COMPUTERS

What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device capable of accepting data, processing it, giving
it out and storing it for future use.
Taking into consideration the above definition, all computers regardless of their
difference in size, capacity, speed, cost and number of users, have to perform four
basic functions. These are:
 Acceptance of data
 Processing of data
 Giving out processed data and
 Storing data
Basic Elements of a computer

Input process Output

(CPU central processing unit)

Data Storage

Input Devices
Input devices send data and instructions to the computers. There are so many input
devises the most common ones are Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Scanner, Light
pen, Touch screen, Modem, Joystick, Microphone, Bar code reader, Digital
camera, Video digitizer.

Output Devices
These are devices that display or output work which has been done by the
computer in a form readable to the users. These include the following
Monitor (VDU or SCREEN), Printer, Plotters, Actuators, Speakers

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ALGORITHM
Algorithm can be defined as: “A sequence of activities to be processed for getting
desired output from a given input.”
Webopedia defines an algorithm as: “A formula or set of steps for solving a
particular problem. To be an algorithm, a set of rules must be unambiguous and
Before writing an algorithm for a problem, one should find out what is/are the
inputs to the algorithm and what is/are expected output after running the algorithm.
Now let us take some exercises to develop an algorithm for some simple problems:
While writing algorithms we will use following symbol for different operations:
Algorithms were originally developed as part of mathematics but now the word is
intensely used in computer science. Algorithms are used for calculation, data
processing, and many other fields.

Method of expressing an algorithm

Algorithms can be expressed in many different notations, including, pseudocode,
flowcharts and programming languages.
While writing algorithms, pseudocode and flowcharts we will use following
symbol for different operations:

Symbols and their meaning in algorithms, pseudocode and flowcharts

SIGN MEANING
+ Addition
− Subtraction
∗ Multiplication
/ Division
^ power
= Equal to
< Less than
> Greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to
<> for is not equal to
% percentage

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 Type of Algorithms

The algorithm and flowchart, classification to the three types of control structures.
They are:
 Sequence
 Branching (Selection)
 Loop (Repetition)

Now, we will discuss some examples on algorithms. These examples

will help in proper understanding of algorithms technique.
Problem 1
Algorithm to calculate the area of a circle
Inputs to the algorithm:
Radius r of the Circle.
Expected output:
Area of the Circle

Algorithm:
Step1: Read /input/enter the Radius r of the Circle
Step2: if radius < 0 then print invalid radius go to step 1
Step3: Area = π ∗r∗r
Step4: Print Area
Step5: end

Problem 2
Algorithm to find the sum of two numbers
Inputs to the algorithm:
First num1.
Second num2.
Expected output:
Sum of the two numbers.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Read/input the first num1.
Step3: Read/input the second num2.
Step4: Sum ← num1+num2 // calculation of sum
Step5: Print Sum
Step6: End

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 FLOWCHART
What is a flowchart?
 A flowchart is a picture (graphical representation) of the problem solving
process.
 A flowchart gives a step-by-step procedure for solution of a problem.
 A flowchart is a diagram which visually presents the flow of data through
processing systems.
 A flow is a systematic way of presenting the flow of a computer process
using symbols.
Elements of a flowchart:
 Various geometrical shaped boxes represent the steps of the solution.
 The boxes are connected by directional arrows to show the flow of the
solution.
Uses of a flowchart:
 To specify the method of solving a problem.
 To plan the sequence of a computer program.
 Communicate ideas, solutions.
Basic FlowChart Symbols

A flowchart in computer science typically has the following types of symbols to

represent a process or program:

NAME SYMBOL USE IN FLOWCHART

 When used at the start of the flowchart it
Oval/Rounded means Start of program —beginning of the
program.
Rectangle/Circle
 When used at the end of the flowchart it
means Stop of program — Marks the end
Or of the program.
 Key words used
 Start
 Stop
 Begin
 End
Diamond  Decision block − Contains a question of
(Decision box) condition which requires a
Yes or No (True or False) Answers.
 Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made.
The program should continue along one of
two routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)
 Used when you want to make a decision.

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 Rectangle
 Denotes a process to be carried out e.g.
addition, subtraction, division etc.
 Statement block − A statement to execute,
or a behavior to perform.
 Formulas are put here
 Key words used
 Calculate
 evaluate
 solve
 compute
 calculate
 add
 sum
 multiply
 Display
Parallelogram
 Denotes an input/output operation
 Key words used
 Input
 Output
 Enter
 Print
 Read
 Display
Flow Arrows  Arrows are used to connect the steps in a
(Arrow lines ) flow chart, to show the flow or sequence
of the problem solving process.

Basic Arithmetic symbols used in flowcharts

Mathematical language Flowchart language

Plus sign + +

Minus sign − −

Multiplication sign × * (star)

Division ÷ /
Please note that only division and multiplication changes in flowchart language.

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How to read a flowchart
Identify input and move downwards following the arrow down to the output.
Move from step to step in the chart by following the lines between them. Perform
any action or calculation listed when you reach a Statement Block (rectangle), and
then when you reach a Decision Block (diamond) check if the condition is met and
choose the appropriate path.

Basic structure of a flow chart

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 Guidelines on drawing a flowchart

 Identify Input and Output

 Apply reasoning skills to solve the problem.
 Draw the flowchart using the appropriate symbols and arrows to show
the sequence of steps in solving the problem.

Some examples of Flowcharts

Now, we will discuss some examples on flowcharting. These examples will help in
proper understanding of flowcharting technique.

Problem1: Find the area of a circle of radius r.

Solution:

The first thing to note here is that area of a circle is given by A = 𝜋𝑟 2

From A = 𝜋𝑟 2 , we have A = 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ 𝑟 , where 𝜋 = 3.14

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Problem 2: Convert temperature Fahrenheit to Celsius.

Solution:

The first thing to note here is that converting temperature in Fahrenheit to Celsius
5
is given by the formula C = (𝐹 − 32)
9

5
So from C = (𝐹 − 32), we have C = 5⁄9 ∗ (𝐹 − 32)
9

Task
1. Draw a flow chart on how to find the sum of two numbers.
2. Draw a flow chart on how to find loss or profit

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Expected Answers for the Task

Question 1

Start

Read A

Read B

Sum = A + B

Print Sum

Stop

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 Question 2
Start

Read Cost Price (CP)

Read Selling Price (SP)

Is Yes
SP < CP Profit = SP −CP

No

Loss = CP − SP

Print Profit
Print loss

Stop

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