American Governmnet

Prepared by: ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D.
ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 1

While the Philippine Revolution was raging
with fury, the Cubans, were also fighting
against Spain to obtain their
independence. America’s sympathy with
the Cubans and her vast investments in
Cuba’s sugar industry dragged her into
war with Spain.

The US wanted a war to erupt between the US and
Spain so he could strengthen and expand the US
Navy. On February 25, 1896, Theodore Roosevelt
who was the acting Secretary of the Navy, ordered
Commodore George Dewey to make Hong Kong
the headquarters of the American Asiatic
Squadron.

He also directed Dewey to attack Manila Bay and
destroy the Spanish fleet, the moment hostilities
between Spain and US break out.
Spain did not relish American intervention in its
affairs. However, with the Philippine and Cuban
revolutions going on, it could not afford to add the
Americans to its enemy list, especially since the
United States had more advanced technology and
weaponry.

• On February 15, 1898, the American warship
Maine was blown up in Havana harbour, resulting
in the death of its 260 officers and crewmembers.
Although it was not proven that the Spaniards had
sunk the Maine, the Americans called for war
against Spain. On April 25, 1898, the United
Sates declared war against Spain.

• George Dewey, then a Commodore United States
Navy’s Asiatic Squadron was waiting in Hong
Kong when He received a cable from the then
secretary of Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, stating
that the war had begun between the US and Spain.
• Dewey was ordered to proceed at once to the

Philippines and destroy the Spanish fleet. He
sailed from Hong Kong on board his flagship
Olympia with six other heavily armed ships.

At the time of the Spanish-American war, General
Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore where he had
negotiations with the American consul general, Mr.
E. Spencer Pratt, regarding the Americans offer to
support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards.
The US would then recognize Philippine
Independence after the defeat of Spain. General
Aguinaldo went to Hong Kong but missed
Commodore Dewey who had already sailed to
Manila.

May 1, 1898- Dewey entered the Manila Bay
almost undetected. The battle began at 5:41 a.m.
and ended by 12:30 noon.
Although the Spanish ships outnumbered those of
the Americans, the weapons of the Americans
were far more superior to those of the Spaniards.
The victory of the Americans over Spain, paved
the way to the end of the Spanish colonial rule
and the rise of the US as a global power.

On May 19, 1898- Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite and
reassumed command of rebel forces.
May 21, 1898- he urged the Filipino people to rise
in arms and join the Americans in a common
struggle against the Spaniards.
May 24,1898- Aguinaldo established a dictatorial
government, with him as the dictator upon the
advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.

At that time, a dictatorship was necessary to carry
out the war successfully. This government was
temporary, until a republic could have been
established.

• By June 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo had
captured the whole of Luzon and was ready to
storm Manila with the help of Gregorio del Pilar,
Artemio Recarte, Antonio Montenegro, Pantaleon
Garcia, and many other able generals. At that time,
the term “Manila” referred to the walled city of
Intramuros. Aguinaldo’s men surrounded the walls
of Intramuros. Nearby areas like Tondo, Sta. Cruz,
San Juan, and Caloocan were likewise secured.

The Spaniards stubbornly hoped for the arrival of
reinforcements from the Spanish mainland, but
none ever came. Aguinaldo on the other hand, was
firmly convinced that it just was a matter of days
before the Spaniards surrendered. Therefore, he
started planning for the declaration of Philippine
independence.

June 12, 1898- General Emilio Aguinaldo
proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in
Kawit, Cavite.
The Philippine flag was officially unfurled on the

balcony of Aguinaldo’s mansion as the National
Anthem titled, Marcha Nacional Filipina, was
played by San Francisco de Malabon.

On June 12 1898, Emilio
Aguinaldo declared the
independence of the
Philippines in Kawit, Cavite,
establishing the First
Philippine Republic under
Asia's first democratic
constitution.
2nd Semester
ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 14
The Philippine flag (the sun and stars) was sewn
by Doña Marcela Agoncillo, assisted by her
daughter Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de
Natividad ( niece of Dr. Rizal) in Hong Kong.
The Philippine National Anthem

Aguinaldo commissioned Julian Felipe, a
composer from Cavite province was asked to
write an instrumental march for the proclamation
of independence ceremony.

The original title was "Marcha Filipina Magdalo".
This was later changed to "Marcha Nacional
Filipina". The lyrics was added in August 1899
based on the poem titled "Filipinas" by Jose
Palma.
The original lyrics was written in Spanish, then to

English (when the Flag Law was abolished during
the American period) then later, was translated to
Tagalog, which underwent another change of title
to “Lupang Hinirang”, the Philippine National
Anthem.

The Act of the Declaration of Philippine
Independence was solemnly read by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista, which he himself wrote. After
the proclamation of Philippine Independence,
Apolinario Mabini became the adviser of General
Aguinaldo.

The Spanish government devise a plan to save
their prestige. The new governor general of the
Philippines then was General Fermin Jaudenes, he
entered into a pact with the Americans.They
agreed to fight a mock battle before surrendering
Manila to the Americans.
August 18, 1898- The Battle of Manila took place,

it was a mock battle between the Spaniards and
Americans. Afterwards, the Spaniards surrendered
to the Americans and they took control of the city-
MANILA.

On December 10, 1898 -the Treaty of Paris. Ending
the Spanish-American War, the Spanish agreed to
sell the Philippines to the United States for $20
million. With this action, Spanish rule in the
Philippines formally ended.

• Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree on July 18,
1898 asking for the election of delegates to the
revolutionary congress, another decree was
promulgated five days later, which declared that
Aguinaldo would appoint representatives of
congress because holding elections is not
practical at that time. He appointed 50 delegates
in all (but this number fluctuated from time to
time).

In accordance with these two decrees, Aguinaldo
assembled the Revolutionary Congress at the
Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan on
September 15, 1898. The atmosphere was festive
and the Pasig Band played the national anthem.
After Aguinaldo had read his speech
congressional elections were held among the
delegates present.

• The following were among the most important
achievements of the Malolos Congress:
1. In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration

of Philippine independence held at Kawit,
Cavite on June 12, 1898
2. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines

to borrow P 20 million from banks for
government expenses

3.Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de
Filipinas and other schools
4. Drafting of the Philippine Constitution
5. Declaring war against the United States
Malolos Constitution
A committee headed by Felipe Calderon and aided
by Cayetano Arellano, the constitution was drafted,
for the first time by representatives of the Filipino
people and it is the first republican constitution in
Asia.

• The constitution was inspired by the constitutions
of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, Belgium
and France.
• After some minor revisions (mainly due to the

objections of Apolinario Mabini), the final draft of
the constitution was presented to Aguinaldo. This
paved the way to launching the first Philippine
Republic.

It established a democratic and a republic
government with three branches - the Executive,
Legislative and the Judicial branches. It called for
the separation of church and state. The executive
powers were to be exercise by the president of the
republic with the help of his cabinet. Judicial
powers were given to the Supreme Court and
other lower courts to be created by law. The Chief
justice of the Supreme Court was to be elected by
the legislature with the concurrence of the
President and his Cabinet.

• The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in
Malolos, Bulacan on January 21, 1899. After being
proclaimed president, Emilio Aguinaldo took his
oath of office. The constitution was read article by
article and followed by a military parade.
Apolinario Mabini was elected as a prime minister.

The other cabinet secretaries were: Teodoro
Sandico, interior; Baldomero Aguinaldo, war; Gen.
Mariano Trias, finance & war; Apolinario Mabini,
foreign affairs; Gracio Gonzaga for welfare,
Aguedo Velarde, public instruction; Maximo
Paterno, public works & communication; and Leon
María Guerrero for agriculture, trade & commerce.

• Emilio Aguinaldo agreed to hold a peace
conference between Filipino and American
leaders. The conference lasted from January 9 to
29 in 1899. It ended without definite results,
because the Americans were actually just biding
time, waiting for more reinforcements to arrive
from the US.

Hostilities finally exploded between the Filipinos
and Americans on February 4, 1899 in San Juan.
An American soldier named Robert Grayson, saw
4 armed Filipino men on San Juan Del Mote
Bridge and ordered them to stop, but they ignored
him.

This prompted Grayson to fire at the men, who
immediately fired back. The following day,
February 5, 1899, the Filipino American War begun.
When American reinforcements arrived in the
Philippines, General Elwell Otis immediately
attacked the northern part of Manila, while
General Henry Lawton went to the south.

General Douglas MacArthur marched to Malolos,
which was then the capital of the Philippine
Republic. Malolos was taken on March 31, 1899.
By this time, however, Aguinaldo had already
moved his headquarters to San Fernando,
Pampanga.
General Fredrick Funston crossed the Pampanga
River in April 1899 and entered San Fernando. On
May 5, the Americans had gained control of
Pampanga. Fortunately, Aguinaldo was able to
flee to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.

• A significant event that greatly weakened
Aguinaldo’s forces was the death of General
Antonio Luna, acknowledged as the best and
most brilliant military strategist of the Philippine
Revolution. He was brave, intelligent, and well
educated; but he also had a fiery temper, and was
a strict disciplinarian. His harsh and rough
manner earned him a lot of enemies, who latter
plotted to kill him.

On June 5, 1899 after Luna attended a meeting
with his fellow patriots he was stabbed to death
by Aguinaldo’s guard.General Luna was buried
with full military honors, but his killers were never
investigated.

• Philippine military strategies began to fail with the
death of Antonio Luna. The generals started to
disagree among themselves, and the Filipinos
began losing battles.
• On November 13, 1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo

fled to Calasiao, Pangasinan with his wife, son,
mother sister, and some Cabinet members. The
Americans followed in hot pursuit; but Aguinaldo
still managed to elude them.

However, he soon realized that being constantly
on the run put the women in his group at great
disadvantage.
So, on December 25, 1899, he surrendered them to

the American Aguinaldo then continued his march
from Pangasinan to Palanan, Isabela. There he
stayed for some time, since the place was
mountainous and difficult to approach.
Aguinaldo’s loyal men guarded all roads leading to
the area.

• Gen. Funston plotted the capture of Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo. On the night of March 6, 1901, He
boarded the American warship Vicksburg and
docked at Casiguran Bay on March 14. Funston
group reached Aguinaldo’s headquarters in
Palanan on March 23, 1901. The Macabebe
Scouts pretended to have been sent by Lacuna,
with the American officials as their prisoners.

Thus Aguinaldo have no idea of his impending
capture until Tal Placido of the Macabebe Scouts
embraced him.
The American then declared the arrest of

Aguinaldo and his men in the name of the United
States government. Aguinaldo was brought to
Manila and presented to General Douglas
MacArthur at Malacanang Palace. On April 19,
1901 he finally pledged allegiance to the United
States. It marked the end of the Philippine
Revolution.

• General Wesley Merritt was the highest-ranking
American official in the Philippines after
Spaniards surrendered Manila on August 18, 1898.
He established a military government and became
the first American Military governor of the
Philippines.
The objectives of the Military government are:
• 1) to establish peace and order to the Philippines;
and
• 2) to prepare Philippines for civil governance.

The government in the Philippines can be
classified into opposition and collaboration. The
Americans used propaganda and other means to
win the Filipinos to their side.
The Schurman Commission

The first commission was chaired by Dr. Jacob G.
Schurman, president of Cornell University. Thus
it became known as the Schurman Commission.
Their group arrived on the Philippines on
February 4, 1899.

The commission proposed the following:
1. Establish civil governments in areas were peace
and order had been restored
2. Set up a bicameral legislature with members of
the lower house to be all elective
3. Appoint American and Filipino member of the
Upper house to head the cabinet
4. Preserve Philippine natural resources

5.Create a civil service system
6.Assign highly qualified Filipinos to important
government positions
 The US Congress adopted all the recommendation

of the Schurman commission.

• On March 16, 1900, United States President
William McKinley appointed the then Judge
William Howard Taft to head the second
Philippine Commission, which would also be
known as the Taft Commission. Taft would
become Governor-General of the Philippines and
later, the president of the U.S.

McKinley wanted to hasten the transition of the
Philippine military government into a civil one.
The Taft Commissions was given executive and
legislative powers it could use to achieve the
President’s objective.
The Commission arrives in the Philippines on
June 3, 1900. It began legislative work on
September 1, the first law it passed set aside P2
million for the construction of ds and bridges.
From September 1900 to August 1902, the
Commission was able to enact 440 pieces of
legislation for the Philippines.

• Some of these laws included the Municipal and
Provincial codes, which established municipal and
provincial governments all over the country, and
laws organizing the Philippine Constabulary and
the countries judicial system. Aside from enacting
laws the commissions also visited various
provinces and help it in the government peace
efforts.

The modification sponsored by Senator
John C. Spooner, allowed the US president
to fully administer the Philippines. Thus,
the military government of the Philippines
was replaced with a civil one albeit
temporary pending the legislation of
permanent colonial government by the
United States.

• The Philippine civil government was inaugurated
on July 4, 1901, with William Howard Taft as its
first governor, the powers and duties of a governor
were passed on to Taft. The Taft Commission
continuing functioning as legislative body.
Cayetano Arellano was the first Filipino to hold a
high position of government he was named Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court on May 28, 1899.

Gregorio Araneta was appointed as Secretary of
Justice and finance. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera,
Benito Legarda, and Jose Luzuriaga were selected
as members of the Philippine Commissions.

• The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional
period in Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in
preparation for independence from the United
States as provided for under the Philippine
Independence Act or more popularly known as the
Tydings-McDuffie Law. The Commonwealth era
was interrupted when the Japanese occupied the
Philippines in January 2, 1942.

The Commonwealth government, lead by Manuel
L. Quezon and Sergio S. Osmeña went into exile in
the U.S., Quezon died of tuberculosis while in exile
and Osmeña took over as president.
At the same time, the Japanese forces installed a
puppet government in Manila headed by Jose P.
Laurel as president. This government is known as
the Second Philippine Republic. On October 20,
1944, the Allied forces led by Gen. Douglas
MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte to
liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. Japan
formally surrendered in September 2, 1945.

• After liberation, the Commonwealth government
was restored. Congress convened in its first
regular session on July 9, 1945. It was the first
time the people’s representatives have assembled
since their election on November 11, 1941.
Manuel Roxas was elected Senate President, and
Elpidio Quirino was chosen President Pro
Tempore. Jose Zulueta was speaker of the house,
while Prospero Sanidad became speaker pro
Tempore. The first law of this congress, enacted
as commonwealth act 672, organized the central
bank of the Philippines.

The commonwealth deal also tackled the issue of
collaboration. In September 1945 the counter
intelligence corps presented the people who were
accused of having collaborated with, or given aid
to, the Japanese. Included were prominent
Filipinos who had been active in the puppet
government that the Japanese had been
established. ”A Peoples Court" was created to
investigate and decide on the issue.

Amidst this sad state of affairs, the third
commonwealth elections were held on
April 23, 1946. Sergio Osmeña and Manuel
Roxas vied for the Presidency. Roxas won
thus becoming the last president of the
Philippine Commonwealth. The
Commonwealth era formally ended when
the United States granted independence to
the Philippines, as scheduled on July 4,
1946.

The Philippine Bill of 1902 - Cooper Act
The Philippine Assembly
Resident Commissioners
The Jones Law
Creation of the Council of State
The Os-Rox Mission
The Tydings-McDuffie Law

United States Congressman Henry Allen
Cooper sponsored the Philippine Bill of
1902, also known as the Cooper Act. The
bill proposed the creation and
administration of a civil government in the
Philippines. President Theodore Roosevelt
signed it into law in July 2, 1902.

• Here are some of the more important provisions of the Cooper
Act:
▪ Ratification of all changes introduced in the Philippine
government by the president of the U.S., such as the
establishment of the Philippine Commission, the office of the
civil governor and the Supreme court
▪ Extension of the American Bill of Rights to the Filipinos except the right of
trial by jury
▪ Creation of bicameral legislative body, with the Philippine Commission as
the upper house and a still-to-be-elected Philippine Assembly as the
Lower House
▪ Retention of the executive powers of the civil governor, who was also
president of the Philippine Commission
▪ Designation of the Philippine Commission as the legislating authority for
non-Christian tribes
▪ Retention of the Judicial powers of the Supreme court and other lower
courts
▪ Appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners who would represent
the Philippines in the US Congress but would not enjoy voting rights
▪ Conservation of Philippine natural resources

• The bill contained 3 provisions that had to be
fulfilled first before the Philippine Assembly
could be establishing these were the:
▪ Complete restoration of peace and order in the

Philippines
▪ Accomplishment of a Nationwide census
▪ Two years of peace and order after the
publication of the census

• The assembly was inaugurated on October 16,
1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House, with US
secretary of War William Howard Taft as guest of
honor. Sergio Osmeña was elected Speaker while
Manuel Quezon was elected Majority Floor leader.
The Recognition of the Philippine Assembly paved
the way for the establishment of the bicameral
Philippine Legislature. The Assembly functioned
as the lower House, while the Philippine
Commission served as the upper house.

Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo were
the first commissioners. Other Filipinos
who occupied this position included
Manuel Quezon, Jaime de Veyra, Teodoro
Yangco, Isaro Gabaldon, and Camilo Osias.

It provide for the creation of the executive powers.
The vice governor general, assisted by his Cabinet,
would exercise executive powers. The vice
governor would act concurrently as the Secretary
of Education.

• To further train the Filipinos in the art of
government, the U.S. Congress enacted the Jones
Law on August 29, 1916. It was the first official
document that clearly promised the Philippine
independence, as stated in its preamble, as soon
as a stable government was established. The
Jones Law or the Philippine Autonomy act,
replace the Philippine bill of 1902 as the
framework of the Philippine government.

• Upon the recommendation of Manuel L. Quezon and
Sergio Osmeña, Governor General Francis Burton Harrison
issued an executive order on October 16, 1981, creating
the first Council of State in the Philippines. It was the
Council’s duty to advise the governor general on matters
such as the creation of policies for administering
government offices.
• The Council held meetings once a week and whenever the

governor general called for one. It was composed of the
governor general, the department secretaries, the speaker
of the Lower House, and the Senate president. During
Harrison’s term, the executive and legislative branches of
government worked harmoniously with each other.

• One delegation, however, that met with partial success
was the Os-Rox Mission, so called because it was
headed by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas. The Os-
Rox group went to the United States in 1931 and was
able to influence the U.S. Congress to pass a pro-
independence bill by Representative Butter Hare,
Senator Henry Hawes, and Senator Bronso Cutting.
The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law provided for a 10-year
transition period before the United States would
recognize Philippine independence. U.S. President
Herbert Hoover did not sign the bill; but both Houses of
Congress ratified it.

When the Os-Rox Mission presented the Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Law to the Philippine Legislature, it
was rejected by a the American High
Commissioner representing the US president in
the country and the Philippine Senate, specifically
the provision that gave the U.S. president the right
to maintain land and other properties reserved for
military use. Manuel Quezon was tasked to head
another independence mission to the united
States.

• In December 1933, Manuel L. Quezon returned to
the Philippines from the United States with a
slightly amended version of the Hare-Hawes-
Cutting bill authored by Senator Milliard Tydings
and representative McDuffie. President Franklin
Delano Roosevelt, the new U.S. president, signed it
into law on March 24, 1934.

The Tydings-McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine
Independence Act of the United States Congress;
Public Law 73-127) or more popularly known as
the The Tydings-McDuffie Law provided for the
establishment of the Commonwealth government
for a period of ten years preparatory to the
granting of Independence.

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Prepared by: ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D.

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 1

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 2

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 3

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 4

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 5

• Dewey was ordered to proceed at once to the

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 6

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 7

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 8

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ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 10

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 11

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 12

The Philippine flag was ofﬁcially unfurled on the

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 13

The Philippine National Anthem

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 15

The original lyrics was written in Spanish, then to

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 16

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 17

August 18, 1898- The Battle of Manila took place,

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 18

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ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 22

1. In September 29, 1898, ratiﬁed the declaration

2. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 23

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 24

• After some minor revisions (mainly due to the

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• On November 13, 1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 36

So, on December 25, 1899, he surrendered them to

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 37

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 38

The American then declared the arrest of

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 39

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 41

The Schurman Commission

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 42

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 The US Congress adopted all the recommendation

ORLANDO A. MIGUEL, Ph.D. 2nd Semester 44

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