Hydraulics Prof. B.S.

Thandaveswara

18.2 Establish the conditions for maximum discharge and

maximum velocity - a relation between depth and diameter
using chezy equation and Manning equation as shown in
table for a Circular Channel.
Show that

Manning's equation Chezy's equation

Maximum conveyance y y
= 0.938 or 302 22' = 0.95 or 308
d0 d0
Maximum velocity y y
0.81 = 0.81
d0 d0
256 27' 56'' θ = 257 27'

Solution
Chezy equations

(a) Circular section (Maximum discharge)

r2 T
A= (θ − sin θ )
2
p = rθ , Q = AC RS
r2 52
Q= (θ − sin θ ) C RS0 d0 y
2
θ
r2 r (θ − sin θ )
Q= (θ − sin θ ) C S0
2 2 θ
⎡ r2 ⎤
⎢ A (θ − sin θ )
r ⎥
⎢∵ R = = 2 = (θ − sin θ ) ⎥
⎢ P rθ 2θ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

Q=
(θ − sin θ )
3/ 2 5/ 2
r
S0 C
θ1/ 2 2 2

1/ 2
d ⎡ A3 ⎤ dA dP
⎢ ⎥ = 3P −A =0
dθ ⎣⎢ P ⎦⎥ dθ dθ

Let x = (θ − sin θ ) θ −0.5 ;

3/ 2

xr 5 / 2
Q= S0 C
2 2

Differentiating x w.r.t to θ and equating to zero.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

dx ⎡ 3 −0.5 ⎤ ⎡ 1 3/ 2 ⎤
= ⎢ (θ − sin θ ) (1 − cos θ )(θ ) ⎥ − ⎢ θ −3 / 2 (θ − sin θ ) ⎥ = 0
1/ 2
dθ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦

3 (θ − sin θ )
1/ 2 3/ 2
1 θ − sin θ ⎞
= (1 − cos θ ) = ⎛⎜ ⎟
2 θ 2⎝ θ ⎠

θ − sin θ
3 (1 − cos θ ) =
θ

sin θ = θ ( 3 cos θ − 2 ) ;

θ = 308 Radians.

Then the depth for maximum discharge.

θ⎞
⎛
(
y = r + r cos ⎜180 − ⎟ = r 1 + cos 26 = 1.899r
⎝ 2⎠
)
128
308 − 180 = = 64 ,
2
90 - 64 = 26

⎡ 1.899 ⎤
y = 0.95do ⎢∵ = 0.95⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦

(a) Manning Equation - Maximum Discharge

d ⎡ 2/ 3⎤
AR =0
dθ ⎣ ⎦

1/ 3
d ⎡ A5 ⎤
⎢ 2⎥ =0
dθ ⎢⎣ P ⎥⎦

dA dP
5P − 2A =0
dθ dθ

dA r 2 ⎡ r2 ⎤
= (1 − cos θ ) ⎢∵ A = (θ − sin θ ) ⎥
dθ 2 ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥

dP
=r [∵ P = rθ ]
dθ

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

⎛ r2 ⎞ r2
∴ 5 ( rθ ) ⎜ ⎟ (1 − cos θ ) − 2 (θ − sin θ ) r = 0
⎜ 2 ⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠

r3
5 θ (1 − cos θ ) = r 3 (θ − sin θ )
2

1
∴ θ (1 − cos θ ) = (θ − sin θ )
2 .5

5θ (1 − cos θ ) = 2 (θ − sin θ )

5θ − 5θ cos θ = 2θ − 2 sin θ

3θ = 5θ cos θ − 2 sin θ

θ = 302 22'
θ d0
y = r − r cos = 1.876r = 1.876
2 2

∴ y = 0.938 d 0

(b) Circular section (Maximum velocity)

Using Manning equation

r2 r ⎛ sin θ ⎞
A = (θ − sin θ ) ; R = ⎜1 −
2 2⎝ θ ⎟⎠

V ∝R

d ⎡ 2/ 3⎤
R =0
dθ ⎣ ⎦

d ⎡ A2 / 3 ⎤
⎢ 2/ 3 ⎥ = 0
dθ ⎢⎣ P ⎥⎦

dA dP
P −A =0
dθ dθ

⎡ r2 ⎤ r2
( rθ ) ⎢ (1 − cos θ )⎥ − (θ − sin θ ) r = 0
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ 2

r3 r3
∴ θ (1 − cos θ ) = (θ − sin θ )
2 2

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

−θ cos θ + sin θ = 0

θ = tan θ

θ = 257 27' 56'' ≈ 257 30'

⎛ 257.5 ⎞
The depth of water for maximum velocity is y = r + r cos ⎜180 − ⎟ = r + r cos 51.25 =
⎝ 2 ⎠

0.81 diameter = 0.81d0

Problem
What would be the difference in discharge when it is running full and when it is

yn
under = 0.938
d0

Solution
yn
= 0.938 AR 2 / 3
= 0.3353
d0 d08 / 3
yn
= 1 .0 AR 2 / 3
= 0.3117
d0 d08 / 3

Qmax 0.3353
= = 1.0757
Q full 0.3117

i.e. Maximum discharge is 7.6% higher than discharge in pipe when flowing full.

If Manning's equation is used.

yn
If Chezy's equation is used, = 0.95
d0

A
= 0.77072
d02

P
= 2.69057
d0

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

A
R d02
= = 0.28645
d0 P
d0

AR1 / 2
∴ = 0.41249
d 05 / 2

AR1 / 2 π d02 d0 π 1
When full = = = 0.39269
d 05 / 2 4 4 4 4

Qmax 0.41249
= = 1.0504
Q full 0.39269

∴ 5.04% excess.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras