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Tensor Algebra Formulas

1) The document outlines various properties of tensor algebra including tensor addition, scalar multiplication, products, transposes, traces, determinants, inner products, inverses, eigenvalues/eigenvectors, and Kronecker deltas. 2) Key properties include the commutativity, associativity, distributivity and existence of an identity element for addition and multiplication. 3) For products, there is no commutativity but associativity and distributivity hold. Transposes, traces, determinants and inverses have additional linearity properties defined.

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154 views3 pages

Tensor Algebra Formulas

1) The document outlines various properties of tensor algebra including tensor addition, scalar multiplication, products, transposes, traces, determinants, inner products, inverses, eigenvalues/eigenvectors, and Kronecker deltas. 2) Key properties include the commutativity, associativity, distributivity and existence of an identity element for addition and multiplication. 3) For products, there is no commutativity but associativity and distributivity hold. Transposes, traces, determinants and inverses have additional linearity properties defined.

Uploaded by

Silent Knight
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ME621A (2019) Handout - 1

Tensor algebra

A. Tensor addition
▪ Commutativity: A + B = B + A
▪ Associativity: (A + B) + C = A + B + C
▪ Existence of Zero Tensor: 0 + A = A + 0 = A
▪ Existence of negative Tensor: (-A) + A = A + (-A) = 0

B. Scalar multiplication
▪ Distributivity with Tensors: α(A + B) = αA +αB
▪ Distributivity with Scalars: (α+β)A= αA+ βA
▪ Associativity: α(βA) = (αβ)A
▪ 1A = A

C. Product
▪ No commutativity: A B ≠ B A
▪ Associativity: (A B) C = A (B C)
▪ Distributivity: A(B + C) = A B + A C, (A+B)C = A C + B C
▪ α(A B) = (α A) B + A(αB)
▪ 1 A = A1 = A

D. Transpose
▪ Linearity: (αA + βB)T = αAT + βBT
▪ (A B)T = BT AT
▪ (AT)T= A

E. Trace
▪ Linearity: tr(α A + β B) = α tr(A) + β tr(B)
▪ tr(A B) = tr (B A)
▪ tr(A B C) = tr(B C A) = tr(C A B)
▪ tr(A)T= tr A
▪ tr(ATB = tr (A BT)
▪ tr W = 0 (W is antisymmetric tensor)
▪ tr (a b) = a•b
▪ tr I = 3, tr 0 = 0

F. Determinant
1
▪ det A = 6 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜖𝑙𝑚𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑙 𝐴𝑗𝑚 𝐴𝑘𝑛

▪ No linearity: det(αA + βB) ≠ α det(A) + β det(B)


▪ det(αA) = 𝛼 3 det (A)
▪ det(A B) = det(A) det(B)
▪ det (A)T = det A
▪ det W = 0 (W is antisymmetric tensor)
▪ det(a b) =0
▪ det I = 1, det O = 0

G. Inner product
▪ Commutativity (Symmetry): A • B = B • A
▪ Distributivity (Linearity): A • (β B + γ C) = β (A • B) + γ (A • C)
▪ Positive Definiteness: A • A > 0 for A ≠ 0
= 0 if and only if A = 0

H. Inverse
▪ No linearity: (α A + β B)-1 ≠ α A-1 + β B-1
1
▪ (α A)-1 = α A-1

▪ (A B)-1 = B-1 A-1


▪ (AT)-1 = (A-1)T = A-T
▪ det(A-1) = 1/ det(A)
▪ Ac(a × b) = A a × A b

I. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors


▪ A is a symmetric tensor. If 𝜆𝑖 are the eigenvalues of A and 𝑒̂𝑖 are the
orthonormal eigenvectors of A, then

1
Eigenvalues and orthonormal eigenvectors of the Inverse A-1 : 𝜆 , 𝑒̂;
𝑖
𝑖

Eigenvalues and orthonormal eigenvectors of the Deviatoric part A-1 :


1
(𝜆𝑖 − 3 tr A), 𝑒̂.
𝑖

▪ Eigenvalues of an Anti-symmetric Tensor: 𝜆1 = 0 , 𝜆2 and 𝜆3 are imaginary.


▪ Eigenvalues of an Orthogonal tensor R: |𝜆𝑖 |=1;
Proper R: one real eigenvalue (𝜆1 = 1), the corresponding eigenvector is the
axis of rotation.
Improper R: one real eigenvalue (𝜆1 = −1), the corresponding eigenvector is
the axis of reflection.

J. Positive definite symmetric tensor


▪ Tensor A is positive definite symmetric. Then A-1 is also a positive definite
symmetric tensor.
▪ Eigenvalue of a positive definite tensor are positive.

Properties of Kronecker’s Delta

▪ 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝑗𝑘 = 𝛿𝑖𝑘


▪ 𝐴𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝑗𝑘 = 𝐴𝑖𝑘 , 𝐴𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝑖𝑘 = 𝐴𝑘𝑗
▪ 𝑎𝑖 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗
▪ 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 𝛿𝑖𝑖 = 𝛿𝑗𝑗 = 3

A. Properties of Permutation symbol


𝛿𝑖𝑙 𝛿𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝑖𝑛
▪ 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜖𝑙𝑚𝑛 = det[ 𝛿𝑗𝑙 𝛿𝑗𝑚 𝛿𝑗𝑛 ]
𝛿𝑘𝑙 𝛿𝑘𝑚 𝛿𝑘𝑛
▪ 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜖𝑖𝑚𝑛 = 𝛿𝑗𝑚 𝛿𝑘𝑛 − 𝛿𝑗𝑛 𝛿𝑘𝑚
▪ 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑛 = 2𝛿𝑘𝑛
▪ 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜖𝑙𝑚𝑛 = 6

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