4.

5 Design of Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete I-Girder

Basic beam section properties

Beam length, L =
Depth =
Thickness of web =
Area Ag =
Moment of Inertia, Ig =
N.A to top, yt =
N.A to bottom, yb =
Section modulus, STOP =
Section modulus, SBOT =
CGS from bottom, at O ft =
CGS from bottom, at 11 ft =
CGS from bottom, at 54.5 ft =
P/S force eccentricity at 0 ft =
P/S force eccentricity at 11 ft =
P/S force eccentricity at 54.5 ft =

Interior beam composite section properties

Effective slab width
Deck slab thickness
Haunch depth
Moment of Inertia, IC
N.A to slab top
N.A to slab bottom
Section modulus, STOP SLAB
Section modulus, STOP BEAM
Section modulus, SBOT BEAM

Exterior beam composite section properties

Effective slab width
Deck slab thickness
 Haunch depth
Moment of Inertia, IC
N.A to slab top
N.A to slab bottom
Section modulus, STOP SLAB
Section modulus, STOP BEAM
Section modulus, SBOT BEAM

Effective flange width

For interior girders:
The effective flange width is taken as the least of the following:
 One-quarter of the effective span length =
 12.0 times the average thickness of the slab.
Plus the greater of the web thickness =
Or
One-half the widths of the top flange of the girder =
 The average spacing of adjacent beams =
The effective flange width for the interior beam is =
For exterior girders:
The effective flange width is taken as one-half the effective width of the adjacent interior girder plus the least of:
 One-eight of the effective span length =
 6.0 times the average thickness of the slab,
Plus the greater of half the web thickness
Or
One quarter of the width of the top flange of the basic girder =
 The width of the overhang =
Therefore the effective flange width for the exterior

DECK SLAB DESIGN

In addition to designing the deck for dead and live loads at the strength limit state, the
AASHTO-LRFD specifications require checking the deck for vehicular collision with the railing system at the
extreme event limit state. The resistance factor at the extreme event limit state is taken as 1.0. This signifies that,
at this level of loading, damage to the structural components is allowed and the goal is to prevent the collapse of
any structural components
Bridge Cross-Section
Required information:

Girder spacing =
Top cover =
 (includes ½ in. integral wearing surface)
Bottom cover =

Steel yield strength =

Slab conc. compressive strength =

Concrete density =

Future wearing surface density =

DECK THICKNESS
The specifications require that the minimum thickness of a concrete deck, excluding any provisions for grinding,
grooving and sacrificial surface, should not be less than 7 in. (S9.7.1.1). Thinner decks are acceptable if approved
by the bridge owner. For slabs with depths less than 1/20 of the design span, consideration should be given to
prestressing in the direction of that span in order to control cracking.
Most jurisdictions require a minimum deck thickness of 8 in., including the ½ inch integral wearing surface.
In addition to the minimum deck thickness requirements of S9.7.1.1, some jurisdictions check the slab thickness
using the provisions of S2.5.2.6.3. The provisions in this article are meant for slab-type bridges and their purpose is
to limit deflections under live loads. Applying these provisions to the design of deck slabs rarely controls deck slab
design.
Design of Deck
For this example, a slab thickness of 8 in., including the ½ inch integral wearing surface, is assumed. The integral
wearing surface is considered in the weight calculations. However, for resistance calculations, the integral wearing
surface is assumed to not contribute to the section resistance, i.e., the section thickness for resistance calculations
is assumed to be 7.5 in.

Design dead load moments:

Load factors (S3.4.1):
Slab and parapet:

Minimum = 0.9

Maximum=1.2

Future wearing surface:

Minimum = 0.65

Maximum = 1.5
It is not intended to maximize the load effects by applying the maximum load factors to some bays of the deck and
the minimum load factors to others. Therefore, for deck slabs the maximum load factor controls the design and the
minimum load factor may be ignored.
Dead loads represent a small fraction of the deck loads. Using a simplified approach to determine the deck dead
load effects will result in a negligible difference in the total (DL + LL) load effects. Traditionally, dead load positive
and negative moments in the deck, except for the overhang, for a unit width strip of the deck are calculated using
the following approach:
M = wl2/c
where:
M = dead load positive or negative moment in the deck for a unit width strip (k-ft/ft)

w = dead load per unit area of the deck (ksf) l = girder spacing (ft.)
c= constant, typically taken as 10 or 12
The dead load moments due to the self weight and future wearing surface are
calculated assuming c = 10.
Self weight of the deck = 8(150)/12 = 100 psf

Unfactored self weight positive or negative moment = (100/1000)(9.66)2/10 = 0.93 k-ft/ft

Future wearing surface = 30 psf

Unfactored FWS positive or negative moment = (30/1000)(9.66)2/10 = 0.28 k-ft/ft

DETERMINING LIVE LOAD EFFECTS

Using the approximate method of deck analysis (S4.6.2), live load effects may be determined by
modeling the deck as a beam supported on the girders. One or more axles may be placed side by
side on the deck (representing axles from trucks in different traffic lanes) and move them
transversely across the deck to maximize the moments (S4.6.2.1.6). To determine the live load
moment per unit width of the bridge, the calculated total live load moment is divided by a strip
width determined using the appropriate equation from Table S4.6.2.1.3-1. The following
conditions have to be satisfied when determining live load effects on the deck:
Minimum distance from center of wheel to the inside face of parapet = 1 ft. (S3.6.1.3)

Minimum distance between the wheels of two adjacent trucks = 4 ft.

Dynamic load allowance = 33% (S3.6.2.1)

Load factor (Strength I) = 1.75 (S3.4.1)

Multiple presence factor (S3.6.1.1.2):

Single lane = 1.20

Two lanes = 1.00
 Three lanes = 0.85

(Note: the “three lanes” situation never controls for girder spacings up to 16 ft.)

Trucks were moved laterally to determine extreme moments (S4.6.2.1.6)

Fatigue need not be investigated for concrete slabs in multi-girder bridges (S9.5.3 and S5.5.3.1)

Resistance factors, j, for moment: 0.9 for strength limit state (S5.5.4.2)
1.0 for extreme event limit state (S1.3.2.1)

DESIGN FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN THE DECK

The reinforcement determined in this section is based on the maximum positive moment in the deck. For interior
bays of the deck, the maximum positive moment typically takes place at approximately the center of each bay. For
the first deck bay, the bay adjacent to the overhang, the location of the maximum design positive moment varies
depending on the overhang length and the value and distribution of the dead load. The same reinforcement is
typically used for all deck bays.
Factored loads
Live load
From Table SA4.1-1, for the girder spacing of 9’-9” (conservative):

Unfactored live load positive moment per unit width = 6.74 k-ft/ft

Maximum factored positive moment per unit width = 1.75(6.74) = 11.80 k-ft/ft

This moment is applicable to all positive moment regions in all bays of the deck (S4.6.2.1.1).
Deck weight
1.25(0.93) = 1.16 k-ft/ft
Future wearing surface
1.5(0.28) = 0.42 k-ft/ft
Dead load + live load design factored positive moment (Strength I limit state)
MDL+LL= 11.8 + 1.16 + 0.42
= 13.38 k-ft/ft

The total moment is dominated by the live load.

Resistance factor for flexure at the strength limit state, j = 0.90 (S5.5.4.2.1)
The flexural resistance equations in the AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications are applicable to reinforced
concrete and prestressed concrete sections. Depending on the provided reinforcement, the terms related to
prestressing, tension reinforcing steel and/or compression reinforcing steel, are set to zero. The following text is
further explanation on applying these provisions to reinforced concrete sections and the possible simplifications to
the equations for this case.

For rectangular section behavior, the depth of the section in compression, c, is determined using Eq. S5.7.3.1.1-4:
𝐴𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑝𝑢 +𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑦
C = 𝑓𝑝𝑢
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏1 𝑏+𝑘𝐴𝑝𝑠
𝑑𝑝

where:
Aps = area of prestressing steel
fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
fpy = yield strength of prestressing steel
As = area of mild steel tension reinforcement
A¢s = area of compression reinforcement
fy = yield strength of tension reinforcement
f¢y = yield strength of compression reinforcement
b = width of rectangular section
dp = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing
tendons
c = distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face
ß1 = stress block factor specified in S5.7.2.2

For reinforced concrete sections (no prestressing) without reinforcement on the compression side of the section,
the above equation is reduced to:
As f y
c = 0.85 fc¢ b 1 b

The depth of the compression block, a, may be calculates as:

a = cb1
These equations for “a” and “c” are identical to those traditionally used in reinforced concrete design. Many text
books use the following equation to determine the reinforcement ratio, r, and area of reinforcement, As:

k’ = Mu/(bd2)
𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑘′
r = 0.85( 𝑓𝑦 )(1.0 - √1.0 − 0.85𝑓′𝑐)
 AS = rde

A different method to determine the required area of steel is based on using the above equation for “a” and “c” with
the Eq. S5.7.3.2.2-1 as shown below. The nominal flexural resistance, Mn, may be taken as:
Mn = Apsfps(dp – a/2) + Asfy(ds – a/2) – A¢sf¢y(d¢s – a/2) + 0.85f¢c(b – bw)b1hf(a/2 – hf/2)

(S5.7.3.2.2-1)

where:

fps = average stress in prestressing steel at nominal bending resistance specified in Eq. S5.7.3.1.1-1 (ksi)
ds = distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of nonprestressed tensile reinforcement

d's = distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of compression reinforcement
b= width of the compression face of the member
bw = web width or diameter of a circular section
hf = compression flange depth of an I or T member

For rectangular reinforced concrete sections (no prestressing) without reinforcement on the compression side of
the section, the above equation is reduced to:

Mn = ASfy(ds-a/2)

From the equations for “c” and “a” above, substituting for:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
A = cb1 = 0.85𝑓′ in the equation for Mn above yields:
𝑐𝑏

𝑓𝑦 2
Mn = ASfy(ds-a/2) = fydsAs – (1.7𝑓𝑐′𝑏)As2

Only As is unknown in this equation. By substituting for b = 12 in., the required area of reinforcement per unit width
can be determined by solving the equation.
Both methods outlined above yield the same answer. The first method is used throughout the following
calculations.
For the positive moment section:
de = effective depth from the compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile force in the tensile
reinforcement (in.)

total thickness – bottom cover – ½ bar diameter – integral wearing surface

= 0.00688
Therefore,
Required As = rde = 0.00688(6.19) = 0.0426 in2/in.

Required #5 bar spacing with bar area 0.31 in2 = 0.31/0.0426 = 7.28 in.

Use #5 bars at 7 in. spacing

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement

Based on past experience, maximum and minimum reinforcement requirements never control the deck slab
design. The minimum reinforcement requirements are presented in S5.7.3.3.2. These provisions are identical to
those of the AASHTO Standard Specifications. These provisions are illustrated later in this example.
Maximum reinforcement requirements are presented in S5.7.3.3.1. These requirements are different from those of
the AASHTO Standard Specifications. Reinforced concrete sections are considered under-reinforced when c/de =
0.42. Even though these requirements are not expected to control the design, they are illustrated below to
familiarize the user with their application.
Check depth of compression block:
= tensile force in the tensile reinforcement (k)
0.31(60)
18.6 k

= 18.6/[0.85(4)(7)] = 0.78 in.

b1 = ratio of the depth of the equivalent uniformly stressed compression zone assumed in the
strength limit state to the depth of the actual compression zone
= 0.85 for f¢c = 4 ksi (S5.7.2.2)
= 0.78/0.85 = 0.918 in.

Check if the section is over-reinforced

c/de= 0.918/6.19
= 0.15 < 0.42 OK (S5.7.3.3.1)
Check for cracking under Service I Limit State (S5.7.3.4)
Allowable reinforcement service load stress for crack control using Eq. S5.7.3.4-1:
𝑍
fsa = (𝑑𝑐𝐴)1/3 < 0.6fy = 36ksi

Bottom Transverse Reinforcement

where:

dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar located closest
thereto (in.)
 = 1.3125 in. < (2 + ½ bar diameter) in. OK
A = area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinforcement and bounded by the
surfaces of the cross-section and a straight line parallel to the neutral axis, divided by the number of
bars (in2)
2(1.3125)(7)
18.375 in2

= crack control parameter (k/in)

= 130 k/in. for severe exposure conditions
By substituting for dc, A and Z:
fsa = 45 ksi > 36 ksi therefore, use maximum allowable fsa = 36 ksi
Notice that the crack width parameter, Z, for severe exposure conditions was used to account for the remote
possibility of the bottom reinforcement being exposed to deicing salts leaching through the deck. Many jurisdictions
use Z for moderate exposure conditions when designing the deck bottom reinforcement except for decks in marine
environments. The rationale for doing so is that the bottom reinforcement is not directly exposed to salt application.
The difference in interpretation rarely affects the design because the maximum allowable stress for the bottom
reinforcement, with a 1 in. clear concrete cover, is typically controlled by the 0.6f y limit and will not change if
moderate exposure was assumed.
Stresses under service loads (S5.7.1)
In calculating the transformed compression steel area, the Specifications require the use of two different values for
the modular ratio when calculating the service load stresses caused by dead and live loads, 2n and n, respectively.
For deck design, it is customary to ignore the compression steel in the calculation of service load stresses and,
therefore,
this provision is not applicable. For tension steel, the transformed area is calculated using the modular ratio, n.
Modular ratio for 4 ksi concrete, n = 8 Assume stresses and

strains vary linearly

Dead load service load moment = 0.93 + 0.28 = 1.21 k-ft/ft

Live load service load moment = 6.74 k- ft/ft

Dead load + live load service load positive moment = 7.95 k- ft/ft

Crack Control for Positive Moment Reinforcement Under Live Loads

The transformed moment of inertia is calculated assuming elastic behavior, i.e. linear stress and strain distribution.
In this case, the first moment of area of the transformed steel on the tension side about the neutral axis is assumed
equal to that of the concrete in compression. The process of calculating the transformed moment of inertia is
illustrated in Figure 4-4 and by the calculations below.
For 4 ksi concrete, the modular ratio, n = 8 (S6.10.3.1.1b or by dividing the modulus of elasticity of the steel by that
of the concrete and rounding up as required by S5.7.1)
Assume the neutral axis is at a distance “y” from the compression face of the section
Assume the section width equals the reinforcement spacing = 7 in.
The transformed steel area = (steel area)(modular ratio) = 0.31(8) = 2.48 in 2
By equating the first moment of area of the transformed steel to that of the concrete, both about the neutral
axis:
2.48(6.19 – y) = 7y(y/2)
Solving the equation results in y = 1.77 in.
Itransformed = 2.48(6.19 – 1.77)2 + 7(1.77)3/3
= 61.4 in4
Stress in the steel, fs = (Mc/I)n, where M is the moment acting on 7 in. width of the deck.
fs = [[(7.95(12/12)(7)(4.42)]/61.4]8 = 32.05 ksi
Allowable service load stress = 36 ksi > 32.05 ksi OK

NEGATIVE MOMENT AT INTERIOR GIRDERS 4.9

a. Live load
From Table SA4.1-1, for girder spacing of 9’-9” and the distance from the design section for negative
moment to the centerline of the girder equal to 12 in. (see Design Step 4.7 for explanation):
Unfactored live load negative moment per unit width of the deck = 4.21 k- ft/ft
Maximum factored negative moment per unit width at the design section for negative moment = 1.75(4.21) =
7.37 k- ft/ft

b. Dead load
Factored dead load moments at the design section for negative moment:
Dead weight
1.25(0.93) = 1.16 k-ft/ft
Future wearing surface
1.5(0.28) = 0.42 k-ft/ft
Dead Load + live load design factored negative moment = 1.16 + 0.42 + 7.37 = 8.95 k-ft/ft
= distance from compression face to centroid of tension reinforcement (in.) = total thickness – top
cover – ½ bar diameter
Assume #5 bars; bar diameter = 0.625 in., bar area = 0.31 in2
= 8 – 2 ½ – ½ (0.625) = 5.19 in.
Required area of steel = 0.0339 in2/in.
Required spacing = 0.31/0.0339 = 9.15 in.
Use #5 at 9 in. spacing
As indicated earlier, checking the minimum and maximum reinforcement is not expected to control in deck slabs.

Check for cracking under service limit state (S5.7.3.4)

Allowable service load stresses:
𝑍
fsa = (𝑑𝑐𝐴)1/3 < 0.6fy = 36ksi

Concrete cover = 2 ½ in. – ½ in. integral wearing surface = 2 in.

(Note: maximum clear cover to be used in the analysis = 2 in.) (S5.7.3.4)

where:
dc = clear cover + ½ bar diameter
2 + ½ (0.625)
2.31 in.

= 2(2.31)(9) = 41.58 in2

Z = 130 k/in. for severe exposure conditions
fsa = 28.38 ksi
As explained earlier, service load stresses are calculated using a modular ratio, n = 8.
Dead load service load moment at the design section for negative moment near the middle = -1.21 k- ft/ft

Crack Control for Negative Moment Reinforcement Under Live Loads

Live load service load moment at the design section in the first interior bay near the first interior girder = -4.21 k-
ft/ft.

Transformed section properties may be calculated as done for the positive moment section in Design Step 4.8.
Refer to Figure 4-5a for the section dimensions and location of the neutral axis. The calculations are shown below.
Maximum dead load + live load service load moment = 5.42 k- ft/ft
n=8
Itransformed = 43.83 in4

Total DL + LL service load stresses = [[5.42(9)(3.75)]/43.83](8)

= 33.39 ksi > fsa = 28.38 ksi NG
To satisfy the crack control provisions, the most economical change is to replace the reinforcement bars by smaller
bars at smaller spacing (area of reinforcement per unit width is the same). However, in this particular example, the
#5 bar size cannot be reduced as this bar is customarily considered the minimum bar size for deck main
reinforcement. Therefore, the bar diameter is kept the same and the spacing is reduced.

Assume reinforcement is #5 at 8 in. spacing (refer to Figure 4-5b).

Itransformed = 42.77 in4

Total DL + LL service load stresses = [[5.42(8)(3.68)/42.77](8) = 29.85 ksi

LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Bottom distribution reinforcement (S9.7.3.2)

Percentage of longitudinal reinforcement = 220 £ 67%

S
where:
= the effective span length taken as equal to the effective length specified in S9.7.2.3
(ft.); the distance between sections for negative moment and sections at the ends of
one deck span
(116 – 14 – 14)(12)
7.33 ft.

Percentage = = 81% > 67%

7.33
Use 67% of transverse reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement = #5 at 7 in. spacing = 0.53 in2/ft
Required longitudinal reinforcement = 0.67(0.53) = 0.36 in2/ft
Use #5 bars; bar diameter = 0.625 in., bar area = 0.31 in2
Required spacing = 0.31/0.36 = 0.86 ft. (10.375 in.)
Use #5 bars at 10 in. spacing
Top longitudinal reinforcement
There are no specific requirements to determine this reinforcement. Many jurisdictions use #4 bars at 12 in.
spacing for the top longitudinal reinforcement.
Deck Top Longitudinal Reinforcement in the girder

Negative Moment Region, I.e., Over the Intermediate Support Of the Girder
For simple span precast girders made continuous for live load: design according to S5.14.1.2.7
(Notice that for continuous steel girders, this reinforcement is designed according to S6.10.3.7.)
The required reinforcement area is determined during girder design. See Section 5.6 for the calculations for this
reinforcement.
Provided reinforcement area = 14.65 in2
Use #6 bars at 5.5 in. spacing in the top layer

#6 bars at 8.5 in. spacing in the bottom layer

Check Shrinkage and Temperature reinforcement according to S5.10.8
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses is provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is added to ensure that the total reinforcement on
exposed surfaces is not less than the following:

As ³ 0.11Ag/fy (S5.10.8.2-1)

where:
Ag = gross area of the section (in2)
12(7.5)
90 in2/ft. width of deck

fy = specified yield strength of the reinforcing bars (ksi) = 60

ksi

As req = 0.11(90/60)
= 0.165 in2/ft. width of deck

This area should be divided between the two surfaces, As req per surface = 0.0825 in2/ft. width of deck.
Assuming longitudinal reinforcement is #4 bars at 12 in. spacing:
As provided = 0.2 in2/ft. width of deck > 0.0825 in2/ft .width of deck required. OK

Design of Superstructure
LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION FACTORS

(S4.6.2.2)
The AASHTO-LRFD Specifications allow the use of advanced methods of analysis to determine the live
load distribution factors. However, for typical bridges, the specifications list equations to calculate the
distribution factors for different types of bridge superstructures. The types of superstructures covered by
these equations are described in Table S4.6.2.2.1-1. From this table, bridges with concrete decks
supported on precast concrete I or bulb-tee girders are designated as cross-section “K”. Other tables in
S4.6.2.2.2 list the distribution factors for interior and exterior girders including cross-section “K”. The
distribution factor equations are largely based on work conducted in the NCHRP Project 12-26 and have
been verified to give accurate results compared to 3-dimensional bridge analysis and field measurements.
The multiple presence factors are already included in the distribution factor equations except when the
tables call for the use of the lever rule. In these cases, the computations need to account for the multiple
presence factors. Notice that the distribution factor tables include a column with the heading “range of
applicability”. The ranges of applicability listed for each equation are based on the range for each
parameter used in the study leading to the development of the equation. When the girder spacing exceeds
the listed value in the “range of applicability” column, the specifications require the use of the lever rule
(S4.6.2.2.1). One or more of the other parameters may be outside the listed range of applicability. In this
case, the equation could still remain valid, particularly when the value(s) is(are) only slightly out of the
 range of applicability. However, if one or more of the parameters greatly exceed the range of applicability,
engineering judgment needs to be exercised.
Article S4.6.2.2.2d of the specifications states: “In beam-slab bridge cross-sections with
diaphragms or cross-frames, the distribution factor for the exterior beam shall not be taken less than that
which would be obtained by assuming that the cross-section deflects and rotates as a rigid cross-section”.
This provision was added to the specifications because the original study that developed the distribution
factor equations did not consider intermediate diaphragms. Application of this provision requires the
presence of a sufficient number of intermediate diaphragms whose stiffness is adequate to force the cross
section to act as a rigid section. For prestressed girders, different jurisdictions use different types and
numbers of intermediate diaphragms. Depending on the number and stiffness of the intermediate
diaphragms, the provisions of S4.6.2.2.2d may not be applicable. For this example, one deep reinforced
concrete diaphragm is located at the midspan of each span. The stiffness of the diaphragm was deemed
sufficient to force the cross-section to act as a rigid section, therefore, the provisions of S4.6.2.2.2d apply.
Notice that the AASHTO Standard Specifications express the distribution factors as a fraction of wheel
lines, whereas

Notice that fatigue in the prestressing steel need not be checked for conventional prestressed
girders (S5.5.3) when maximum stress in the concrete at Service III limit state is taken according
to Table S5.9.4.2.2-1. This statem ent is valid for this example. The fatigue distribution factors are
calculated in the following sections to provide the user with a complete reference for the
application of the LRFD distribution factors.

Required information:
AASHTO Type I-Beam (28/72)
Noncomposite beam area, Ag = 1,085 in2
Noncomposite beam moment of inertia, Ig = 733,320 in4
Deck slab thickness, ts = 8 in.
Span length, L = 110 ft.
Girder spacing, S = 9 ft. - 8 in.
Modulus of elasticity of the beam, EB = 4,696 ksi (S5.4.2.4)
Modulus of elasticity of the deck, ED = 3,834 ksi (S5.4.2.4)
C.G. to top of the basic beam = 35.62 in.
C.G. to bottom of the basic beam = 36.38 in.

Design Step Calculate n, the modular ratio between the beam and the deck.

5.1.1
n = EB/ED (S4.6.2.2.1-2)
4,696/3,834
1.225
Design Step Calculate eg, the distance between the center of gravity of the noncomposite beam and

the deck. Ignore the thickness of the haunch in determining eg. It is also possible to ignore the
integral wearing surface, i.e., use ts = 7.5 in. However the difference in the distribution factor will
be minimal.

eg = NAYT + ts/2
= 35.62 + 8/2
= 39.62 in.

Design Step Calculate Kg, the longitudinal stiffness parameter.

5.1.3
Kg = n(I + Aeg2) (S4.6.2.2.1-1)
= 1.225[733,320 + 1,085(39.62)2]
= 2,984,704 in4

Design Step Interior girder

5.1.4

Calculate the moment distribution factor for an interior beam with two or more design lanes loaded
using Table S4.6.2.2.2b-1.

= 0.075 + (9.667/9.5)0.6 (9.667/110)0.2 [2,984,704/[12(110)(8)3]]0.1

= 0.796 lane (1)

Design Step According to S4.6.2.2.2e, a skew correction factor for moment may be applied for bridge

skews greater than 30 degrees. The bridge in this example is skewed 20 degrees, and, therefore,
no skew correction factor for moment is allowed.

Calculate the moment distribution factor for an interior beam with one design lane loaded using
Table S4.6.2.2.2b-1.

DM = 0.06 + (S/14)0.4 (S/L)0.3 (Kg/12.0Lts3)0.1

= 0.06 + (9.667/14)0.4 (9.667/110)0.3 [2,984,704/[12(110)(8)3]]0.1

= 0.542 lane (2)

 Notice that the distribution factor calculated above for a single lane loaded already includes the 1.2
multiple presence factor for a single lane, therefore, this value may be used for the service and
strength limit states. However, multiple presence factors should not be used for the fatigue limit
state. Therefore, the multiple presence factor of 1.2 for the single lane is required to be removed
from the value calculated above to determine the factor used for the fatigue limit state.

For single- lane loading to be used for fatigue design, remove the multiple presence factor of 1.2.

DM = 0.542/1.2
= 0.452 lane (3)

Design Step Skew correction factor for shear

5.1.6
According to S4.6.2.2.3c, a skew correction factor for support shear at the obtuse corner must be
applied to the distribution factor of all skewed bridges. The value of the correction factor is
calculated using Table S4.6.2.2.3c-1

SC = 1.0 + 0.20(12.0Lts3/Kg)0.3 tan q

1.0 + 0.20[[12.0(110)(8)3]/2,984,704]0.3 tan 20

1.047

Design Step Calculate the shear distribution factor for an interior beam with two or more design lanes 5.1.7
loaded using Table S4.6.2.2.3a-1.
0.2 + (9.667/12) – (9.667/35)2

0.929 lane

Apply the skew correction factor:

DV = 1.047(0.929)
= 0.973 lane (4)

Design Step Calculate the shear distribution factor for an interior beam with one design lane loaded 5.1.8 using
Table S4.6.2.2.3a-1.

DV = 0.36 + (S/25.0)
= 0.36 + (9.667/25.0)
 = 0.747 lane

Apply the skew correction factor:

DV = 1.047(0.747)
= 0.782 lane (5)

For single-lane loading to be used for fatigue design, remove the multiple presence factor of 1.2.

DV = 0.782/1.2
= 0.652 lane (6)

Design Step From (1) and (2), the service and strength limit state moment distribution factor for the

interior girder is equal to the larger of 0.796 and 0.542 lane. Therefore, the moment distribution
factor is 0.796 lane.

From (3):

The fatigue limit state moment distribution factor is 0.452 lane

From (4) and (5), the service and strength limit state shear distribution factor for the interior girder
is equal to the larger of 0.973 and 0.782 lane. Therefore, the shear distribution factor is 0.973 lane.

From (6):

The fatigue limit state shear distribution factor is 0.652 lane

Calculate the moment distribution factor for an exterior beam with two or more design 5.1.11 lanes using Table
S4.6.2.2.2d-1.

DM = eDMInterior

e = 0.77 + de/9.1

where de is the distance from the centerline of the exterior girder to the inside face of the
curb or barrier.

e = 0.77 + 1.83/9.1
 = 0.97

DM = 0.97(0.796)
= 0.772 lane (7)

Design Step Calculate the moment distribution factor for an exterior beam with one design lane using 5.1.12 the lever
rule as per Table S4.6.2.2.2d-1.

DM = [(3.5 + 6) + 3.5]/9.667
= 1.344 wheels/2
= 0.672 lane (8) (Fatigue)

Notice that this value does not include the multiple presence factor, therefore, it is adequate for
use with the fatigue limit state. For service and strength limit states, the multiple presence factor
for a single lane loaded needs to be included.

DM = 0.672(1.2)
= 0.806 lane (9) (Strength and Service)

Design Step Calculate the shear distribution factor for an exterior beam with two or more design lanes 5.1.13
loaded using Table S4.6.2.2.3b-1.

DV = eDVinterior

where:
e = 0.6 + de/10
= 0.6 + 1.83/10
= 0.783

DV = 0.783(0.973)
= 0.762 lane (10)

Design Step Calculate the shear distribution factor for an exterior beam with one design lane loaded

using the lever rule as per Table S4.6.2.2.3b-1. This value will be the same as the moment
distribution factor with the skew correction factor applied.
 DV = 1.047(0.672)
= 0.704 lane (11) (Fatigue)

DV = 1.047(0.806)
= 0.845 lane (12) (Strength and Service)

Notice that S4.6.2.2.2d includes additional requirements for the calculation of the distribution
factors for exterior girders when the girders are connected with relatively stiff cross-frames that
force the cross-section to act as a rigid section. As indicated in Design Step 5.1, these provisions
are applied to this example; the calculations are shown below.

Design Step Additional check for rigidly connected girders (S4.6.2.2.2d) 5.1.15

The multiple presence factor, m, is applied to the reaction of the exterior beam (Table S3.6.1.1.2-
1)

m1 = 1.20 m2 = 1.00

m3 = 0.85

R = NL/Nb + Xext(Se)/Sx2 (SC4.6.2.2.2d-1)

where:

R = reaction on exterior beam in terms of lanes

NL = number of loaded lanes under consideration

= eccentricity of a design truck or a design land load from the center of gravity of the pattern
of girders (ft.)

= horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the pattern of girders to each girder (ft.)

Xext = horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the pattern to the exterior girder (ft.)

See Figure 5.1-1 for dimensions.

One lane loaded (only the leftmost lane applied):
 R = 1/6 + 24.167(21)/[2(24.1672 + 14.52 + 4.8332)]
= 0.1667 + 0.310
= 0.477 (Fatigue)

Add the multiple presence factor of 1.2 for a single lane:

R = 1.2(0.477)
= 0.572 (Strength)

Two lanes loaded:

= 2/6 + 24.167(21 + 9)/[2(24.1672 + 14.52 + 4.8332)]
0.333 + 0.443
0.776

Add the multiple presence factor of 1.0 for two lanes loaded:
R = 1.0(0.776)
= 0.776 (Strength)

Three lanes loaded:

= 3/6 + 24.167(21 + 9 – 3)/[2(24.1672 + 14.52 + 4.8332)]

0.5 + 0.399
0.899

Add the multiple presence factor of 0.85 for three or more lanes loaded:

R = 0.85(0.899)
= 0.764 (Strength)

Design Step From (7) and (9), the service and strength limit state moment distribution factor for the

exterior girder is equal to the larger of 0.772 and 0.806 lane. Therefore, the moment distribution
factor is 0.806 lane.
From (8):

The fatigue limit state moment distribution factor is 0.672 lane

From (10) and (12), the service and strength limit state shear distribution factor for the exterior
girder is equal to the larger of 0.762 and 0.845 lane. Therefore, the shear distribution factor is
0.845 lane.
 From (11):

The fatigue limit state shear distribution factor is 0.704 lane

Table 5.1-1 – Summary of Service and Strength Limit State Distribution Factors

Load Case Moment Moment Shear Shear

interior exterior interior exterior
beams beams beams beams
Multiple
Distribution
lanes 0.796 0.772 0.973 0.762
factors from
loaded
Tables in
Single lane
S4.6.2.2.2 0.542 0.806 0.782 0.845
loaded

Additional Multiple
check for lanes NA 0.776 NA 0.776
rigidly loaded
connected
Single lane
girders NA 0.572 NA 0.572
loaded

Design value 0.796 0.806 0.973 0.845

Table 5.1-2 – Summary of Fatigue Limit State Distribution Factors

Load Case Moment Moment Shear Shear
interior exterior interior exterior
beams beams beams beams
Multiple
Distribution lanes NA NA NA NA
factors from
loaded

Tables in
Single lane
S4.6.2.2.2 0.452 0.672 0.652 0.704
loaded

Additional Multiple
check for lanes NA NA NA NA
rigidly loaded
connected
Single lane
girders NA 0.477 NA 0.477
loaded

Design value 0.452 0.672 0.652 0.704

Design Step DEAD LOAD CALCULATION

Calculate the dead load of the bridge superstructure components for the controlling
interior girder. Values for the exterior girder have also been included for reference. The
girder, slab, haunch, and exterior diaphragm loads are applied to the noncomposite
section; the parapets and future wearing surface are applied to the composite section.

Interior girder

Girder weight

DCgirder (I) = Ag(ggirder)

where:
Ag = beam cross-sectional area (in2)
= 1,085 in2
 g = unit weight of beam concrete (kcf)
= 0.150 kcf
DCgirder
(I) = (1,085/144)(0.150)
= 1.13 k/ft/girder

Deck slab weight

The total thickness of the slab is used in calculating the weight.

Girder spacing = 9.667 ft.

Slab thickness = 8 in.

DCslab (I) = 9.667(8/12)(0.150)

= 0.967 k/ft/girder
Exterior girder

Girder weight

DCgirder (E) = 1.13 k/ft/girder

Deck slab weight

Slab width = overhang width + ½ girder spacing

3.521 + ½(9.667)
8.35 ft.

Slab thickness = 8 in.

 DCslab (E) = 8.35(8/12)(0.150)
= 0.835 k/ft/girder
Haunch weight
Width = 42 in.

Thickness = 4 in.

DChaunch = [42(4)/144](0.150)
= 0.175 k/ft/girder

Notice that the haunch weight in this example is assumed as a uniform load along the full length of
the beam. This results in a conservative design as the haunch typically have a variable thickness
that decreases toward the middle of the span length. Many jurisdictions calculate the haunch load
effects assuming the haunch thickness to vary parabolically along the length of the beam. The
location of the minimum thickness varies depending on the grade of the roadway surface at bridge
location and the presence of a vertical curve. The use of either approach is acceptable and the
difference in load effects is typically negligible. However, when analyzing existing bridges, it may
be necessary to use the variable haunch thickness in the analysis to accurately represent the
existing situation
Concrete diaphragm weight

A concrete diaphragm is placed at one- half the noncomposite span length.

Location of the diaphragms:

Span 1 = 54.5 ft. from centerline of end bearing

Span 2 = 55.5 ft. from centerline of pier

For this example, arbitrarily assume that the thickness of the diaphragm is 10 in. The diaphragm
spans from beam to beam minus the web thickness and has a depth equal to the distance from
the top of the beam to the bottom of the web. Therefore, the concentrated load to be applied at the
locations above is:

DCdiaphragm = 0.15(10/12)[9.667 – (8/12)](72 – 18)/12

= 5.0625 k/girder

The exterior girder only resists half of this loading.

Parapet weight

According to the S4.6.2.2.1, the parapet weight may be distributed equa lly to all girders in the
cross section.

Parapet cross-sectional area = 4.33 ft2

DCparapet = 4.33(0.150) = 0.650 k/ft

0.650/6 girders
0.108 k/ft/girder for one parapet

Therefore, the effect of two parapets yields:

DCparapet = 0.216 k/ft per girder

Future wearing surface

DWFWS (E)
Interior girder

Weight/ft2
Width

DWFWS
(I)

Exterior Girder

Weight/ft2
Width
 0.030 k/ft2
slab width – parapet width
0.030 k/ft2 8.35 – 1.6875
9.667 ft.
6.663 ft.

0.030(9.667)
0.030(6.663)
0.290 k/ft/girder
0.200 k/ft/girder

Notice that some jurisdictions divide the weight of the future wearing surface equally between all
girders (i.e. apply a uniform load of 0.26 k/ft to all girders). Article S4.6.2.2.1 states that permanent
loads of and on the deck may be distributed uniformly among the beams. This method would also
be acceptable and would minimally change the moments and shears given in the tables in Design
Step 5.3.
UNFACTORED AND FACTORED LOAD EFFECTS
Summary of loads

The dead load moments and shears were calculated based on the loads shown in Design
Step 5.2. The live load moments and shears were calculated using a generic live load
analysis computer program. The live load distribution factors from Design Step 5.1 are
applied to these values.

Table 5.3-1 - Summary of Unfactored Moments

Interior girder, Span 1 shown, Span 2 mirror image

Noncomposite Composite Live Load + IM

Girder Slab Exterior Total Positive Negative
and Parapet FWS
Location* ** *** Diaphragm Noncomp. HL-93 HL-93
Haunch
(ft.) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft)
0 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.0 108 61 62 3 125 9 12 92 -11
5.5 368 322 325 14 661 46 62 476 -58
11.0 656 609 615 28 1,252 85 114 886 -116
16.5 909 863 871 42 1,776 118 158 1,230 -174
22.0 1,128 1,082 1,093 56 2,230 144 193 1,509 -233
27.5 1,313 1,267 1,279 70 2,616 164 220 1,724 -291
33.0 1,464 1,417 1,432 84 2,933 177 237 1,882 -349
38.5 1,580 1,534 1,549 98 3,181 183 246 1,994 -407
44.0 1,663 1,616 1,633 111 3,360 183 246 2,047 -465
49.5 1,711 1,664 1,681 125 3,471 177 237 2,045 -523
54.5 1,725 1,679 1,696 138 3,512 165 222 2,015 -576
55.0 1,725 1,678 1,695 137 3,511 164 220 2,010 -581
60.5 1,705 1,658 1,675 123 3,456 144 194 1,927 -640
66.0 1,650 1,604 1,620 109 3,333 118 159 1,794 -698
 71.5 1,562 1,515 1,531 95 3,141 86 115 1,613 -756
77.0 1,439 1,392 1,407 81 2,880 46 62 1,388 -814
82.5 1,282 1,236 1,248 67 2,551 1 1 1,124 -872
88.0 1,091 1,044 1,055 53 2,152 -52 -69 825 -1,124
93.5 865 819 827 39 1,686 -110 -148 524 -1,223
99.0 606 560 565 25 1,150 -176 -236 297 -1,371
104.5 312 266 268 11 546 -248 -332 113 -1,663
108.0 110 61 62 3 125 -297 -398 33 -1,921
109.0 47 0 0 0 0 -311 -418 15 -2,006
Span 2 - 0 - 0 0 0 0 -326 -438 0 -2,095

Distance from the centerline of the end bearing

Based on the simple span length of 110.5 ft. and supported at the ends of the girders. These
values are used to calculate stresses at transfer.
Based on the simple span length of 109 ft. and supported at the centerline of bearings. These
values are used to calculate the final stresses.

Table 5.3-2 – Summary of Factored Moments

Interior girder, Span 1 shown, Span 2 mirror image

Service I ** Service III **

Location* Strength I NC Comp. NC Comp.

(ft.) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft)
0 0 0 0 0 0

1.0 346 125 112 125 94

5.5 1,809 661 584 661 488
11.0 3,394 1,252 1,085 1,252 908
16.5 4,756 1,776 1,506 1,776 1,260
22.0 5,897 2,230 1,846 2,230 1,544
27.5 6,821 2,616 2,108 2,616 1,763
33.0 7,536 2,933 2,296 2,933 1,920
 38.5 8,063 3,181 2,423 3,181 2,024
44.0 8,381 3,360 2,477 3,360 2,067
49.5 8,494 3,471 2,459 3,471 2,050
54.5 8,456 3,512 2,402 3,512 1,999
55.0 8,440 3,511 2,394 3,511 1,992
60.5 8,163 3,456 2,265 3,456 1,880
66.0 7,690 3,333 2,070 3,333 1,712
71.5 7,027 3,141 1,813 3,141 1,490
77.0 6,181 2,880 1,497 2,880 1,219
82.5 5,158 2,551 1,126 2,551 901
88.0 3,967 2,152 -1,245 2,152 -1,020
93.5 2,664 1,686 -1,481 1,686 -1,237
99.0 -1,535 1,150 -1,783 1,150 -1,509
104.5 -3,035 546 -2,242 546 -1,910
108.0 -4,174 125 -2,616 125 -2,232
109.0 -4,525 0 -2,734 0 -2,333
Span 2 - 0 -4,729 0 -2,858 0 -2,439

Load Factor Combinations

Strength I = 1.25(DC) + 1.5(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)

Service I = 1.0[DC + DW + (LL + IM)]

Service III = 1.0(DC + DW) + 0.8(LL + IM)

Distance from the centerline of the end bearing

For service limit states, moments are applied to the section of the girder, i.e. noncomposite or
composite, that resists these moments. Hence, noncomposite and composite moments have to
be separated for service load calculations.

Table 5.3-3 - Summary of Unfactored Shear

Interior girder, Span 1 shown, Span 2 mirror image
 Noncomposite Composite Live Load + IM
Slab and Exterior Total Positive Negative
Location* Girder Parapet FWS
Haunch Diaphragm Noncomp. HL-93 HL-93

(ft.) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k)

0 61.6 62.2 2.5 126.4 8.9 12.0 113.3 -12.9

1.0 60.5 61.1 2.5 124.1 8.7 11.7 111.7 -12.9
5.5 55.4 55.9 2.5 113.9 7.7 10.4 104.3 -13.0
11.0 49.2 49.7 2.5 101.4 6.5 8.8 95.5 -13.4
16.5 43.0 43.4 2.5 88.9 5.4 7.2 86.9 -15.9
22.0 36.7 37.1 2.5 76.4 4.2 5.6 78.7 -20.6
27.5 30.5 30.8 2.5 63.9 3.0 4.0 70.8 -26.0
33.0 24.3 24.6 2.5 51.4 1.8 2.4 63.1 -32.8
38.5 18.1 18.3 2.5 38.9 0.6 0.8 55.9 -39.8
44.0 11.9 12.0 2.5 26.4 -0.6 -0.8 48.9 -46.8
49.5 5.7 5.7 2.5 13.9 -1.8 -2.4 42.4 -54.0
54.5 0 0 -2.5 -2.5 -2.9 -3.8 36.8 -60.5
55.0 -0.6 -0.6 -2.5 -3.7 -3.0 -4.0 36.2 -61.2
60.5 -6.8 -6.9 -2.5 -16.2 -4.2 -5.6 30.4 -68.4
66.0 -13.0 -13.1 -2.5 -28.7 -5.3 -7.2 25.0 -75.7
71.5 -19.2 -19.4 -2.5 -41.2 -6.5 -8.8 20.0 -82.9
77.0 -25.4 -25.7 -2.5 -53.7 -7.7 -10.4 15.4 -90.1
82.5 -31.7 -32.0 -2.5 -66.1 -8.9 -12.0 11.3 -97.3
88.0 -37.9 -38.3 -2.5 -78.6 -10.1 -13.6 8.2 -104.3
93.5 -44.1 -44.5 -2.5 -91.1 -11.3 -15.1 5.5 -111.3
99.0 -50.3 -50.8 -2.5 -103.6 -12.5 -16.7 3.2 -118.0
104.5 -56.5 -57.1 -2.5 -116.1 -13.7 -18.3 1.2 -124.7
108.0 -60.5 -61.1 -2.5 -124.1 -14.4 -19.4 0.4 -128.7
109.0 -61.6 -62.2 -2.5 -126.4 -14.6 -19.6 0.2 -129.9
Span 2 - 0 0 0 0 0 -14.8 -19.9 0 -131.1
Distancefromthecenterlineoftheendbearing

Table 5.3-4 – Summary of Factored Shear

Interior girder, Span 1 shown, Span 2 mirror image

Location* Strength I Service I Service III

(ft.) (k) (k) (k)

0 385.4 260.6 237.9

1.0 379.0 256.2 233.8
5.5 350.0 236.2 215.4
11.0 315.1 212.1 193.0
16.5 280.7 188.3 170.9
22.0 246.8 164.8 149.1
27.5 213.4 141.6 127.5
33.0 180.6 118.7 106.1
38.5 148.3 96.2 85.0
44.0 116.7 74.0 64.2
49.5 85.7 52.1 43.6
54.5 -118.4 -69.7 -57.6
55.0 -121.3 -71.8 -59.6
60.5 -153.5 -94.3 -80.6
66.0 -185.7 -116.9 -101.7
71.5 -217.9 -139.4 -122.8
77.0 -250.0 -161.8 -143.8
82.5 -282.0 -184.3 -164.8
88.0 -313.8 -206.6 -185.7
93.5 -345.4 -228.8 -206.6
99.0 -376.8 -250.9 -227.3
104.5 -407.9 -272.8 -247.8
 108.0 -427.4 -286.6 -260.8
109.0 -433.0 -290.5 -264.5
Span 2 - 0 -277.8 -165.8 -139.6

Load Factor Combinations

Strength I = 1.25(DC) + 1.5(DW) + 1 .75(LL +

IM) Service I = 1.0[DC + DW + (LL + IM)]
Service III = 1.0(DC + DW) + 0.8(LL + IM)

* Distance from the centerline of the end bearing

Table 5.3-5 - Summary of Unfactored Moments

Exterior girder, Span 1 shown, Span 2 mirror image

Noncomposite Composite Live Load + IM

Girder Slab and Exterior Total Positive Negative

Diaphrag
Location* ** *** Haunch m Noncomp. Parapet FWS HL-93 HL-93

(ft.) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft)

0 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.0 108 61 55 1 117 9 8 93 -11

5.5 368 322 288 7 616 46 41 482 -59

11.0 656 609 545 14 1,168 85 77 897 -118

16.5 909 863 771 21 1,655 118 106 1,245 -177

22.0 1,128 1,082 967 28 2,076 144 130 1,528 -236

 27.5 1,313 1,267 1,132 35 2,434 164 148 1,746 -294

33.0 1,464 1,417 1,267 42 2,726 177 160 1,906 -353

38.5 1,580 1,534 1,371 49 2,954 183 165 2,019 -412

44.0 1,663 1,616 1,445 56 3,117 183 166 2,073 -471

49.5 1,711 1,664 1,488 63 3,215 177 160 2,071 -530

54.5 1,725 1,679 1,501 69 3,248 165 149 2,041 -583

55.0 1,725 1,678 1,501 68 3,247 164 148 2,035 -589

60.5 1,705 1,658 1,482 61 3,202 144 130 1,951 -648

66.0 1,650 1,604 1,434 54 3,092 118 107 1,816 -706

71.5 1,562 1,515 1,355 48 2,917 86 77 1,633 -765

77.0 1,439 1,392 1,245 41 2,678 46 42 1,406 -824

82.5 1,282 1,236 1,105 34 2,374 1 1 1,139 -883

88.0 1,091 1,044 934 27 2,005 -52 -47 836 -1,138

93.5 865 819 732 20 1,571 -110 -100 531 -1,238

99.0 606 560 500 13 1,072 -176 -159 300 -1,389

104.5 312 266 238 6 509 -248 -224 114 -1,683

108.0 110 61 55 1 117 -297 -268 33 -1,945

109.0 47 0 0 0 0 -311 -281 15 -2,031

Span 2 - 0 - 0 0 0 0 -326 -294 0 -2,121

Distance from the centerline of the end bearing

Based on the simple span length of 110.5 ft. and supported at the ends of the girders. These
values are used to calculate stresses at transfer.
Based on the simple span length of 109 ft. and supported at the centerline of bearings. These
values are used to calculate the final stresses.
Table 5.3-6 – Summary of Factored Moments
Exterior girder, Span 1 shown, Span 2 mirror image

Service I ** Service III **

Location* Strength I NC Comp. NC Comp.
(ft.) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft)
0 0 0 0 0 0
1.0 331 117 110 117 91
5.5 1,734 616 570 616 473
11.0 3,251 1,168 1,059 1,168 879
16.5 4,554 1,655 1,469 1,655 1,220
22.0 5,644 2,076 1,801 2,076 1,496
27.5 6,524 2,434 2,057 2,434 1,708
33.0 7,203 2,726 2,242 2,726 1,861
38.5 7,702 2,954 2,368 2,954 1,964
44.0 8,001 3,117 2,422 3,117 2,007
49.5 8,103 3,215 2,407 3,215 1,993
54.5 8,061 3,248 2,355 3,248 1,947
55.0 8,047 3,247 2,347 3,247 1,940
60.5 7,793 3,202 2,226 3,202 1,836
66.0 7,351 3,092 2,041 3,092 1,678
71.5 6,727 2,917 1,796 2,917 1,469
77.0 5,928 2,678 1,494 2,678 1,213
82.5 4,961 2,374 1,140 2,374 912
88.0 3,834 2,005 -1,237 2,005 -1,009
93.5 2,605 1,571 -1,448 1,571 -1,201
99.0 -1,547 1,072 -1,723 1,072 -1,445
104.5 -2,954 509 -2,154 509 -1,818
108.0 -4,031 117 -2,510 117 -2,121
109.0 -4,364 0 -2,623 0 -2,217
Span 2 - 0 -4,560 0 -2,741 0 -2,317
Load Factor Combinations

Strength I = 1.25(DC) + 1.5(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)

Service I = 1.0[DC + DW + (LL + IM)]

Service III = 1.0(DC + DW) + 0.8(LL + IM)

Distance from the centerline of the end bearing

For service limit states, moments are applied to the section of the girder, i.e. noncomposite or composite, that resists
these moments. Hence, noncomposite and composite moments have to

Table 5.3-7 - Summary of Unfactored Shear

Exterior girder, Span 1 shown, Span 2 mirror image

Noncomposite Composite Live Load + IM

Slab
Exterior Total Positive Negative
Location* Girder and Parapet FWS
Diaphragm Noncomp. HL-93 HL-93
Haunch
(ft.) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k)
0 61.6 55.1 1.3 117.9 8.9 8.1 98.4 -11.2
1.0 60.5 54.1 1.3 115.8 8.7 7.9 97.0 -11.2
5.5 55.4 49.5 1.3 106.2 7.7 7.0 90.6 -11.3
11.0 49.2 44.0 1.3 94.4 6.5 5.9 82.9 -11.6
16.5 43.0 38.4 1.3 82.6 5.4 4.8 75.5 -13.8
22.0 36.7 32.8 1.3 70.8 4.2 3.8 68.3 -17.9
27.5 30.5 27.3 1.3 59.1 3.0 2.7 61.4 -22.6
33.0 24.3 21.7 1.3 47.3 1.8 1.6 54.8 -28.5
38.5 18.1 16.2 1.3 35.5 0.6 0.5 48.5 -34.5
44.0 11.9 10.6 1.3 23.7 -0.6 -0.5 42.5 -40.7
49.5 5.7 5.1 1.3 12.0 -1.8 -1.6 36.8 -46.9
54.5 0 0 -1.3 -1.3 -2.9 -2.6 31.9 -52.6
 55.0 -0.6 -0.5 -1.3 -2.3 -3.0 -2.7 31.4 -53.1
60.5 -6.8 -6.1 -1.3 -14.1 -4.2 -3.8 26.4 -59.4
66.0 -13.0 -11.6 -1.3 -25.9 -5.3 -4.8 21.7 -65.7
71.5 -19.2 -17.2 -1.3 -37.7 -6.5 -5.9 17.4 -72.0
77.0 -25.4 -22.7 -1.3 -49.4 -7.7 -7.0 13.4 -78.3
82.5 -31.7 -28.3 -1.3 -61.2 -8.9 -8.0 9.8 -84.5
88.0 -37.9 -33.9 -1.3 -73.0 -10.1 -9.1 7.2 -90.6
93.5 -44.1 -39.4 -1.3 -84.8 -11.3 -10.2 4.8 -96.6
99.0 -50.3 -45.0 -1.3 -96.5 -12.5 -11.3 2.8 -102.5
104.5 -56.5 -50.5 -1.3 -108.3 -13.7 -12.3 1.0 -108.3
108.0 -60.5 -54.1 -1.3 -115.8 -14.4 -13.0 0.4 -111.8
109.0 -61.6 -55.1 -1.3 -117.9 -14.6 -13.2 0.2 -112.8
Span 2 - 0 0 0 0 0 -14.8 -13.4 0 -113.8

* Distance from the centerline of the end bearing

Table 5.3-8 – Summary of Factored Shear
Exterior girder, Span 1 shown, Span 2 mirror image

Location* Strength I Service I Service III

(ft.) (k) (k) (k)

0 342.9 233.3 213.7
1.0 337.2 229.4 210.0
5.5 311.3 211.4 193.3
11.0 280.1 189.7 173.2
16.5 249.3 168.3 153.2
22.0 219.0 147.1 133.4
27.5 189.1 126.2 113.9
33.0 159.7 105.5 94.6
38.5 130.9 85.2 75.5
44.0 102.5 65.1 56.6
49.5 74.8 45.4 38.0
54.5 -101.0 -59.3 -48.7
55.0 -103.6 -61.1 -50.5
60.5 -132.4 -81.4 -69.5
66.0 -161.3 -101.8 -88.6
71.5 -190.1 -122.1 -107.7
77.0 -218.8 -142.4 -126.7
82.5 -247.5 -162.6 -145.7
88.0 -276.0 -182.8 -164.7
93.5 -304.4 -202.8 -183.5
99.0 -332.5 -222.8 -202.2
 104.5 -360.4 -242.5 -220.9
108.0 -377.9 -255.0 -232.7
109.0 -382.9 -258.6 -236.0
Span 2 - 0 -237.8 -142.1 -119.3

Load Factor Combinations

Strength I = 1.25(DC) + 1.5(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)

Service I = 1.0[DC + DW + (LL + IM)]

Service III = 1.0(DC + DW) + 0.8(LL + IM)

* Distance from the centerline of the end bearing

Based on the analysis results, the interior girder controls the design. The remaining
sections covering the superstructure design are based on the interior girder analysis. The
exterior girder calculations would be identical.

STRESS IN PRESTRESSING STRANDS

Stress in prestressing strands at nominal flexural resistance

The stress in prestressing steel at nominal flexural resistance may be determined using

stress compatibility analysis. In lieu of such analysis a simplified method is presented in

S5.7.3.1.1. This method is applicable to rectangular or flanged sections subjected to
flexure about one axis where the Whitney stress block stress distribution specified in
S5.7.2.2 is used and for which fpe, the effective prestressing steel stress after losses, is not
less than 0.5fpu. The average stress in prestressing steel, fps, may be taken as:
fps = fpu[1 – k(c/dp)] (S5.7.3.1.1-1)
 where:
k = 2(1.04 – fpy /fpu) (S5.7.3.1.1-2)
The value of “k” may be calculated using the above equation based on the type and
properties of prestressing steel used or it may be obtained from Table SC5.7.3.1.1-1.

The distance from the neutral axis to the compression face of the member may be
determined as follows:

for T-section behavior (Eq. S5.7.3.1.1-3):

+ - A ¢f ¢ - 0.85 ß f ¢ (b - b )h
Aps f
pu As f y s y 1 c w f
c =
f
pu

0.85 fc¢ ß1 bw + k A ps
dp

for rectangular section behavior (Eq. S5.7.3.1.1-4):

- A¢ f
+ ¢
Aps f
pu As f y sy

c =
f
pu

0.85 fc¢ ß1 b + k A ps dp

T-sections where the neutral axis lies in the flange, i.e., “c” is less than the slab thickness,
are considered rectangular sections.

From Table SC5.7.3.1.1-1:

 k = 0.28 for low relaxation strands

Assuming rectangular section behavior with no compression steel or mild tension

reinforcement:

c = Apsfpu /[0.85f¢cb1b + kAps(fpu/dp)]

For the midspan section

Total section depth, h = girder depth + structural slab thickness

72 + 7.5
79.5 in.

dp = h – (distance from bottom of beam to location of P/S steel force)

79.5 – 5.0
74.5 in.

b1 = 0.85 for 4 ksi slab concrete (S5.7.2.2)

= effective flange width (calculated in Section 2 of this example)

111 in.

= 6.73(270)/[0.85(4)(0.85)(111) + 0.28(6.73)(270/74.5)]
5.55 in. < structural slab thickness = 7.5 in.
The assumption of the section behaving as a rectangular section is correct.

Notice that if “c” from the calculations above was greater than the structural slab thickness (the integral
wearing surface is ignored), the calculations for “c” would have to be repeated assuming a T-section
behavior following the steps below:

Assume the neutral axis lies within the precast girder flange thickness and calculate “c”. For this
calculation, the girder flange width and area should be converted to their equivalent in slab
concrete by multiplying the girder flange width by the modular ratio between the precast girder
concrete and the slab concrete. The web width in the equation for “c” will be substituted for using
 the effective converted girder flange width. If the calculated value of “c” exceeds the sum of the
deck thickness and the precast girder flange thickness, proceed to the next step. Otherwise, use
the calculated value of “c”.

Assume the neutral axis is below the flange of the precast girder and calculate “c”. The term “0.85
f¢cb1(b – bw)” in the calculations should be broken into two terms, one refers to the contribution of
the deck to the composite section flange and the second refers to the contribution of the precast
girder flange to the composite girder flange.

fps = fpu[1 – k(c/dp)] (S5.7.3.1.1-1)

270[1 – 0.28(5.55/74.5)]
264.4 ksi

Transfer and development length

Transfer Length = 60(Strand diameter) (S5.11.4.1)
= 60(0.5 in.)
= 30 in.

Development Length = ld ³ k[fps – (2/3)fpe]db (S5.11.4.2-1)

From earlier calculations:

fps = 264.4 ksi (Design Step 5.4.8)
fpe = 162.83 ksi (Design Step 5.5.1)

From S5.11.4.2, k = 1.6 for fully bonded strands

From S5.11.4.3, k = 2.0 for partially debonded strands

For fully bonded strands (32 strands):

ld ³ 1.6[264.4 – (2/3)162.83](0.5) = 124.7 in. (10.39 ft. or 10’-4 11/16”)

For partially debonded strands (two groups of 6-strands each):

ld ³ 2.0[264.4 – (2/3)162.83](0.5) = 155.8 in. (12.98 ft. or 12’-11 ¾”)