Types of Fire Extinguishers

(a) (b) (c)

Screw Drivers
Spanners (Wrench)

Open-end spanner Ring spanner

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Spanners (Wrench)

Combination spanner open-ring spanner Shifting spanner

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spanner.html
Spanners (Wrench)

Pipe wrench Torque wrench

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wrenches.html
Pliers

Needle Nose pliers Round Nose pliers

Pliers

Diagonal pliers Slip Joint pliers Lineman's pliers

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Hammer

Ball pen hammer Sledge hammer

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Hacksaw
Chisel
Bench Vice
Try Square
Drill Bits

Spade bit

Lip & spur bit

Masonry bit

Twist drill bit

Allen Key
Neon Tester Crimping Tool Mallet

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Soldering

The process of joining two or more metal wires by melting and putting a solder metal
into the joint.

Solder wire Solder iron

Fuse

https://www.bluesea.com/products/category/15/46/Fuses/AGC_Fuses
Types of Fuse

HRC Fuse Cartridge Fuse

High rupturing capacity fuse of highly heat Totally Enclosed or Cartridge Type In this type of
resistant material (such as ceramic) body having fuse has a completely closed container and there
metal-end caps, which is welded by silver current are contacts (metal) on either side. The level of
carrying element. The fuse body internal space is sub division in this case includes, D type, Link
completely packed with a filling powder. The Type.
material, which has filled the insider space, may
be plaster of Paris, quartz, chalk, marble, dust
and cooling mediums etc.

Source: http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jeee/Papers/Vol9-issue5/Version-1/G09514449.pdf
Source: https://electroniclevel3.wikispaces.com/HRC+Fuses
Miniature Circuit breaker (MCB)

It is a device which automatically switches off the circuit during short circuit
condition or abnormal signal

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Moulded Case Circuit breaker (MCCB)

An MCCB provides protection by combining a temperature sensitive device with a current sensitive
electromagnetic device. Both these devices act mechanically on the trip mechanism.

Moulded case circuit breakers can range in size from 32amperes up to 3000 amperes.

Source: http://www.studyelectrical.com/2015/01/moulded-case-circuit-breakers-
mccb.html
Earth Leakage Circuit breaker (ELCB)

ELCB is short form of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker which is a Residual Current device (RCD). Its is designed to
provide protection against electrocution or electrical fires by cutting off the flow of electric automatically when it senses a
'leakage' of electric current from a circuit.

Residual Current Devices have the following Specifications

• Sensitivity - Milli Amperes (mA)

• Current Rating - Amperes (A)
• Short Circuit Rating - Kilo Amperes (kA)

Source: http://www.studyelectrical.com/2015/05/residual-current-circuit-breakers-elcb-
rccb-rcbo-working-principle.html
Types of Wires

Solid wire Stranded wire

Solid wire, also called solid-core or single-strand wire, Stranded wire is composed of a number of small
consists of one piece of metal wire. Solid wire is useful for wires bundled or wrapped together to form a
wiring breadboards. Solid wire is cheaper to manufacture larger conductor. Stranded wire is more flexible
than stranded wire and is used where there is little need for than solid wire of the same total cross-sectional
flexibility in the wire. area. Stranded wire tends to be a better conductor
than solid wire because the individual wires
collectively comprise a greater surface area.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire
Types of Wires for PV location

Application Cable/Wire Type Remarks

Array Wiring USE-2, TC(THWN-2 or THWN) UV and Temp Resistant, Multi Stranded flexible cable

Battery Cables RHHW-2 Flexible Multistranded

External Outdoor usage Use-2 Moisture & Sunlight resistant suitable for high temperature
(90 °C)

Interconnect PV Modules Tray Cable Energy transmission cable which is sunlight resistant

PV to Inverter Wiring UF (Underground Feeder) Good conductivity, can easily bend, not suitable for direct
sunlight

PV to Inverter Wiring THHN (Dry Location) Good conductivity, suitable for very high temperature and
THWN (Wet Location) moisture, difficult to bend

Interior Exposed/ Indoor Wiring over NM/NMC/UF (Non-Metallic, For short distance wiring in the house
short distance Multiconductor) Wire
Cable insulation

Insulation Defines three :

1. Max. operating Temperature
2. Application & Environmental Resistance
3. Safety

 Protect personal/Equipment from Shock

 Conductor from rain, temp.
 A system Efficiency parameter
Colour Code of Wires

Alternating Current (AC) Wiring Direct Current (DC) Wiring

Color Application Color Application

Red Live Red Positive

Black Neutral Black Negative

Green Earthing/Groundin Green Earthing/Ground

g/Equipment ing/Equipment
Ground Ground
Electrical Wire Sizing

Wire Size (AWG Standards)

Wire Size Ampacity (amps.) Voltage Loss Factor
(mm2) (Volt/amp/foot)

2.5 32 0.0084864
4 42 0.0052881
6 54 0.0034434
10 73 0.0021112
16 98 0.0013206
25 129 0.0008371
35 158 0.0005614
50 198 0.0004183
70 245 0.0003151
95 292 0.0002406
120 344 0.0001907
150 391 0.0001518
Wiring Accessories

Conduits Cable Ties Cable Lugs

Others
Wiring Accessories

Bend Couplers Saddles Clamps

Simple Electric Circuit

Open Circuit Short Circuit Closed Circuit

Source: https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/electrotech/toolbox1204/resources/01principles/05circuits/04circuit.htm,
https://www.teachengineering.org/view_lesson.php?url=collection/cub_/lessons/cub_electricity/cub_electricity_lesson05.xml
Ohm’s Law

The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current through
it.

The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R.

Ohm's Law is given by:

V (voltage) = I (Current)* R (Resistance)

where V is the potential difference between two points which include a resistance R. I is the current
flowing through the resistance. For biological work, it is often preferable to use the conductance, g = 1/R;
In this form Ohm's Law is: I = g V

Source:
https://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/ohm/Q.ohm.intro.html
Series Circuit

Resistance adds up when connected in series.

R= R1 +R2 +R3 +…….. Rn

Source: http://www.pcbheaven.com/wikipages/Connecting_Resisto
Parallel Circuit

Resistance reduces when connected in parallel

1/R= 1/R1 +1/R2 +1/R3 +…….. 1/Rn

Sources: http://www.ducksters.com/science/physics/resistors_in_series_and_parallel.php
Series Parallel Circuit

Source: http://people.sinclair.edu/nickreeder/eet1150/mod08.htm
Rheostat

Its is a variable resistor device usually used to measure voltage and current over variable resistance

Source: http://www.steadresistors.com/products/wire-wound-
rheostats.htm
Common Electrical Accessories

Switch

Socket
Plug

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Common Electrical Accessories

Bulb

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sockets/
Common Electrical Accessories

Tube light

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sockets/
Work

Work is product of force applied to move an object by a distance s in the direction of force

Work done= Force* Distance

Force = Mass* acceleration

SI unit of work is joules (J)

Mechanical Work

Mechanical work is product of force on an object with object’s velocity

Mechanical Work = Force * Velocity

Heating effect of electric current

When electric current is made to pass through an element with high resistance, it produces heat. Most
common application of heat from electric current are electric heaters