ABS MOTOR

- KARTHIK.R

18BEE1053
 INTRODUCTION
An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on
aircraft and on land vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses.

ABS operates by preventing the wheels from locking up during braking, thereby
maintaining tractive contact with the road surface.

ABS is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and
cadence braking, techniques which were once practised by skillful drivers before
ABSes were widespread. ABS operates at a much faster rate and more
effectively than most drivers could manage.

Although ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping
distances on dry and some slippery surfaces, on loose gravel or snow-covered
surfaces ABS may significantly increase braking distance, while still improving
steering control.

Since ABS was introduced in production vehicles, such systems have become
increasingly sophisticated and effective. Modern versions may not only prevent
wheel lock under braking, but may also alter the front-to-rear brake bias.
 CONCEPT OF ABS
The theory behind anti-lock brakes is simple. A
skidding wheel (where the tire contact patch is
sliding relative to the road) has less traction than a
non- skidding wheel. If the vehicle have been stuck
on ice and if the wheels are spinning then the
vehicle have no traction.
This is because the contact patch is sliding relative
to the ice. By keeping the wheels from skidding
while you slow down, anti-lock brakes benefit you
in two ways: You'll stop faster, and you'll be able to
steer while you stop.
Good drivers have always pumped the brake pedal
during panic stops to avoid wheel lock up and the
loss of steering control. ABS simply gets the
pumping job done much faster and in much precise
manner than the fastest human foot.
 PRINCIPLE OF ABS

-The brakes of vehicle not equipped with

ABS will almost immediately lock the
wheels, when the driver suddenly applies
the brake. In this case the vehicle slides
rather than rolls to a stop.
-The skidding and lack of control was
caused by the locking of wheels. The
release and reapply of the brake pedal will
avoid the locking of the wheels which in
turn avoid the skidding. This is exactly
what an antilock braking system does.
PRESSURE MODULATION :-

• -When the brake pedal is pumped or pulsed the pressure is quickly applied and released at the
wheels. This is called pressure modulation. Pressure modulation works to prevent the wheel
locking. ABS can modulate the pressure to the brake as often as 15 times per seconds. By
modulating the pressure to the brakes the friction between the tires and the road is maintained
and the vehicle is able to come to the controllable stop.Steering is another important
consideration. As long as a tire doesn’t slip it goes only in the direction in which it is turned. But
once it is skid it has little or no directional stability.
• -The Maneuverability of the vehicle is reduced if the front wheels are locked and the stability of
the vehicle is reduced if the rear wheels are locked.
• -ABS precisely controls the slip rate of the wheels to ensure maximum grip force from the tyre
and it there by ensures maneuverability and stability of the vehicle. ABS control module
calculates the slip rate of the wheels based on the vehicle speed and speed of the wheels, and
then it controls the brake fluid pressure to attain the target slip rate.
• -During ABS operation, the target slip rate can be from 10 to 30%. 0% slip means the wheel is
rolling freely, while 100 % means the wheel is fully locked. A slip rate of 25 % means the
velocity of a wheel is 25 % less than that of a freely rolling wheel at the same vehicle speed.
 ABS COMPONENTS

It has four main components

1. speed sensors
2. Valves
3. Pump
4. Controller

1.Speed Sensors :-

It is used to calculate the acceleration and deceleration of the wheel. It consists of a

toothed wheel and an electromagnetic coil or a magnet and a Hall Effect sensor to
generate signal. When the wheel or differentials of the vehicle rotates, it induces
magnetic field around the sensor. The fluctuation in this magnetic field generates voltage
in the sensor. This voltage generated sends signals to the controller. With the help of the
voltage the controller reads the acceleration and deceleration of the wheel.
2.Valves :-

Each brake line which is controlled by the ABS has a valve. In some of the systems, the valve works on three
positions.
1. In position one, the valve remains open; and pressure from the master cylinder passed through it to the
brake.
2. In position two, the valve blocks the line and separates the brake from the master cylinder. And this
prevents the further rise of the pressure to the brakes. Valve operates in second position when the driver
applies the brake harder.
3. In position three, some of the pressure from the brake is released by the valve.

The clogging of the valve is the major problem in ABS. When the valve is clogged, it becomes difficult for the
valve to open, close or change position. When the valve is in inoperable condition, it prevents the system form
modulating the valves and controlling pressure to the brakes.
 
3.Pump :-
Pump is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valve releases the pressure. When the
controller detects wheel slip, it sends signals to release the valve. After the valve releases the pressure supplied
from the driver, it restore a desired amount of pressure to the braking system. The controller modulates (adjust)
the status of the pump so as to provide desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping of the wheel.
 
4.Controller :-
The controller used in the ABS system is of ECU type. Its main function is to receives information from each
individual wheel speed sensors and if a wheel loses its traction with the ground, a signal is sent to the controller,
the controller than limit the brake force (EBD) and activate the ABS modulator. The activated ABS modulator
actuates the braking valves on and off and varies the pressure to the brakes.
 WORKING OF ABS
▪ The controller (ECU-Electronic Control Unit) reads the signal from each of the speed
sensors of the wheel.
▪ As the brakes are suddenly applied by the driver, this makes the wheel to decelerate
at faster rate and may cause the wheel to Lock.
▪ As the ECU reads the signal which indicates the rapid decrease in the speed of the
wheel, it sends signal to the valve which makes the valve close and the pressure to
the brake pad reduces and prevents the wheel from locking.
▪ The wheel again starts to accelerate, again the signal sends to the controller, this
time it opens the valve, increasing the pressure to the brake pad and brakes are
applied, this again reduces the speed of the wheel and tries to make it stop.
▪ This process of applying brakes and releasing it happens 15 times in a second when
a driver suddenly applies the brake harder. Due to this the locking of the wheel is
prevented and the skidding of the vehicle eliminated. During braking with ABS
system, the driver can steer the vehicle and reduces the risk of vehicle collision.
 USES OF ABS
• The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration of the car is impossible
(and in actuality the rapid deceleration means the wheel is about to slip), so it
reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration, then it increases
the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can do this very quickly, before
the wheel can actually significantly change speed. The result is that the wheel
slows down at the same rate as the car, with the brakes keeping the wheels very
near the point at which they will start to lock up. This gives the system maximum
braking power.

• This replaces the need to manually pump the brakes while driving on a slippery or
a low traction surface, allowing to steer even in most emergency braking
conditions.

• When the ABS is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal; this
comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. This pulsing also tells the
driver that the ABS has been triggered.
Advantages :-
1.It prevents the locking of the wheel and thus eliminates
the chance of skidding.
2.The skidding of the vehicle is completely removed, which
results in excellent control during braking?
3.A better steering control is obtained with the ABS system.
4.It reduces the chance of collision by 30 %.
Disadvantages :-
A vehicle equipped with ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)
is costlier as compared with a vehicle without ABS.