PROJECT REPORT

TRAINING AT:
JAMSHEDPUR UTILITIES AND SERVICES
COMPANY LTD. (JUSCO), JAMSHEDPUR

COLLEGE:
INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES, DHANBAD

SUBMITTED BY:

HIMANSHU WAZE

B.TECH, ELECTRICAL ENGG.

2009JE0734
JUSCO – An overview
In a first of a kind initiative in India, the Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCO)
was carved out of Tata Steel from its Town Services Division in 2004. In JUSCO, the steel
major reposed nine decades of experience and expertise. The mandate for JUSCO was to
convert an obligatory service into a customer focused sustainable corporate entity.

Jamshedpur Utilities & Services Company is today India’s only comprehensive urban
infrastructure service provider. A Tata Enterprise, its services focus on the Tata Group
Purpose “to improve the quality of life of the communities we serve”.

The Group purpose is reflected in JUSCO’s Mission of providing “quality services for life”. Its
services include water, power, infrastructure, public health and horticulture services. JUSCO
works alongside civic bodies, large and small industries, local government bodies,
communities and individuals to deliver value through sustainable solutions.

The Company believes that a clear sense of the Tata Values and Mission allows it to achieve
immense clarity on its role for the future. JUSCO intends to rise to the challenge of meeting
India's need for infrastructure development in a sustainable manner by anticipating and
addressing the country's growth needs such that the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs is not compromised.

POWER DISTRIBUTION
Power is the most critical infrastructure required in India. By 2011-12, India needs to add
150,000 MW to its existing capacity. With the introduction of various Power Sector Reform
more emphasis has been laid on quantify the energy losses.

AT&C losses are a significant factor in improving performance standards. JUSCO uses its
experience and expertise to ensure that the overall level of AT&C losses in Jamshedpur
distribution system remains at about 8% against about 24% of other distributors. We are
also using the capabilities of our team to continuously work towards achieving further
reduction in the AT&C Losses in our distribution system. Our aspiration is to reach world
class bench mark in AT&C losses.

The Power Services Division holds two licenses for the purchase, sale and distribution of
electricity; augmenting and maintaining the power distribution infrastructure.

Jamshedpur Operations - India's first Private Power Utilities Company to manage operation
and distribution for the entire city since 1923

Seraikela Kharsawan Operations - First district in the country where two utilities have been
allowed to build parallel network for distribution of power
 To study the operation and
functioning of different elements
of an electrical substation

Electrical substation
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system,
where voltage is transformed from high to low, or the reverse, or many other important
functions. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant
and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.

A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the
current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current
for domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes from the days before
the distribution system became a grid. The first substations were connected to only one
power station where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power
station.

The electrical substation at Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company Ltd (JUSCO), A TATA
enterprise is 132kV/33kV substation.
Layout of the substation at JUSCO, Jamshedpur
Elements of a substation:
Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more
transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits
or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use
recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution circuits. Substations do not
usually have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other
devices such as capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation.

Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-

purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations. Indoor
substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the transformers, for
reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution
conditions.

Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly earthed to protect people from
high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults at a substation can
cause a ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's surface during a fault can
cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a
person's feet; this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution.

Electrical substation model side-view

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side

1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines 4.Transformer for measurement of
electric voltage 5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current transformer 8.Lightning
arrester 9.Main transformer 10.Control building 11.Security fence 12.Secondary power lines
1. Over head contactor:
 Power source: TATA power
 Rating of the transmission line :
Primary side: 132kV, 50Hz
Secondary side: 33kV, 50Hz
 Uses ACSR type conductors(MOOSE type)
Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (or ACSR) cable is a specific type of high-capacity,
high-strength stranded cable typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are
aluminium, chosen for its excellent conductivity, low weight and low cost. The centre strand
is of steel for the strength required to support the weight without stretching the aluminium
due to its ductility. This gives the cable an overall high tensile strength.
ACSR cables are available in several specific sizes, with multiple centre steel wires and
correspondingly larger quantities of aluminium conductors. For example, an ACSR cable with
72 aluminium conductors that requires a core of 7 steel conductors will be called 72/7 ACSR
cable.
The higher resistance of the steel core is of no consequence to the transmission of electricity
since it is located far below the skin depth where essentially no AC current flows.

2. Lightning arrester (LA):

TYPES OF LIGHTNING STROKES

1. Direct stroke 2. Indirect stroke

1. Direct stroke – In the direct stroke, the lightning discharge (i.e. current path) is directly
from the cloud to the subject equipment e.g. an overhead line. From the line, the current
path may be over the insulators down the pole to the ground. The over voltages set up due
to the stroke may be large enough to flash over this path directly to the ground. The direct
strokes can be of two types:

(i) Stroke A and (ii) stroke B.

(i) In stroke A, the lightning discharge is from the cloud to the subject equipment i.e. an
over- head line in this case as shown in Fig 4 (i).The cloud will induce a charge of opposite
sign on the tall object (eg. an overhead line in this case). When the potential between the
clouds exceeds the breakdown value of air, the lightning discharge occurs between the
cloud and the line.

(ii) In stroke B, the lightning discharge occurs on the overhead line as a result of stroIj4
between the clouds as shown in Fig. 4 (ii). There are three clouds P, Q and R having positive,
negative and positive charges respectively. The charge on the cloud Q is bound by the cloud
R. If the cloud P shifts too near the cloud Q then lightning discharge will occur between
them and charges on both these clouds disappear quickly. The result is that charge on cloud
R suddenly becomes free and it then discharges rapidly to earth ignoring tall objects.

2. Indirect stroke – Indirect strokes result from the electro statically induced charges on the
conductors due to the presence of charged clouds. This is illustrated in fig 5. A positively
cloud is above the line and induces a negative charge on the line by electrostatic induction.
This negative charge will be only on that portion of the line right under the cloud and the
portions of the line away from it will be positively charged as shown in Fig 5. The induced
positive charge leaks slowly to earth via the insulators. When the cloud discharges to earth
or to another cloud, the negative charge on the wire is isolated as it cannot flow quickly to
earth over the insulators. The result is that a negative charges rush along the line is both
directions in the form of travelling waves. Majority of surges in transmission lines are caused
by indirect lightning strokes.

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on
the system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been
used for power system protection since the mid 1970s. The typical lightning arrester also
known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a
lightning surge or switching surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the
current from the surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.

An LA provides a low impedance path for lightning to the ground and simultaneously a high
resistance path for transmission current, thus restricting any loss of useful power.

High impedance, 50Hz (low leakage current 0.6-0.7a)

Low impedance, for lightning, shunts it to ground

3. Capacitive Voltage Transformer:

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage transformer (CCVT)

is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide
a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic
form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission line
signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and a
transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for the instrumentation or
protective relay. The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high
voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which connect to the
instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for
measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage
transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C1 is often constructed as a
stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large voltage drop across C1
and a relatively small voltage drop across C2.The CVT is also useful in communication
systems. CVTs in combination with wave traps are used for filtering high frequency
communication signals from power frequency. This forms a carrier communication network
throughout the transmission network.

V (across C1+C2) = 132 kV

V (across C2) = 20kV (hence can be easily

measured
4. Wave trap:

A transmission line carries 2 types of signals:

1. Power Signals: high voltage(kV’s or MV’s), low frequency ( 50-100 Hz)

2. Communication Signals : Low voltage, high frequency ( kHz or MHz)

It thus becomes necessary to differentiate between the two signals in order to have
effective transmission of power signals. A wave trap does the necessary job by filtering the
communication signals.

A wave trap is also used for security purposes.

A signal is sent from the generating station in the form of electrical energy (using a
transducer). The abnormality is detected by the wave trap. The secondary side of the
transformer (33kV) is tripped which acts as a no load condition for the transformer and thus
minimum power is drawn.

5. Current Transformer:

In electrical engineering, a current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric

currents. Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential
transformers (PT)), are known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too
high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced
current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently
connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the
measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit.
Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical
power industry.

Rating/Class of CT: broadly classified CT’s may be of 3 types, but they can be clubbed
together into 2 precisely differentiable classes.

1. Metering type : 0.5, 0.1, 1, 2 ,5

The value gives the error value of the instrument transformer. Thus a 0.5 CT has an
error of +-0.5%. Such CT’s saturate easily
 2. Protection type :

i) 5p10, 5p20

Here “p” stands for “protection”. Thus this CT is protection type. Here 10 or
20 depicts that even if the value of current is 10 or 20 times the rated
current, the error in measurement of CT is 5%. In these type CT’s the core
saturates easily which is the major reason for their poor accuracy levels.

ii) ii) PS or Purchase Specific

Depending on the value of knee point voltage or magnetising current, these

types of CT’s provide necessary protection.

6. Breaker:

A circuit breaker is used to cut-off the power supply in case an abnormality is detected. The
fault is first detected by a CT which transmits a signal through relay circuits to the circuit
breaker. A breaker is nothing but a switch operated through changes in power signals.

Fault------->CT-------->Relay circuit-------->Breaker

It is also used for arc quenching. The medium however depends upon the voltage levels.

For voltage levels less than or equal to 33kV, vacuum is the medium.

For voltage levels greater than 33kV up to 440 kV SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride)

The switching times of a circuit breaker should be minimum in order to avoid any danger.

Here at JUSCO, the times are:

Voltage ON/OFF Time

132 kV ON 30ms
132kV OFF <25ms
33kV ON 60+-10% ms
33kV OFF 40+-10% ms
7. Isolator:

In electrical engineering, an isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can
be completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in
electrical distribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its source of
driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and
transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. Isolating switches are commonly
fitted to domestic extractor fans when used in bathrooms in the UK. Often the isolation
switch is not intended for normal control of the circuit and is only used for isolation.

Isolator switches have provisions for a padlock so that inadvertent operation is not possible.
In high voltage or complex systems, these padlocks may be part of a trapped-key interlock
system to ensure proper sequence of operation. In some designs the isolator switch has the
additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an
arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where
both end of the circuit need to be isolated.

The major difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an isolator is an off-
load device intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other
control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the
isolator while it supplies a circuit.

8. Transformer:

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the
first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a
varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called
mutual induction. If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the
secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through
the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary
winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the
number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

Vs/Vp= Ns/Np

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating

current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by
making Ns less than Np. In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are coils wound
around a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception. Transformers
range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone
to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of power grids. All
operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains")
voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically practical.
The transformer at JUSCO, Jamshedpur uses a transformer of YNyn0d11 configuration type
transformer.

YNyn0d11 configuration of a transformer