Data and File

SECTION 1 DATA AND FILE STRUCTURES Structures Lab

Manual
LAB MANUAL
Structure Page No.
1.0 Introduction 5
1.1 Objectives 6
1.2 Arrays 6
1.3 Structures 7
1.4 Linked Lists 7
1.5 Stacks 8
1.6 Queues 8
1.7 Trees 9
1.8 Advanced Trees 10
1.9 Graphs 10
1.10 Searching and Sorting 10
1.11 Advanced Data Structures 11
1.12 Summary 11
1.13 Further Readings 11

1.0 INTRODUCTION
A data structure is one of the most important courses that is to be mastered by any
software professional. They are the building blocks of a program. The life of a house
depends on the strength of its pillars. Similarly, the life of a program depends on the
strength of the data structures used in the program. It is very important to write an
algorithm before writing a program. This will enable you to focus more on the
semantics of the program rather than syntax. Also, it will lead you to write efficient
programs.

In this section, a brief introduction to the data structures that are discussed in the
corresponding course (MCS-021) is given. Each introduction is followed by a list of
programming problems. Wherever, a particular program for a given programming
problem was already given in the course material, it is suggested that you should not
copy it. Rather, you should develop your own logic to write the program.

To successfully complete this section, the learner must have already:

• Thoroughly studied the course material of MCS-011,

• Thoroughly studied the Section-1(C Programming Manual) of MCSL-017, and
• Executed most of the programming problems of the Lab assignments.

Also, to successfully complete this section, the learner should adhere to the following:

• Before attending the lab session, the learner must have already written
algorithms and programs in his/her lab record. This activity should be treated as
home work that is to be done before attending the lab session.
• The learner must have already thoroughly studied the corresponding units of the
course material (MCS-021) before attempting to write algorithms and programs
for the programming problems given in a particular lab session.
• Ensure that you include comments in your program. This is a practice, which
will enable others to understand your program and enable you to understand the
program written by you after a long time.
• Ensure that the lab record includes algorithms, programs, I/O and complexity
(both time and space) of each program.

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1.1 OBJECTIVES
After following the instructions in this section, you should be able to

• Write programs using basic data structures such as Arrays etc. as well as
advanced data structures such as trees etc.

1.2 ARRAYS
An Array is a collection of element(s) of the same data type. They are referred
through an index along with a name.

Consider the following examples:

int a[5];

The above is a declaration of an array which is a collection of 5 elements of integer

data type. Since the collection consists of 5 elements, the index starts from 0(zero) and
ends at 4(four). Of course, it is very important to remember that, in ‘C’ language, the
index always starts at 0 and ends at (length of array-1). The length of array is nothing
but the number of maximum elements that can reside in an array. In our example, the
length is 5. The first element is referred as a[0], the second element is referred to as
a[1] . The third, fourth and fifth elements are referred to as a[2], a[3] and a[4].

The example given above is a single dimensional array. We can declare arrays of any
dimension.

Consider the following array:

int b[5][6];

This is a two-dimensional array. It can hold a maximum of 30(5X6) elements. The

first element is referred to as b[0][0], the second as b[0][1] and so on. The last element
is referred to as b[4][5].

It is always possible to declare arrays of elements of any type. It is possible to declare

an array of characters, structures, etc.

For more information on arrays, Refer to Unit-6 of MCS-011, Block-2.

Session 1: Arrays (3 hours)

1. Write a program in `C’ language that accepts two matrices as input and prints
their product.
Input: Two matrices A and B in two-dimensional arrays
Output: Matrix `C’ which is result of A X B in the form of two dimensional
array

2. Write a program in `C’ Language to accept 10 strings as input and print them in
lexicographic order
Input: 10 strings (use array of strings)
Output: 10 input strings in lexicographic order

3. Write a program in `C’ Language that accepts two strings S1 and S2 as input.
The program should check if S2 is a substring of S1 or not. If S2 is a substring
of S1, then the program should output the starting location and ending location
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of S2 in S1. If S2 appears more than once in S1, then the locations of all Structures Lab
instances have to be given. Manual

4. Write a program to concatenate two strings S1 and S2.

1.3 STRUCTURES
A Structure is a collection of element(s) of one or more data types. The value of each
element of the structure is referred through its corresponding identifier coupled with
the variable name of the structure.

Consider the following example:

struct student {
char name[25];
char *address;
int telephone[8];
};

In the above example, the name of the structure is student. There are three elements in
the structure ( of course, you can declare any number of elements in the structure).
They are name, address and telephone number. The first element is an array of
characters, the second is address which is a pointer to a string or sequence of
characters and the third is an array of integers. It is also permissible to have nested
structures. That is, a structure inside a structure.

Consider the following declaration:

struct student s;
s is a variable of type student.

The values of the elements in the above given example can be referred as s.name,
s.address and s.telephone.

For more information on Structures, refer to unit-9 of MCS-011, Block, 3

Session 2: Structures (3 hours)

1. Write a program in ‘C’ language, which accepts Enrolment number, Name
Aggregate marks secured in a Program by a student. Assign ranks to students
according to the marks secured. Rank-1 should be awarded to the students who
secured the highest marks and so on. The program should print the enrolment
number, name of the student and the rank secured in ascending order.
2. Write a program in ‘C’ language to multiply two sparse matrices.
3. Write a program in ‘C’ language to accept a paragraph of text as input. Make a
list of words and the number of occurrences of each word in the paragraph as
output. As part of the processing, an array and structure should be created
wherein each structure consists of two fields, namely, one for storing the word
and the other for storing the number of occurrences of that word.

1.4 LINKED LISTS

A linked list is a sequence of zero or more number of elements that are connected
directly or indirectly through pointers.

A linked list can be a singly linked list or a doubly linked list. Again, a singly linked
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list or a doubly linked list can also be a circularly linked list.
For more information on linked lists, refer to unit-3 of MCS-021.
For more information on pointers, refer to unit-10 of MCS-011, Block-3.

Session 3: Linked Lists (3 hours)

1. Write a program in ‘C’ language for the creation of a list. Also, write a
procedure for deletion of an element from the list. Use pointers.

You have to write the above program separately for Singly linked list, Doubly
linked list and Circularly linked lists (both singly linked and doubly linked).
Make necessary assumptions.

2. Write a program in ‘C’ language that accepts two singly linked lists A and B as
input. Now, print a singly linked list that consists of only those elements, which
are common to both A and B.

3. Write a program in ‘C’ language to accept a singly linked list of integers as

input. Now, sort the elements of the list in ascending order. Then, accept an
integer as input. Insert this integer into the singly linked list at the appropriate
position.

1.5 STACKS
A Stack is a LIFO (Last In First Out) data structure. A stack can be implemented
using arrays or pointers. But, the disadvantages of using arrays is that the maximum
number of elements that can be stored are limited. This disadvantage can be overcome
by using pointers.

There are two important operations associated with a stack. They are push and pop. A
push will add an element to the stack and a pop will delete (either really by freeing
the memory location or by reducing the counter indicating the number of elements in
the stack by one).

For more information on stacks, refer to unit-4 of MCS-021.

Session 4: Stacks (3 hours)

1. Write a program in ‘C’ language to convert a prefix expression to a

postfix expression using pointers.

2. Write a program in ‘C’ language to reverse an input string.

3. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement multiple stacks in a

single array.

1.6 QUEUES
A Queue is a FIFO (First In First Out) data structure. A Queue can be implemented
using arrays or pointers. The same disadvantages that are associated with Stacks hold
true for Queues. In addition, in the case of Queues, whenever the element at front is
deleted, all the elements are to be moved one position forward which leaded to time
overhead. Else, there will be a waste of memory. With the help of pointers, these
disadvantages can be overcome.

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There are two important operations associated with a Queue. They are Add and Structures Lab
Delete. An Add operation will add an element to the end (or rear) of the queue. A Manual
Delete operation will delete an element from the front of the queue. One simple way
of understanding these operations is to remember that the order of deletion of
elements from the queue will be exactly the same as the order of addition of elements
to the Queue. You can draw an analogy of Queue data structure to the people standing
in a queue for entering a bus etc. Whoever is at the front will get the opportunity to
enter the bus first. Any person who is not in the queue and intends to enter the bus
should stand in the queue at the rear/last.

A Dequeue is a special form of queue in which addition/deletion of elements is

possible to be done at the front as well as at the rear. So, the concept of FIFO does not
hold here.

For more information on Queues, refer to unit-5 of MCS-021.

Session 5: Queues (3 hours)

1. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement a Dequeue using Arrays. All

operations associated with a Dequeue are to be implemented.

2. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement a Dequeue using pointers. All

operations associated with a Dequeue are to be implemented.

3. Write a program in ‘C’ language to reverse the elements of a queue.

4. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement a queue using two stacks.

5. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement a stack using two queues.

1.7 TREES
Often, there is confusion about the differences between a tree and a binary tree. The
major difference is that a Tree is always non-empty. It means that there is at least one
element in it. It obviously leads to the conclusion that a Tree always had a root. The
existence of the remaining elements is optional. It is possible for a Binary tree to be
empty. For a binary tree, the number of children of a node cannot be more than 2.
There is no restriction on the number of children to the nodes of a tree.

For more information on Trees and Binary trees, refer to unit-6 of MCS-21.

Session 6: Trees and Binary Trees (3 hours)

1. Write a program in ‘C’ language for the creation of a binary tree. Also, provide
for insertion and deletion operations.

2. Write a program in ‘C’ language for pre-order, post-order and in-order

tranversals of a Binary tree. Don’t use Recursion.

3. Write a program in ‘C’ language to accept a tree as input and convert it into a
binary tree. Print the resultant binary tree.

4. Write a program in ‘C’ language to accept a binary tree as input and check if the
input binary tree is a full binary tree or not.

5. Write a program in ‘C’ language to accept two trees as input and check if both
of them are the same. Give the appropriate message.

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6. Write a program in ‘C’ language to count the number of leaves of a Binary tree.

1.8 ADVANCED TREES

The trees that were discussed in this section are Binary search trees and AVL trees.

A binary search tree (BST) is a binary tree in which all the elements of the left subtree
of a node are less than the element stored in the node and the elements stored in the
right subtree of the node. So, whenever there is a need to insert an element into a BST,
the element is compared with the root. If the element is less than the root, then
continue the comparison with the left node of the root recursively. If the element is
larger than the root, then the same process has to be carried to the nodes at the right of
the root recursively. BST is one of the major applications of the Binary Tree.

An AVL tree is a balanced Binary search tree.

For more information on Binary search trees and AVL trees , refer to unit-7 of MCS-
21.

Session 7: Advanced trees (3 hours)

1. Write a program in ‘C’ language to create a binary search tree. Also, accept a
key value and search for it in BST. Print the appropriate message as output.

2. Write a program in ‘C’ language to insert 15, 25, 2, 4, 3, 1, 50 into an initially

empty AVL tree. Make assumptions, if necessary.

1.9 GRAPHS
A Graph is a collection of Vertices and Edges. The set of Vertices is always non-
empty. Edges represent ordered or unordered pairs of vertices which are directly
connected to each other. If the pairs of vertices are unordered, it means that an edge
(v1,v2) indicates that v1 is directly connected to v2 and vice-versa. If the pairs of
vertices are ordered, it means that an edge (v1,v2) indicates that v1 is directly
connected to v2. V2 is directly connected to v1 only if the edge (v2,v1) is present in
the list of edges.

For more information on Graphs, refer to unit-8 of MCS-21.

Session 8: Graphs (3 hours)

1. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement Dijkstra’s algorithm.

2. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement Kruskal’s algorithm.

3. Write a program in ‘C’ language to accept an undirected graph as input and

print the list of all vertices in the Graph which are articulation points.

4. Write a program in ‘C’ language which accepts a directed graph as input and
prints all the strongly connected components of the Graph.

1.10 SEARCHING AND SORTING

For information on Searching, refer to unit-9 of MCS-21.

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For information on Sorting, refer to unit-10 of MCS-21. Structures Lab
Manual
Session 9: Searching and Sorting (3 hours)
1. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement linear search using pointers.

2. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement binary search using pointers.

3. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement Quick sort using pointers.

4. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement Heap sort using pointers.

5. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement 2-way Merge sort using pointers.

6. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement Bubble sort using pointers.

7. Write a program in ‘C’ language to implement Topological sort using pointers.

1.11 ADVANCED DATA STRUCTURES

The advanced data structures that are dealt in MCS-021 are Splay trees, Red-Black
trees and AA-trees.

For more information on the above mentioned data structures, refer to Unit-12 of
MCS-021.

Session 10: Advanced Data Structures (3 hours)

1. Write a program in ‘C’ language to insert 15, 25, 2, 4, 3, 1, 50 into an initially
empty Splay tree.

2. Write a program in ‘C’ language for the creation of a Red Black tree. Also,
implement insertion and deletion operations.

3. Write a program in ‘C’ language for the creation of a AA-tree. Also, implement
insertion and deletion operations.

1.12 SUMMARY
In this section, we discussed the data structures that are covered in the course material
of MCS-021 briefly. Each discussion is followed by a lab session. The session
includes programming problems for the learners. More stress has been made on the
programming using pointers as it is regarded as a very special skill. It is very
important to attend the lab sessions with the necessary homework done. This enables
better utilization of lab time. The learner can execute more programs in a given
amount of time if s/he had come with preparation. Else, the learner may not be able to
execute programs successfully. If the learner had executed program successfully in lab
without sufficient preparation, then, it is very important to assess the efficiency of the
program. In most cases, the programs lack efficiency. That is, the space and time
complexities may not be optimal. In simple terms, it is possible to work out a better
logic for the same program.

1.13 FURTHER READINGS

• The C programming language by Brian W.Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie;

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Prentice Hall

• Data Structures and Algorithm analysis in C++ by Mark Allen Weiss; Pearson
Education Asia

Web References

• http://www.isi.edu/~iko/pl/hw3 c.html
• http://www.programmersheaven.com

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SECTION 2 OPERATING SYSTEM AND and Networking Lab

NETWORKING LAB
Structure Page No.
2.0 Introduction 13
2.1 Objectives 14
2.2 Overview of Windows 2000 14
2.3 Overview of Unix and Linux 20
2.4 Summary 26
2.5 Further Reading 27

2.0 INTRODUCTION
The main operating systems involved in networking now a days are Windows 2000
and Linux. Both are having their own advantages and disadvantages. The combination
of Linux and Apache makes a “strong” and "open" Web server platform, Linux works
better on older, less powerful computer hardware because it requires less resources
(memory or processing) as compared to Windows. The "free" nature of Linux also
attracts some people/industries. Compared to Windows, Linux is virus-free and bugs-
free. Windows 2000 provides the user a mature, familiar and interactive interface that
is easy to learn and understand for Windows users (those are of course much higher
than Linux users) and the high support of Microsoft also makes it popular among
people. According to few surveys, Windows 2000 servers are less costly to run and
maintain compared to Linux. But we think that a network administrator should have
an expertise on both of these leading network operating systems. Even most of the
network administrators are running both Linux and Windows on the server for the best
networking.

This section provides you the discussions, demonstrations, and lab exercises to
sharpen your skills and knowledge necessary to admin and support Windows
2000/Linux networking. It contains an overview of Windows 2000 and Linux/Unix in
the beginning to develop your understanding of these operating systems. If you need
any details you can always refer to the course material of MCS-022. Further, in this
course you have an example to introduce you in the lab. Further, you have different
lab exercises on Linux/Unix and on Windows 2000. We hope these exercises will
provide you practice for administering, monitoring, and maintaining networks.

To successfully complete this section, the learner should have the following
knowledge and skills prior to starting the section. S/he must have:

• studied the corresponding course material of MCS-022 and completed the

assignments.
• proficiency to work with Windows/Unix interface
• knowledge of computer hardware components, including memory, hard disks,
and central processing units
• knowledge of networking concepts, including network operating system, server-
client relationship, and local area network (LAN).

Also, to successfully complete this section, the learner should adhere him/herself to
the following:

• Before attending the lab session, the learner must have already written
steps/algorithms in his/her lab record. This activity should be treated as home
work that is to be done before attending the lab session.

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• The learner must have already thoroughly studied the corresponding units of the
course material (MCS-022) before attempting to write steps/algorithms for the
problems given in a particular lab session.

• Ensure that you include comments in your lab exercises. This is a practice
which will enable others to understand your program and enable you to
understand the program written by you after a long time.

2.1 OBJECTIVES
• To get familiarity with the basic operations of Unix, Linux & Window 2000.
• Give exposure to network devices and configurations.
• To get exposure to networking concepts using Unix, Linux & Windows 2000.
• To perform advanced networking on Windows 2000

2.2 OVERVIEW OF WINDOWS 2000

Background to Windows
In 1981, Microsoft released their Disk Operating System which is popularly known as
MS-DOS. It is a command line interface as shown in figure1, similar to Unix where
you had to use your keyboard to run any command. But the users of MS-DOS have to
remember these commands before using their computers.

Figure 1: MS-DOS a Command Line Interface

Its functionalities are very limited, also it is time consuming and boring. Because of
these reasons slowly Microsoft moved in the GUI-based operating system which
enabled users to navigate their computer screen by using a cursor which they could
use to “point and click” instead of having to type commands and they won the prize of
leadership in the field of commercial operating systems. Window 95 was a very
popular architect of Microsoft but they realized that Industries/people want a more
secure, network-oriented, robust and powerful operating system and so about the same
time, Windows NT 4.0 [What’s a full form of NT?] was released which looked similar
to Windows 95 but had its own strength. Windows NT was aimed at high-end users
such as businesses where security and performance are more important than Windows
95’s graphical and sound capabilities. Windows NT (Ok, I will tell you the full form
of NT, NT stands for new technology) made history again in the operating systems
field. It became the standard for Network operating systems along with Unix/Linux.
But still more specifications from industries were coming to upgrade and enhance the
functionalities of Windows NT, which the gave motivation for the development of
Windows 2000. Windows 2000 brought together the high-end features of Windows
NT with the home user features of Windows 95/98.
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In Today’s Network Administrators world, Windows 2000 is a popular network and Networking Lab
operating system (NOS). As you know it was built as a successor to window NT 4.0.
It was also known as Window NT 5.0, but keeping in view computational needs of the
new millennium Microsoft gave the new name Windows 2000 (which also maintains
the naming series with Windows 95 and 98). Before starting your administrative tasks
on it, you should know about its family. Windows 2000 family is similar to Windows
NT as shown in figure 2 given below except Datacenter server, which is a new family
member.

Windows NT Windows 2000

Workstation professional

2000 Server
NT Server

2000 Advance
NT Server- Server
Enterprise edition

No equivalent NT
product 2000 Datacenter
Server

Figure 2: Similarities between Windows 2000 and Windows NT Family

As shown in the above figure Windows 2000 comes in four versions:

• Windows 2000 Professional

• Windows 2000 Server
• Windows 2000 Advances Server
• Windows 2000 Datacenter Server

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Let me explain some of the important features of these Windows 2000 (W2K)
products. If you want to known more about each product, you can open the Windows
2000 home page.
Windows 2000 Professional
Windows 2000 Professional is designed for desktop/laptop users within offices,
academic institutions and other similar networked environments. It provides much
greater control to network administrators than users. May be you are aware of the
networking environment with Windows 95, which provides easy hands to users to
change settings without any control. But with Windows 2000 professional users hand
are limited to change settings.

However, Windows NT was the first NOS to boast of the same features for users as
Windows 95. This has meant that many home users have also adopted W2K
Professional as their OS of choice.

Windows 2000 Server

Windows 2000 Server is used on network servers, hosting a whole variety of network
services often in conjunction with other pieces of Microsoft software such as:

• SQL Server – database

• ISA (Internet Security & Acceleration) Server – Internet access control
• IIS (Internet Information Server) – website hosting

It also controls who is using the network, how they can use it, provides shared file
storage areas and controls connection to network printers. To the user it appears very
similar to Windows 2000 Professional. However, it carries many features that desktop
and laptop users would not require.

Windows 2000 Advanced Server

Windows 2000 Advanced Server includes all features of Windows 2000 Server but
also boasts of additional features for organisations requiring larger scale processing
like with additional scalability and reliability features, such as clustering, used by
businesses for running transaction-intensive applications such as large e-commerce
stores and running in the most demanding scenarios.

Windows 2000 Datacenter

Windows 2000 Datacenter Server is the most powerful and functional server operating
system offered by Microsoft till now. Windows 2000 Datacenter Server is specifically
designed for organisations which require the highest levels of availability and
scalability. It is the best operating system for running mission-critical DBMS, ERP
(enterprise resource planning) softwares, and high-volume real-time transaction
processing.

Example: Installing and Configuring TCP/IP

We want to show one exercise to you so that you can understand what exactly you
should do in your lab session. A very important thing is that before coming to the lab
session what all you must prepare so you will not waste much of your computer time
in labs. This demo exercise is about installation and configuration of TCP/IP.
Generally TCP/IP is installed as a part of the Windows 2000 set up process, but you
can install it manually also.

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Installing TCP/IP and Networking Lab
You follow these steps one by one to install TCP/IP in your computer. If it is already
installed you can Uninstall it (with the permission of Lab administrator) and then try
to install it again.

1. Open the Network and Dial-Up Connections folder as given below in Figure 3:

Start>Setting >Network an Dial-up connections

Figure 3: Opening Network and Dial-Up Connections Folder

2. As shown below in Figure 4, right click the Local Area Connection icon and
choose the properties.

Figure 4: Opening Local Area Connection Properties

The Local Area Connection Properties dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 4. Now
Click the Install… button, you will see the Select Network Component Type dialog
box. Select protocol and click the Add… button as demonstrated in Figure 5.

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Figure 5: Select Network Component Type and Add Protocol

3. The Select Network Protocol dialog box appears in Figure 6. Choose Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click the OK button.

Figure 6: Select Network Protocol Dialog Box

4. If computer ask, insert your Windows 2000 CD and click OK.

5. Click the close button in the Local Area Connection Properties dialog box.

Remember, when you install TCP/IP, it defaults to using DHCP for automatic
configuration. But it is always useful to know (specially for network administrator)
how to manually configure a TCP/IP connection. Let us see the configuration of the
example.

Configuring TCP/IP Settings

Follow these steps to add a second IP address to your existing NIC.

Note: In the given exercise you should assume that you’re not using DHCP on the
NIC, because you cannot assign additional addresses to a DHCP-enabled NIC.

1. First you select an IP Address, which is not currently in use by another device
(e.g., I am selecting “192.162.6.142” in this example). Also ensure that you
know the correct subnet mask to use with that IP address (e.g., 255.255.255.0 in
this example).

2. Open the Network and Dial-Up Connections folder (Start>Settings>Network

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and Dial-UP Connections) similar to the previous example right click the Local and Networking Lab
Area Connection icon and choose the properties command and Local Area
Connect Properties dialog box appears as shown in given Figure 7.

Figure 7: Local Area Connect Properties Dialog Box

3. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the Components list, and then click the
Properties button. The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box will
appear. (Here in Figure 8 you can see that you can obtain IP address and DNS
server automatically if you are a new client). We want to manually configure it
so we will move to Advanced setting..

Figure 8: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties Dialog Box

4. The Advanced TCP/IP properties dialog box will appear when you click the
Advanced … button. The screenshot is given below in Figure 9.

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Figure 9: Advanced TCP/IP Settings Dialog Box

5. Click the Add… button in the IP Addresses control group. The TCP/IP
Address dialog box will appear. In that you type the IP address and subnet mask
we selected in Step 1.

6. Click the OK button in the Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box. Then
similarly click the OK in the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box
and in the Local Area Connection properties dialog box.

2.3 OVERVIEW OF UNIX AND LINUX

Even after thirty years of its creation Unix is still regarded as one of the most
versatile, flexible and powerful operating systems in the computer world. Before you
start swimming in your Unix shell, you must find out why people still regard as
powerful. As you know (refer to MCS –011 lab) it was created at Bell Labs in 1970
written in the C programming language, which was developed at the same time. It
supports large numbers of simultaneous users, runs with few alterations on many
hardware platforms (provides some platform independence) and of course it was and
is a simple, elegant, and easy to use (at least compared to its predecessors) operating
system. In the early 1980s, the two strands of Unix development – AT&T and
Berkeley –continued in parallel. The Berkeley strand got a major boost from Sun
Microsystems, which used the Berkeley code as the basis for its Sun OS operating
system. The AT&T strand was picked up by companies such as IBM and Hewlett-
Packard.

Linux is a relatively new Unix flavor derived from the work of Linus Torvalds, who
was interested to develop a Unix for academic use. He wrote the basics of the
operating system himself. His work attracted followers around the world and, with
cooperative effort, they wrote a complete Unix system. Early versions of Linux were
primitive, but version 2 and above are powerful and efficient having an amazing range
of features. Linux is one of the many versions of the Unix operating system. Working
on Linux means working on one of the flavors of Unix. From our System
Administrator's point of view, Linux has some striking advantages. The main
advantage which separates its category from Unix is that Linux is absolutely free,
you need not spend even the cost CD it can be entirety free downloadable from the
Internet. (No registration fees, no costs per user, free updates, and freely available
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source code). It is portable (means can be configured on any processor like Intel, and Networking Lab
Solaris, etc), dual-bootable, fast, reliable, secure and versatile. These properties make
it popular among the System Administrators. While working on it you may realize
many more important features and advantages of Linux. May be you will also
contribute to development of Linux. Most of the exercises are command line based
but similar exercises you can try on your GUI based Linux.

Session 1: Network Configuration

This session is your first introduction with Windows 2000. You can try different
commands available in Windows 2000 for system and network administrator. Let us
start:
Exercise 1: Run the following commands and write the use of each command:

ipconfig ping telnet diskperf netdiag

netstat pathping ftp/tftp fc sfc
nbtstat rcp lpr tracert verifier
nslookup route lpq net session drivers
nettime rsh chkdsk hostname net account

Exercise 2: Use arp command to find your Ethernet physical address.

Exercise 3: Modify the routing table using ipxroute.

//Use the Netsh.exe tool in Windows 2000 to perform the Exercise 4-9//

Exercise 4: View the TCP/IP settings.

Exercise 5: Configure interfaces

Exercise 6: Configure routing protocols

Exercise 7: Configure filters

Exercise 8: Configure routes

Exercise 9: Configure remote access

Exercise 10: Use winchat command and communicate with your friend sitting on a
different machine of Windows 2000.

Session 2: Linux/Unix Operating Systems

In this session you will get introduced to Linux/Unix and you can perform different
operations based on the course material you studied in MCS-022.

Exercise 1: First try to execute the following commands on your operating system
and write down the results and use of each command.
• man ( find manual help)
• cd
• ls, ls -a (try to find out other options of ls using man)
• cd .
• pwd
• cd ..
• ls -al
• ls -al | more
• cat passwd

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• cd –
• chmod
We hope you will stop here and you will keep digging more and more commands but
do it after the session.

Exercise 2: Try to explore the filesystem, write what is there in /bin, /usr/bin, /sbin,
/tmp and /boot. Find and list the devices that are available in your system.

Exercise 3: Make your own subdirectories called uni and linu in your home directory,
Made? Ok, now delete the subdirectory called uni.

Exercise 4: Create a file called ignou.txt that contains the words "hello I am student
of IGNOU". Now copy this file and paste to other director. Copied? Can you move
the file also from one directory to another?

Exercise 5: In the previous question you have a file ignou.txt; change its permission
to rwxrwxr-x. You can try different possibilities to changes in its permissions. One
possibility may be rwxr-xr-x permissions. Find out what are the different commands
available that can be used to change the permissions of a file/files.

Exercise 6: Display the names of all files in the home directory using find .Can you
display the names of all files in the home directory that are bigger than 500KB.

Exercise 7: Display a sorted list of all files in the home directory that contain the
word ignou inside them. Hint: Use find and grep and sort. Can you use locate to find
all filenames that contain the word ignou?

Exercise 8: Use egrep to try to find out which lines in an ignou.txt file are satisfied by
the regular expression given: (^[0-9]{1,5}[a-zA-z ]+$)|none and check the result with
different combinations of lines.

Exercise 9: Change your password and write down the restrictions for given
password.

Exercise 10: Open ignou.txt using vi editor, go to the end of the file and type in the
following paragraph:
In 1971 Bell Labs releases the first Unix operting system. Then 1985 Richard
Stallman releases his GNU ( "GNU is Not Unix") Manifesto thus starting the open
sourci revolution. He wanted to creat an open-source version of Unix Unix .
Stallman's Free Software Foundation eventually created the GNU General Public
License (GPL) which is basically an anti-copyright also referred to as a

Now you correct spelling errors in the first three lines and remove the extra "Unix"
in the 3rd line of the paragraph. Add the words "copyleft" to the end of the paragraph.
Replace the string "GNU is Not Unix" with a string “Unix is not a GNU”. Save the
file and quit. Repeat the same exercise with emacs also. Write down the differnces
between both editors ,also write which one you find easier and why.

Session 3: Linux/Unix Operating Systems

Exercise 1: Find the files (with full path) in your home directory those name are
starting with the character ‘s’ and redirect the output into a file redirecting.txt and if
you receive any error message on execution of the command redirect into errors.txt.

Exercise 2: Execute sleep 25 in the foreground, suspend it with Ctrl-z and then put it
into the background with bg. show all process running in background, bring any
process back into the foreground with fg. Repeat the same exercise using kill to
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 Operating System
terminate the process and use & for sending into background. (You need to see and Networking Lab
different options of the kill command)

Exercise 3: Combine the commands cat nonexistent and echo helloIGNOU using
suitable operators. Now reverse the order of the commands and try.

Exercise 4: Write a shell script, which returns the PID of a process and accept the
name of the process.

Exercise 5: Use ping to find the round-trip delay to www.ignou.ac.in

Exercise 6: Send a message to all users which are online. Make provision so that you
can send messages to other users but others cannot. Use talk to send messages.

Exercise 7: Print a file ignou.txt, and then send multiple files to a printer. Write the
command you will execute to remove any file from print queue.

Exercise 8: Send a mail to yourself, and include ignou.txt inside the mail. Read the
mail you have sent to yourself. Save the piece of message and file into some folder.
Reply to yourself.

Exercise 9: Use telnet and ftp to get connected with other remote machine. Write the
problems you encounter during connection with remote machine.

Exercise 10: Use the ls command and grep to display all names starting with "s".

Session 4: System Administration using Unix & Linux

Please do the following exercise with extra care when you are using the root account.
If you have any doubt you must clarify it before executing any command.

Exercise 1: Use finger or who to get a list of users on the machine.

Exercise 2: Add different users, set their passwords and define permissions. Check
whether you are able to change the passwords of all users or not.

Exercise 3: Delete the user, which just now you have added.

Exercise 4: Set the execution time of two jobs so that it can run automatically
tomorrow one at 11:00 a.m. and another at 1:00 p.m. After this setting, how can you
change the time of execution of the job?

Exercise 5: Try to access your account available at a remote machine. Download

some file from that machine to your machine.

Exercise 6: Create a cron job that sends you a message after every 5 minutes.

Exercise 7: Restart any system daemon like the web server httpd.

Exercise 8: Write a message to inform all users that "they should shut down their
machine after completing the lab exercises".

Exercise 9: Monitor the log time of users using xargs.

Exercise 10: Eliminate file names from all users home directories containing bad
characters and whitespace.

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 Lab Manual
Session 5: Windows 2000: Introduction to Networking
Exercise 1: Use different system tools and administrative tools. Write down the
function of each tool in you lab notebook.

Exercise 2: Add different users and groups. Also configure their permissions.

Exercise Install and configure a local printer

Exercise 3: Connect and configure your computer with a Local Network Printer.

Exercise 4: Install and Configure. Windows 2000 Active Directory and Domain
Controller.

Exercise 6: Create a Hierarchical Directory Tree.

Exercise 7: Share any folder available in your directory, also configure its share
permissions for different users.

Exercise 8: Install and Configure TCP/IP.

Exercise 9: Install a caching DNS server and find out how it reduces the network
traffic.

Exercise 10: Configure a DNS server as a root name server.

Exercise 11: Implement delegated zones for a Domain Name Server.

Session 6: Windows 2000: Server Management

Exercise 1: Install and Configure Windows 2000 Client

Exercise 2: Install and Configure Windows 2000 Server

Exercise 3: Set your printer on sharing and assign print permissions according to
different users, configuring printer priorities for different groups.

Exercise 4: Install and Configure the DHCP Server Service.

Exercise 5: Configure Windows 2000 Client to use DHCP, DNS, and WINS.

Exercise 6: Configuring a Windows Client as a VPN Client.

Exercise 7: Implement Dfs (Distributed file system) replication.

Exercise 8: Install and configure Microsoft Certificate server (MCS).

Exercise 9: Install the Network Monitor Driver and show how to capture data with
network monitor.

Exercise 10: Implement different kind of servers like File Server, Print Server, and
Application Server. Learn different routine administration tasks for each kind of
server.

Session 7: Windows 2000: Advanced Networking

Exercise 1: Implement different Groups in a Workgroup and in a Domain also.

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 Operating System
Exercise 2: Show how you can enhance the feature and strength of file and print and Networking Lab
servers with Active Directory.

Exercise 3: Install the routing and remote access services for IP Routing

Exercise 4: Install the RIP and OSPF protocols.

Exercise 5: Configure web-based printer.

Exercise 6: Install and configure Terminal Services.

Exercise 7: Create a Remote Access Policy. Show how you can change the Remote
Access Logging setting.

Exercise 8: Install the routing and remote access services as VPN server. Create a
VPN Remote Access policy also.

Exercise 9: Install and configure a Web server.

Exercise 10: Create two global groups and configure so that users from both groups
should be able to access some command folders.

Session 8: Windows 2000: Security

Exercise 1: Enable and configure IPsec policy on local computer.(also Enable and
configure IPsec policy for an entire domain.)

Exercise 2: Protect client machine by using Internet Connection Firewall (ICF)

Exercise 3: Configure TCP/IP packet filter.

Exercise 4: Monitor the IP Routing status.

Exercise 5: Customize and configure IPsec policy and rules for transport mode on the
local computer.

Exercise 6: Configure IPsec for tunnel mode. (Note: You need separate computers to
which you have administrative access)

Exercise 7: Audit the IPsec logon activities and event. (Note: you can use two IP
capable computers that are able to communicate to each other with there
administrative access)

Exercise 8: Install the network monitor application. Show the use of capture filter and
display filter with the help of your own examples.

Exercise 9: Configure PPTP packet filter such that it will block every packet stream
except PPTP stream.

Exercise 10: Implementing Server Security by using Security Templates

Session 9: Windows 2000: Network Management

Exercise 1: Create a Group Policy Object (GPO) and Console.

Exercise 2: Configuring Software Deployment Settings.

Exercise 3: Configuring Remote and Removable Storage

Exercise 4: Setup the filter options for Advanced users and groups
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 Lab Manual
Exercise 5: Backup and restore all files in a domain.

Exercise 6: Protect Data by Using Encrypting File System (EFS) and Recover
Encrypted Data with a Data Recovery Agent.

Exercise 7: Establishing Intrusion Detection for Public Servers

Exercise 8: Configure the administrator account user profile to restrict the dial-up
access.

Exercise 9: Use the Registry Editor to view and search for information in any
registry. Show how to add a value in a registry. Save the registry to some text file.

Exercise 10: Enable network connectivity between NetWare, Macintosh, and Unix
networks.

Session 10: Windows 2000: Troubleshooting

Exercise 1: Recover a Windows 2000 Server that Does Not Start

Exercise 2: Troubleshoot the "NTLDR Is Missing" Error Message in machine.

Exercise 3: What you should do when you find that the drive letter (e.g. c:/ drive, A:/
drive) changes after you restart your computer.

Exercise 4: Back up the recovery agent Encrypting File System (EFS) private key.

Exercise 5: Encrypt Files and Folders on a Remote Windows 2000 Server

Exercise 6: If you cannot print to a network printer after adding Internet connection
sharing, how will you resolve it?

Exercise 7: When you install Modem, how to enable/disable call waiting on

computer.

Exercise 8: If you are having trouble getting a dial-up connection and you want to
change the modem speed or you want to check the modem's response how you will
check do it. If you are having noisy channel and you are not able to connect write
down the series of steps you will be following to detect and correct it.

Exercise 9: When you use a dial-up remote access service (RAS) connection to
browse the Internet or to a private network, your computer may hang and return a
Stop error: “Stop 0x0000000A". Resolve this problem.

Exercise 10: When you attempt to view a web page and receive an error message
"Not accepting cookies", how will you resolve it?

2.4 SUMMARY
In this section you have studied a brief introduction of Windows 2000 and Linux/Unix
and the differences between the two. It contains the history as well as the technical
description of both network operating systems. It contains different lab exercises to
provide you hand-on experience on Linux and Windows 2000. The starting session
was about manual configuration of Windows 2000 components, the next two sessions
you worked on Linux/Unix operating system, other sessions were about the Windows
server management and advance networking includes virtual network and remote
access. We have given the main focus on network security issue which is becoming
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 Operating System
one of the major challenges for the network administrator now a days. In the last of and Networking Lab
the sessions you completed lab exercises on the troubleshooting of real time problems
or most expected problems generally faced by network and system administrators.
After completing all theses lab exercised and MCS-022 course, you will have not only
theoretical knowledge but in depth hand on experience also which will definitely
serve in real time networking. The next section you are going to study in this course
will be related to MCS-023 Relational Database management system where you will
design and implement different databases according to the specifications given in the
lab exercises.

2.5 FURTHER READING

Following are the books and website references with you can use for learning more in
details.

Books

• “The ultimate windows 2000 system administrator’s guide” by Robert

Williams, Robert A. Williams, Mark Walla. Addison Wesley Publications.

• Unix concepts and applications by Sumitabha Das, Tata McGraw Hill

Publications

• Windows 2000 the complete reference by Ivens, Kathy, Tata McGraw Hill
Publications

• Inside windows 2000 server by Boswell, Techmedia Publications.

• A user guide to Unix system by Thomas, Tata McGraw Hill Publications.

• A practical guide to Linux by Sobell, Pearson Education Publication

Reference material and tutorials on web

http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/default.asp
http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/
http://www.tldp.org/.
http://members.fortunecity.com/pcmuseum/windows.htm
http://www.businessweek.com/1997/16/b352372.htm
http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2000/10/begperl1.html.
http://pegasus.rutgers.edu/~elflord/unix/intro.html
http://www.infosyssec.com/infosyssec/win2000.htm
http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/
http://www.unixcities.com/
http://www.greatcircle.com/tutorials/ieusa.html

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SECTION 3 DBMS LAB
Structure Page No.
3.0 Introduction 28
3.1 Objectives 28
3.2 Introduction to MS-Access 28
3.3 Database Creation 36
3.4 Use of DBMS Tools/ Client-Server Mode 38
3.5 Forms and Procedures 40
3.6 Summary 43
3.7 Further Readings 43

3.0 INTRODUCTION
By now, you must have obtained the practical skills of several programming
languages. However, when we want to create a secure, managed database application,
we need not re-start from scratch and develop a huge system using a programming
language, rather we use a database management system: an application software. This
software allows us to create database, query, report and many more operations with
database. This section attempts to provide you the basic skills of data organisation,
including database creation, integrity enforcement, query formulation, forms and
report creation, etc. You should write SQL queries as well as work using interface
provided in software packages. For the present practical we have selected
MS-Access. However, you must try to develop some applications using MySQL.

You must go through the MCS-023 courseware in order to get the best of those
sessions. During the practical sessions you can make suitable assumptions if
necessary.

3.1 OBJECTIVES
By the end of the practical sessions of this section, you will be able to:

• create databases using a user interface and SQL command;

• create integrity and constraints on databases;
• develop forms/reports using sample interface;
• write SQL queries; and
• provide a practical overview of advanced concepts like triggers, assertion,
views, etc.

3.2 INTRODUCTION TO MS-ACCESS

This topic gives you an introduction to MS-Access and the basic components of
MS-Access will also be discussed in this section. But before we look at the Access
software and its capabilities, let us recollect what databases are, just go back to your
school days, when you used to maintain different copies of your ‘Home Work
Assignment’ and ‘Class Assignment’. In those copies on the first page you used to
make the ‘Index’, which contained the headings as Serial no., Chapter, Date, and
Remarks. And under those headings, the details of all the ‘Assignments’ we used to
store. Why did we store these details? What was that? Was it a database? Index! You
mean to say that ‘Index’ was a database? YES. A database is a collection of data
related to a particular topic. Employee records in a file cabinet, a stamp collection in
an album – each of these collections is nothing but a database. Database, typically
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 DBMS Lab
consists of a heading that describes the type of information it contains, and each row
contains some information. In database terminology, the columns are called fields and
the rows are called records. This kind of organization in a database is called a table. A
database management system (DBMS) is a system that stores and retrieves
information in a database. Data management involves creating, modifying, deleting
and adding data in files and using this data to generate reports or answer ad-hoc
queries. The software that allows us to perform these functions easily is called a
DBMS.

Microsoft Corporation introduced a Relational Database management system for the

windows platform in 1992 called MS-Access. Microsoft Access is a development
environment used to create computer databases.

Start the MS-Access

For starting MS-Access you must have a licensed copy of it, which is available along
with MS-Office Professional.

Figure 1: Starting MS-Access

After opening Access as indicated in Figure 1 above, you will be presented with the
Window shown in Figure 2. You can select one of the first two options if you are
creating a new database, then go to the second option. If you want to edit an existing
database, then go to the third option as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Starting an existing file or creating a new database

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Lab Manual Open an existing database

If the database was opened recently on the computer, it will be listed on the main
window (as shown in Figure 2). Highlight the database name and click OK.

Create new database

Unlike other office software, you must save an Access database before you start
working on it. After selecting “Blank Access database”, you will first be prompted to
specify a location and name for the database.

Figure 3: A sample Database Save Screen

You can select the folder where your database should reside and type the name of the
database in the File name and click the Create button.

Database Components

The Database Window as shown below in Figure 4 organizes all of main objects in
the database like tables, queries, form and reports. Further in this we will discuss all
these important components of database, which you will need in your lab exercises.

Figure 4: Database Components

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Introduction to Tables
A Microsoft Access database is a collection of database files, which are also known as
Tables. And each database ( a table) is a collection of records, and a record is a
collection of fields. You can also understand that the tables are a collection of cells
that store information similar to the way an MS-Excel (If you don’t know about Excel
you can go and check it) worksheet does. MS-Access provides three ways to create a
table.

1. Create table in Design view will allow you to create the fields of the table.
(Design view is the best way for you).
2. Create table using wizard. (This is best when you are beginning to learn).
3. Create table by entering data, will give you a blank datasheet with unlabelled
columns that looks much like an Excel worksheet.

Let us introduce you to Soft Garments, wholesalers for shirts, trousers, and T-shirts.
They purchase from various manufacturers and wholesalers. The company has four
departments – Sales, Accounts, Stores and Payroll. There are around 2000 employees
working under the organization. The company wants to maintain a database, which
will store the details and the entire information about all the employees. They want to
store the Employee Code, Employee Name, Date of Birth, Date of Joining,
Designation, Department and Photographs of the Employees.

Now, if the Soft Garments wants to store the employee details, they will have to make
a table, which will be a part of some database. The information about one employee
will make one record of that table, and the information will be stored under fields as
shown in Figure 5, fields are employee ID and fist name and others.

Figure 5: Records and fields of an Employees Table

Each record in a table contains the same set of fields and each field contains the same
type of information for each record.

Introduction to Queries
Queries select records from one or more tables in a database so they can be viewed,
analyzed, and sorted on a common datasheet. The resulting collection of records,
called a dynaset (short for dynamic subset), is saved as a database object and can
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therefore be easily used in the future. The query will be updated whenever the original
tables are updated. Types of queries are select queries that extract data from tables
based on specified values, find duplicate queries that display records with duplicate
values for one or more of the specified fields, and find unmatched queries display
records from one table that do not have corresponding values in a second table.

Figure 6: Creating Queries

Assume that you are a senior executive in the Soft Garments and heading the payroll
department. One day the manager of the company calls you, and wants to know how
many employees are in ‘A’ grade. Will you be in a position to answer that Query,
right at that moment? May be Yes, May be No. Keeping track of 2000 employees is
quite difficult. Not to worry. The manager had a query, he asked you. If you don’t
know the answer, since you kept your data in database, you can ask the ‘Query’ to
your database.

In MS-Access, A Query is a question you ask about the data in your database. The
data that answers the question can be from a single table or several – the query brings
the information together.

For solving the above query asked by the manager you can write the following query
in access SQL view. As shown in Figure 7 after performing this query on the
Employee table you will get the result showing details about employees are who in
Grade A. In this example, you have very few employees listed but it is really helpful
when the number of employees is huge like 2000 or 20000.

SELECT [Employees].[Grade], [Employees].[EmployeeID],

[Employees].[LastName], [Employees].[FirstName], [Employees].[Title]
FROM Employees
WHERE ((([Employees].[Grade])="A"));

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Figure 7: Result of query performed on an Employee table

Forms and Reports

Forms are used as an alternative way to enter data into a database table. There are two
ways in which you can view the data, stored in a table. Those ways are:

Figure 8: Creating Forms

Create Form by Using Wizard

To create a form using the assistance of the wizard, follow these steps:
Click the Create form by using wizard option on the database window. From the
Tables/Queries drop-down menu, select the table or query whose datasheet the form
will modify. Then, select the fields that will be included on the form by highlighting
each one, the Available Fields window and clicking the single right arrow button > to
move the field to the Selected Fields window as shown in Figure 9. To move all of the
fields to Select Fields, click the double right arrow button >>. After the proper fields
have been selected, click the Next button to move on to the next screen.

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Figure 9: Create Employee Form by Using Wizard

Afterwards select the layout and visual style for the form from the next set of options
and click Next. On the final screen, name the form in the space provided. Select
“Open the form to view or enter information” to open the form in Form View or
“Modify the form’s design” to open it in Design View. Click Finish to create the form.

Create Form in Design View

To create a form from scratch without the wizard, follow these steps:
Select “Design View” and choose the table or query the form will be associated with
the form from the drop-down menu. Select View |Toolbox from the menu bar to view
the floating toolbar with additional options. The toolbar contains different controls as
shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10: Different controls in Toolbar

As shown in Figure 11 you can add controls to the form by clicking and dragging the
field names from the Field List floating window. Access creates a text box for the
value and label for the field name when this action is accomplished. To add controls
for all of the fields in the Field List, double-click the Field List window’s title bar and
drag all of the highlighted fields to the form.

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 DBMS Lab

Figure 11: Adding controls to the form

A form is a customized way of viewing, entering and editing records in a database.

You can specify how data is to be displayed when you design the form. Form can be
created to resemble more closely the way data would be entered on paper form so that
the user feels familiar with the operation.

Report
Forms and Queries present the data on screen. Reports are used to present data on
printed-paper. It provides a way to retrieve and present data as meaningful
information, which might include totals and grand totals, which have to be shown
across an entire set of records. Similar to Form in Reports creation also Access
provides two ways for report creation. As shown in Figure 12 you can select any way
of report creation. For example in Figure 13 you can see a report showing summary
report of employee sales and category sale.

Figure 12: Creating reports

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Figure 13: A sample report

3.3 DATABASE CREATION

In the next section let us do some exercises relating to DBMS. The sessions are
structured for your benefit.

Session 1: In this session you need to create database for an Employee management
system of an ABC organisation. The details about different tables are given below.
According to that you can proceed further and create tables using MS-Access.

Create the following tables with the specified constraints:

Employee
First name - Not NULL
Middle initials -
Last name - Not NULL
Employee-id - Primary Key
Date of Birth -
Address -
Gender - M or F
Salary - Range of 5000 to 25000
Date of Joining -
Department number - Refers to Department Number of
Department table.

Department
Department name - Not NULL unique
Department number - Primary Key
Manager_id - Refers to employee-id of employee
table.
Manager date of joining - Not NULL.

Department location
Department number - Refers to Department number of
department table.
Department location - Not NULL.
Department number & Department location are combined Primary Key.

Project
Project name - Not NULL.

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Project number - Primary Key.
Project location - Not NULL.
Department number - Refers to department number of
Department table.

Works-on
Employee-id - Not NULL refers to employee-id of
employee table.
Project number - Not NULL refers to Project number
of Project table.
Hours - Not NULL.
Employee-id & Project number are combined primary key.

Dependent
Employee-id - Refer to employee table employee id
field
Dependent name -
Gender - M or F
Date of Birth - Not NULL
Relationship - Not NULL

Now enter a few sets of meaningful data and answer the following queries.
1. List the department wise details of all the employees.
2. Find out all those departments that are located in more than one location.
3. Find the list of projects.
4. Find out the list of employees working on a project.
5. List the dependents of the employee whose employee id is ‘001’

Session 2:
This session is similar to the previous one, but in this session assume that you are
developing a prototype database of the IGNOU library management system, for that
you need to create the following tables:
(a) Book Records
(b) Book details
(c) Member details and
(d) Book issue details

Structure of the tables are given below:

Table Name Attribute Name

Book Records Accession Number

ISBN Number

Books ISBN Number

Author
Publisher
Price

Members Member Id
Member Name
Maximum Number of books that can be issued
Maximum Number of days for which book can be issued

Book Issue Member Id

Accession Number

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Issue Date
Return Date

You must create constraints, including referential integrity constraints, as appropriate.

Please note accession number is unique for each book. A book, which has no return
date, can be considered as issued book. Enter suitable data into the tables. Now
answer the following:
1. Insert data in all the three tables (use insert).
2. Insert appropriate description associated with each table and the column (use
comment).
3. Display the structure of the tables.
4. Display the comments that you have inserted.
5. Using SELECT statement, write the queries for performing the following
function:
(a) Get the list of all books (No need to find number of copies)
(b) Get the list of all members
(c) Get the Accession number of the books which are available in the library
(d) On return of a book by a member calculate the fine on that book.
(e) List of books issued on 01-Jan-2005
(f) Get the list of all books having price greater than Rs. 500/-
(g) Get the list of members who did not have any book issued at any time.
(h) Get the list of members who have not returned the book.
(i) Display member ID and the list of books that have been issued to him/her
from time to time.
(j) Find the number of copies of each book (A book accession number would
be different but ISBN number would be the same).
(k) Find the number of copies available of a book of given ISBN number.
(l) Get the member ID and name of the members to whom no more books
can be issued, because they have already got as many books issued as the
number for which they are entitled.

3.4 USE OF DBMS TOOLS/ CLIENT-SERVER

MODE
Session 3:
This session is based on Session 2 where you have created a library management
system. In this session you have different query specification. You must create
appropriate forms, reports, graphs, views and data filtering, use of multilevel report,
etc. to answer these queries.

1. Get the list of ISBN-Number, Book name, available copies of the books of
which available copies are greater than zero.
2. Get the list of ISBN-Number, Book name, Total copies, available copies of the
book of which available copies are greater than zero. List should be displayed in
alphabetical order of book name.
3. Get the list of ISBN number, Book name, Author, total copies, cost (cost is
price × total copies). List should be displayed in descending order of cost.
4. Get the list of books issued to each member.
5. Write query to know the maximum and average price of the books.
6. Get the list of all existing members and the number of days for which a member
is allowed to keep the book. Also find out the members who have got the
maximum number of books issued.
7. Get the list of member codes of those members who have more than two books
issued.

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8. Find the details of the books presently issued to a member.
9. Create the history of issue of a book having a typical accession number.
10. To set the width of the book name as 35.

Session 4:
Create the following table and perform the necessary tasks defined below one by one.
You must use the query tools/ SQL/ Reports/ Forms/ Graphs/Views/ using
client/server wherever needed.

1. Create the following table named customer

Column name type size

Customer id Character 10
Name Character 25
Area Character 3
Phone Numeric 7

Insert the appropriate data into table.

a. Update Phone numbers of all customers to have a prefix as your city STD Code
b. Print the entire customer table
c. List the names of those customers who have ‘e’ as second letter in their names.
d. Find out the Customer belonging to area ‘abc’
e. Delete record where area is NULL.
f. Display all records in increasing order of name.
g. Create a table temp from customer having customer-id, name, and area fields
only
h. Display area and number of records within each area (use GROUP by clause)
i. Display all those records from customer table where name starts with ‘a’ or area
is “abc.”
j. Display all records of those where name starts with ‘a’ and phone exchange is
55.

2. Answer the following queries using Library system as created earlier. You must
create a view to know member name and name of the book issued to them, use
any inbuilt function and operators like IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS

a. List the records of members who have not been issued any book using EXISTS
operator.
b. List the members who have got issued at least one book (use IN / ANY
operator).
c. List the books which have maximum Price using ALL operator.
d. Display Book Name, Member Name, Issue date of Book. Create a view of this
query of the currently issued books.

3. Create a table of Employee (emp-number, name, dept, salary) and Department

(dept number, dept name). Insert some records in the tables through appropriate
forms having integrity checks. Add some records in employee table where
department value is not present in department table. Now answer the following
query:

a. Display all records from employee table where department is not found in
department table.
b. Display records from employee table in a report format with proper headings.
This report must also contain those records where department number does not
match with any value of department table.

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c. Display those employee records who have salary less than the salary of person
whose empcode= ‘A100’.
d. Create another table : Sales_data (Region-code, City, Salesperson-code, Sales-
qty).
e. Display records where salesperson has achieved sales more than average sales
of all sales persons of all the regions.

Session 5:
For the following queries use Library System as created by you in earlier sessions.
You must use the query tools/ SQL/ Reports/ Forms/ Graphs/Views/ using
client/server wherever needed.

1. Get the list of books presently issued to the members, along with the names of
the book as well as names of the members.
2. Get the list of the members who
(a) are entitled for more books than that the entitlement of member name
“abc”.
(b) are issued the books for more days than the number of days for “abc”.

3. Find out the history of issuing of a list of books that has been identified during
inspection as damaged books. (Create the necessary tables if needed).
4. Create the tables Item master and Transaction having following format:
Item Master: Transaction:
Item-code item-code
Item-name Quantity
Price Date of transaction
Set the foreign key constraints in the tables and insert at least 5 records having
meaningful data. Now answer the following queries.

a. Display Item-code, Name, Quantity, Date of transaction, where

Sales amount = Quantity *Price using a report.
b. Display all transactions of item ‘X’ using a report.
c. Display all the items whose price is more than the price of item ‘X’.
d. Saving the previous query into a temporary file.
e. Store the database in a new file.
f. Create all the forms for data entry and create at least 5 meaningful reports.

3.5 FORMS AND PROCEDURES

This topic covers design and implementation of different kinds of forms to create user
interactivity. Also, you can design different procedures/triggers to perform different
operations on databases.

Session 6:
1. Create the following tables:
Order party: (Order number, Order date, customer code)
Order: Order number, Item code, Quantity

The key to the second table is order-number + item-code

Create a form for data entry to both the tables.

2. Create a form for storing Bio-data of students. Create the supporting tables to
store the data.

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3. Design a suitable form for storing basic information and salary details of
employees of an organisation. Design and implement the necessary tables.

Session 7:
1. Write a procedure/trigger on department code so such that the validity of the
code is checked and the name of department is automatically displayed on
selection of department code. Assume, design and create the necessary tables
and constraints.

2. Write a procedure/trigger on a numeric field named value1 to check if the

entered value is 1 (Married) or 2 (Unmarried). In case, the entered value is 1
(Married) then the control should pass to a field named ‘spouse name’ or else it
goes to a field named: Father’s Name.

3. Employee code must begin with ‘P’ (Permanent) or ‘T’ (Temporary) and its
second character must be a digit. Write procedure/trigger to check if the entered
value is correct.

4. Write a procedure/trigger to generate Order Number automatically in any of the

order tables created in Session 6.

Session 8:
1. Design a form that shows the status of books pending on a member on entering
the member-id.
2. Design a form that modifies the records of an Item Table having the fields: Item
Code, Item Name, Quantity, Price, Re-order Level.
(a) Enter the Item Code and get all the details from the tables
(b) Check if negative values are entered in the field.

3. Design the form to display the leave information of each employee following.
The validations must be made for the fields:
- Leave information of every employee must be display grouped by month
- Display total of all leave taken.

Let us now perform all the operations you have practiced till now. You must use the
query tools/ SQL/ Reports/ Forms/ Graphs/Views/ procedures/ using client/server
wherever needed.

Session 9:
1. Add one more table employee with fields employee-number, employee-name,
Basic pay, Department in the Library management system.
2. Add a new column Date of Joining in the table.
3. Modify the length of field employee name.
4. Delete the column basic from basic pay.
5. Find the details of members who were issued a book prior to Feb 1st 2005.
6. In previous query 5, list the details of the particular members.
7. In previous query 5, list the details of only two such members.
8. List the details of the persons who have been issued at least one book.
9. List the names of three persons who have not been issued any book.
10. List of members, who are entitled for 5 books or are issued the books for 15
days.
11. List the names of members in fixed length of 30 characters followed by their
codes in parenthesis and with first character of the name in capital.
12. Find the list of the members who have been issued the books having the same
ISBN number.
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13. Display book issue/return data of various books in the following form
Book Accession number. Book Title Issued on Returned on

Session 10:
1. Create the following tables for a video library after normalizing these tables:

Customer
Customer_id Primary Key Not NULL
Name Not NULL
Area
Phone_number
Movie
Movie_no Primary Key Not NULL
Title <film title> Not NULL
Type Action or Thriller or Romance or Comedy or Suspense or
Horror etc.
Actors Not NULL
Rent-Price Not NULL
Rent applicable data part of primary key

Issues
Issue_no Primary Key Not NULL
Movie_no Refers to Movie_no of movie table
Customer_id Refers to Customer_id of Customer table
Issue_date not greater than current date.
Return_date not greater than current date.

Write down SQL statements to perform the following Queries:

1. List the names of all the customers.
2. Print the entire customer table.
3. List the name and area of all the customers.
4. List the various movie types available.
5. List the names of all customers having ‘i’ in any case as the second letter in
their names.
6. List the names of all customers that begin with ‘s’ or ‘j’.
7. Print the list of employees whose phone numbers have area code as 011.
8. Print the information of customers who have been issued movies in the month
of February.
9. List the movies that have been issued to the customers with customer-id
between ‘9000’ and ‘9999’.
10. List the names of movies whose Rent - price is greater than Rs. 100/-.
11. Increase the Rent-price of each movie by 10%. Modify rent applicable data
suitably.
12. List the movies in sorted order of their title, and types of all the movies except
Drama.
13. Find the recovery made from each movie.
14. Calculate the total revenue of all movies.
15. Determine the maximum and minimum movie prices and Rename the title as
Maximum Price.
16. List the Movies which are issued to customers for more than a week.
17. Print the type, average price, total number of prints, for each type of movie.
18. Find out the movies issued to customer ‘X’.

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19. Find out the names of the movies that have been issued to the maximum number
of customers.
20. Display the month in which customers take the maximum number of movies.
21. Display the history sheet of each movie.
22. List the customers who have not been issued any movie in the last 6 months.

3.6 SUMMARY
This section has provided you with problems with respect of creation of database and
integrity using constraints and using an interface and also using SQL commands.
Some of the exercises provided include creation of forms and reports, creation of SQL
queries and an overview of various databases related concepts. We hope by now you
must be familiar with at least one database application and would be able to migrate to
other DBMSs.

3.7 FURTHER READINGS

Reference Books

• MS-Access user guide.

• Microsoft Access 2000 Bible by Cary Prague and Michael Irwin, IDG Books.
• Access 2003 Bible by Cary N. Prague, Michael R. Irwin, Jennifer Reardon;
John Wiley & Sons publication.

Web reference and tutorials

http://mis.bus.sfu.ca/tutorials/MSAccess/tutorials.html
http://www.aspfree.com/c/b/Microsoft-Access/
http://netforbeginners.about.com/od/msaccess/
http://www.vbtutor.net/vbtutor.html
http://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp
http://sirius.cs.ucdavis.edu/teaching/sqltutorial/

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SECTION 4 JAVA PROGRAMMING LAB

Structure Page No.
4.0 Introduction 44
4.1 Objectives 44
4.2 Programming with Java 45
4.3 PATH and CLASSPATH Setting 46
4.4 Example Programs 51
4.5 List of Lab Assignments 52
4.6 Summary 55
4.7 Further Readings 56

4.0 INTRODUCTION
Only at the age of ten, Java became master of programming languages. Its interesting
success has made Java the fastest growing programming language ever. It is a
bouquet of different programming flowers, having peculiar smells, merging the
beauty of all programming languages. You must work with this language to enrich
your skill set and to become an expert programmer.

In this section, a brief introduction to Java is given to understand the strength of the
language you are going to work with. However, if you want to know something in
detail you can always see the corresponding course (MCS-024). We have already
explained the solution of some obvious problems that you may encounter in the first
session while compiling and interpreting your first java program. We have also
explained the compilation and interpretation of example programs using of freely
available software called editplus.

In the end, session wise problems are defined. These problems you should complete
properly before moving to another session. During this section you should learn how
to design and develop good quality of Java applications/ applets rather than simple
scribbling of code.

To successfully complete this section, the learner should adhere to the following:

• Before attending the lab session, the learner must have already written
algorithms and programs in his/her lab record. This activity should be treated as
home work that is to be done before attending the lab session.
• The learner must have already thoroughly studied the corresponding units of
the course material (MCS-024) before attempting to write algorithms and
programs for the programming problems given in a particular lab session.
• Ensure that you include comments in your program. This is a practice which
will enable others to understand your program and enable you to understand the
program written by you after a long time.
• Ensure that the lab record includes algorithms, programs, I/O and complexity
(both time and space) of each program.

4.1 OBJECTIVES
After going through this lab section you will be able to:

• compile and interpret Java programs in DOS and editplus;.

• writes Java programs using sequential, conditional and iterative statements;
• handle arrays of fixed and variable size;
• creating classes and objects using Java;
• implementing constructors and constructor overloading;

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• solving problems using Inheritance and Polymorphism;
• create your own package and interface;
• handling exceptions arising in programs;
• use of multithreading in programs;
• work on strings;
• use GUI components in your programs;
• implement Sockets; and
• connect databases with your programs.

4.2 PROGRAMMING WITH JAVA

The future of computing will revolve around the Internet. Java is a programming
language developed by Sun Microsystems to take care of Internet computing
requirements. Java is a platform independent language, that is why it is very popular
for cross – platform applications and programming on Word Wide Web (WWW).

Java is an Object Oriented Programming Language, which serves the purpose of

Object Oriented Paradigm of Programming. An object oriented language uses the
concept of abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism to provide
flexibility, modularity, and reusability for developing software. The following
features of Java make it popular and a very useful programming language:

Platform Independent: Java programs can run on any machine and operating system
that support Java Virtual Machine as we are showing in Figure 1 where we have
shown that a program after compiling converts into a byte code which is able to
execute on any platform Windows/Linux/Macintosh.

Multithreaded: These capabilities of Java provide the capability to single program

to perform several tasks simultaneously. Multithreading is very useful for developing
applications like animation, GUI, and networks. Unlike other programming
languages, multithreading is integrated to Java. In other programming languages you
have to call operating systems specific procedures to perform the task of
multithreading.

Distributed: Using Java programs simultaneous processing can be done on multiple

computer on the Internet. Java provides strong networking features to write
distributed programs.

Secure: The design of Java has multiple layers of security which ensure proper
access to private data and control over access to disk files.

You will cover major topics of Java Programming in this lab section during problem
solving including programming structures, methods objects, inheritance, exception
handling, multithreading, AWT, I/O, and applets. Because you know C programming
language, it will be easier for you to learn Java programming. It is very important to
keep in mind the object-oriented features during problem solving.

Java is also known as a Modern high-level language due to its characteristics: Simple,
Architecture neutral, Object oriented, Portable, Distributed, High performance,
Interpreted, Multithreaded, Robust, Dynamic, and Secure. The Java programming
language is unusual in the sense that a Java program is both compiled and interpreted
as shown in Figure 1.

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Compiler

BYTECODE

Windows
Mac
Linux

Figure 1: Execution of a Sample Java Program

Now let us see how you will run your Java programs…

4.3 PATH AND CLASSPATH SETTING

To run Java programs you need JDK (Java Development Kit) installed on your
machine. The latest version of JDK you can download from java.sun.com for free. It
is suggested that you should set PATH and CLASSPATH properly before trying to
compile and run your Java programs, otherwise you may not able to compile or run
your program because of improper setting.

PATH Setting
If PATH setting is not proper then whenever you try to compile any program on your
DOS prompt as shown in Figure 2, it does not compile your TestProg program.

Figure 2: Compile TestProg.java

Instead it gives you some strange message about a “Bad Command”. What’s wrong?
Can you guess? You must be thinking that you did not install JDK correctly in your
system but this is not correct answer. The machine says “Bad command” because it
recognizes the commands javac or java. So you simply need to tell DOS that these
commands live in Java’s JDK directory and whenever it doesn’t recognise a
command like javac, it should also check the Java’s JDK directory for a possible
interpretation of this command. This problem can be solved in two ways, one by
using DOS prompt, and another by using My Computer on your window screen.

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Type path at your DOS prompt as demonstrated in Figure 3, you will get a PATH
statement like

PATH=C:WINNT\...;C:\ProgramFiles\.....

Figure 3: Showing PATH Statement

Here the dots represent all kinds of directory names. This is a list of all the places
DOS looks when it is trying to find out what a particular command means. If your
JDK directory is not on this list, your DOS won’t understand the JDK’s commands.
So you need to add it to the list. You can do this by typing.
set path=c:\jdkwhateverItIs\bin;%path%

Whatever is the version of JDK, the above command adds your JDK directory to the
rest of the existing path. If you have put your JDK directory somewhere else, alter the
directory name in the command above appropriately to match the actual location. If
there is any spaces in the command above (except between set and path), path will
not be set properly. Now try to run the Java commands again.

If it still doesn’t work, move your *.java files into the JDK directory and you should
be able to work there (or in the bin subdirectory of the JDK directory).

Here is the problem again because you’ll need to reset your path every time you turn
your machine back on and want to work on the Java programs again. But there is a
way to fix it permanently. You need to alter (edit) your autoexec.bat file, which is in
your main C:\directory. It is suggested to copy this file first to a back up version,
then do the required modifications as told here.
C:\copy autoexec.bat autoexecBACK.bat

This is the file that has all the important settings for making your PC run the way you
want it. One of the settings it makes is the PATH.

Now edit the autoexec.bat file and find the line that sets the path. Add your version
of the "set path=C:/jdk.2...." command (the one you used earlier) after the line that
sets the rest of the path in the autoexec.bat file. Now save the file. Then the next
time you open a DOS window (it maybe required to restart your machine), the PATH
should be set correctly. If you made an error in editing autoexec.bat, things might
not work quite right now. In this case, just copy your back up version of
autoexecBACK.bat back into autoexec.bat and try the whole process again.

CLASSPATH Setting
You may also need to set the CLASSPATH variable, which contains all of the
directories on your machine where the Java compiler and the Java run-time
environment are to search for any files it needs, e.g., if you compile or run the Java

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class TestProg.java, the compiler needs to know that directory. Your autoexec.bat
file or control settings also determine where the javac compiler looks for the Java
code files. For example, if you are writing your code in the directory
c:\jdk1.2\naveen, you would add the following line to your autoexec.bat file:
CLASSPATH: c:\jdk1.2\naveen

You can list (separated by ;) as many directories as possible in your classpath. One
important thing about "." is that it means that javac will always look in the current
directory for the files it needs. For example, to list the current directory, the naveen
directory, and the diskette drive as places where javac should look, you would have
the following classpath:
CLASSPATH: .;c:\jdk1.2\naveen;a:\

This environmental variable can be set the same way as the PATH above. But there
is one shortcut to avoid the CLASSPATH setting. The javac or Java command has an
option that is (classpath option) that allows you to manually configure the classpath
during compilation/execution. For example, to specify that the compiler must look in
the current directory (that is, the "." directory) for the file TestProg.java when
compiling it, you would use the command:
javac -classpath . TestProg.java

In XP/2000/ME machines PATH and CLASSPATH can be set using “My

Computer.”

The process is given as follows:

1. Right click on "My Computer" and Click on Properties.
2. Click on the Advanced tab.
3. Click on the "Environment Variables" button near the bottom.
4. A dialog box comes up with two boxes: In the bottom box, look for "Path" and
highlight that line. Then click on "Edit" .A small dialog box appears. In the
second text field for the value, at the END of the line, add a semicolon then the
path to where your java.exe file is. For example path is like:C:\jdk1.3….\bin
5. Click "OK."
6. Now, in the top box, click on the "New" button.
7. In the first field, enter "classpath" as one word. For the value in the second
field, enter a single period.

This is all you have to do for setting PATH and CLASSPATH. Now you can compile
and run your applications and applets without any problem of PATH and
CLASSPATH. PATH and CLASSPATH setting need to be done only if you are
willing to run programs on DOS prompt. If you write Java programs in some specific
editors like EditPlus, JBbuilderfor etc. then these settings discussed above are editor
dependent.

Now we will learn how EditPlus can be set for Java Programming. EditPlus is
distributed as Shareware. You can freely download and try it for 30 days from
http://www.editplus.com/download.html.
1. Open EditPlus and you will see the window similar to the Figure 4.
2. Select Tools–>Configure User Tools .You will find a dialog Window in which
you have to select a Group Name.
3. Select Group1 as Group Name you can select any.
4. Click on Add Tool >> button and select Program.

Setting for Compilation of Java Programs

5. In front of Menu text: write Compile

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Figure 4: Configure user tools of editplus

6. In front of Command: browse and select C:\jdk1.3.0_01\bin\javac.exe or the

directory where javac.exe file is located. (As shown in Figure 5)
7. In front of Argument: select $(FileName)
8. In front of Initial directory: select $(FileDir)
9. Select Capture output box.
10. Select Save open files box.

Figure 5: Setting editplus to compile Programs

Setting for Running Java Application Programs

11. In front of Menu text: write Run (as shown in Figure 6 given below)
12. In front of Command: browse and select C:\jdk1.3.0_01\bin\java.exe or the
Directory where java.exe file is located.
13. In front of Argument: select $(FileNameNoExt)
14. In front of Initial directory: Leave black
15. Select Capture output box.
16. Select Save open files box.

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Figure 6: Setting editplus to run Java Application Programs

Setting for running Java Applet Programs

17. In front of Menu text: write AppletViewer (as shown in Figure 7 given below)
18. In front of Command: browse and select C:\jdk1.3.0_01\bin\appletviewer.exe
or the Directory where appletviewer.exe file is located.
19. In front of Argument: select $(FileName)
20. In front of Initial directory: Leave black
22. Select Save open files box.

Figure 7: Setting editplus to run Java Applets

Now you will find that three more items Compile, Run, and AppletViewer are added
to the Tools menu of EditPlus. For Compile ctrl+1, for Run ctrl+2, and for
AppletViewer ctrl+3 can be used.

EditPlus is set to be used for Java Programming. Let us take one application and one
applet Program running using EditPlus.

4.4 EXAMPLE PROGRAMS

In this we will explain how to compile and run application program as well as
applets.

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1. Write your program Welcome_Application.java in EditPlus as demonstrated in
Figure 8.
2. Compile using ctrl+1 button
3. Run using ctrl+2 button

Figure 8: Compile and run application program in EditPlus

In case of Applet first you write applet as shown in Figure 9.

1. Compile using ctrl+1 button similar to the previous way.
2. Run it using ctrl+3 button as shown in Figure 10 but take care you are applying
ctr+3 on appropriate HTML file or not.

Figure 9: Compile applet in EditPlus

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Figure 10: Run applet in applet viewer using editplus

4.5 LIST OF LAB ASSIGNMENTS

Session 1:
Data types, variables and operators

Exercise 1: Write a program in Java to implement the formula (Area = Height ×

Width) to find the area of a rectangle. Where Height and Width are the rectangle’s
height and width.

Exercise 2: Write a program in Java to find the result of following expression

(Assume a = 10, b = 5)
i) (a < < 2) + (b > > 2)
ii) (a) | | (b > 0)
iii) (a + b ∗100) / 10
iv) a&b

Exercise 3: Write a program in Java to explain the use of break and continue
statements.

Exercise 4: Write a program in Java to find the average of marks you obtained in
your 10+2 class.

Session 2: Statements and array

Exercise1: Write a program in Java to find A×B where A is a matrix of 3×3 and B is
a matrix of 3×4. Take the values in matrixes A and B from the user.

Exercise 2: Write a program in Java to compute the sum of the digits of a given
integer. Remember, your integer should not be less than the five digits. (e.g., if input
is 23451 then sum of the digits of 23451will be 15)

Session 3: Class and Objects

Exercise 1: Write a program in Java with class Rectangle with the data fields width,
length, area and colour. The length, width and area are of double type and colour is of
string type .The methods are set_ length () , set_width (), set_ colour(), and find_ area
(). Create two object of Rectangle and compare their area and colour. If area and

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color both are the same for the objects then display “Matching Rectangles”,
otherwise display “Non matching Rectangle”.

Exercise 2: Create a class Account with two overloaded constructors. The first
constructor is used for initializing, the name of account holder, the account number
and the initial amount in the account. The second constructor is used for initializing
the name of the account holder, the account number, the addresses, the type of
account and the current balance. The Account class is having methods Deposit (),
Withdraw (), and Get_Balance(). Make the necessary assumption for data members
and return types of the methods. Create objects of Account class and use them.

Exercise 3: Write a program in Java to create a stack class of variable size with
push() and pop () methods. Create two objects of stack with 10 data items in both.
Compare the top elements of both stack and print the comparison result.

Session 4: Inheritance and polymorphism

Exercise 1: Write a Java program to show that private member of a super class
cannot be accessed from derived classes.

Exercise 2: Write a program in Java to create a Player class. Inherit the classes
Cricket _Player, Football _Player and Hockey_ Player from Player class.

Exercise 3: Write a class Worker and derive classes DailyWorker and

SalariedWorker from it. Every worker has a name and a salary rate. Write method
ComPay (int hours) to compute the week pay of every worker. A Daily Worker is
paid on the basis of the number of days s/he works. The Salaried Worker gets paid
the wage for 40 hours a week no matter what the actual hours are. Test this program
to calculate the pay of workers. You are expected to use the concept of polymorphism
to write this program.

Exercise 4: Consider the trunk calls of a telephone exchange. A trunk call can be
ordinary, urgent or lightning. The charges depend on the duration and the type of the
call. Writ a program using the concept of polymorphism in Java to calculate the
charges.

Session 5: Package and Interface

Exercise 1: Write a program to make a package Balance in which has Account class
with Display_Balance method in it. Import Balance package in another program to
access Display_Balance method of Account class.

Exercise 2: Write a program in Java to show the usefulness of Interfaces as a place to

keep constant value of the program.

Exercise 3: Create an Interface having two methods division and modules. Create a
class, which overrides these methods.

Exercise 4: Write a program in Java which implements interface Student which has
two methods Display_Grade and Atrendance for PG_Students and UG_Students
(PG_Students and UG_Students are two different classes for Post Graduate and
Under Graduate students respectively).

Session 6: Exception Handling

Exercise 1: Write a program in Java to display the names and roll numbers of
students. Initialize respective array variables for 10 students. Handle
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExeption, so that any such problem doesn’t cause illegal
termination of program.

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Exercise 2: Write a Java program to enable the user to handle any chance of divide
by zero exception.

Exercise 3: Create an exception class, which throws an exception if operand is non-

numeric in calculating modules. (Use command line arguments).

Exercise 4: On a single track two vehicles are running. As vehicles are going in same
direction there is no problem. If the vehicles are running in different direction there is
a chance of collision. To avoid collisions write a Java program using exception
handling. You are free to make necessary assumptions.

Session 7: Multithreading
Exercise 1: Write a Java program to create five threads with different priorities. Send
two threads of the highest priority to sleep state. Check the aliveness of the threads
and mark which thread is long lasting.

Exercise 2: Write a program to launch 10 threads. Each thread increments a counter

variable. Run the program with synchronization.

Exercise 3: Write a program for generating 2 threads, one for printing even numbers
and the other for printing odd numbers.

Exercise 4: Write a Java program using thread synchronization in multithreading

(You can take some objects visible on screen for real time effect).

Session 8: Reading, Writing and String handling in Java

Exercise 1: Writ a program in Java to create a String object. Initialize this object with
your name. Find the length of your name using the appropriate String method. Find
whether the character ‘a’ is in your name or not; if yes find the number of times ‘a’
appears in your name. Print locations of occurrences of ‘a’ .Try the same for
different String objects.

Exercise 2: Write a program in Java for String handling which performs the
following:
i) Checks the capacity of StringBuffer objects.
ii) Reverses the contents of a string given on console and converts the resultant
string in upper case.
iii) Reads a string from console and appends it to the resultant string of ii.

Exercise 3: Write a program for searching strings for the first occurrence of a
character or substring and for the last occurrence of a character or substring.

Exercise 4: Write a program in Java to read a statement from console, convert it into
upper case and again print on console.

Exercise 5: Write a program in Java, which takes the name of a file from user, read
the contents of the file and display it on the console.

Exercise 6: Write a Java program to copy a file into another file.

Session 9: Applets and its applications

Exercise 1: Write a Java Applet program which reads your name and address in
different text fields and when a button named find is pressed the sum of the length of
characters in name and address is displayed in another text field. Use appropriate
colors, layout to make your applet look good.

Exercise 2: Create an applet which displays a rectangle/string with specified colour

& coordinate passed as parameter from the HTML file.

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Exercise 3: Create an applet which will display the calendar of a given date.

Exercise 4: Write a program to store student’s detail using Card Layout.

Exercise 5: Write a Java Applet program, which provides a text area with horizontal
and vertical scrollbars. Type some lines of text in the text area and use scrollbars for
movements in the text area. Read a word in a text field and find whether the word is
in the content of the text area or not.

Session 10: Networking and other advanced feature and JAVA

Exercise 1: Write a Java program to find the numeric address of the following web
sites
i. www.ignou.ac.in
ii. www.indiatimes.com
iii. www.rediff.com
iv. www.apple.com

In addition to this, find the Internet Address of your local host.

Exercise 2: Create an applet which takes name and age as parameters and display the
message “<name> is <age> year old.”. Print the URL of the class file.

Exercise 3: Write a program to test Socket functionality for appropriate hostname

and port number.

Exercise 4: Write a Java program to connect to a database created in

MS–ACCESS/SQL–SERVER/ORACLE using JDBC concept. Perform basic
operations of Selection, Insertion and Deletion on the database.

4.6 SUMMARY
In the beginning of the section we aimed to provide you a first step assistance to Java
programming. In this section, we discussed the basics and importance of working
with Java. Though some of these topics you have already studied in your course
material of MCS-024, working on something and simply studying have many
differences. In the beginning of this section we laid emphasis on the most
fundamental concepts and mechanisms provided by Java language. How you will
start working on Java (starting from downloading jdk) this section provided you
interactive guidance so you can start working on Java. We showed you how you can
start compiling and executing your program using freely downloadable software
known as editplus or DOS with the help of a suitable example. More stress has been
laid on the compiling and executing of the first program and related troubleshooting.
This enables better utilization of lab hours and learners will feel motivated to work
with software without getting trapped in the problem (at least not in the beginning).
Further, in this section the learner had ten sessions including programming problems
which s/he should complete in lab. More stress has been laid on programming using
multithreading, strings, inheritance, exception handling and applets as it is regarded
as a very special skill. It is very important to attend the lab sessions after doing the
necessary homework.

You must have completed all your lab sessions successfully. You should take
printouts of all your lab exercises with the output of program. (It is better to make a
file for all your lab exercises.) If you had executed programs successfully in lab
without sufficient preparation, as indicated in the beginning, then it is very important
to assess the efficiency (space and time complexities) of the program.

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4.7 FURTHER READINGS

The following are the books and website references with you can use in your lab
course:

Books on Java
1. Java: An Introduction to Computer Science and Programming by Walter
Savitch.
2. Problem Solving with Java by Elliot B. Koffman and Ursula Wolz.
3. Introduction to Programming Using Java: An Object-Oriented Approach by
David M. Arnow and Gerald Weiss.
4. David M. Arnow and Gerald Weiss, Introduction to Programming Using Java:
An Object-Oriented Approach, Addison-Wesley.
5. Ken Arnold, James Gosling, and David Holmes, The Java Programming
Language (Third Edition), Addison-Wesley.
6. Judith Bishop, Java Gently: Programming Principles Explained (Third Edition),
Addison-Wesley.

Tutorials on web
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/index.html
http://www.ibiblio.org/javafaq/javatutorial.html
http://herzberg.ca.sandia.gov/JavaCourse/
http://www.sunncity.com/Tutorial_Java/partOne/start.html
http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/cmp/online/CS24L/java/jdkintro.htm

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