Kenneth S Lyle(1), [email protected], 124 Science Drive 90347, Durham NC

27708, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham North
Carolina 27708, United States

General Chemistry is often a pre-requisite that students

must complete in order to continue in their chosen majors. In spite of best efforts, a
significant
number of students experience difficulties learning chemistry. Instructors' beliefs of the
factors
that contribute toward student difficulties are not in agreement with those
held by the students, nor with one another. In order to better understand these factors, a
single-case study
of a female pre-professional major's perspective of the second-semester
chemistry-learning contact was conducted.
The tutorial setting was used as a means to create an environment that
would be conducive for the participant to convey her experiences. More than forty
factors that
contributed to her difficulties learning chemistry were identified and were
attributed to the chemistry-learning context, outside of course influences, and
to the participant herself.
Several factors encouraged her to adopt surface approaches resulting in
her having a partial, fragmented understanding of the concepts.

CHED 1375

Diagnostic assessment of students' chemistry learning to develop a

deeper understanding

David F Treagust(1), [email protected], GPO BoxU1987, Perth Western

Australia 6845, Australia . (1) Science and Mathematics Education Centre, Curtin
University, Perth Western Australia 6845, Australia

Evidence from
research consistently shows that in both secondary schools and universities

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while students often are well informed about the content of the chemistry they
are learning, they are much less knowledgeable about the reasoning behind their
content knowledge. For students to progress further with their knowledge of
chemistry, their conceptual reasoning also needs to advance. The presentation
will discuss how the diagnosis of students' conceptions in chemistry in a range
of topics using specially designed two-tier instruments including the topics of
covalent bonding and structure, chemical equilibrium, acid-base chemistry, the
particulate nature of matter and electro-chemistry can be used to improve
students' understanding of chemistry at a deeper level.

CHED 1376

Award Address (George C. Pimentel Award in Chemical Education sponsored by

Cengage Publishing and ACS). Chemical Education: Where are we headed?

William R. Robinson(1), [email protected], 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette IN

47907, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette
IN, United States

Chemical education is coming out of a paradigm shift, a change described by Thomas

Kuhn in his Structure of Scientific Revolutions. A paradigm is a collection of shared
beliefs which include an agreement of how problems are to be understood and
resolved. A paradigm shift occurs when one set of beliefs displaces an older set after a
period of persistent failure of the older set to solve an important problem. For many
years our ruling paradigm was that the way we were taught chemistry was the way to
teach chemistry to everyone else, that students are empty vessels waiting to be filled
with knowledge, and that teaching consists of telling. This paradigm guided the content,
structure, and pedagogy of our courses. More recently, beliefs about the nature of
teaching chemistry began to change. My beliefs about teaching chemistry also have
changed and I will share the reasons for this change.

CHED 1377

How self-beliefs influence minority students' success in high school

James R Valles, Jr.(1), [email protected], Math Bldg., Room 201, Box 41042,
Lubbock TX 79409-1042, United States ; Xiaobo She(2); Jennifer Wilhelm(3); Dominick J.
Casadonte, Jr.(4). (1) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University,
Lubbock TX 79409, United States (2) College of Education, Texas Tech University,
Lubbock TX 79409-1071, United States (3) Department of Curriculum and Instruction,
University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, United States (4) Department of Chemistry
& Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX 79409-1061, United States

This presentation examines the self-beliefs and self-motivation of under-performing

students at an urban high school in west Texas. The presenter wishes to show that the

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quality of education, and the seriousness of the students regarding their education, is
affected by influences outside of the school setting. The goal of this study is to provide
educators and administrators a glimpse into outside factors that should be considered
and addressed when considering the educational needs of under-performing minority
students. Of particular interest are the results of this study gathered from students in
developmental high school chemistry classes.

CHED 1378

Green chemistry curriculum science club for girls

Jillian Toomey(1), [email protected], 160 Pearl Street, Fitchburg MA 01420,

United States ; Aisling M O[apos]Connor(1). (1) Department of Biology and Chemistry,
Fitchburg State University, Fitchburg MA 01420, United States

A green chemistry curriculum for 5th- 6th grade girls was developed for use by the non-
profit organization, Science Club for Girls. The curriculum focuses on personal care
products with a goal of inspiring the next generation of female consumers to get
interested in science and contribute to the green chemistry initiative. The curriculum
starts with a history of the regulation of chemicals in cosmetics and an introduction to
green chemistry. Hands-on lab activities include the synthesis of shampoos for different
hair types from a baking soda base, soap for different skin types from glycerin and the
use of essential oils and herbs for added flair. All personal care products made by the
students are evaluated based on the 12 principles of green chemistry. There is no better
way to prevent waste and promote safer synthesis than to educate the next generation
of consumers and aspiring chemists!

CHED 1379

Inspiring science in elementary school programs through a summer day camp at

Shippensburg University

Robin L McCann(1), [email protected], 1871 Old Main Drive, Shippensburg PA 17257,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg
PA 17257, United States

The Department of Chemistry has run a summer day camp for the past 4 years. The
camp was initiated to develop hands-on chemistry experiments to provide to elementary
education majors. The children, ages 8-10 years old, simultaneously learn fundamental
concepts of chemistry (atoms, molecules, reactions, thermodynamics, the Periodic
Table, mixtures, etc.) and how those concepts are used to explain phenomena they
experience on a regular basis. A surprising outcome of our camp has been contact with
elementary school teachers whose
students have completed our camp. The students come back to school in the fall
excited about science, telling their teachers about the fun science they learned at camp.

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Anaheim, CA

Teacher contact with faculty has led to outreach at several local elementary schools and
increased collaboration on
science projects. In addition, chemistry majors serving as camp counselors have
developed an appreciation for science education while recalling their youthful love for
the discipline.

CHED 1380

Aurora University's Master of Art in Teacher Leadership program in life science:

Design and implementation of a biochemistry course

Chetna Patel(1), [email protected], 347 S. Gladstone ave., Aurora IL 60506, United

States ; Hans T. Beck(1), [email protected], 347 S. Gladstone ave., Aurora IL, United
States . (1) Department of Natural Science, Aurora University, Aurora IL 60506, United
States

Aurora University received an Illinois Math and Science Partnership grant to

collaboratively design and implement a content-rich life science graduate program for
in-service K-12 science teachers in high need school districts. Our three-year Master of
Art in Teacher Leadership in Life Science program incorporated seven objectives into
this biochemistry course: 1. learn fundamental concepts of biochemistry, 2. understand
the synthesis and decomposition of biological macromolecules, 3. describe the
interconnection of bonding and the shape and
properties of the molecules that influence their functions, 4. practice effective use of
technology and mathematical reasoning to observe molecules, 5. address learning
standards, 6. explore best practices for biochemistry topics that are challenging to teach
in secondary science classes, and 7. adapt course material to lesson plans for science
classrooms. Instructional strategies utilized inquiry-based approaches for hand-on
activities, technology, and molecular models for conceptual visualization. Quantitative
assessment of course and students' achievements were made.

CHED 1381

Enzyme-responsive microcapsules formed by self-assembly: An undergraduate

laboratory

Michelle Black(1), [email protected], 3205 W Davis, Conroe TX 77304, United

States ; Hitesh G Bagaria(2); Michael S Wong(2)(3); Carolyn A Nichol(3)(4). (1) Department
of Science, Conroe High School, Conroe ISD, Conroe TX 77304, United States (2)
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston TX
77005, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston TX 77005,
United States (4) Center for Education, Rice University, Houston TX 77005, United
States

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In a recent JCE paper, we demonstrated an educational activity to encapsulate food dye

in microcapsules formed by self-assembly of polyallylamine, citrate, and silica
nanoparticles. Encapsulated dye was shown to be released by disassembly with
vinegar (low pH) or by swelling with NaCl solution. Here, we present an extension of this
concept to synthesize enzyme-digestible microcapsules. Microcapsules were formed by
self-assembly of poly-L-Lysine (PLL), citrate and polygalacturonic acid (PGA). Capsules
were treated separately with trypsin (enzyme specific to PLL), pectinase (enzyme
specific to PGA) or both. Only when both enzymes were present, we see a complete
digestion of the capsules. Similar concept is currently being developed for drug delivery.
We anticipate the simple, quick and adaptable nature of this activity will make for an
enriching biology-oriented undergraduate laboratory. The activity was developed as part
of NSF's Research Experience for Teachers program at Rice University in Summer
2010.

CHED 1382

Student-centered learning in the laboratory: The POGIL

approach

Frank J. Creegan(1), [email protected], 300 Washington Avenue, Chestertown

MD 21620-1197, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Washington College,
Chestertown MD 21620-1197, United States

What distinguishes a POGIL laboratory from traditional laboratories? What is unique

about the POGIL laboratory text material? How does lab work relate to lecture content?
How does student laboratory work in a POGIL setting differ from that in conventional
approaches? How does this inquiry-based approach map to the National Science
Education Standards for Teaching and Learning? What role does the instructor play in
the POGIL approach? The answers to these and other questions will be revealed in this
session, using specific POGIL experiments to illustrate the approach.

CHED 1383

Interactive guided-inquiry:
A solution for organic chemistry laboratory recitations

Hala G Schepmann(1), [email protected], 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard, Ashland

Oregon 97520, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Physics, Materials, and
Engineering, Southern Oregon University, Ashland Oregon 97520, United States

Over the past few years, our department has integrated guided-inquiry experiments into
our organic chemistry laboratory courses. Ideally, the corresponding recitation sessions
should have incorporated a POGIL approach as well. However, due to class time
limitations, a standard lecture-style format was employed to sufficiently prepare
students to conduct their experiments. This presentation will describe the design and

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Anaheim, CA

implementation of an interactive guided-inquiry format for organic chemistry laboratory

recitations that provides sufficient time for coverage of necessary information. In
addition, guidelines for converting existing lecture-style recitations as well as
assessment of the advantages and challenges of using this approach will be addressed.

CHED 1384

Moving guided inquiry into the general chemistry laboratory using a green theme

Will E Lynch(1), [email protected], 11935 Abercorn St., Savannah Georgia

31419, United States ; Delana Nivens(1), [email protected], 11935
Abercorn St., Savannah Georgia 31419, United States ; Lea Padgett (1); Clifford
Padgett(1); Todd Hizer(1); Catherine MacGowan(1); Joshua Smith(1); Eric Werner(2). (1)
Chemistry, AASU, Savannah Georgia 31419, United States (2) Chemistry, University of
Tampa, Tampa FL, United States

This presentation will focus on our ongoing efforts to implement guided inquiry
chemistry experiments into the general chemistry laboratory. Traditionally, we have
presented general chemistry laboratories in a series of "cookbook" activities that enable
high throughput of students but limit the amount of discovery and inquiry that are
fundamental to becoming a scientist. We have transformed our general chemistry
laboratory expeience into ―green themed‖ active-learning modules that are intended to
spur student interest in and student commitment to understanding chemistry. The
overarching goals of this transformative project are sharing the excitement of chemistry
with students, recruiting and retaining of majors in chemistry and equipping students
with critical thinking skills that prepare them for future coursework and lifelong learning.
We chose general chemistry as the critical curriculum implementation point because the
general chemistry sequence impacts the greatest number of students. Further, theses
students come from across all the disciplines of science, ultimately creating a
community of green scientist/scholars. Over the first year of the project, the involved
faculty and staff have developed ten guided general chemistry inquiry modules, based
on environmentally relevant topics, including the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry. The
two to four week guided inquiry modules are implemented in groups to promote
collaboration among the students. The topics explored include soil analysis, water
pollution, green synthesis and stoichiometry, biodiesel, acid rain, air pollution, and fuel
cells, each of which illustrates one or more of the major theoretical aspects of general
chemistry such as stoichiometry, gas laws, equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics,
electrochemistry, and acid/base chemistry. Our two semester inquiry experience
culminates in a green chemistry research experience for every student enrolled. The
adaptation and results are being shared with educators for implementation in their
classrooms through internet based resources. Inquiry labs, preliminary results,
implementation challenges, student outcomes and assessment will be presented.

CHED 1385

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Student-centered learning in the laboratory: The Science Writing Heuristic (SWH)

approach and its impact on students

Tanya G. Gupta(1), [email protected], 3051 GIlman, Ames Iowa 50011-3111, United

States ; K. A. Burke(1); Brandon F. Fetterly(2); Dawn D. Del Carlo(3); Thomas J.
Greenbowe(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011-
3111, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Richland,
Richland Center WIsconsin 53581, United States (3) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls Iowa 50614-0423, United States

Previous researchers have demonstrated the effectiveness of the Science Writing

Heuristic (SWH) and Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Laboratory (POGIL) teaching
methods. In the SWH and POGIL approaches the instructor acts as a facilitator. In the
SWH laboratories, students are not assigned any specific roles for the accountability of
their work and organization of their groups. In a POGIL approach students are assigned
the role of a manager, recorder, equipment manager and reporter. What happens when
the students are assigned POGIL roles but they use the SWH laboratory format? Does
the role assignment to the students improve their understanding of the laboratory work?
Do the students who work with a teaching approach that involves role assignment that
is consistent with the teaching method being used help students write a better quality
laboratory reports and affect their performance on the exams? The teaching approach
Student-led Instructor Facilitated Guided Inquiry Laboratories (SLIFGIL) is based on the
SWH approach with the difference that students are assigned roles such that they lead
their peers during the entire laboratory session with some guidance from their instructor.
Preliminary findings about the effectiveness of the SLIGIL approach will be explored.

CHED 1386

Student-centered learning in the laboratory: The Science Writing Heuristic (SWH)

approach and its impact on teachers

Dawn D. Del Carlo(1), [email protected], 243 MCCollum, Cedar Falls Iowa

50614-0423, United States ; Brandon F. Fetterly(2); Tanya G. Gupta(3); K. A. Burke(3);
Thomas J. Greenbowe(3). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Northern Iowa,
Cedar Falls Iowa, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin -
Richland, Richland Center Wisconsin 53581, United States (3) Department of
Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011-3111, United States

What distinguishes Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) approach from traditional

laboratories and from POGIL laboratories? What role does the instructor play in the
SWH approach? What is unique about the SWH laboratory notebook and student
pooling of data? How does lab work relate to lecture content? What impact does the
SWH approach to laboratory learning have on students' academic performance during
the lecture component of the course? How does student laboratory work during the
SWH approach differ from that in conventional approaches or the POGIL approach?

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How does the SWH inquiry-based approach map to the National Science Education
Standards for Teaching and Learning? The answers to these and other questions will
be revealed in this session, using SWH experiments to illustrate the approach.

CHED 1387

Stimulating student interest in using guided-inquiry in the laboratory to learn

chemistry

Brandon F. Fetterly(1), [email protected], 1200 US HWY 14 W, Richland

Center WIsconsin 53581, United States ; Dawn D. Del Carlo(2); K. A. Burke(3); Tanya G.
Gupta(3); Thomas J. Greenbowe(3). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin - Richland, Richland Center WIsconsin 53581, United States (2) Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls Iowa 50614-
0423, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa
50011-3111, United States

Students have a difficult time adjusting to doing guided-inquiry laboratory experiments.

This presentation will focus on techniques used by faculty at community colleges to
enable their students to ―get on the rubric‖ and get on with learning chemistry. What
methods define effective instruction? The traditional approach to doing laboratory
activities with a pre-laboratory lecture, a cookbook or verification oriented manual, and a
traditional way of having students keep a lab notebook has been investigated and found
lacking. An overview of the hybrid POGIL/Science Writing Heuristic approach along with
its effectiveness at different colleges will be presented.

CHED 1388

Relating the Science Writing Heuristic to scientific research

Steven J Gravelle(1), [email protected], 300 Fraser Purchase Rd, Latrobe PA

15650, United States ; Matthew Fisher(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint Vincent
College, Latrobe PA 15650, United States

The Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) is designed to provide a more inquiry-based

structure in the laboratory and has been used in many of the chemistry courses at Saint
Vincent College since 2005. In the SWH, students come to lab with a set of Beginning
Questions to investigate and, from their experimental results, they derive a set of
evidence-based claims. The SWH process seems to parallel many of the characteristics
of scientific research as described in the ―Activity Model‖ developed by Harwood et al
(Harwood, W. S. J. Coll. Sci. Teaching 2004, 33, 29–33). The activity model consists of
ten practices common to research scientists, nine of which surround the central theme
of asking testable and meaningful questions. In this presentation, we will explore the
conceptual link between the SWH and the activity model and discuss some of our

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Anaheim, CA

preliminary efforts at determining the impact of the SWH on students as they prepare for
senior research.

CHED 1389

Graduate student misconceptions: Their own and their perception of

undergraduate misconceptions

Christopher F. Bauer(1), [email protected], Dept. of Chemistry UNH, Durham NH

03824, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire,
Durham NH 03824, United States

At a workshop on chemistry pedagogy, advanced graduate students and postdocs at

research-intensive departments were challenged with questions from the Mulford &
Robinson chemistry misconceptions inventory. This inventory was originally designed
for undergraduates. Some questions elicited initial misconceptions within the graduate
population as well. Other questions asked for a prediction of the most popular
anticipated incorrect answers from general chemistry students, and about how much
change would be expected as a result of instruction. Given that workshop attendees
were interested in academic careers, the results were eye-opening. Important
inferences can be drawn regarding the meaning of understanding, the role of
collaboration in learning, and what pedagogical content knowledge future faculty need.

CHED 1390

Zambian pre-service science teachers' understanding of the particulate nature of

matter

Asiana Banda(1), [email protected], 625 Wham Drive, MC 4610, Carbondale Illinois

62901, United States ; Frackson Mumba(1); Simeon Mbewe(1); Vivien Mweene
Chabalengula(1). (1) Curriculum and Instruction, Southern Illinois University Carbondale,
Carbondale Illinois 62901, United States

This study examined thirty Zambian Junior High School pre-service science teachers'
understanding of the particulate nature of matter. The microscopic properties
investigated were the size of particles, spaces between particles, speed of the particles,
and number of particles during phase changes. Data was collected using a
questionnaire adopted from Kenan and Ozmen (2007). Results show that teachers had
a very good understanding of the speed of particles, spaces between particles, and
number of particles when there is a phase change. Most teachers subscribed to the
idea that the size of particles is affected during phase changes by either increasing or
decreasing. Furthermore, most teachers said the speed of particles, and spaces
between particles change when liquids and solids are being pressed. Majority of the
teachers also believed that the speed of particles change when a gas is pressed. These
results have implications for chemistry teaching and learning and teacher education.

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CHED 1391

Singapore student understanding of chemistry laboratory safety

Wendy Schatzberg(1), [email protected], 516 High Street, bellingham

washington state 98225, United States ; Baohui Zhang(2). (1) Chemistry, Western
Washington University, Bellingham Washington State 98225, United States (2)
Nanyang Institute for Education, Singapore, Singapore

The analysis of what misconceptions are occurring with students is of importance from
both the safety aspect and from science theory application. Students need to be able to
apply scientific theory to laboratory work and be able to interpret science concepts to
their own chemical safety considerations. Different countries may teach chemical safety
in unique ways, and to develop an overall curriculum teaching students about chemical
safety without the creation of alternative conceptions is vital. The impact of this research
study was in identifying common misconceptions in Singapore to determine what may
be causing students' misconceptions. This was done to increase the effectiveness of
safety training in undergraduate laboratories by decreasing accidents due to student
misconceptions. The central objective of the proposed research was to understand what
alternate conceptions about chemistry and laboratory safety were prevalent within
chemistry laboratory classes. The goal of the questionnaire was to assess the typical
student's misconceptions about safety practices within a chemistry laboratory class. The
questionnaire was analyzed by identifying key words and concepts for the given
situations posed to the students.

CHED 1392

Revealing student knowledge of chemical bonding through use of multiple

representations

Cynthia J Luxford(1), [email protected], Hughes Laboratories, 701 E. High St.,

Oxford OH 45056, United States ; Stacey Lowery Bretz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford OH 45056, United States

Throughout chemistry, students encounter a variety of chemical representations

depicting covalent and ionic bonding. Students need to be able to understand the
different parts of representations of compounds in order to more fully grasp the concept
of bonding. Students who struggle to interpret and visualize these representations may
develop alternate concepts which can pose a problem in further learning of chemistry.
Therefore, representations of chemical structures can be used to elicit student ideas of
chemical bonding through interviewing students about the features of the models as
they pertain to bonding. Based on Johnstone's Domains and Johnstone's Information
Processing Model, a five-phase interactive interview protocol was designed to use three
sets of multiple representations. Findings regarding high school, undergraduate, and
graduate students' understanding of bonding will be presented.

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Anaheim, CA

CHED 1393

Misconceptions of intermolecular forces as revealed through paper

chromatography experiments

Michael P. Bindis(1), [email protected], Hughes Laboratories, 701 East High

Street, Oxford OH 45056, United States ; Stacey L. Bretz(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford OH 45056, United States

Interviews are being conducted in which students are asked to use their knowledge of
forces of attraction to explain an experiment in paper chromatography. Results from
student interviews will be subsequently used to develop a concept inventory regarding
student misconceptions of intermolecular forces. Guiding this research is Johnstone's
triangle of multiple levels of representation within chemistry and the theory of
constructivism. These learning theories will be presented in context with methods used
within each interview, along with initial findings about student conceptions and
alternative conceptions about intermolecular forces.

CHED 1394

From flame tests to energy level diagrams: Student understanding of atomic

emission

Ana V Vasquez Murata(1), [email protected], 160 hughes, 701 E. High St, Oxford
Ohio 45056, United States ; Stacey Lowery Bretz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States

One challenge for students of chemistry is to integrate ideas across Johnstone's

domains of macroscopic, particulate, and symbolic knowledge. Chemistry students
encounter representations of atomic emission across these domains ranging from flame
tests to energy level diagrams. According to the constructivist theory of learning,
misconceptions can arise as students try to connect these domains. To investigate
students' conceptions and mental models of atomic emission, a semi-structured
interview used these representations as prompts to elicit students' understandings.
Students enrolled in high school chemistry, general chemistry, and analytical chemistry
were interviewed and findings will be presented.

CHED 1395

ACS IREU program: Lessons learned and best practices

Bradley D. Miller(1), [email protected], 1155 Sixteenth Street, NW, Washington DC

20036, United States . (1) Office of International Activities, American Chemical Society,
Washington DC 20036, United States

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Anaheim, CA

The globalization of science requires students to graduate with multicultural

understanding and an international perspective in order to be competitive in the global
marketplace. With support from the NSF Chemistry Division, for the last four summers,
the American Chemical Society (ACS) International Research Experiences for
Undergraduate (IREU) exchange program has provided a high quality and unique
research experience for first degree US and European chemistry students. The ACS-
IREU exchange program is designed to provide an intensive 10-week research
experience for a select group of US undergraduate chemistry students at institutions in
Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. A major goal of this program is to provide students
with the opportunity to participate in summer research projects in European chemistry
laboratories. This presentation will address how the ACS-IREU program provides
students with a portfolio of research activities including mentorship from international
research advisors, ethics training focused on the responsible conduct of research in the
context of dual use, the experience of presenting their research at an ACS national
meeting, and how ACS maintains contact with the students after the ACS- IREU 10-
week internship is completed - students become part of an online ACS-IREU
community. Through this online community, past ACS-IREU participants stay connected
and often become mentors for current participants, providing them with additional
guidance and support.

CHED 1396

International Collaboration in Chemistry (ICC) program at NSF: A game changer

for the chemical research community

Zeev Rosenzweig(1), [email protected], 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington VA 22230,

United States ; Renee M Wilkerson(1). (1) Division of Chemistry, National science
Foundation, Arlington VA 22230, United States

The presentation will describe the development of the international collaboration in

chemistry (ICC) program in the division of chemistry at NSF. The vision for the program
and its principles will be discussed. The program is viewed by many as a success story
and serves as a model program for other disciplines. Yet, it is not free of challenges.
The presentation will describe the advantages and challenges of the program, the
hurdles for boarder-free collaborative research and what does it take to overcome them
in order to become a true game changer in the chemistry research community.

CHED 1397

Promotion of transnational collaboration in chemistry involving the German

Research Foundation (DFG)

Kathrin Winkler(1), [email protected], Kennedyallee 40, Bonn 53175, Germany .

(1) Chemistry and Process Engineering, German Research Foundation, Bonn 53175,
Germany

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Anaheim, CA

The Division of Chemistry and Process Engineering of DFG is involved in several

programs for the promotion of trans-national collaboration, one of them being the
European Open Initiative and the ICC program between NSF and various International
research councils.The Open Initiative has the aim to enable researchers to freely
choose their subject of research and their best cooperation Partners, independent of
their national affiliation, deadlines and strategic considerations. Proposals should be
jointly processed and decided. The collaboration between NSF and DFG within the ICC
call allows German and US scientists to collaborate with each other. Amongst others it
aims to meaningfully involve US and German students in the collaborative projects and
to significantly increase their international exposure and research opportunities abroad.
Both programs will be introduced, the proposal and review criteria will be discussed in
detail and some statistical results of the last calls will be given.

CHED 1398

NSF REU: A cooperative international undergraduate research program at the

University of Càdiz, Spain

Joanne G. Romagni(1), [email protected], 701 Moore Ave., Lewisburg PA 17837,

United States ; Juan Carlos Garcia Galindo(2); Francisco Macias Dominguez(2). (1)
Bucknell University, Lewisburg PA 17837, United States (2) Department of Organic
Chemistry, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real Cadiz, Spain

We have established a new summer International Research Experience for

Undergraduates (REU) site at the University of Cádiz, in southwestern Spain in the
Dept. of Organic Chemistry. This program is a collaboration between Bucknell
University (BU), the University of Cadiz (UCA) and is funded by the National Science
Foundation (NSF). During this REU, students have the opportunity to participate in one
of several labs in the area of Chemical Ecology. Students work on individual research
projects, each with their own assigned Spanish faculty member. The program currently
is ten weeks long; nine of which are in Cadiz. The broader impact of this study includes
the integration of research activities into the experiences of eight undergraduate
students per year. The project improves research skills, and students gain experience
interacting with multi-cultural teams working on unique scientific projects. These
projects are highly interdisciplinary, spanning ecology, biochemistry, organic chemistry
and physiology.

CHED 1399

US/China bilateral summer research exchange program

Justin P Lomont(1), [email protected], c/o Brian Coppola, 930 North University

Ave, Ann Arbor MI 48109-1055, United States ; Brian P Coppola(2); James E Penner-
Hahn(2); Zi-Chen Li(3). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley,
Berkeley CA 94720, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan,

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Anaheim, CA

Ann Arbor MI 48109, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, Peking University,
Beijing 100871, China

In 2007, the University of Michigan Chemistry Department created a bilateral

undergraduate research exchange program between China and the United States.
Starting then with a pilot project, with 7 total students, the program has grown, in 2010,
to include 50 students per year (25 in each direction). Using funding from the National
Science Foundation, most of the US-to-China positions are completely open to students
from around the US. US students are placed in research groups in the chemical and
biological sciences at Peking and Tsinghua Universities, in Beijing, arguably the two
premier research institutions in China. While productive research in both countries is
certainly the most tangible outcome, our evaluation has revealed an equally significant
result is the increased sense of global and international confidence gained by these
students, who have fully integrated these experiences as a natural part of their
undergraduate education.

CHED 1400

ThaiREU organic chemistry in Bangkok: Nine years of a successful international

Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program

Rebecca Braslau(1), [email protected], 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz CA 95064,

United States . (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz,
Santa Cruz CA 95064, United States

The NSF sponsors international REU programs, with the aim of giving stellar American
undergraduates a high-level research experience, and exposure to a foreign culture.
The ThaiREU organic chemistry program has sent 70 American undergraduates
recruited nationwide to Bangkok since 2002. The students spend 10 weeks in research
labs at Chulalongkorn University, Mahidol University, and the Chulabhorn Research
Institute, and receive a short course on Thai history, culture and language. A Thai
graduate student partner from each lab also participates. Both American and Thai
participants take part in weekly research meetings, and weekend cultural outings. The
program culminates with a Research Colloquium, and each student submits a
professional research report. Nine publications and over 15 student presentations have
resulted to date. This talk will focus on successful strategies and tips on how to plan for
a successful international undergraduate research program, gleaned from nine years of
experience running the ThaiREU program.

CHED 1401

International research experience initiative developed through a materials world

network program

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Anaheim, CA

Sherine O Obare(1), [email protected], 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo

Michigan 49008, United States . (1) Chemistry, Western Michigan University,
Kalamazoo MI 49008, United States

Despite the United States global leadership, American students do not rank highly in
science and mathematics compared with students around the world. This alarming
ranking, if not confronted in a timely manner, will negatively impact the United States
position in science and technology. Through the Materials World Network program we
have engaged high school and undergraduate students in an international research
experience in which they are exposed to solving global problems at the interface of
chemistry and biology. The program emphasizes student projects to study and
understand interactions of nanoscale materials with microbial pathogens. Throughout
the year, video teleconferencing is used to connect students with collaborators
overseas. During the summer we promote interactions of U.S. students with students
from abroad by traveling abroad, working together in the lab, and visiting industrial and
academic research laboratories. In this presentation we will describe the structure of our
program and provide an assessment of the benefits gained from international research
in influencing students' attitudes toward the chemical sciences.

CHED 1402

Two-way exchange of chemistry research students between the U.S. and Austria

Michael B. Sponsler(1), [email protected], 1-014 CST, Syracuse New York 13244-

4100, United States ; Bruce S. Hudson(1); Karin Ruhlandt-Senge(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse New York 13244-4100, United States

An American-Austrian summer exchange program of chemistry research students has

been operated successfully since 2005. NSF and Syracuse University have supported
the Americans as iREU students, while Graz University of Technology, partly through
corporate sponsorship, have supported the Austrian students. Over the six summers, 56
American and 60 Austrian students have participated. The American students, coming
from across the U.S., have performed research at Graz University of Technology and
Karl Franzens University of Graz, while the Austrian students have been included in the
domestic REU program at Syracuse University. The success of the program can be
attributed to emphasis on the students' research experiences with careful attention to
the various details of travel, housing, events (scientific and social), and integration of
students into the departments. Coordination between the sites has also proven to be a
crucial factor. This has been facilitated by personal contact of visiting faculty in both
directions.

CHED 1403

Plan for a top-specialty level of world-class universities

Page 675 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Lijiang Hu(1), [email protected], Harbin Institute of Technology, Box 713, harbin

Heilongjiang 150001, China ; Wenxu Li(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute
of Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150001, China

Recently, our specialty，Applied Chemistry is changed to Chemistry specialty to

emphasize fundamental knowledge and extend the specialty concept. The nature of the
specialty should be also changed from an engineering specialty to a science specialty.
After that the scientific specialty the cultivating and curriculum system (both the
concepts and the teaching times) must be put into place. To construct the new specialty
and reach the top-specialty level of world-class universities, our university approved our
application for an ―Invitation of Foreign Experts‖ (IFE) subproject which is a part of the
―Plan and Construction Project‖ of our university, investing with $120 000 000 by the
Chinese Central Government this year. The invited experts must be senior professors
from universities with the high level ranked in the top 150 universities over the world.
The IFE subproject obtained will provide the best facilities and wages (plus the bonus
for every individual task) for the professors, who will assist our specialty to make a plan
about construction of the cultivating and curriculum system and enhancement of the
faculty level.

Another short term IFE project (one week) is also introduced.

CHED 1404

Students' views on the nature of science after taking a general education science
course

Provi M. Mayo(1), [email protected], 3800N. Anthony Blvd, Fort Wayne Indiana

46805-1489, United States . (1) Chemistry, IvyTech Community College, Fort Wayne
Indiana 46845, United States

I am interested on the impact that courses like chemistry 120 (chemistry & art) and
physical science have on the students fulfilling their general education science
requirement. I want to compare their nature of science views with students that fulfil this
requirement with a physical science course. The study will focus on what their
perception of the nature of science would become. The purpose will be to measure the
impact the chemistry in art course had on the students' view and understanding of the
nature of science, find which connections the students made to relate the chemistry
they learned in the course with the artistic process, study how and if the students made
a connection between the process of experimentation, the artistic process and the
search for scientific knowledge. This is done by giving the students a NOS survey at the
end of each of the courses.

CHED 1405

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Using green chemistry and multi-week laboratory exercises to influence student

perceptions of the natural sciences

Martin J Mulvihill(1), [email protected], Lewis 324, Berkeley CA 94720, United

States ; Michelle Douskey(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, United States

Over the past six months seven new laboratory experiments that explore
interdisciplinary environmental challenges facing society have been incorporated into
the introductory chemistry curriculum at UC Berkeley. Inspired by the principles of green
chemistry, the curriculum explores these issues using basic chemistry techniques
including synthesis, titration and calorimetry. In two multi-week modules the laboratory
exercises examine the issues surroundingb biofuels and the effects of acids in the
environment. The biofuels module has students assess the toxicity of four potential
biofuels, synthesize biodiesel, and then measure the heat of combustion for various
biofuels. The second set of labs explores the effects of air pollutants on aquatic
ecosystems. These labs provide necessary skills, while also changing student
perceptions of science in general and chemistry in particular. This presentation will
introduce the curriculum and focus on the results of surveys conducted during Summer
Session 2010 (30 students) and Fall 2010 (1350 students).

CHED 1406

Assessment of pedagogy in chemistry courses for non-science majors at

Roanoke College

Benjamin P Huddle(1), [email protected], 221 College Lane, Salem VA 24153,

United States ; Jack K Steehler(1); Caroline A Hunter(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Roanoke College, Salem VA 24153, United States

We are in the third year of a three-year assessment program, which is part of an NSF-
sponsored CCLI project titled ―Real-Life Inquiry-Based GC/MS Experiments for General
Education Chemistry Courses‖. We offer two special one-semester general education
courses for non-science majors, one focusing on forensic chemistry and one focusing
on environmental chemistry. We have developed experiments using our GC/MS for all
of these courses, and have been teaching them using a modified inquiry-based
methodology. We have collected assessment data for more than ten experiments in
each of the two non-science majors courses both before and after implementing the
new pedagogy. This report will look primarily at the assessment program in the forensic
chemistry course and will include some of our findings. Findings presented will include
the effects of this change on student attitudes toward laboratory, the effect of different
pedagogies on student learning, and the importance of student backgrounds.

CHED 1407

Page 677 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Investigating environmentally sound alternatives to disposable plastic bottles:

Promoting green chemistry in the allied-health chemistry curriculum

Sara Bourbour(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128,

United States ; Jeff Coffron(1), [email protected], San Jose, CA 95128, United States ;
Amalya Aleksanyan(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San
Jose CA 95128, United States ; Madeline Adamczeski(1). (1) Chemistry, San Jose City
College, San Jose CA 95128, United States

Flexible laboratory modules were designed to be easily adapted and integrated into the
allied-health curriculum. Students enrolled in the first-semester chemistry for allied
health course, and comprise mostly pre-nursing majors, investigate multiple types of
polymers used in the manufacture of plastic. Students learn about a variety of polymer
molecular structures, synthesis, and toxicity and isolate Bisphenol-A (BPA) from
polycarbonate thermoplastic water bottles. In the second semester, pre-nursing
students revisit this experiment with focus on BPA's long-term adverse (a) health effects
on the endocrine system and (b) environmental effects, derived from disposable plastic
water bottles. Students learn the implications of plastics in terms of waste management,
as well as standards and regulations implemented by agencies including the EPA and
FDA.

CHED 1408

Chemistry of nutrition: Overcoming challenges in developing a non-majors

course

Jessica M Davis(1), [email protected], 1073 North Benson Rd, Fairfield CT 06824,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Fairfield University,
Fairfield CT 06824, United States

A liberal arts college, Fairfield University offers courses specifically designed for non-
majors to satisfy the cluster of courses required of every student. These courses take
on theme subjects such as ―Chemistry of Art‖ or ―Physics of Sport.‖ Development of
such courses that emphasize the scientific method, data analysis, and science content
while still engaging students with the special topic poses a particular challenge. In
developing ―Chemistry of Nutrition‖ the author has created a course that introduces
topics of chemistry as they relate to nutrition. Some of the challenges that have been
overcome in this course development, including the introduction of dimensional
analysis, the scientific method, and molecular representations, will be presented.

CHED 1409

Novel method of promoting student writing of short science and technology

papers for General Chemistry

Page 678 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Daming Gu(1), [email protected], No.92, Dazhi street, Harbin Heilongjiang 150001,

China ; Liangsheng Qiang(1); Dongyan Tang(1). (1) Department of chemistry, Harbin
institute of technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150001, China

General Chemistry is an important basic course for non-chemistry majors at Harbin

Institute of Technology, China. The course is content-rich, but there are only 32
classroom hours and 18 hours of lab work, which are insufficient for students to master
the many concepts and complete all experiments. To improve teaching effectiveness,
the students are required to complete an additional assignment independently. One
option is to write a short paper about a chemistry concept or theory which cannot be
understood well in the class. Students research related information outside of class and
then understand the concept deeply and explicitly. Alternatively, they can write an
experiment. They search related information and prepare a detailed proposal for an
experiment. In this way the students develop practical knowledge related to chemistry,
individual curiosity, independent research skills, and expectations for the experiment's
outcome while promoting their writing skills

CHED 1410

Halloween Science Night 2010 at Southeast Missouri State University: Introducing

general chemistry students to professional service

Rachel Morgan Theall(1), [email protected], One University Plaza, Cape Girardeau

MO 63701, United States ; Marcus Bond(1), [email protected], One
University Plaza, Cape Girardeau MO 63701, United States ; Shannon McNew (2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau MO
63701, United States (2) Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University,
Cape Girardeau MO 63701, United States

Halloween Science Night at Southeast Missouri State University is an event in which

children ages 5-12 dress as scientists and participate in a night of science activities
assisted by undergraduate students, graduate students, and faculty. Our second annual
event held October 23, 2010 saw a doubling of both children in attendance and the time
available for activities. The original use of General Chemistry student volunteers in the
event was formalized this year to act as an introduction to professional service. A two-
period General Chemistry lab module was designed in which students first practiced,
then presented a science activity of their choice for children. Students whose activities
were more innovative and professionally presented were invited to perform those
activities during the Science Night, while other students were given assignments helping
assist with the operation of the event.

CHED 1411

Synchronous interactive digital learning

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Nathan R Brandstater(1), [email protected], 4500 Riverwalk Parkway, Riverside

CA 92515, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, La Sierra
University, Riverside CA 92515, United States

A wireless, classroom-based display wall system has been developed to promote

synchronous, collaborative digital learning in undergraduate chemistry courses. The
system consists of thirteen integrated HDTV displays distributed in five distinct zones in
a twenty-four-seat classroom. Student laptop computer content is sent via a standard
wireless network to the display area controlled by the instructor. The system is
hardware agnostic, allowing instructors to utilize any software package for student
assignments. General chemistry course assignments included molecular visualization,
graphical analysis, and computer-based problem solving. Through appropriately
designed classroom activities, students move from passive spectators, past the active
learner stage, to become spotlight academic performers coached by an instructor.
Student survey data indicate that participants improved both their chemistry learning
and their competence in using their computers. The classroom features and sample
activities will be described. Student performance and survey data will be presented and
discussed.

CHED 1412

Integration of general chemistry laboratory and classroom activities in a well-

designed learning space

Paul D Hooker(1), [email protected], 1840 S. 1300 E., Salt Lake City

Utah 84105, United States . (1) Chemistry, Westminster College, Salt Lake City Utah
84105, United States

The construction of a new Science Center at Westminster College has enabled the
design of laboratory/classroom learning spaces that facilitates the integration of
laboratory exercises and classroom activities in the general chemistry curriculum. The
learning spaces consist of seven moveable tables that each accommodates four
students and are designed to enhance collaborative activities and provide a suitable
surface for chemical experimentation. In this presentation, the design of the learning
space and furniture will be discussed, as well as the benefits and challenges of this
curriculum reform.

CHED 1413

Overview of NSF-DUE programs that support undergraduate education

Eun-Woo Chang(1), [email protected], 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 835, Arlington VA

22230, United States ; Hannah Sevian(1); Bert Holmes(1); Susan Hixson(1). (1) Division of
Undergraduate Education, National Science Foundation, Arlington VA 22230, United
States

Page 680 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Undergraduate education is central to the National Science Foundation's mission in

human resource development. The Division of Undergraduate Education (DUE) serves
as the focal point for agency-wide support for undergraduate education. The program
activities of DUE aim to strengthen and continuously improve the vitality of
undergraduate education for all students in science, technology, engineering and
mathematics (STEM) courses in all US institutions of higher education. This
presentation will include an overview of NSF-DUE programs that support the work of
chemistry faculty involved in undergraduate education.

CHED 1414

Research, reflect, act and assess: Creating pathways for student success

Pamela Ann McElroy Brown(1), [email protected], 300 Jay Street, Brooklyn

New York 11201, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, New York City College
of Technology - CUNY, Brooklyn New York 11201, United States

Evaluation of institutional data and best practices in STEM education resulted in a

funded proposal to increase the number of students receiving degrees in chemistry,
engineering technologies and mathematics: NSF STEP Grant # 0622493, Metropolitan
Mentors Network (MMNet): Growing an Urban STEM Talent Pool Across New York
City, at New York City College of Technology – CUNY. Activities and their outcomes to
be presented include: development of summer bridge courses providing academic
preparation, a network of social support and career information through trips to local
industries; support during the academic year through multiple levels of mentoring,
promotion of on-campus involvement, and continued academic support; and
opportunities for undergraduate research. Implementation, formative assessment to
steer mid-course corrections and program management will also be discussed. The
presentation will be targeted to those interested in writing a successful STEP proposal
as well as those recently awarded a STEP proposal with start-up questions.

CHED 1415

The University of Kansas Noyce Phase II Scholarship & Stipend Program: A

critical catalyst for STEM teacher production

Joseph A. Heppert(1)(2), [email protected], Dole Human Development Center, 1000

Sunnyside Ave, Rm 3078, Lawrence KS 66045-7511, United States ; Steven B. Case(1);
M. Danielle Barker(1). (1) Center for Science Education, University of Kansas, Lawrence
KS 66045, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence
KS 66045, United States

The University of Kansas (KU) Phase II Noyce fellowship

program is an important catalyst for the production of secondary STEM teachers.
Over the past 3 years, KU has doubled our production of STEM teachers to over

Page 681 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

30 and is poised to graduate nearly 60 teachers next year. By contrast, during

its initial years, our Noyce Phase 1 award had a very low applicant-to-award
ratio. At that time, KU offered 5-year education degree and 3-year
post-baccalaureate pathways to certification. In 2006, KU began piloting a version
of the UTeach program, which allows students to complete a STEM undergraduate
degree and the requirements for secondary certification within 4-years. The new
certification program and its accompanying recruitment efforts dramatically
enhanced the number of students applying for Noyce fellowship support. Both
programs gather further support through the involvement of NSF GK-12 fellows in
classrooms where Noyce Fellows conduct their field experiences and student
teaching.

CHED 1416

ChemEd DL: Online resources for chemistry education

John W. Moore(1), [email protected], 1101 University Avenue, Madison

Wisconsin 53706-1396, United States ; Justin Shorb(1); Gerad Bandos(1); Ed Vitz(2). (1)
Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison Wisconsin 53706-
1396, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Kutztown University, Kutztown
Pennsylvania 19530, United States

ChemEd DL, the Chemical Education Digital Library, provides

a broad range of online resources for chemistry teachers. These include: an
interactive, pedagogically designed periodic table; a collection of molecular
structures that can display symmetry, vibrations, and molecular orbitals; an
online textbook that emphasizes the applications of chemistry topics to other
disciplines and everyday life; a portal for high school teachers that collects
in one place online resources for teaching each topic of the high school
curriculum; and a course management system that can be used by anyone to design
and present online courses. This presentation will highlight the online
textbook, the high school portal, and the course management system, explaining
how to use them in your teaching.

CHED 1417

National survey to determine the needs of college chemistry instructors for

professional development related to assessment

Thomas Holme(1), [email protected], 0213 Gilman Hall, Ames Iowa 50011, United
States ; Kristen Murphy(2); Mary Emenike(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State
University, Ames IA 50011, United States (2) Chemistry and Biochemistry Department,
University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53201, United States

Page 682 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

The ACS Exams Institute has undertaken a three-stage process to develop, field and
analyze a national needs assessment of college chemistry instructors for professional
development related to assessment. This survey allows us to describe a snapshot of
current assessment practice in chemistry classroom nationally. It also provides
information about instructors views of their own needs for either new assessment
materials, or improved information about the use of assessment in the classroom. Key
featrues of these results will be highlighted in this talk.

CHED 1418

Automated analysis of student writing reveals student thinking: An innovative

assessment methodology built on community goals

Mark Urban-Lurain(1), [email protected], 111 N. Kedzie, East Lansing MI 48824, United

States ; Kevin Haudek(1); Ross Nehm(2); Judy Ridgway(2); Jennifer K. Knight(3); Michelle
K. Smith(4); John E. Merrill(1); Julie C. Libarkin(1); Tammy Long(1). (1) Michigan State
University, East Lansing MI 48824, United States (2) The Ohio State University,
Columbus OH, United States (3) University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder CO, United
States (4) University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States

Constructed response (CR) assessments require students to use their own language
and reasoning to explain phenomena. Despite their potential for revealing insight into
student thinking, CRs can be challenging to assess for a large enrollment STEM course.
We are exploring the use of computerized lexical analysis to assess students' writing in
large undergraduate biology and geology courses. We created analysis rules to
categorize CR that are concordant with expert ratings of student responses with > 90%
accuracy and approach inter-rater reliabilities found among expert raters. We have
applied these techniques in various scientific disciplines and are developing CR
versions of Concept Inventory items in biology and geoscience. These techniques have
great potential for improving assessment practices across STEM disciplines by
providing rapid feedback to instructors about student learning which can be used for
data-driven instructional improvements. The assessments and analysis resources are
available on our website (http://aacr.crcstl.msu.edu).

CHED 1419

Before, during, and after class activities in general chemistry

John I Gelder(1), [email protected], Department of Chemistry, Stillwater OK

74078, United States ; Michael R Abraham(2); Thomas J Greenbowe(3). (1) Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK 74078, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman OK
73072, United States (3) Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames IA
50011, United States

Page 683 of 725

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Anaheim, CA

This talk will discuss an NSF supported project to develop instructional

materials for general chemistry taught in large lecture settings. The theory
base is a research supported instructional strategy - the learning cycle
approach - organized to be utilized before, during, and after traditional
lecture classes commonly used in Universities. Before Class Explorations (BCEs)
are web-based exercises that students do before they attend a lecture. They
consists of data collection activities using simulation programs along with a
few questions about the data. The activities run through a web browser and require
only 10 to 15 minutes of a student's time to complete. The instructor can access
student responses to the BCE prior to lecture to gain a better picture of the
student's pre-existing knowledge, which will allow lecture activities to be
customized. During Class Inventions (DCIs) use data generated in a BCE, along
with questions/problems to develop a concept that focuses on a course learning
objective. The DCI is designed to be completed in class by small cooperative
groups. Students report their consensus responses for the instructor's
consideration using a student response system (―clickers‖). After Class
Applications (ACA) are a web-based set of questions that allow students to
apply their knowledge of the concept introduced by the BCE and 'invented' by
the DCI.

CHED 1420

Central Ideas of Molecular Science (CIMS): A cross-disciplinary approach

David J Yaron(1), [email protected], 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15213, United States
; Colin A Ashe(1); Michael S Karabinos(1); Laura M Bartolo(2); John J Portman(3); Craig
Carter(4); Donald R Sadoway(4). (1) Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh PA 15213, United States (2) Department of Information Science,
Kent State University, Kent Ohio 44242, United States (3) Department of Biology, Kent
State University, Kent Ohio 44242, United States (4) Department of Materials Science,
MIT, Cambridge MA 02139, United States

Students are exposed to molecular science in chemistry, biology, physics and

materials science courses. Although the details of the instruction differ,
"recurring patterns" appear in the explanatory frameworks and tools. Our
goal is to make these recurring patterns explicit for students in
introductory courses, such that they can construct coherent knowledge across
disciplines. In "reaction paths and energy landscapes", students use
molecular-level simulations to connect energy landscapes to populations and
rates, and to explore the interplay between energy and entropy. Current
development targets include "economies of exchange" which draws connections
between proton, electron and other exchange equilibria; "weak versus strong
forces" which connects molecular forces to macroscopic properties; and
"thermodynamic versus kinetic control". For these three patterns, we use a
common simulation and visualization framework in which students modify the
rules governing the molecular interactions and explore the emergent
Page 684 of 725
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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

macroscopic behavior. Assessment data on the activities will also be

presented.

CHED 1421

Misconceptions about acid-base reactions

Jana Jensen(1), [email protected], 160 Hughes Laboratories, 701 East High

Street, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States ; Stacey Lowery Bretz(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford Ohio 45056, United States

The purpose of this study is to identify misconceptions that students have about acid-
base reactions. This research is grounded in Perry's model of intellectual development
to explore student understanding of different acid-base models. For teachers to facilitate
meaningful learning per Ausubel and Novak's human constructivism, it is important to
assess students' prior knowledge so that connections can be made to the knowledge
that students have. Our research questions include: (1) How do students identify acid-
base reactions? (2) What features stand out to students as essential in acid-base
reactions? Students in high school, general chemistry I & II, organic chemistry I & II, and
a graduate level organic chemistry course were interviewed and asked to identify acid-
base reactions from a collection of reactions. Students were also asked to predict the
reactants of various acid-base reactions in order to better understand what they
consider to be critical attributes for a substance to react as an acid or a base. Results
from the interviews will be presented.

CHED 1422

Student understanding of solutions chemistry: A facets-based analysis

Donald J. Wink(1)(2), [email protected], 845 W. Taylor Street, Rm 4500, Chicago IL

60607, United States ; Stephanie Ryan(2); Matt Lira(2); Lianne Schroeder(2); Susan
Goldman(2); James Pellegrino(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, United States (2) Learning Sciences Research Institute,
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, United States

How students consider complex phenomena,

including solutions, has not been studied systematically in relation to
quantification. Based on a comprehensive review of the K-16 literature, we have
developed an interview protocol to explore this research question, specifically
targeting the phenomena of identity (what is in solution), concentration (how
much is present, relative to the total amount), and reaction (what happens when
new substances are formed). Students are presented with chemical phenomena that
elicit qualitative understandings and are asked to describe what they see.
Ion-selective probeware is then introduced and the students describe phenomena
with the aid of the probeware. This has resulted in an extensive set of

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

interview data, which have been analyzed by the categories of identity,

concentration, and reaction with a theoretical perspective of Johnstone's
triangle of qualitative qualitative respresentations (macroscopic, symbolic,
and particulate) combined with a fourth, quantitative, mode of representation.
These have been analyzed and fitted to Facet clusters (as developed in physics
by Minstrell and coworkers). The specific findings of this work and the use of
Facet cluster analysis to characterize student understandings will be
discussed.

CHED 1423

Misconceptions uncovered by the enzyme-substrate interactions concept

inventory

Kimberly J Linenberger(1), [email protected], 701 E. High St, Oxford OH 45056,

United States ; Stacey Lowery Bretz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
Miami University, Oxford OH 45056, United States

Biochemistry is inundated with external representations

used to both teach and interpret phenomenon. The theory of coherence formation
states that students must make connections between the corresponding elements
and structures in different representations. A coherent knowledge structure can
only be created if the student can make the connections both within and between
representations. The absence of connections between representations, or
incorrect connections, can be the source of student misconceptions. This study
investigates student understanding of enzyme-substrate interactions using
multiple representations. A concept inventory based on misconceptions found
from student interviews was created to test for misconceptions of
enzyme-substrate interactions on a larger scale. Preliminary findings from the
administration of the Enzyme-Substrate Interactions Concept Inventory will be
discussed.

CHED 1424

Using pre-post assessment data to examine incorrect ideas among biochemistry

students

Sachel M. Villafañe(1), [email protected], 4202 E. Fowler Ave CHE205, Tampa FL

33620, United States ; Jennifer A. Loertscher(2); Vicky Minderhout(2); Jennifer E.
Lewis(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa FL 33620,
United States (2) Department of Chemistry, Seattle University, Seattle Washington
98122, United States

Successful learning in biochemistry depends on correct understanding of a number of

basic concepts from general chemistry and biology. This presentation examines data

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

showing that an instrument can be used both to identify common incorrect ideas from
prior coursework at the beginning of a biochemistry course and to determine whether
these ideas have changed by the end of the course. For the current study, a common
instrument was administered as a pretest and posttest in majors level biochemistry
courses at different institutions, and the results from several institutions are presented.
The instrument measures seven different concepts, with three multiple-choice items for
each concept (Villafañe et al., 2010). Positive student learning gains and identification of
similar incorrect ideas are expected. The current state of data analysis and the
implications of this work will be discussed, including the importance of using a
diagnostic instrument to assess students' understanding of basic concepts at the
beginning of the semester, but also the need to assess students near the end of a
course to gain insight on the effectiveness of instruction.

CHED 1425

Graduate student abroad program at the University of Florida

Kenneth B. Wagener(1), [email protected], Buckman Road, Gainesville FL

32611, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville
FL 32611, United States

For many years the University of Florida has promoted study abroad opportunities for
undergraduate students. However, similar experiences for graduate students have only
occurred sporadically. The university has now taken a step in providing international
experiences for graduate students by establishing a university sponsored program for
sending students to other countries. This is a pilot program which will cover the costs by
sharing them among various sources, including the faculty mentor for the student
involved. Operating in this fashion assures the faculty mentor will be part of the
commitment and will see that the time spent abroad is on worthy research relative to the
degree of the candidate. This "formal" university-sponsored program for graduate
research abroad is among the very few done in the USA. Top PhD students will gain a
head start into their careers, which certainly will be international in scope given the
world economy today.

CHED 1426

International consortium "Measurement Science in Chemistry"

Ivo Leito(1), [email protected], 14a Ravila str., Tartu Tartumaa 50411, Estonia . (1)
Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu Tartumaa 50411, Estonia

In response to the huge need for people educated in analytical chemistry nine European
universities have recently joined forces to form a consortium, which offers a jointly
delivered master's degree program Measurement Science in Chemistry (MSC,
www.msc-euromaster.eu). It is a fully Bologna-compliant 120 ECTS master's level

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Anaheim, CA

program, open to students worldwide. The intention of this consortium is to offer master-
level education in analytical chemistry adapted to today's job market requirements for
analytical chemists, especially focusing on the quality assurance of analytical
measurement results. The key concepts of analytical quality – traceability, validation,
measurement uncertainty, etc – are not new, but are rarely taught routinely at
universities. The aim of the consortium is to contribute to radical improvement and
harmonization of analytical chemistry higher education world-wide.
In recognition of the academic quality of the program, the European Chemistry
Thematic Network Association awarded the consortium the Chemistry Euromaster
quality label in spring 2008.

CHED 1427

Lessons from a US-Czech student and postdoc exchange

Josef Michl(1)(2), [email protected], 215 UCB, Boulder CO 80309-0215, United

States ; Zdenek Havlas(2). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Colorado, Boulder CO 80309-0215, United States (2) Institute of Organic Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Boulder CO 80309-0215,
United States

Over a period of ~4 years, the US NSF and the Czech Ministry of Education co-funded
a recently concluded international cooperation program that permitted an exchange of
chemistry and some physics graduate students and postdocs from over a dozen US
and a similar number of Czech institutions of higher learning, with minor participation
from other European countries. Shorter stays of senior personnel were also organized.
The research subject was broadly defined in the general areas of energy and
nanotechnology. The program was complemented by yearly workshops for about 50
participants, held alternately in the Colorado mountains and in the Czech countryside.
The participants in the exchange stays and in the workshops were generally very
enthusiastic about their experience and considerable networking took place.

CHED 1428

Fitting a full study abroad semester into the undergraduate chemistry curriculum

Morton Z. Hoffman(1), [email protected], 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston

Massachusetts 02215, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Boston University,
Boston Massachusetts 02215, United States

Science undergraduates in general, and chemistry majors in particular, have historically

been extremely underrepresented among American students who study abroad. The
reasons why students in non-scientific disciplines are attracted to study language,
literature, politics, economics, and culture overseas are well known; besides the
attractiveness of the experience and the obvious connections to their educational

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

interests, there is the matter of curricular flexibility and administrative support in addition
to faculty enthusiasm and an historical basis for such an activity. Despite the recognition
of the increased globalization of the sciences and the extent of their international
connections, chemistry faculty often do not see the added value of the study abroad
experience to the students' overall education. The real problem that faces the student is
that highly specialized majors' courses and research fill the junior and senior years
when most travel abroad has been traditionally done. While it is possible for American
undergraduates to enroll directly in a university in another country, there are a number
of serious deterrents: instruction in the local language, difficulties in transferring credits,
the lack of coincidence of the academic calendars at the foreign and home institutions,
the incompatible expectations of the instructors with regard to the background and
maturity of the American and local students. An appropriate alternative to the total
immersion approach is to have the American science courses replicated at a foreign
site. The details of the Boston University international programs in Dresden, Germany,
and Grenoble, France, will be presented as a model that affords students the
opportunity to study abroad for a full semester as a science major (e.g., chemistry,
biochemistry, biology, pre-health professions, etc.) while avoiding the common
obstacles.

CHED 1429

Chemistry and culture at Kennesaw State University

Daniela Tapu(1), [email protected], 1000 Chastain Road, Kennesaw GA 30144,

United States ; Marina Koether(1). (1) Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State
University, Kennesaw GA 30144, United States

American companies are increasingly investing abroad, and companies from countries
around the world continue to invest in the international market. As the world continues
to become more globalized, there is a growing demand for scientists and engineers who
can work effectively in an international setting. Kennesaw State University (KSU) has
almost two decades of institutional engagement in international and intercultural
education. In order to advance to a new level of effectiveness in which all KSU
graduates are prepared as global citizens, KSU has launched a Quality Enhancement
Plan (QEP) with a focus on global learning for engaged citizenship. For the past three
years there is an increased focus on providing more visibility to KSU's current global
learning opportunities and increasing opportunities for students, faculty, staff, and
administrators. The initiatives in the College of Science and Mathematics and the study
abroad programs for chemistry majors will be presented.

CHED 1430

Unique summer organic chemistry program in Spain

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Anaheim, CA

Tomas Baer(1), [email protected], South Road, Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290, United States
. (1) Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290,
United States

Study abroad via an exchange program, where you have to study science classes in the
foreign language, is not possible for all students. In order to make an international
experience possible for a broader range of students, we initiated a summer program in
Seville, Spain, in which students take the second semester of organic chemistry in
English, while taking an advanced Spanish class, and living with a host family. This six
week program gives the students 6 credits. The chemistry course shows up on their
UNC transcript like a normal UNC credit, which is acceptable for medical school
applications. Because Org.II is a course that all chemistry and biology students must
take, and many opt to do so in the summer, the option to combine this with an
immersive international experience is very attractive to our undergraduates. About 10 to
15 students per year have gone on this program. Because the UNC chemistry professor
must be paid, the program is considerably more expensive than an exchange program,
but the costs are in line with other summer programs.

CHED 1431

Studying P-Chem in German, French, Italian, and Spanish is possible and fun

Tomas Baer(1), [email protected], South Road, Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290, United States
. (1) Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290, United States

Three to five UNC chemistry students per year have been studying in Europe every
year for the past 12 years via the TransAtlantic Science Student Exchange Program
(TASSEP). They take their normal junior year chemistry courses in the language of the
host country and graduate on time in four years. What makes this possible is a
combination of factors. One is that all UNC students must have competency in a second
language, which they can satisfy either in high school, or by taking at least a 4 th
semester of a language in college. A second factor is that the grades obtained in the
foreign university do not transfer on the UNC transcript – only the credit shows up.
Finally, we have worked hard at promoting the program through information sessions
and outreach. This program works very well for good students, and because it is an
exchange program, is by far the cheapest way to study abroad.

CHED 1432

ACS resources for teaching safety in academic laboratories

Patricia A. Redden(1), [email protected], 2641 Kennedy Blvd., Jersey City NJ 07306,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Saint Peter[apos]s College, Jersey City NJ
07306, United States

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Anaheim, CA

The Committee on Chemical Safety of ACS has new PowerPoint presentations on eye
protection and on laboratory safety rules, addressed to the introductory (high school or
general chemistry) student. These presentations will be introduced. Other current
publications of the Committee on Chemical Safety will be reviewed, including Safety in
Academic Chemistry Laboratories, volumes 1 and 2, and publications for pre-secondary
school teachers.

CHED 1433

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a focused interest career course for chemistry

students

Danielle Solano(1), [email protected], 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield CA

93312, United States ; Mark Kurth(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, California State
University, Bakersfield, Bakersfield CA 93312, United States (2) Department of
Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, United States

Students typically have limited access to professional chemists (other than their
professors), and as a result, many view a chemistry degree as leading to only two
possible career paths: academia or industry. This inaccurate perception fails to
distinguish the many distinct positions within academia and industry and, further,
overlooks other career categories open to chemists. To improve student understanding
of the full spectrum of job options for chemists, the chemistry department at the
University of California, Davis has developed CHE 195/295, Careers in Chemistry, a
course for undergraduate and graduate students. CHE 195/295 exposes students to
working chemists representing different professions, and provides them with a broader
picture of the wide variety of career options that are available. To evaluate the
effectiveness of this course and its impact on students, students taking CHE 195/295
were surveyed. In this report, we will discuss the workings and logistics of the course
and the results of our student survey.

CHED 1434

Teachable moments gained and lost when your mercury-filled barometer is gone

Hal Harris(1), [email protected], Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1 University Blvd., St.

Louis Missouri 63121, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis Missouri 63121, United States

Concern about the use of mercury in chemical education has resulted in the wholesale
removal of mercury-filled barometers from high school and college laboratories. This
development eliminates natural opportunities for students to measure one of the few
quantities that they can directly determine to four or five significant figures, the use of a
vernier scale, and appreciation of the temperature dependence of the density of
mercury. On the other hand, alternatives require understanding of the difference

Page 691 of 725

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Anaheim, CA

between meterologic and aviation reports of barometric pressure, the dependence of

pressure on altitude, and the limitations of reported data.

CHED 1435

Lab education to teach scientific thinking skills

Craig Rusbult(1), [email protected], 102 N. Orchard St. #302, Madison WI 53715-

2215, United States . (1) Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
53706, United States

Science labs are an ideal context for helping students learn the creative-and-critical
thinking skills used by scientists. These valuable skills can be taught more effectively if
we: 1) use integrative analysis of instruction (as in my PhD study of teaching scientific
method) to find learning opportunities in current labs or potential labs; 2) develop guided
inquiry ―coaching‖ techniques, using questions and hints to help students (and teachers)
learn more from their experiences. We'll look at principles of learning and psychology —
for combining ―pep talk‖ overviews with creatively designed hybrid assessments
(discussions, report grading, online testing, lab exams) to improve immediate and long-
term motivations of students — plus examples of thinking skills (observation-based
logic, data analysis, hypothetico-deductive evaluations, experimental design,...) from
two decades of chemistry labs at UW-Madison. For more about these ideas,
asa3.org/ASA/education/teach/dblabs.htm

CHED 1436

Get FIT! Faculty in Training Program

Suzanne A Blum(1), [email protected], 1102 NS II, Irvine CA 92697-2025, United States .

(1) Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States

Approximately 20% of chemistry Ph.D. students at the University of California, Irvine,

become employed in teaching careers after graduation, yet most receive no formal
teacher training in designing, presenting, and assessing classroom lectures. This
program provides structured teacher training opportunities to Ph.D. students with an
interest in academic/teaching careers. Graduate students enroll as "regular" teaching
assistants and then have two options for participation: 1) A targeted, one-week
program, or 2) a full quarter program. The one-week option involves designing one
lecture and assessing student learning through an exam question. The full-quarter
option adds curriculum development. The ability to tailor the time commitment to each
student's interest is key to faculty buy-in and the success of the program. Assessment
of the Get FIT! Program involves written participant reflections and analysis of student
learning through exam and problem set questions. The program is expected to be
adaptable to other R1 graduate programs.

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Anaheim, CA

CHED 1437

Becoming a chemistry professor at a community college: How to get there and

what's in it for you, your students, and the community

Khuloud Sweimeh(1), [email protected], 1570 E Colorado Blvd, nat Sci,

Pasadena CA 91106, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Pasadena City
College, Pasadena CA 91106, United States

Are you considering a teaching career at a community college? Do you know what the
recruiting employers are looking for? Have you considered what you can do while you
are still in graduate school to be a better candidate for this position? Do you know what
the similarities and the differences are between faculty at community colleges versus
four-year colleges and universities? If the answer is yes, join me as I share my
knowledge and experience about becoming a chemistry professor at a community
college. I will walk you through your early preparation while in graduate school, the
application and the interviewing process, the tenure requirements, the benefits and
advantages of the position and the involvement opportunities on campus and the
community.

CHED 1438

Comprehensive safety instruction for an undergraduate chemistry program

David C Finster(1), [email protected], PO Box 720, Springfield OH 45501,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Wittenberg University, Springfield OH
45501, United States

Optimal safety instruction at the college level for chemistry courses is described in some
detail in the Supplements to the ACS CPT Guidelines. To meet these requirements it is
best to develop a comprehensive safety program that spans the four-year curriculum so
that students appreciate that safety is a part of all lab activities. This program reveals
that safety issues presented in various courses in a four-year program become more
complicated as advanced courses are addressed. This paper will describe a nascent
program that includes safety instruction in all lab courses.

CHED 1439

Instructional tools to enhance representational competence of first-year

chemistry students

Joel W Russell(1), [email protected], Walton Blvd. & Squirrel Rd., Rochester

Michigan 48309, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Oakland University,
Rochester Michigan 48309, United States

Page 693 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

During the decade since developing the software package Synchronized Multiple
Visualizations of Chemistry (SMVChem), we have designed and tested various tools to
build students' representational competence. Kozma and Russell proposed acquisition
of chemical visualization skills can be characterized by six developmental levels. Design
of our instructional tools has been influenced by Ainsworth's DeFT conceptual
framework. Examples of tools for classroom and out-of-class use will be shown along
with summaries of their efficacy in classes over the past decade.

CHED 1440

Measuring the representational competence of students as they solve ideal gas

law problems

Sean P. Madden(1), [email protected], 2401 35th Avenue, Greeley CO

80634, United States ; Loretta L. Jones(2), [email protected], 501 20th St.,
Greeley CO 80639, United States . (1) Department of Mathematics, Greeley West High
School, Greeley CO 80634, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley CO 80631, United States

This study measured the representational competence of students as they solved

problems dealing with the temperature-pressure relationship for ideal gases. Seven
students enrolled in a first-semester general chemistry course and two advanced
undergraduate science majors participated in videotaped think-aloud sessions. A
prototype rubric was used to identify essential features of representational competence,
as well as differences in student use of multiple representations. The data showed that
both beginning and advanced chemistry students tend to prefer one type of
representation. However, like expert chemists, the advanced students were more likely
to use their preferred representations in a heuristic manner to establish meaning for
other representations. Students were found to build conceptual understanding most
easily when using familiar types of representations. These results suggest that students
may benefit from instructional strategies that emphasize the heuristic use of multiple
representations in chemistry problem solving.

CHED 1441

Rethinking Lewis structures: The development and evaluation of a novel

instructional scheme

Sonia M Underwood(1), [email protected], 201 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson

University, Clemson SC 29634, United States ; Melanie M Cooper(1); Caleb Z Hilley(1);
Nathaniel P Grove(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson SC
29634, United States (2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North
Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington NC 28411, United States

Page 694 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Lewis structures can be thought of as an essential

link between the structure of chemical compounds and their function. In
many cases, their construction is taught using an algorithmic approach,
utilizing a set of step-by-step rules. We believe that this approach is
in direct conflict with how meaningful learning occurs. From a
sequential, mixed methods study, we concluded that these rules do not make use
of students' relevant prior knowledge, forcing them to create ―home grown‖
rules when unsure of how to progress with the construction process. It is
also clear that most students are uncertain of why Lewis structure are
important since they perceive them as being useful only for obtaining
structural information but not chemical information. We are currently
developing and evaluating an alternative instructional plan that seeks to help
students develop a more meaningful, robust understanding of Lewis structures.
Details about this instructional plan will be presented.

CHED 1442

Students' misconceptions in writing balanced equations for dissolving ionic

compounds in water

Basil M. Naah(1), [email protected], 1910 Brown Drive Apt. G3, Murfreesboro

TN 37130, United States ; Amy J. Phelps(1); Michael J. Sanger(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro TN 37132, United States

The goal of this study was to identify student misconceptions and difficulties in writing
symbolic-level balanced equations for the process of dissolving ionic compounds in
water. In the first part of the study, 160 college students were asked to write balanced
chemical equations for ionic compounds dissolving in water. In the second part, an
additional 30 college students participated in semi-structured interviews to explore their
thought processes involved in writing these equations. This paper will discuss the
misconceptions identified from this study. These misconceptions include the notion that
water reacts with the ionic salt through double displacement to form a metal oxide and
an acid, that polyatomic ions dissociate into individual molecules or ions, and that ionic
salts dissolve as neutral ion-pairs in water.

CHED 1443

Towards greater fluency in chemical nomenclature through adaptive learning

technology

Robert W Kojima(1)(2), [email protected], 607 Charles E Young Dr E, 4359 Young

Hall, Los Angeles CA 90095, United States ; Phillip J Kellman(2); Arlene A. Russell(1);
Timothy Burke(2); Christine M. Massey(3). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, United
States (2) Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los

Page 695 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Angeles CA 90095, United States (3) Department of Psychology, University of

Pennsylvania, Philidelphia PA 19104, United States

Traditionally, chemical nomenclature is presented as worksheets and given minimal

class time resulting in a poor working knowledge of basic chemical vocabulary.
Computer-based learning activities offer great potential to adapt the flow of factual
information to optimize individual learning progress. Here we describe research on a
computer based chemical nomenclature learning module utilizing an adaptive learning
algorithm that dynamically sequences learning items based on an individual learner's
accuracy and speed of response. By combining continuous, embedded assessment
with a number of laws of learning, these algorithms may allow for the improved
efficiency of factual learning such as ion names, as well as perceptual learning and
pattern recognition in ionic compound formula synthesis. We will describe experimental
design and preliminary results of over 550 community college students from two
campuses, both at the introductory and general chemistry levels.

CHED 1444

Tracing electron flow: Using embodied cognition to teach organic chemistry

mechanisms

Nathaniel P Grove(1), [email protected], 259 Dobo Hall, 601 S. College Road, 601 S.
College Road, Wilmington NC 28403, United States ; Melanie M Cooper(2); Sonia M
Underwood(2); Sam P Bryfczynski(3). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of North Carolina Wilmington, 259 Dobo Hall, 601 S. College Road, 601 S.
College Road, Wilmington NC 28403, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634, United States (3) School of Computing,
Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634, United States

The use of the curved-arrow or electron-pushing formalism for conveying mechanistic

processes is ubiquitous throughout the organic chemistry curriculum. Practicing organic
chemists rely upon these symbolisms to not only depict the flow of electrons during
chemical reactions but to also predict the products of new reactions or to deconstruct
target compounds during
retrosynthetic analyses. Our previous research has shown that a majority of students do
not utilize mechanisms during organic chemistry problem solving; however, those that
do are better equipped to solve far transfer-type problems. In order to promote more
frequent, meaningful mechanism use, we are currently developing instructional
materials and approaches that utilize embodied cognition. These activities, which are
being constructed using the BeSocratic online framework, require students to gesture
during the process of learning mechanistic concepts. This presentation will describe
these approaches and highlight our assessment of their effectiveness.

CHED 1445

Page 696 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Undergraduate organic chemistry research on a shoestring budget

Michael J Castaldi(1), [email protected], Gannon Hall, 2641 Kennedy Boulevard,

Jersey City New Jersey 07306, United States ; Hamid Yazdekhasti(1),
[email protected], 2641 Kennedy Boulevard, Jersey City New Jersey 07306,
United States ; Angelica Ceballos(1); Irvin Candelaria(1); Andrew Thompson(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, St. Peter[apos]s College, Jersey City New Jersey 07306,
United States

The authors would like to present the challenges and successes of undergraduate
organic chemistry research in a small iner-city private college. More specifically, they
will highlight how limited funds, equipment and instrumentation access can be
addressed to establish appropriate/attainable undergraduate student research.

CHED 1446

Oxidation of borneol to camphor using Oxone® and catalytic NaCl: A green

experiment for the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory

Jane E Wissinger(1), [email protected], 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis MN 55455,

United States ; Andrew Harned(1); Patrick Lang(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, United States

A new green oxidation procedure was developed for the undergraduate organic
teaching laboratories using Oxone® and a catalytic amount of sodium chloride for the
conversion of borneol to camphor. This simple one hour, room temperature reaction
afforded high quality and yield of product was environmentally friendly, and produced
negligible quantities of hazardous waste. The experiment was performed using (1S)-
borneol providing large quantities of the less prevalent (1S)-camphor which is useful in
a research setting. A survey of the students indicated a high level of satisfaction in the
green qualities of the reaction and the use of their collected product in fundamental
research. This new experiment proved superior to the former bleach oxidation
procedure previously used as an illustrative green reaction in these labs.

CHED 1447

Undergraduate research as a teaching tool in organic chemistry

Nagarajan Vasumathi(1), [email protected], 700 Pelham Road N, Jacksonville AL,

United States . (1) Physical and Earth Sciences, Jacksonville State University,
Jacksonville AL 36265, United States

Organic chemistry, the chemistry of life, is a complex and difficult subject. One of my
goals as an Instructor was to provide the students with the tools to understand the
fundamental ―language‖ of organic chemistry and to appreciate the art, elegance and

Page 697 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

creativity involved in synthetic organic chemistry. Laboratory bench research is not only
an essential teaching vehicle but also a tremendously useful learning experience for
students. I teach many aspects of organic chemistry, both theory and techniques, by
engaging those who want to pursue higher studies in research. Choosing a proper
research project that is simple to understand, economical towards expenditure and yet
challenging and interesting is vital. Studies on PABA ester synthesis and product
characterization is chosen as a model for one such project and the various aspects
involved in teaching and learning are discussed.

CHED 1448

Catalyzing connections between synthetic experiences: Using a copper-hydride

catalyzed reduction to build bridges

Stacy A. O[apos]Reilly(1), [email protected], 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis IN

46208, United States ; John Esteb(1); LuAnne McNulty(1); Anne M. Wilson(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis IN 46208, United States

A methodfor the synthesis of a solid supported copper hydride catalyst has been
developed. The catalyst has been used to synthesize a variety of silyl enol ethers. The
work is part of an undergraduate course that aims to transition students from organic
chemistry laboratory to faculty mentored synthetic research. A few ideas on reasons,
advantages and methods to create connections between scholarly activity and teaching
will be discussed.

CHED 1449

Development of a microwave-assisted Diels-Alder reaction for the undergraduate

organic laboratory: Meshing modern techniques with classic reactions

John J. Esteb(1), [email protected], 4600 Sunset Ave, Indianapolis IN 46208, United

States ; Stacy O[apos]Reilly(1); LuAnne McNulty(1); Anne Wilson(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis IN 46208, United States

An easy and convenient method for the microwave-assisted Diels-Alder synthesis of

substituted cyclohexenols will be presented for use in the undergraduate organic
teaching laboratory. The experiment lends itself well to an approach where a variety of
related products can be made through systematic variation of the dieneophile/diene
combinations. This versatility allows students to make several different products and to
do comparative analysis of resulting spectra. The goal of the experiment is to lead
students to a deeper understanding of the specifics involved in this classic reaction as
well as to strengthen their NMR interpretation skills by forcing them to compare and
contrast complicated spectra of a variety of different starting materials and products.

CHED 1450

Page 698 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Fermentation and biofuel research of wild mustard (Brassica campestris): A

native Californian flora as a potentially viable source of ethanol production

Iyun Lazik(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Avenue, San Jose CA 95128-2799,

United States ; Eric Oh(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Avenue, San Jose
CA 95128-2799, United States ; Christopher Connelly(1), [email protected],
2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128-2799, United States ; Jasdeep Singh(1),
[email protected], 2100 Moorpark Avenue, San Jose CA 95128-2799, United
States . (1) Department of Chemistry, San Jose City College, San Jose California
95128-2799, United States

Thought to have been introduced from Europe by the Franciscan Padres who scattered
the seeds along the Camino Real to make the road easier to find, Wild Mustard
(Brassica campestris) is a hardy perennial which blooms January to May throughout
California. In this study, we present this wild plant as a potential source of ethanol via
fermentation, in lieu of dependence upon an existing foodstuff crop such as corn to
produce biofuel. Building upon previous studies utilizing cellulose from newspapers and
sugar from corn, this study seeks to modify and optimize ethanol yield by analyzing
parameters of cost versus production; by comparing various cellulose sources as well
as adaptive experimental procedures. Emphasis is placed upon development of a real-
life experiment for sophomore organic chemistry laboratory bringing together
fermentation and biofuel research, demonstrating the essential role that research and
critical thinking play in devising solutions to complex problems.

CHED 1451

Green reductive homocoupling of bromobenzene

C. Eric Ballard(1), [email protected], 401 W Kennedy Blvd, Campus Box U, Tampa FL

33606-1490, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of
Tampa, Tampa FL 33606-1490, United States

Although transition metal-catalyzed reactions are important in contemporary chemistry,

relatively few resources for the sophomore organic chemistry curriculum discuss the
subject. The inquiry-based experiment to be discussed, an iron-catalyzed preparation of
biphenyl, allows for a general discussion of redox cycles common in many metal-
catalyzed reactions, redox processes of organic substrates, and green chemistry. The
reaction uses an inexpensive, bench-stable precatalyst, and it can be performed using
the equipment found in a typical teaching lab.

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CHED 1452

Convenient method for the synthesis of cinnamaldehyde

Yi Pan(1), [email protected], Room J1024, Marshak Science Building, 160

Convent Avenue, New York New York 10031, United States . (1) Department of
Chemistry, City College of New York, New York New York 10031, United States

A simple one-step synthesis of cinnamaldehyde is reported here. This heterogeneous

oxidation reaction is achieved by using more friendly reagents than conventional
method. This synthesis is appropriate for senior students studying organic chemistry
and practicing organic synthesis skills. It can be used to design a four-session or two-
session experiment. A four-session experiment may include: (a) separation of
cinnamaldehyde from nature product cinnamon sticks; (b) chemical synthesis,
characterization, and structure elucidation of cinnamaldehyde using 1HNMR, FT-IR, and
GC-MS. The two-session experiment may only include the part (b). Students will learn
the basic organic skills such as extraction, isolation, synthesis, and identification
techniques.

CHED 1453

Multiweek exercises in the organic chemistry laboratory course: An effective

means for enhancing student experimental competency

John A. Cramer(1), [email protected], 1 Seton Hill Drive, Greensburg PA 15601,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Seton Hill University, Greensburg PA
15601, United States

Students are commonly reluctant or unable to establish connections between seemingly

disparate organic chemistry laboratory protocols and techniques that are required to
achieve important experimental goals. This presentation will describe an effort to require
students to think in a more connected and holistic way about their laboratory work
through the inclusion of multiweek exercises along with the more usual focused and self
contained weekly experiments. These multiweek assignments consist of an overall goal
that typically requires several experimental protocols and strategies for successful
completion. An example of such an assignment is the isolation, characterization, and
structural formula determination of orange oil (limonene) as isolated from orange peels.
Completion of this project is achieved over approximately six weeks as students also
complete other unrelated experimental work. These multiweek exercises require the
coordinated use of a wide range of experimental protocols, including the analysis of
data from the chemical literature, and serve to promote active learning, multitasking,
and collaborative learning skills.

CHED 1454

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

“Molecules are inside the atoms”: Students' personal external representations of

matter

Jessica K Weller(1), [email protected], 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette Indiana

47907, United States ; Mary B. Nakhleh(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States

An understanding of students' external representations of their

internal representations of matter is important for the further development of
visual representations used as teaching tools. Therefore, we examined
undergraduate students' personal external representations of matter. Fourteen
undergraduates enrolled in general chemistry courses were interviewed about
their drawings of matter in the solid, liquid, and gas phases. Data indicated
that students spontaneously drew four different types of representations. We
have developed rubrics for our classifications of students' representations
based on their drawings. The data from the undergraduate students were then
compared with data previously collected from elementary, middle school, and
high school students. Implications of
visual representations for teaching will also be discussed

CHED 1455

Representational competence in multi-representational molecular animations

Mike Stieff(1), [email protected], 845 W. Taylor St., Rm 4376, Chicago IL, United States ;
Ghislain Deslongchamps(2); Mary Hegarty(3). (1) Department of Chemistry, University of
Illinois-Chicago, Chicago IL, United States (2) Department of Chemistry, University of
New Brunswick, Fredricton New Brunswick, Canada (3) Department of Psychology,
University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA, United States

Increasingly, chemistry instructors are using multi-representational displays to support

the teaching and learning of chemistry and the development of representational
competence. Several studies have indicated that multi-representational displays present
many challenges to students who would prefer to use only one representation while
problem solving. Here, we examine the use of a multi-representational molecular
mechanics Flash animation by organic chemistry undergraduates in a problem-solving
interview. Using both protocol analysis and eye fixation data, our analysis indicates that
students rely mainly on two visual-spatial representations in the display and do not
make use of accompanying mathematical representations. Moreover, we explore how
eye fixation data complement verbal protocols by providing information about how
students allocate their attention to different locations of a multi-representational display
with and without concurrent verbal utterances. Our analysis indicates that verbal
protocols and eye movement data are highly correlated, suggesting that eye fixations
and verbalizations reflect similar cognitive processes.

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CHED 1456

Undergraduate students' representations of chemical equilibrium

Nahyr D. Rovira-Figueroa(1), [email protected], University Street - Beering Hall,

West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States ; Mary B. Nakhleh (1)(2). (1) Department of
Curriculum and Instruction, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United
States (2) Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907,
United States

Meaningful learning resulting from lab-instruction has been a recurring area of research
for science teachers and students at all levels. Several studies have identified and
documented misconceptions that students have about chemical equilibrium. We
investigated how lab-instruction about chemical equilibrium helps students to construct
and apply meaningful mental models of the three-representational levels. Ten second-
semester general chemistry students from a Midwestern University participated in this
study. Data sources in this analysis included semi-structured student interviews and
student-constructed concept maps. Student-constructed concept maps were used in
conjunction with the interviews as way to provide a 2D-representation of the students'
knowledge about chemical equilibrium and the representational levels. A concept map
scoring rubric was created to (1) qualitatively describe the concept map configuration,
(2) quantitatively analyze the links accuracy, and (3) classify the links on the map based
on three-representational levels. Main findings of this study and implications for
teaching will be presented

CHED 1457

Important characteristics of enzyme-substrate interactions through the eyes of

biochemistry students

Kimberly Linenberger(1), [email protected], 701 E. High St, Oxford OH 45056,

United States ; Stacey Lowery Bretz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
Miami University, Oxford OH 45056, United States

The interactions between enzymes and substrates have been

explained using several theoretical models such as the lock and key and induced
fit models. Although these are not the current consensus models in biochemistry
to explain the interactions between enzymes and substrates, they are curriculum
models used to introduce and/or explain the interactions in introductory biology
and chemistry classes. This study investigated students' understanding of
enzyme-substrate interactions using textbook representations of both the lock
and key and induced fit models. Student representations of enzyme-substrate
interactions will be discussed in relation to the context of the model used by
the student.

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Anaheim, CA

CHED 1458

Unlocking student understanding of structural representations

Cynthia J Luxford(1), [email protected], Hughes Laboratories, 701 E. High St.,

Oxford OH 45056, United States ; Stacey Lowery Bretz(1). (1) Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford OH 45056, United States

When students learn chemistry, a variety of representations are used to depict ionic and
covalent bonding. Some students struggle to connect the symbolic nature to the
particulate nature of the compounds. In order to aid students in the development of their
understanding of these representations of chemical structures, it is important to first
discover what information students believe is encoded within these representations. A
five-phase interactive interview protocol was designed to discover high school,
undergraduate, and graduate students' understanding of bonding through the use of
multiple representations. Key features identified by students as encoded in these types
of representations will be presented.

CHED 1459

Using molecular modeling in teaching group theory: Analysis of the infrared

spectra of organometallic compounds

Lihua Wang(1), [email protected], 1700 W. University Ave., Flint MI 48504, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kettering University, Flint MI
48504, United States

This paper introduces a new method for teaching group theory analysis of the infrared
spectra of organometallic compounds using molecular modeling. The main focus of this
method is to enhance students' understanding of the symmetry properties of vibrational
modes and the process of group theory analysis of infrared (IR) spectra by using visual
aids provided by computer molecular modeling. It can be implemented in an upper level
Inorganic Chemistry course. Results of sample calculations using
both semi-empirical (SE) and density functional theory (DFT) methods will be
discussed. Feedback from students will also be presented.

CHED 1460

STEMing the flow: Connecting undergraduates with applied science

Edward P Zovinka(1), [email protected], PO Box 600, Loretto PA 15940, United

States ; Rose A Clark(1); Allison L Felix(1). (1) Chemistry, Saint Francis University,
Loretto Pa 15940, United States

Page 703 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

The Saint Francis University (SFU) STEP grant program (NSF-DUE-0525440) worked
to recruit and retain biology, chemistry, and computer science majors. Recruiting efforts
included a newly developed summer residential program for rising high school seniors
and mailings to potential STEM majors. Once students were on campus, Peer-Led
Team Learning experiences in many introductory STEM classes and undergraduate
research opportunities were made available. All activities allowed students to work
closely with faculty and upper-level science majors as mentors. Advances were made in
recruiting and graduation rates for STEM majors. To date, 84% of the STEP participants
have graduated in their original STEM major while non-STEP STEM majors have
graduated at a 34% rate. Of the current students finishing up the STEP program, 42 out
of 48 (88%) have been retained in their original STEM major. Students not participating
in the STEP grant were retained at a 43% rate (58 out of 136).

CHED 1461

Reinforcing 1st-year foundational principles in chemistry majors during the 2nd

year

Mark B Cannon(1), [email protected], 55-220 Kulanui St., Box 1967, Laie HI

96762, United States . (1) Department of Biochemistry and Physical Sciences, Brigham
Young University-Hawaii, Laie HI 96762, United States

The first year of a chemistry major's education is perhaps the most critical.
Misconceptions from this first year are often difficult for students to later correct and can
lead to future cascades of incongruent mental models. We are attempting to provide
opportunities to reinforce these foundational principles in our second-year students.
Those students who performed in the top 10-20% of their General Chemistry courses
were invited to work for our department as tutors, TAs, graders, recitation teachers, and,
in some cases, occasional substitute teachers for the General Chemistry lectures.
Performance in our second-year Organic Chemistry sequence and our third-year
Biochemistry sequence are compared for students who participated in these tutoring/TA
opportunities against students with similar General Chemistry scores who instead
worked as research assistants or who did neither. Definitive conclusions are not
possible because of our small sample sizes but the data suggest that these
opportunities provide an advantage.

CHED 1462

Early, practical assessment of teaching tools for general chemistry

David S. Heroux(1), [email protected], 173 High St, Farmington ME 04938,

United States . (1) Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington,
Farmington Maine 04938, United States

Page 704 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

An assessment was developed and given to students in general chemistry in the third
week of class to determine how they feel each aspect of the course is helping their
learning. General chemistry students are frequently unaware of the role of teaching
techniques and strategies employed to help their learning. Students were asked to
assess how they felt each tool, such as traditional lecture, demonstrations, in-class
practice, collaborative problem solving, and quizzes helped their learning. The results
are shared at the next class as part of a discussion on succeeding in chemistry and
higher-order learning. Using this strategy early in the semester allows sufficient time for
students to incorporate new learning strategies and increase their success in general
chemistry. The assessment and discussion has made students more aware of the
teaching techniques, how they learn, and how to properly utilize each aspect of the
course.

CHED 1463

Development of executive function in incoming freshman chemistry majors

Thomas Frielle(1), [email protected], 1871 Old Main Drive, Shippensburg PA 17257,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Shippensburg, Shippensburg PA 17257,
United States

Executive function refers to a set of higher, overarching cognitive skills that include
forethought and planning, development of organizational strategies, evaluation and
necessary correction of these strategies, setting and prioritizing goals, appropriately
responding to unanticipated and novel situations and disregarding distractions. These
skills are essential to success at the college level, especially in a technically demanding
discipline such as chemistry. Incoming students often lack these skills because the
cortex of the brain's frontal lobe, where these skills reside, typically does not fully
develop neurologically until the early 20's. Even if these skills have not yet developed,
they can be emphasized and modeled. We have developed a one-credit freshman
chemistry course that includes presentations and participatory demonstrations of
cognition, including executive function, with the expectation that by explanation and
modeling, students will develop the cognitive skills necessary for success as chemistry
majors.

CHED 1464

Multidisciplinary engagement that links green chemistry and institutional

sustainability through enhanced faculty development

Edward J. Brush(1), [email protected], Conant Science Building, Bridgewater MA

02325, United States . (1) Department of Chemical Sciences, Bridgewater State
University, Bridgewater MA 02325, United States

Page 705 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Bridgewater State University (BSU) is a signee of the American College and University
Presidents Climate Commitment, and has developed a blueprint to integrate
sustainability in our curriculum, research opportunities, and outreach. In parallel with
this initiative is an increased institutional emphasis on and commitment to faculty
development and multi- and interdisciplinary engagement. Over the past five years the
university hired an associate provost for faculty affairs, established a faculty
development leadership group, opened an office of teaching and learning, and offered
its first summer institute for faculty development in writing and pedagogy. This
presentation reports on our campus-wide sustainability initiatives, and the synergistic
impact new faculty development opportunities have had in creating cross-disciplinary
collaboration in green and sustainable chemistry. These initiatives contribute to our
preparation of future teachers, researchers, government officials, and entrepreneurs
who will address key issues related to sustainable development and impacts on human
and environmental health.

CHED 1465

Relationship between college chemistry pass rates/grades and high school

grades

Michael P Castellani(1), [email protected], 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington WV

25755, United States ; James Sottile(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, Marshall
University, Huntington WV 25755, United States (2) School of Education, Marshall
University, Huntington WV 25755, United States

The high school grades in chemistry and math courses of ca. 650 students enrolled in
first semester introductory chemistry for majors were examined for two academic years
(2005/6 and 2008/9). Six risk factors derived from grades and ACT/SAT scores were
found to correlate well with both college pass rates and grades. For example, students
with no risk factors had an 84% pass rate in college chemistry as compared to ca. 45%
for those students with only 1 or 2 risk factors and 27% with 3 or more. Likewise,
students with no risk factors had a 29% chance of making an ―A‖ in college chemistry as
opposed to less than 10% for those with 1 or 2 risk factors and less than 1% for those
with 3 or more risk factors.

CHED 1466

Women chemists in the National Inventors Hall of Fame: A website with

pedagogical potential

Mary Virginia Orna(1), [email protected], 29 Castle Place, New Rochelle New York,
United States ; Jeffrey I Seeman(2). (1) Department of Chemistry, The College of New
Rochelle, New Rochelle New York 10805, United States (2) Department of Chemistry,
University of Richmond, Richmond VA 23173, United States

Page 706 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

At the spring 2008 National ACS Meeting in New Orleans, a symposium highlighting the
achievements of the six (to date) women chemists elected to the National Inventors Hall
of Fame was featured. The inventors of Kevlar and ScotchGard along with women who
pioneered clinical testing methods and molecular sieve technology aroused such
interest that a website on their achievements was built and recently published. This
paper will indicate how the website can be used for pedagogical purposes.

CHED 1467

Please stop calling them misconceptions!

David B Pushkin(1), [email protected], 300 State Route 3 East, Suite 114, East
Rutherford New Jersey 07073, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver British Columbia, Canada

For many years, the chemical education community uses the term misconceptions to
describe students' explanations of chemical concepts/phenomena. This is a very
inappropriate and myopic term relative to more than 20 years of cognitive research.
Because the majority of chemistry students present understanding with a mixed degree
of correctness and incorrectness, the appropriate term in our research lexicon should be
―pseudoconceptions‖ to reflect the amorphous, heterogeneous, and evolving nature of
how students construct chemical and scientific knowledge. In this presentation, the
hierarchies of knowledge and thinking will be presented in order to discuss and
distinguish students' conceptions relative to what should be the ultimate goal of
chemical education, scientific literacy, and genuine critical thinking. Unless chemical
educators truly recognize and understand the outcomes of chemical education, we will
continue to misconceptualize and misrepresent the significant role students' knowledge
and thinking processes are relative to our pedagogical, curricular, and assessment
practices.

CHED 1468

Moving forward: Making a computational/theoretical chemistry laboratory

accessible to the blind

Henry Wedler(1), [email protected], 1312 DRAKE DR APT A, Davis CA 95616,

United States ; Jason G Harrison(1); Rebecca Davis(1); Sarah Cohen(1); Christian
Hamann(2); Matthew Siebert(3); Jared Shaw(1); Dean J Tantillo(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, United States (2)
Department of Chemistry, Albright College, Reading PA 19604, United States (3)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX 79409,
United States

We report our progress toward providing access to the computational/theoretical

chemistry laboratory for blind students interested in independent investigation of

Page 707 of 725

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Anaheim, CA

structure-function relationships. Ours is a team project that makes possible both a

tactile-visual interface and a mostly-accessible computer system. Our long-term goal is
to provide a framework for blind or visually impaired students to work as independently
as possible both in the teaching laboratory and the research setting. In addition we
identify techniques perhaps helpful to the broader sighted community of
computational/theoretical chemists. In summary, we have developed a system that
allows a blind student to satisfy a curiosity about a structure-function relationship with a
minimum of assistance from sighted people.

CHED 1469

Eight week integrated laboratory experiment for upper division chemistry

Leroy E. Laverman(1), [email protected], 552 University Road, Santa Barbara

CA 93106, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, United States

The well studied photochemistry of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes forms the basis of
an eight week laboratory experience for upper division chemistry undergraduates. The
laboratory experiments integrate aspects of quantitative chemical analysis, physical
chemistry and inorganic synthesis. Students begin by synthesizing a series of ruthenium
tris-polypyridyl complexes. Following spectroscopic and electrochemical
characterization, electron transfer kinetics are explored with several organic quencher
molecules. Student data are pooled and evaluated according to Marcus electron
transfer theory. In a final experiment the ruthenium complexes are embedded in a
silicone matrix and used as solid state oxygen sensors. Technical writing is emphasized
throughout the process and lab reports are presented in ACS journal format.
Additionally students act as reviewers by exchanging lab reports with each other and
providing critical feedback to improve their manuscripts.

CHED 1470

Serious horsepower, super excitement, and "hot" thermodynamics in physical

chemistry laboratory: Hands-on analysis of a V-8 automobile engine

John W Kenney(1), [email protected], Chemical Physics Laboratory, 1530

Concordia West, Irvine CA 92612, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry,
Concordia University, Irvine CA 92612, United States

With all of the components of a V-8 engine laid out on the bench in p. chem lab,
thermodynamics rapidly revs up to the red line. Student excitement heats up to a fever
pitch as the class inspects and handles the engine parts. Fingers turn black and faces
light up with smiles. Most current college science students have never seen or worked
with any of the internal components of an automobile engine. Once the basic
operational aspects of the engine are visualized and understood, students use precision

Page 708 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

micrometer calipers to measure cylinder bore, head gasket thickness, and stroke of the
engine. Engine performance parameters such as compression ratios and fuel-air ratios
are computed. At this point, the students have both the key data and the practical
experience to appreciate thermodynamic cycles and heat engines. They're off to the
races. Carnot, Otto, and Gibbs would be most highly pleased.

CHED 1471

Science and art of wine: A physical chemist's perspective

Emily A A Jarvis(1), [email protected], 1 LMU Blvd., Los Angeles CA 90045, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola Marymount University,
Los Angeles CA 90045, United States

The history of winemaking spans thousands of years – much of this time, the art of wine
production developed without requiring comprehensive chemical understanding.
Modern analytical and production techniques promise to standardize quality for
consumers and provide an objective ―chemical yardstick‖ with which to judge wines.
However, the complexity of the chemistry involved has some critics claiming that heavy
reliance on chemical analysis threatens expression of terroir, or the geographical
influence, in wines and may have the negative impact of devaluing the very
characteristics that impart a fine wine's uniqueness. I provide an overview of the
technical and analytical content of an upper division college course exploring the
chemistry of wine from a physical chemist's perspective as well as my attempt to
provide consideration of the artistic value of wines, which debatably may not be
captured through chemical analysis alone.

CHED 1472

Thermal decomposition of Na2SiF6 revisited: A laboratory project for the physical

chemistry or senior capstone laboratory

Thomas C DeVore(1), [email protected], MSC 4501, 901 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg

VA 22807, United States ; Kathryn A. Layman(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg VA 22807, United States

The laboratory exercise published in 1986 to determine the enthalpy of decomposition

for Na2SiF6 has been expanded to generate a project laboratory that is being used in
the physical chemistry laboratory at JMU and could also be used in a capstone type
laboratory. This project consists of using ATR-FTIR and powder X-ray diffraction to
identify the initial compound and the solid residue from the reaction, EGA-FTIR to
identify the gaseous product, and TGA to measure the enthalpy of decomposition of
Na2SiF6. Model DFT calculations (using Gaussian 03) are done to help students
analyze their IR spectra and to estimate the enthalpy of decomposition. By multi-
tasking, this project can easily be completed in two weeks.

Page 709 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

T. C. DeVore; T. N. Gallaher ―The heat of formation of Na2SiF6: A physical chemistry

laboratory experiment, J. Chem. Educ., 1986, 63 (8), 729.

CHED 1473

Spectroscopic analysis of CO and CO2: An alternative to the ro-vibrational

analysis of HCl/DCl

Thomas C DeVore(1), [email protected], MSC 4501, 901 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg

VA 22807, United States ; Daniel Havey(1); Kathryn A Layman(1). (1) Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg VA 22807, United States

The ro-vibrational analysis of HCl/ DCl mixtures has been a staple of the physical
chemistry laboratory for decades. A possible extension/ substitute for this experiment is
to analyze the ro-vibrational of CO and or CO2. Since these molecules are products of
combustion and CO2 figures prominently in the discussion of the greenhouse effect,
measuring the IR spectra of these molecules adds ―relevance‖ to the laboratory. FTIR's
with resolution of 1 cm-1 or better are sufficient to produce spectra that are resolved well
enough to permit rotational analysis to be performed for both molecules. The spectra of
the molecules from naturally abundant 13CO and 13CO2 molecules can be observed and
analyzed if higher resolution is used. The results obtained for the vibrational
frequencies, rotational constants, and bond lengths are compared to those found in the
literature and obtained from HF, DFT, and MP-2 calculations using a 6-311G++ (3df,
3pd) basis set.

CHED 1474

Green chemistry: Student designed laboratory projects

Kate J Graham(1), [email protected], 37 S. College Ave, Ardolf Science, St. Joseph

MN 56374, United States ; T. Nicholas Jones(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, CSB/SJU,
St. Joseph MN 56374, United States

The introduction of ―green chemistry‖ in the organic laboratory curriculum has become
popular because of current awareness of environmental issues. In a typical 'green'
organic laboratory experiment, an instructor will present students with a reaction that
has been developed to incorporate one or several green principals. The students read
(hopefully!) the description of how the reaction has been improved and then perform the
reaction described. An additional exercise is often added to help develop an
appreciation for the impact of waste production, toxicity and atom economy.
In these types of experiments, creative input and troubleshooting on the part of the
students is often limited. In order to make the connection between a laboratory

Page 710 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

experiment and the research endeavor more concrete, we have developed an approach
that allows students to choose their own target reactions, to plan their own ―green‖
modification and to troubleshoot their projects when synthetic steps are unsuccessful.

CHED 1475

Project-based lab approach for organic chemistry

Edward J McIntee(1), [email protected], 37 S. College Ave, Ardolf Science Center,

Saint Joseph MN 56374, United States ; Kate J Graham(1); Chris P Schaller(1); T.
Nicholas Jones(1); Brian J. Johnson(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, CSB/SJU, Saint
Joseph MN 56374, United States

Our goal is for students to develop practical skills in the laboratory so that they are
prepared to apply their knowledge in a variety of situations. By introducing a project
approach into our Organic Chemistry lab sequence, we sought to motivate students to
practice better techniques and to make informed choices in the laboratory. In our fall
lab, students are provided with several sets of unknown mixtures and told which
techniques are needed to purify these mixtures. The students have several lab periods
to purify these samples and analyze their purified compounds. The semester culminates
in a laboratory practical that tests the students' ability to select and carry out an
appropriate purification technique and spectroscopic analysis on a randomly selected
sample. Our spring laboratory focuses on synthesis techniques. Students perform
simple and moisture-sensitive reaction techniques. The rest of the semester requires
students to design and carry out two projects.

CHED 1476

Teaching innovation in an inorganic chemistry class: A term project

Lihua Wang(1), [email protected], 1700 W. University Ave, Flint MI 48504, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kettering University, Flint MI
48504, United States

This presentation will describe a term project developed for an upper level
undergraduate inorganic chemistry course. The objective of the project was to inspire
and foster innovative mindset among students. It was designed to provide the students
an opportunity to practice the innovative thinking process as well as to learn the cutting-
edge real-world applications of inorganic chemistry. Student feedback on the project will
also be presented.

CHED 1477

Outcomes from the use of a collaboratively developed organic chemistry practice

exam

Page 711 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Susan M Schelble(1), [email protected], PO Box 173362, CB 52, Denver CO 80217,

United States ; Kristen Murphy(2); Karen Knaus(3). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Metropolitan State College of Denver, Denver CO 80217, United States (2) Chemistry,
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53211, United States (3) Chemistry,
University of Colorado-Denver, Denver CO 80217, United States

In this project, a collaborative team of organic chemists worked together to create an

organic chemistry practice exam instrument. Development of the instrument was
modeled after prior work conducted at the ACS Exams Institute (i.e., development of an
ACS general chemistry practice exam). The organic chemistry practice exam was
administered at several institutions. Outcomes for faculty and students who used the
collaboratively developed organic chemistry practice exam will be discussed in this talk.

CHED 1478

Using experimentally-measured crystal structures to teach organic chemistry

concepts

Gary M Battle(1), [email protected], 12 Unoin Road, Cambridge Cambridgeshire

CB21EZ, United Kingdom . (1) Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, Cambridge
CB21EZ, United Kingdom

Visualizations and analyses of crystallographically

determined molecular structures are a pre-requisite to chemical understanding
and are commonplace in undergraduate inorganic chemistry texts. In contrast,
crystal structure data has been much under utilised in organic chemistry
teaching. Yet, crystal structures are ideally suited to exemplifying
fundamental concepts such as stereochemistry, conformation, and chirality, and
when analysed collectively provide a wealth of knowledge that serve to support
reaction theories and help unravel mechanistic details.

The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) serves as the

worldwide repository of experimentally-measured three-dimensional (3D) crystal
structures. Containing more than half-a-million structures the CSD is a vast
and chemically diverse compendium of accurate 3D molecules. This talk will
showcase examples of how faculty are utilizing this major chemistry resource to
improve student understanding of organic concepts. A freely available
interactive web-based teaching subset of the CSD and associated teaching exercises
will also be highlighted. The pedagogical value of visualising real 3D
structures, and of handling real experimental results, will be stressed
throughout.

CHED 1479

Page 712 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Reaction Explorer: Organic chemistry tutorial system with inherent predictive

power and collaborative learning support

Jonathan H. Chen(1)(2), [email protected], 400 S. Flower St. Unit 2, Orange CA 92868,

United States ; Pierre Baldi(1), [email protected], Office: 4038 Bren Hall, UC Irvine,
Irvine CA 92697-3435, United States . (1) Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics,
School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA
92612, United States (2) School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA
92612, United States

Reaction Explorer is an interactive tutorial system for organic chemistry that can
generate a virtually limitless number of multi-step synthesis design and reaction
mechanism problems with support for inquiry-based learning. This electronic tutor is
powered by an underlying reaction expert system, comprising over 80 reagent models
and 1,500 manually-curated reaction pattern rules, giving it inherent predictive power
spanning the undergraduate organic chemistry curriculum.

While the system can generate a virtually limitless number of practice problems for
students, research and development is ongoing to optimize the problem selection for
students beyond "random" generation. This includes work to develop a knowledge
model for organic chemistry to dynamically customize the content and difficulty of
generated problems to match the real-time perceived capability of individual students.
To further enhance the selection of generated problems, a crowd-sourcing framework is
established to allow students to comment on and rate problems as they progress to help
identify more interesting and useful generated problems, and even to allow users to
submit their own custom-authored problems to share with the community for use and
feedback.

Pedagogical experiments in undergraduate classes indicate that the system can

improve average student examination performance by ~10%. The system is accessible
via http://cdb.ics.uci.edu

CHED 1480

Teaching course content and data processing skills along with laboratory
techniques in the organic laboratory

R Daniel Libby(1), [email protected], 1200 Main St., Bethlehem PA 18018,

United States . (1) Chemistry, Moravian College, Bethlehem PA 18018, United States

For the last two years, I have been using hybrid POGIL/Science Writing Heuristic
experiments in my organic laboratory. My approach, which employs large student-
acquired data sets, helps students learn course content, data processing skills and
scientific writing skills while they are acquiring laboratory techniques. Each experiment
presents students with a question and requires them to propose ways of gathering

Page 713 of 725

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ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

laboratory data to answer it. In a pre-laboratory discussion, facilitated by the instructor,

the students develop a general outline of the data needed. They are then provided with
a workable procedure for collecting the required data. In the laboratory each student
collects a separate part of the data. Class data are pooled electronically and a post lab
discussion helps the students explore various ways to organize and interpret the total
data set in preparation for writing a detailed report. The presentation will discuss my
general approach and two specific experiments.

CHED 1481

Evolution of an introductory organic chemistry course

Alicia A. Peterson(1), [email protected], 37 S. College Ave, Ardolf Science

Center, St. Joseph MN 56374, United States ; Chris P Schaller(1); Kate J Graham(1); T.
Nicholas Jones(1); Edward J McIntee(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, CSB/SJU, St.
Joseph MN 56374, United States

The field of organic chemistry has evolved dramatically in the last few decades.
Textbooks have responded to changes in both the science and the pedagogy
of organic chemistry; landmark developments have included the now-ubiquitous
focus on mechanism. However, the order of topics covered in a typical course
has remained largely unchanged over the years, and textbooks typically use the
same functional group organizational framework developed in Morrison and Boyd's
classic text. A few authors have called for significant changes in how we
tell the story of organic chemistry. Over the past 15 years we have
gradually revised the order of topics covered in our two-semester sequence and
included new organic methods. In doing so, we have had to build support
systems to help students navigate in different directions through their
textbook. This process has led to new pedagogies as well as a more
integrative approach to learning about chemical reactivity.

CHED 1482

Developing complex problem solving skills with modern applications of reactivity

Chris P Schaller(1), [email protected], 37 S College Ave, Ardolf Science Center,

St. Joseph MN 56374, United States ; Kate J Graham(1); T. Nicholas Jones(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, CSB/SJU, Saint Joseph MN 56374, United States

Pedagogical approaches to teaching chemistry have undergone several changes in

recent
decades. The advent of active learning promised to keep students invested in their own
education, but gave way to the allure of powerpoint presentations. Process-oriented
guided inquiry promises to re-invigorate teaching techniques involving direct student
participation, because it aims to specifically model the scientific approach to

Page 714 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

understanding the world. The limitation of this approach can sometimes be found in the
level of questions posed to the students. However, a judicious choice of assignments
can achieve targeted results. Online homework, now widely available, can be used to
reinforce basic ideas. A "passport to class" acts as a check on students' background
reading. Problem solving in the classroom can be used to develop deeper
understanding and investigate applications of the material. Homework and examinations
can also address these different levels of skills. A case study will be presented
illustrating these approaches.

CHED 1483

Implementing problem-solving discussion sections in the first semester organic

chemistry lecture

Ryan Denton(1), [email protected], 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis Indiana 46202,

United States ; Sarah Wilson(1), [email protected], 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis
Indiana, United States ; Robert Minto(1); Pratibha Varma-Nelson(1). (1) Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis,
Indianapolis Indiana 46202, United States

The Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Indiana University Purdue

University Indianapolis (IUPUI), an emerging life sciences campus with an enrollment of
over 30,000 students, serves approximately 500 students per calendar year in the first
semester organic chemistry lecture. Over the past three years, DFW rates in the first
semester organic lecture averaged nearly 21%. In hopes to improve student
engagement and address declining exam performance, a less than desirable DFW rate,
and negative student perceptions, a problem-solving discussion section was added to
the course. As the majority of IUPUI students commute to campus, we thought it
essential to develop learning communities that extended outside of the lecture
classroom. To increase student engagement in their own learning processes, we
borrowed principles from the Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL) model, which has proven
to be effective in organic chemistry and other STEM fields at several institutions
throughout higher education. The effects of these discussion sections on standardized
ACS and semester exams will be reported. Also, student perceptions from survey data
and focus groups will be discussed. Finally, practical lessons learned and student
leader comments will be shared.

CHED 1484

Beyond multiple choice: Using clickers to ask high-level

questions in organic chemistry

Jacqueline Bennett(1), [email protected], Ravine Parkway, Oneonta NY 13820,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, SUNY College at Oneonta,
Oneonta NY 13820, United States

Page 715 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Clickers
offer a convenient means for gauging class understanding of material in large
courses. However, the main problem with clickers is that they are often used to
ask very basic questions, such as those relying only on simple recall or
recognition. Another problem is that the limited number of options in
multiple-choice questions increases the odds that students can guess correctly
without having any idea of how to actually answer the question. This talk will
discuss how clickers are being used in organic chemistry at SUNY Oneonta to
evaluate students' understanding of material by asking questions at all levels
of Bloom's Taxonomy, with focus on the higher levels. Examples of the various
levels of clicker questions will be shared with emphasis on multi-step
synthesis and proton NMR questions.

CHED 1485

Atoms to molecules: An examination of student ability to connect particulate and

symbolic representations

Kereen Monteyne(1), [email protected], Nunn Drive, Highland Heights KY, United

States ; Erin Rowan(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University,
Highland Heights KY 41099, United States

Science disciplines use many different types of representations to express its concepts.
In chemistry, the use of particulate representations is an important means to learn about
the interactions of atoms and molecules. Students are increasingly exposed to small
particle models through animations on websites and visualizations in science textbooks,
however little time is spent on the interpretation and use of these models. The
assumption is that students have little difficulty with the particulate nature of matter and
are able to use small-particle models to explain the behavior of the macroscopic world.
As part of this project, we embedded questions on written and online assessments in
chemistry courses. Questions were drawn from the published literature and developed
by the research team. The results of this project provide a measurement of the extent to
which different populations of students were able to interpret and link particulate
representations to their corresponding symbolic forms.

CHED 1486

Which visualizations are students are able to use effectively?

Vickie M. Williamson(1), [email protected], Texas A & M University, College

Station Texas 77843-3255, United States ; Kenneth C. Williamson(2); Scott Hinze(3);
Mary Shultz(4); David Rapp(3); Ghislain Deslongchamps(5). (1) Department of Chemistry,
Texas A & M University, College Station TX 77843-3255, United States (2) Construction
Science Department, Texas A & M University, College Station Texas 77843-3137,
United States (3) School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University,

Page 716 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Evanston IL 60208-2710, United States (4) Department of Chemistry, Tufts University,

Medford MA 02155, United States (5) Department of Chemistry, University of New
Brunswick, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada

The goal of this study was to identify whether individual differences among students
might influence the effectiveness of visualizations, particularly the use of ball-and-stick
versus potential plot representations of alcohols, carboxlyic acids, and
hydroxycarboxlyic acids. Beginning organic chemistry students were given a pre-test to
determine prior knowledge. From this subject pool, 30 students were selected with a
mix of high and low prior knowledge. These participants completed: (1) a battery of tests
measuring reasoning ability, spatial ability, and need for cognition and (2) an eye-
tracking session, in which subjects answered a variety of chemistry questions given
both ball-and-stick and potential plot representations. Eye movement patterns indicated
that students relied on the more familiar ball-and-stick representations, especially for
more difficult questions. In addition, students' choice of representation was moderated
by individual differences in prior knowledge, reasoning abilities and spatial abilities.

CHED 1487

How do 2D and 3D animations affect students' conceptions of a simple oxidation-

reduction reaction?

Michael J. Sanger(1), [email protected], 1301 East Main Street, Murfreesboro TN

37132, United States ; Deborah R. Rosenthal(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Middle
Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro TN 37132, United States

In this interview study, students were asked to describe the chemical processes
occurring when aqueous silver nitrate reacts with solid copper metal after viewing the
chemical demonstration. Then, half of the students were shown a 2-D animation of this
reaction while the other half were shown a 3-D animation of the same reaction, and both
groups were asked to revise their descriptions of this process. Finally, the students were
shown the other animation and once again asked to revise their descriptions of the
reaction. This presentation will focus on students' explanations of a few key concepts
and how they changed as a result of viewing the demonstration and animations. These
data allow us to determine how the two animations affect students' conceptions and if
the order of viewing the animations changes students' conceptions.

CHED 1488

Visualization tools and activities as part of a new general chemistry curriculum

John Pollard(1), [email protected], 1306 E. Univ. Blvd., Tucson Arizona,

United States ; Vicente Talanquer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona, United States

Page 717 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Visualization tools can be effective ways to engage students in large lecture halls and
have them develop ideas about some of the most important and fundamental concepts
in chemistry. This paper describes the visualization tools we have developed and use
as a part of an alternative way of conceptualizing the introductory chemistry curriculum
for science and engineering majors by shifting the focus from learning chemistry as a
body of knowledge to understanding chemistry as a way of thinking. The central goals
of our new curriculum are to: promote deeper conceptual understanding of a minimum
core of fundamental ideas instead of superficial coverage of multiple topics; connect
core ideas between the course units by following well defined learning progressions;
introduce students to modern ways of thinking and problem-solving in chemistry; and
involve students in realistic decision-making and problem-solving activities.

CHED 1489

Using real-world examples to enhance student's visual and conceptual

understanding of dimensional analysis

Jennifer T. Ellis(1), [email protected], 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga TN 37403,

United States . (1) Walker Teaching Resource Center, University of Tennessee at
Chattanooga, Chattanooga TN 37403, United States

Dimensional analysis is an essential skill for a number of

professions, including mathematics, chemistry, nursing, biomedical fields, as well
as engineering. Thus, if a student becomes frustrated with this one topic, it
could easily deter them from pursuing certain STEM careers. Many of today's
students have a hard time with the conceptual and visual understanding of units
in general, and struggle even more with the process of converting them.
Traditional methods provide students with a simple conversion chart that just
presents units. However, students often struggle with conceptually visualizing
the meaning behind the units and only view them as numbers with no value or
relevance. It is precisely these students that this session will address and
provide educators with skills to help enhance these learner's understanding by
providing real world visual examples of units and how to relate these examples
to dimensional analysis problem solving.

CHED 1490

Chemical principles visualized: Lecture demonstrations and activities

David A Katz(1), [email protected], 2202 W Anklam Rd, Tucson AZ 85709, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Pima Community College, Tucson AZ 85709,
United States

Videos and animations, while helpful in visualizing chemical principles, do not stimulate
students as much as live demonstrations and hands-on in–lecture-room activities.

Page 718 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Chemistry classes should include some active participation and should not be ―chalk
talks‖. Demonstrations/activities can be as simple as passing element samples around
the lecture hall, but should not be too complex. Active demonstrations should be easy to
set-up, safe, and should focus on specific chemical principles. This paper will give a
number of demonstrations and activities that can be used in classes such as visualizing
pH, visualizing reaction stoichiometry, visualizing reaction kinetics, visualizing
equilibrium, and more.

CHED 1491

United Nations provides a context for teaching global topics of climate change
and sustainability

Keith E. Peterman(1), [email protected], Country Club Road, York PA 17404, United

States . (1) Department of Physical Sciences, York College of Pennsylvania, York PA
17404, United States

In its Resolution proclaiming 2011 as the International Year of Chemistry, the UN

General Assembly recognized the importance of chemical education in addressing
global issues such as climate change, sustainability, clean water, and energy. As the
central science, chemistry allows students to explore these global interdisciplinary,
multidisciplinary topics. IYC-2011 and the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change provide a context for connecting chemistry education with significant
social, political, ethical, and economic issues.

CHED 1492

Sustainability, climate change, and the international year of chemistry (IYC-2011);

A celebration or just the beginning!?

Gregory P Foy(1), [email protected], Country Club Road, York PA 17403, United States .
(1) Department of Physical Sciences, York College of Pennsylvania, York PA 17403,
United States

This presentation will focus on the efforts of one of the ACS Sustainability Engagement
Event (SEE) Action Teams and our attempt to celebrate IYC-2011 by focusing on
climate change and sustainability. Our SEE Action Team 8 was charged with
incorporating sustainability into IYC-2011. Our plan started with an IYC-2011 kickoff at
the UNFCCC's COP16 climate conference and then a highlight of sustainability
throughout IYC-2011 by soliciting, encouraging, cajoling, and pressing students and
others to create videos focused on the four pillars/themes promoted by ACS throughout
2011. Come see how the fruits of this effort flourished through the first quarter of IYC-
2011, and learn about plans to finish off IYC-2011 with a bang to spark the future!

CHED 1493

Page 719 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Climate change, sustainability, and COP16: An undergraduate tale

Anthony J Tomaine(1), [email protected], 441 Country Club Road, York

Pennsylvania 17403, United States ; Gregory P Foy(1); Keith E Peterman(1). (1) Physical
Sciences, York College of Pennsylvania, York Pennsylvania 17403, United States

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meets

annually for a Conference of Parties (COP). COP-16 was held in Cancun, Mexico in
December 2010, just prior to UN declared International Year of Chemistry (IYC-2011).
The ACS, through an initiative supported by the Committee on Environmental
Improvement (CEI), indentified COP-16 as a visible outreach platform to kick-off the
IYC-2011 celebration via a C&E News student blogging forum. As a first time
undergraduate reporter for C&E News, the main goal of this project is to assess,
understand, and report the current international outlook concerning sustainability and
climate change. My C&E News blog is a report of findings in terms of political and
scientific positions, all through the eyes of an undergraduate chemistry major. Social
networking, along with the blog, is used as a tool to promote understanding of the
issues to a peer audience. Assessments of the facts, figures, and viewpoints at COP-16
are compared with follow-up information gathered at Pacifichem 2010.

CHED 1494

Sustainability and IYC-2011: A York College Chemistry Society production

Anthony J Tomaine(1), [email protected], 441 Country Club Road, York

Pennsylvania 17403, United States ; Steven J Tobin(1), [email protected], 441 Country
Club Road, York Pennsylvania 17403, United States ; Leah E Block(1),
[email protected], 441 Country Club Road, York Pennsylvania 17403, United States ;
Kathleen M Halligan(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences, York College of
Pennsylvania, York Pennsylvania 17403, United States

This presentation highlights the York College Chemistry Society's efforts in developing
videos relating sustainability to the International Year of Chemistry (IYC-2011). The
ACS has defined four themed quarters throughout IYC-2011; Water in the Environment,
Alternative Energy, Health, and Materials. Several ACS governance committees
endorsed in concept an SEE proposal for multimedia productions submitted by student
groups and adhering to posted guidelines. The York College Chemistry Society has
created sustainability focused productions, which are informative and related to
compounds highlighted in the four themed quarters and their environmental impact.
Each production portrays a message which is educational with respect to the
compound, while also relating how it can positively help our environment.

CHED 1495

Page 720 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

IYC-2011 kick-off at COP16: Reporting behind the scenes through the eyes of an
undergraduate

Leah Block(1), [email protected], Country Club Lane, York Pennsylvania 17403, United
States ; Gregory P Foy(1); Keith E Peterman(1). (1) Department of Physical Sciences,
York College of Pennsylvania, York Pennsylvanian 17403, United States

In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2011 the
International Year of Chemistry under a unifying theme ―Chemistry–our life, our future.‖
No chemistry related issue is more closely linked to life and future than climate change.
Under that premise, the ACS Committee Environmental Improvement and C&E News
endorsed and supported a student blogging project to kick-off IYC-2011 from the
December 2010 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP16
climate conference. The C&E News blog was created to engage college and university
students in the international climate dialog. One of the main goals of this project was to
obtain a deeper understanding of the issues and report the current events through the
eyes of an undergraduate scientist. Reporting efforts focused on behind-the-scenes
stories. Specific social networking tools such as Facebook and the blog were used to
captivate a larger audience of peers to inform on this topic.

CHED 1496

Encouraging undergraduate student involvement in defending the human rights

of scientists

Alexander Greer(1), [email protected], 2900 BEDFORD AVE, Brooklyn New

York 11210, United States . (1) Chemistry, City University of New York, Brooklyn
College, Brooklyn New York 11210, United States

Ideas will be shared about how chemistry students can participate in promoting and
protecting human rights. The intention is to reinvigorate interest in the subject and
provide information to students and faculty so that their ingenuity can be used to
address problems in human rights. Various ways will be described to involve human
rights into course work to give students the opportunity to participate. For example, the
joining of human rights committees is encouraged, such as the Committee of
Concerned Scientists or the ACS Subcommittee on Scientific Freedom & Human
Rights, both of which have worked on behalf of scientists for years.

CHED 1497

Laboratory and field studies of the fate of N-methylcarbamate pesticides in

tropical environments

Page 721 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Clare Muhoro(1), [email protected], 8000 York Rd, Towson MD 21252, United

States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson University MD 21210,
United States

Undergraduate research projects in environmental chemistry that involve fieldwork and

laboratory components provide valuable breadth and depth of experience. Our research
involves travel to tropical field sites to characterize aquatic environments followed by
laboratory studies on pesticide decomposition. Students collect data for standard water
quality parameters and reproduce environmental conditions in the laboratory for
mechanistic investigations of the chemical fate of pesticides. Our group focuses on a
series of N-methylcarbamate pesticides used globally. We use UV-vis and NMR
spectroscopies to monitor the decomposition of three carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran,
and propoxur) under conditions determined in the field. The results may be used to
predict contamination potentials of the pesticides and their residues in tropical
environments.

CHED 1498

Theoretical study and synthesis of novel organic compounds for dye-sensitized

solar cells (DSSCs): Implementation in undergraduate renewable energy research

Sean J Mo(1), [email protected], 614 W. Superior St., Alma MI 48801, United States ;
Scott T. Hill(1). (1) Department of Chemistry, Alma College, Alma MI 48801, United
States

At Alma College, the liberal arts institution values strong interaction between students
and faculty in all phases of study. The College's core values emphasize student-
centered education, disciplinary expertise within interdisciplinary context of learning,
and engaged learning. These core values are deeply rooted in our undergraduate
science research program. Renewable energy research is one of several research
topics being offered in the Department of Chemistry. At the undergraduate level,
promoting major scientific research might seem like an over-reaching goal; however, the
research component truly integrates students' fundamental knowledge with critical
thinking process and hands-on experience. Undergraduate research promotes students
to excel in the following areas: 1) mastery of hands-on chemistry, 2) developing critical
thinkers, and 3) enjoyment of chemistry in the lab. At this time, we present an in-depth
look into the synthesis and computational study of novel organic dyes for dye-sensitized
solar cells (DSSCs).

CHED 1499

Development of project based laboratory experience culminating in an

independent project in undergraduate biochemistry

Page 722 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Jessica M Davis(1), [email protected], 1073 North Benson Rd, Fairfield CT 06824,

United States . (1) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Fairfield University,
Fairfield CT 06824, United States

The ―lab of the week‖ is the more common experience for undergraduate students.
While this method has value in introducing new techniques and methodologies, it often
leaves the student without a feeling of investment in the lab experience. Development of
project-based labs that run the entire semester increases student investment and
provides a valuable experience that more properly prepares them for graduate level
work. The authors experience in developing such a project based on the identification
and characterization of an unknown protein will be presented. Five years of experience
and trouble-shooting has lead to a successful application of the project-based lab. The
investment and understanding of lab techniques, hypothesis-based project design, and
procedural plans has allowed students the opportunity to successfully investigate their
own hypothesis at the end of the semester.

CHED 1500

Chemistry capstone at Longwood University

Melissa C Rhoten(1), [email protected], 201 High Street, Farmville Virginia

23909, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry & Physics, Longwood University,
Farmville Virginia 23909, United States

Open-ended projects give undergraduates the opportunity to independently plan

experiments and to exercise lab skills learned in lower-division courses. Some students
have good undergraduate research experiences as part of a summer internship or REU
program, but many do not. The chemistry faculty at Longwood University feel that all
chemistry majors should have a research-type experience prior to graduation. To this
end, we have created a two-semester capstone sequence where students plan, collect
and analyze data, and disseminate their findings in both written and oral formats. The
projects are open-ended and focus on instrumental and synthetic techniques normally
encountered in a research laboratory. At the completion of this sequence students have
a greater understanding of all aspects of chemical research from experimental design
through dissemination. Details about the implementation of this capstone sequence as
well as some of the students projects completed will be discussed.

CHED 1501

The Center for Molecular Structure: A remotely enabled diffraction collaboratory

in the California State University

Katherine A Kantardjieff(1), [email protected], 3801 West Temple Avenue,

Pomona CA 91768, United States ; Eric W Reinheimer(1). (1) Department of Chemistry,

Page 723 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

California State Polytechnic University Pomona and The Keck Center for Molecular
Structure, Pomona CA 91768, United States

The Keck Center for Molecular Structure (CMolS) at California State Polytechnic
University Pomona works to educate and train the next generation of scientists and
professional crystallographers by supporting undergraduate research, as well as
sharing proven pedagogies, superior curriculum materials and innovations in teaching
crystallography utilizing cyber-based tools. Diffraction methods have contributed to our
fundamental understanding of aspects of physical and biological sciences at or near
atomic resolution, and have enabled significant scientific achievements, including 25
Nobel prizes. Knowledge gained from analysis of crystallographic structures is a key
underpinning of modern science and technology. Crystallography has gained
importance for researchers in disciplines where it has not previously appeared. Given
opportunities for new insights at the interface with other disciplines, it is an exciting time
for crystallographic science but a challenging time for crystallographic education and
training. The next Crystallography for Chemists workshop at CMolS will be held June
19-24, 2011.

CHED 1502

Unknown white powders: An introduction to organic chemistry at the general

chemistry level

Sheryl A Rummel(1), [email protected], 211B Whitmore Lab, University Park PA

16802, United States ; Joseph T Keiser(1); Jing Dong(1); Guy Anderson(1). (1)
Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA
16802, United States

Traditional general chemistry labs often do not have the capacity to introduce advanced
analytical techniques to identify organic compounds due to class size and limited
access to instrumentation. This experiment was designed to acquaint 40 chemistry
majors in our general chemistry lab with our facilities and advanced organic chemistry
techniques. It is part of an overall scheme to introduce our majors to our organic,
analytical, and physical laboratories during their first semester. Each student was given
an unknown white powder to identify using melting point, TLC, IR, and NMR. This
enabled students to identify their white powder as one of eight over-the-counter
medications. Overall student response to this lab was positive and the success rate of
proper identification was over 95%. Students not only developed problem-solving skills
but also became familiar with techniques that are important in organic chemistry.

CHED 1503

Motivating students in the instrumental analysis course with mini-research

projects

Page 724 of 725

 CHED Session Abstracts
ACS National Meeting, Spring 2011
Anaheim, CA

Ramee Indralingam(1), [email protected], 421 N Woodland Blvd Unit 8271, DeLand

FL 32723 FL 32723, United States . (1) Department of Chemistry, Stetson University,
DeLand FL 32723, United States

Laboratory experiments in the instrumental analysis course usually consist of assigned

―unknowns‖, which the student subjects to sample preparation and subsequent analysis
by various instrumental techniques. The students' grades depend on how accurately
they assay their sample. We have found that an exercise that students enjoy a lot more
is a mini-project that consists of the analysis of a real-life sample such as a culinary
consumable or an over-the-counter pharmacy product. The instructor gives general
guidelines, but the details of the technique and instrumental parameters have to be
worked out by the student. This presentation will give the details of two such successful
projects, including typical results obtained by students, and their comments.

CHED 1504

Learning chemistry through undergraduate research and presentations at

symposia both on-campus and professional conferences

John Song(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128, United
States ; Madeline Adamczeski(1), [email protected], 2100 Moorpark
Ave, San Joes CA 95128, United States ; Jose Cabrera(1), [email protected],
2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128, United States ; Iyun Lazik(1),
[email protected], 2100 Moorpark Ave, San Jose CA 95128, United States . (1)
Chemistry, San Jose City College, San Jose CA 95128, United States

San Jose City College serves ~12,000 community college students who live in central
San Jose, CA with the largest ethnic groups comprising 31.6% Latino and 28.6%
Vietnamese. Our presentation will reveal how student-centered chemistry research
projects and related course components, including bench chemistry, literature research,
and presentations at professional conferences, are used to enhance the learning
experience, promote enthusiasm for chemistry, and inspire a diverse population of
students. This presentation will include a discussion on the results of our assessment
tool which used NSF's on-line Student Assessment of Learning Gains (SALG), with
focus on how students rated the effectiveness of these and other course-related
activities (eg. Peer-Led Team-Learning workshops, field trips, etc.). For example,
student responses to SALG questions addressed learning gains associated with
presenting results of their research at the 2YC3 and 239th ACS conferences in San
Francisco as well as at on-campus symposia.

Page 725 of 725