Part-A: Sum of Core Pieces 10cm Total Drill Run
Part-A: Sum of Core Pieces 10cm Total Drill Run
Part-A: Sum of Core Pieces 10cm Total Drill Run
PART-A
B) Underground openings have a wide variety of applications like tunnels built for highways
and railroads, water supply and sewage tunnels, underground power stations, storage caverns
etc.
With such a vast range of underground applications, it is necessary to understand the various
aspects of underground openings and their stress and deformation characteristics.
The major conditions around an opening can be classified as in-situ stresses– due to the
overburden rock, induced stresses– due to the excavation for the opening and traffic loads–
not significant in the case of deep tunnels
To obtain the concept of the effect of the size and shape of a single mine opening upon
the stresses existing initially (before the opening was introduced) within the surrounding
rock.
To determine the effect of a group of mine openings upon the stresses existing initially
within the rock as their size, shape, number, and relative positions are varied.
It is important to understand the stress distributions around a single opening (viz.,
circular, elliptical, rectangular) and around multiple openings.
C) FLAC, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, is numerical modeling software for
advanced geotechnical analysis of soil, rock, groundwater, and ground support.
FLAC is used for analysis, testing, and design by geotechnical, civil, and mining
engineers. It is designed to accommodate any kind of geotechnical engineering project
that requires continuum analysis.
FLAC utilizes an explicit finite difference formulation that can model complex behaviors,
such as problems that consist of several stages, large displacements and strains, non-
linear material behavior, or unstable systems.
It works based on explicit finite difference techniques for solution of the governing
equations for a problem domain, taking account into initial and boundary conditions.
D) A stress field is the distribution of internal forces in a body that balance a given set of
external forces.
Two types of stresses exist in the field 1. Insitu stresses (pre-mining stresses) 2. Induced
stresses.
In situ stresses released during excavation for underground structures can cause rock
bursting, spilling, buckling or other ground control problems.
Knowledge of the state of in situ stress is of critical importance to the design and
construction of engineering structures in a rock mass.
Factors affecting the magnitude and orientations of in situ stress include the weight of
overlying materials, geologic structures (on local and regional scales), and tectonic forces
within the earth’s crust, residual stress and thermal stress.
Stress cannot be measured directly and therefore rock stress determination techniques
rely on the measurement of some response (viz; displacement, strain, deformation etc) i.e.
induced by a disturbance of the rock mass.
E) Mining depth is increasing day by day, since the deposits near the surface are mined out.
Going deep in the mine creates different conditions in comparison with the near surface
mining due to the increased stress.
As a result, stress-induced rock fracturing is inevitable and when stored energy is
suddenly released, rocks fail violently, leading to seismic events and coal bumps.
A rock burst/coal bump is defined as damage to an excavation that occurs in a sudden or
violent manner and is associated with a seismic event. Rockbursts are the most serious
and least understood problem facing deep mining operations
With the advance of the mining depth in higher stress environments, coal bumps is
becoming an increasing problem world-wide.
There are three types of rock bursts 1. Strain burst 2. Pillar burst 3. Fault-slip burst.
PART B
2. A) i) Protodyaknov Index
The Protodyaknov index is a simple rock characteristic which has immense possibility of
practical application, particularly in predicting rock drillability in percussive drilling.
Protodyaknov index is determined by a standard procedure with an apparatus fabricated
in the laboratory. However, the degree of packing of -500 microns fines in the
volumometer was standardized by tapping it 10 times from a height of 5 cm in all cases.
Prepare five samples from a block of coal. Weigh 50 gm. from each sample which
consists of coal pieces of size greater than 19.56 mm (+ ¾”) and less than 25.4 mm (-1”).
Put the sample into the cylinder and allow a drop weight (2.4 Kg.) to fall five times from
a fixed height of 640 mm.
Now, remove the crushed coal and keep aside, put next sample into the cylinder and
repeat the process for remaining samples.
When all the samples get crushed in this manner, put the broken coal material of each test
on a 0.5 mm (0.02”) sieve and get it seived. Pour the seived fines into the tube of
volumometer of 23 mm diameter.
Record the height (l) of the coal dust in the volumometer in each case after tapping it
lightly 10 times on the table. Calculate the strength coefficient ( Pi ).
The strength coefficient (Pi) is calculated from the equation
20𝑛
Pi = 𝑙
Pi = Strength Coefficient
n = no of impacts of load
l = Height of coal dust in volumometer.
The geomechanical classification or the rock mass rating system was initially developed
at the CSIR by Z.T. Bieniawski on the basis of his experiences in shallow tunnels in
sedimentary rocks.
To apply RMR, the given site should be divided into a number of geological structural
units in such a way that each type of rock mass is represented by a separate geological
structural unit. The following six parameters are determined for each structural unit.
B) Barton proposed the Q-system of rock mass classification on the basis of about 200 case
histories of tunnels and caverns. They have defined as
Where,
B) Griffith postulated that fracture initiate in material due to tensile stress concentrations at the
tips of minute, thin cracks (now referred to as Griffith cracks) distributed throughout an isotropic
and elastic material. There are two concepts to explain:
σ ≥ ( 2Eα/πc)1/2
2. Stress Approach
4. A) 1. Seam Thickness
4. Time/Time Elapse
5. Type of supports
6. Geological Discontinuities
7. Degree of Extraction
8. Method of Working- Board and Pillar, longwall
Or
Mine subsidence means lateral or vertical ground movement caused by failure initiated at the
mine level, of man-made underground mines.
5. A) Load cell
The load cell is a transducer to detect the load which is directly applied to the load cell
itself. Therefore, the load cell itself has to be treated as part of the structure.
A structure where a load cell is installed must sufficiently withstand loading. The base
must be deformation or deflection free due to loading.
The load cell should be installed so that the load can be applied vertically to the load cell.
The top of load cell is so spherical that bending moment or distortion is not applied to the
load cell. The use of a spherical cap is recommended.
All load cells are self-temperature-compensated, but a sharp temperature variation makes
the output instable.
Strain Gauge
6 A) Going deep in the mine create different conditions in comparison with the near surface
mining due to the increased stress.
As a result, stress-induced rock fracturing is inevitable and when stored energy is
suddenly released, rocks fail violently, leading to seismic events and rock bursts.
A rock burst is defined as damage to an excavation that occurs in a sudden or violent
manner and is associated with a seismic event.
Rock bursts are the most serious and least understood problem facing deep mining
operations.
Three types of rock burst occur in mines
Pillar burst
Strain burst
Fault - slip burst
Controlling Techniques
Reducing mine induced seismicity
Mine Support
Rate of extraction
Shape of opening
Remanant pillars
C) A slope failure is a phenomenon that a slope collapses abruptly due to weakened self-
retainability of the earth under the influence of a rainfall or an earthquake or any other mining
activities (viz., blasting, vibrations, improper handling of materials, improper mining).
Planar Failure
Wedge Failure
Circular Failure
Toppling Failure
D) Factors influencing slope stability
Strength
Geological Discontinuities in rock mass
Presence of water
Blasting and dynamic forces
Geometry of slope
Time/Creep properties
Insitu stresses