0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views8 pages

4211 Contents

This document provides an overview of statistical mechanics and its methodology. It discusses key topics including: - The fundamental principles of statistical mechanics including the laws of thermodynamics and microscopic basis for entropy. - Interactions and the conditions for equilibrium, covering thermal interaction, volume change, particle interchange, and interactions with the external world. - Thermodynamic averages using concepts like the partition function, Gibbs expression for entropy, and fluctuations. - Classical and quantum statistical mechanics, including distributions like Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein. - Practical calculations with ideal systems such as the ideal gas, quantum gas, Fermi gas, Bose gas, black

Uploaded by

Roy Vesey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views8 pages

4211 Contents

This document provides an overview of statistical mechanics and its methodology. It discusses key topics including: - The fundamental principles of statistical mechanics including the laws of thermodynamics and microscopic basis for entropy. - Interactions and the conditions for equilibrium, covering thermal interaction, volume change, particle interchange, and interactions with the external world. - Thermodynamic averages using concepts like the partition function, Gibbs expression for entropy, and fluctuations. - Classical and quantum statistical mechanics, including distributions like Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein. - Practical calculations with ideal systems such as the ideal gas, quantum gas, Fermi gas, Bose gas, black

Uploaded by

Roy Vesey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Contents

1 The Methodology of Statistical Mechanics 1


1.1 Terminology and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Approaches to the subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Description of states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Extensivity and the Thermodynamic Limit . . . . . . . 3
1.2 The Fundamental Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 The Laws of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Probabilistic interpretation of the First Law . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Microscopic Basis for Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Interactions – The Conditions for Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Thermal Interaction – Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Volume change – Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.3 Particle interchange – chemical potential . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.4 Thermal interaction with the rest of the world – the
Boltzmann factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.5 Particle and energy exchange with the rest of the world
– the Gibbs factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4 Thermodynamic Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.1 The Partition Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.2 Gibbs Expression for Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.3 Free Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.4 Thermodynamic Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.5 The beta trick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.6 Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.7 The Grand Partition Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.8 The Grand Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.9 Thermodynamic variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.5 Quantum Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5.1 Bosons and Fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5.2 Grand Potential for Identical Particles . . . . . . . . . 29

vii
viii CONTENTS

1.5.3 The Fermi-Dirac Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30


1.5.4 The Bose-Einstein Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.5.5 The Classical Limit – The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distri-
bution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.6 Classical Statistical Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.6.1 Phase Space and Classical States . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.6.2 Boltzmann and Gibbs Phase Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.6.3 The Fundamental Postulate in the Classical Case . . . 36
1.6.4 The classical partition function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.6.5 The equipartition theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.6.6 Consequences of equipartition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.6.7 Liouville’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.6.8 Boltzmann’s H theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.7 The Third Law of thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.7.1 History of the Third Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.7.2 Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.7.3 Quantum viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.7.4 Unattainability of absolute zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.7.5 Heat capacity at low temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.7.6 Other consequences of the Third Law . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.7.7 Pessimist’s statement of the laws of thermodynamics . 51
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2 Practical Calculations with Ideal Systems 57


2.1 The Density of States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.1.1 Non-interacting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.1.2 Converting sums to integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.1.3 Enumeration of states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.1.4 Counting states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.1.5 General expression for the density of states . . . . . . . 61
2.1.6 General relation between pressure and energy . . . . . 62
2.2 Identical Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.2.1 Indistinguishability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.2.2 Classical approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3 The Ideal Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3.1 Quantum approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3.2 Classical approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.3.3 Thermodynamic properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.3.4 The 1/N ! term in the partition function . . . . . . . . 69
2.3.5 Entropy of mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.4 The Quantum Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
CONTENTS ix

2.4.1 Methodology for quantum gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72


2.5 Fermi Gas at Low Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.5.1 Ideal Fermi gas at zero temperature . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.5.2 Fermi gas at low temperatures – simple model . . . . . 77
2.5.3 Fermi gas at low temperatures – series expansion . . . 79
2.5.4 More general treatment of low temperature heat capacity 85
2.6 Bose Gas at Low Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.6.1 General procedure for treating the Bose gas . . . . . . 88
2.6.2 Ground state occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.6.3 Number of particles – chemical potential . . . . . . . . 90
2.6.4 Low temperature behaviour of Bose gas . . . . . . . . . 90
2.6.5 Thermal capacity of Bose gas – below Tc . . . . . . . . 93
2.6.6 Comparison with Superfluid 4 He and other systems . . 94
2.6.7 Two-fluid model of superfluid 4 He . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.6.8 Elementary excitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.7 Quantum Gas at High Temperatures – the Classical Limit . . 99
2.7.1 General treatment for Fermi, Bose and Maxwell Cases 99
2.7.2 Quantum energy parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.7.3 Chemical potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.7.4 Internal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.7.5 Equation of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.8 Black body radiation – the photon gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.8.1 Photons as quantized electromagnetic waves . . . . . . 103
2.8.2 Photons in thermal equilibrium – black body radiation 105
2.8.3 Planck’s formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.8.4 Internal energy and heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.8.5 Black body radiation in one dimension – Johnson noise 109
2.9 Ideal Paramagnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.9.1 Partition function and free energy . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.9.2 Thermodynamic properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.9.3 Negative temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.9.4 Thermodynamics of negative temperatures . . . . . . . 118
2.10 Fermi gas magnetic susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.10.1 Magnetization at zero temperature . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.11 Atoms in a harmonic trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2.11.1 Enumeration and counting of states . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.11.2 Fermi energy – fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
x CONTENTS

3 Non-ideal Gases 133


3.1 Statistical Mechanics of Interacting Particles . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.1.1 The partition function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.1.2 Cluster expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.1.3 Low density approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.1.4 Equation of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.2 The Virial Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.2.1 Virial coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.2.2 Hard core potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.2.3 Square-well potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.2.4 Lennard-Jones potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.2.5 The Sutherland potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.2.6 Comparison of models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.2.7 Universal behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.2.8 Quantum gases – the special case(s) of helium . . . . . 150
3.3 Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.3.1 Throttling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.3.2 Joule-Thomson coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
3.3.3 Connection with the second virial coefficient . . . . . . 157
3.3.4 Inversion temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.4 Van der Waals Equation of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.4.1 Approximating the Partition Function . . . . . . . . . 159
3.4.2 Van der Waals Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.4.3 Estimation of van der Waals Parameters . . . . . . . . 162
3.4.4 Virial Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.5 Other Phenomenological Equations of State . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.5.1 The Dieterici equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.5.2 The Berthelot equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.5.3 The Redlich-Kwong equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.6 Hard Sphere Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.6.1 Possible approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.6.2 Hard Sphere Equation of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.6.3 Virial Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.6.4 Virial Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.6.5 Carnahan and Starling procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
3.6.6 Padé approximants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.7 Bridge to the next chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
3.7.1 Van der Waals model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
3.7.2 Hard sphere model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
3.7.3 Other bit – Tabulation of - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
CONTENTS xi

4 Phase Transitions 189


4.1 Phenomenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4.1.1 Basic ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4.1.2 Phase diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.1.3 Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.1.4 Order of phase transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.1.5 The order parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.1.6 Conserved and non-conserved order parameters . . . . 197
4.1.7 Critical exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.1.8 The scaling hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.1.9 Scaling of the free energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.2 First order transition – an example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.2.1 Coexistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.2.2 Van der Waals fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4.2.3 The Maxwell construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4.2.4 The critical point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
4.2.5 Corresponding states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
4.2.6 Dieterici’s equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.2.7 Quantum mechanical effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
4.3 Second order transition – an example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.3.1 The ferromagnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.3.2 The Weiss model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.3.3 Spontaneous magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.3.4 Critical behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
4.3.5 Magnetic susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.3.6 The ground state and Goldstone modes . . . . . . . . . 224
4.4 The Ising and other models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
4.4.1 Ubiquity of the Ising model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
4.4.2 Magnetic case of the Ising model . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.4.3 Ising model in one dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.4.4 Ising model in two dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.4.5 Mean field critical exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.4.6 The XY model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.4.7 The spherical model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.4.8 Universality classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.5 Landau theory of phase transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.5.1 Landau free energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.5.2 Landau free energy for the ferromagnet . . . . . . . . . 237
4.5.3 Landau theory – second order transitions . . . . . . . . 241
4.5.4 Thermal capacity in the Landau model . . . . . . . . . 243
4.5.5 Ferromagnet in a magnetic field (really the Ising magnet)244
xii CONTENTS

4.6 Ferroelectricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246


4.6.1 Description of the phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
4.6.2 Landau free energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
4.6.3 Second order case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
4.6.4 First order case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
4.6.5 Entropy and latent heat at the transition . . . . . . . . 254
4.6.6 Soft modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4.7 Binary mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.7.1 Basic ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.7.2 Model calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
4.7.3 System energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
4.7.4 Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.7.5 Free energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.7.6 Phase separation – the lever rule . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4.7.7 Phase separation curve—the binodal . . . . . . . . . . 262
4.7.8 The spinodal curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
4.7.9 Entropy in the ordered phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
4.7.10 Thermal capacity in the ordered phase . . . . . . . . . 266
4.7.11 Order of the transition and the critical point . . . . . . 268
4.7.12 The critical exponent β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
4.8 Quantum Phase Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4.8.2 The transverse Ising model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
4.8.3 Recap of mean field Ising model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
4.8.4 Application of a transverse field . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
4.8.5 Transition temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
4.8.6 Quantum critical behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
4.8.7 Dimensionality and critical exponents . . . . . . . . . . 278
4.9 Retrospective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
4.9.1 The existence of order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
4.9.2 Validity of mean field theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
4.9.3 Features of Different Phase Transition Models . . . . . 282
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

5 Fluctuations and Dynamics 291


5.1 Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
5.1.1 Probability distribution functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
5.1.2 Average behaviour of fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
5.1.3 The autocorrelation function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
5.1.4 The correlation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
5.1.5 Spectral Density – the Wiener-Khintchine Theorem . . 301
CONTENTS xiii

5.2 Brownian Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303


5.2.1 Kinematics of a Brownian particle . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
5.2.2 Short time limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
5.2.3 Long time limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
5.2.4 Equipartition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
5.3 Langevin’s Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
5.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
5.3.2 Separation of forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
5.3.3 The Langevin equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
5.3.4 Velocity autocorrelation function . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
5.3.5 Mean square velocity and equipartition . . . . . . . . . 315
5.3.6 Diffusion Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
5.3.7 Harmonically bound particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
5.3.8 Equipartition and mean-square values . . . . . . . . . . 318
5.3.9 Electrical analogue of the Langevin equation . . . . . . 320
5.4 Linear Response I – Phenomenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5.4.1 Definitions and assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5.4.2 Response to a harmonic excitation . . . . . . . . . . . 324
5.4.3 Fourier representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
5.4.4 Response to a step excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
5.4.5 Response to a “shock” or delta function excitation . . . 328
5.4.6 *Response to a Noise Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
5.4.7 Consequence of the reality of X(t) . . . . . . . . . . . 331
5.4.8 Consequence of causality ????? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
5.4.9 Consequence of causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
5.4.10 Energy considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
5.4.11 Static susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
5.4.12 Relaxation time approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
5.5 Linear Response II – Microscopics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
5.5.1 Onsager’s hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
5.5.2 Nyquist’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
5.5.3 Calculation of the step response function . . . . . . . . 343
5.5.4 Calculation of the autocorrelation function . . . . . . . 345
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

A The Gibbs-Duhem Relation 351


A.1 Homogeneity of the fundamental relation . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
A.2 The Euler relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
A.3 Two caveats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
A.4 The Gibbs–Duhem relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
xiv CONTENTS

B Thermodynamic Potentials 355


B.1 Equilibrium states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
B.2 Constant temperature and volume: the Helmholtz potential . 357
B.3 Constant pressure and energy: the Enthalpy function . . . . . 358
B.4 Constant pressure and temperature: the Gibbs free energy . . 359
B.5 Differential expressions for the potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
B.6 Natural variables and the Maxwell relations . . . . . . . . . . 360

C Mathematica notebooks 363


C.1 Chemical potential of a Fermi gas at low temperatures – Som-
merfeld expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
C.2 Internal energy of a Fermi gas at low temperatures – Sommer-
feld expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

D Evaluation of the Correlation Function Integral 367


D.1 Initial domain of integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
D.2 Transformation of variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
D.3 Jacobian of the transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

E Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Distribution Functions 371


E.1 Simple derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
E.2 Parallel evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

You might also like