9.

1 GENERAL

NEED TO TAKE HUMAN FACTOR INTO ACCOUNT:

1) Human Factor:
 Study of human capablities and limtationsin the work place

2) Aim of human factor:

 Optimze the relationship between maintenance personnel and systems with
the view to improving safety , efficiency and well-Being

3) Human factors includes:

 Physiology, psychology, work place design , environmental condition, human
machine interface, anthropometrics

4) SHELL model:
 Software - Maintenance Procedure, manuals, checklist layouts
 Hardware - tools, test equipment,physical struture of aircraft, design of flight
decks, positionaing and operating sense of controls and instrument
 Environment- physical environment, working environment
 LIveware- Maintenance engineers, supervisors, planners, managers

5) Interfaces between SHEL model:

 S- Misinterpretation of procedures, badly written manuals, poorly designed
check lists , untested (or) difficult to use softwares
 H-Not enough tools, inappropriate equipment, poor aircraft design for
maintainability
 E- Uncomfortable work place, inadequate hanger space, extreme
temperature, excessive noise, poor lighting
 L- Relationship with other people , shortage of man power , lack of
supervision, lack of support from managers

6) Error chain:
 If we can break just one link of the chain , the accident does not happen

7) Murphy’s Law:
 If something goes wrong it will happen

8) Note:
 Errors with no bad effects can be good
 When an error occurs in maintenance system of an airline , the engineer
who last worked on the aircraft is usually considered to be at fault
 Failures caused by those in direct contact with the system are considered to
be Active Failure
 Failures which derive from decisions made by supervisors and managers
who are seperated in both time and space from the physical system
considered to Latent Failure
9) Incidents were characterized by:
 Staff shortage
 Time pressure existed
 All errors occured in night
 Shift (or) task hand over involved
 Supervisors doing long hands on tasks
 There was an element of cand-do-attitude
 Failure to use approved data
 Manuals were confusing
 Inadequate pre planning , equipment (or) space

10) Anthropometry:
 The scientific study of the measurement and proportions of the human body

11) Bio-Mechanics:
 The study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement (or) structure of
living organism

12) Kinesiology:
 Scientific study of human (or) non human body movement

13) Failures:
 Failures can be of two types , depending on the immediacy of their
consequences
 Active Failure:
 Active failure is an error (or) violation which has an immediate adverse
effect
 These errors usually made by front line operator
 Example:
1. Pilot raising the landing gear lever instead of the flap lever
2. Maintenance and inspection personnel failed to adhere to
established methods and procedure
 Latent Failure:
 Result of an action (or) decision made well before an accident , which
may remain dormant for long time
 These errors are usually made by decision makers, regulator (or) line
mnagement levels
 Example:
1. High level maintenance management failed to take positive
action to require compliance with procedures
2. Person climbs a ladder knowing that it is broken

14) Erognomics:
 Study of the efficiency of the person in their working environment
 Study of human machine and system
15) Interface between SHEL Module:
 Liveware-Hardware:
The interface between the human and the machine is the one most
commonly considered when speaking of human factors
 Liveware-Software:
The interface between the individual and all supporting systems found in the
work place such regulations, manuals, checklists , publications , standard
operating procedure and computer software
 Liveware-Liveware:
The interface between relationship between the individual and other person
work place
 Liveware-Environment:
The interface between individual and both the internal and external
environments
9.2 Human Performance And Limitations:

Vision:

1) Cornea:
 Its acting like a fixed focousing device
 Focousing is achieved by shape of the cornea bending the incoming light
rays
 It is responsible for 70-80 % of total focousing ability

2) Iris and Pupil:

 Iris is the coloured part of the eye it controls the amount of light that is
allowed to to enter in the eye
 Pupil is dark area in the centre of iris , it is changed very rapidy when the
changes in light levels

3) Lens:
 Lens shape is changed by the cillary muscles
 The change of shape of lens is called Accommodation ( focous the near
object)
 Visual acuity- Sharpness of vision

4) Retina:
 Central area of the retina is known as fovea
 Cone- Function in good light , detecting fine details and colour sensitive ,
Human Eye can distinguish 1000 shades of colour
 Rod- Cannot detect colours, good in peripheral vision, sensitive at lower
light,

5) Blind spot- At the point which optic nerve joins back of the eye it will occur
Binocular vision- Viewing things in both eyes
Monocular Vision- Viewing things in one eye
Saccades - image will not fall on the blind spot all the time

6) Visual acuity :
 Is the ability of the eye to discriminate sharp detail at varying distances
 20/20 vision - normal person capable of seeing this range , it may be
expressed in meters 6/6 vision
 20/40 vision observer can read at 20 feet what a normalperson can read at
40 feet

7) Factors affetcing visual acuity of the eye:

 Physical factors
 Influense of ingested foregin substence
 Environmental factors
 Factors associated with the object
8) Hypermetropia:
 Long sight ( cause- shorter than normal eyeball which means the image
formed behind the retina
 Close objects are blurred
 Convex lens will overcome long sightness by bending light inwards before it
reaches the cornea

9) Myopia:
 Short sight ( Cause- Eyeball is longer than normal , so the formed in front of
retina)
 Distance objects are blurred
 Concave lens will over come the short sightness by bending light outwards
before it reaches cornea

10) Other visual problems:

 Cataracts- clouding of the lens usually associated with ageing
 Astigmatism - misshapen cornea causing objects to appear irregularly
shaped
 Glucoma - build up in pressure of the fluid within the eye which can cause
amage to optic nerve and even blindness
 Migraine - Severe headaches that can cause visual disturbances
 Presbyopia -it will occure after the age of 40 at the age the lens became
flexible
 Hypoxia- Less oxygen to be carrieed in the blood to the eyes

11) LIght adapted:

 Moving from an extremely bright environment to dimmer

12) Dark adapted:

 If an engineer works in a very dark environment for a long time , his eyes
gradually becames dark adapted allowing better visual acuity
 This can be taken 7 minutes for cone and 30 minutes for rods

13) Contact lens: ( Hard (or) Gas permeable type)

 Engineers is allowed to wear contact lens usually 8-12 hours in order to
avoid drying out and irritation

14) Visual cues:

 Information from the objects we are looking at to help distinguish what we
are seeing

15) Colour defective vision:

 8% for men and 0.5 % for women
 Common type of colour difficult to distinguish - Red and green , rarely blue
and yellow
Hearing:

1) Basic function of the Ear:

 Detect the sound by reciving vibrartions in the air
 Balance sensing the acceleration

2) 3 Parts of the Ear:

 Outer, inner and middle

3) Outer Ear:
 Directs the sound downs the auditory canal and on the ear drum

4) Midle Ear:
 Ear drum trasnmites the sound to the middle ear
 Acoustic (or) aural reflex - above 80 dB reducing the noise levels by up to 20
dB , the protection provided maximum about 15 minutes
 It does not provide protection against sudden impulse noise such as gun fire
 Middle ear is usually filled with air and refreshed by eustachian tube

5) Inner Ear:
 Inner Ear filled with fluid
 The amunt of viberation detected in the cochlea depends on the volume and
pitch of the original sound

6) Performance and limitation of the Ear:

 Audiable frequency range that a young person can hear is typically between
20 and 20000 cycles per second with gretaest senstivity at 3000 hz
 Propeller aircraft at 300 m-100 dB
 Jet aircrat at 300 m -110 dB
 Standing near the propeller aircracft- 120 db
 Threshold of pain - 140 dB
 Immediate hearing damage - 150 dB

7) Impact of noise on performance :

 Be annoying
 Interfere with verbal communication between individuals in the work place
 Cause accidents by making warning signals (or) message
 Affect concentration, decision making
 Dmage workers hearing

8) NIHL:
 Noise Induced Hearing Loss
 The hearing loss can be temporary lasting from a few seconds to a few days -
(or) permanent
9) 3 levels of noise which an employer must act:
 85 dB - if normal speech cannot be heared clearly at 2 meters
 90 dB - if normal speech cannot be heared clearly at 1 meters
 140 dB- Noise causes pain

10) Noise dose:

 Combination of duration and intensity of noise can be described as noise
dose
 Permanent hearing loss may occur if the TWA is above the recommended
maximum ( Time Weighted Average)
 TWA noise levelis exceeding 85 dB for 8 hours is hazardous and potentially
damaging the inner Ear

11) Hearing protection:

 Ear plugs-noise level can be reduced by upto 20 dB
 Ear muffs - Noise level can be reduced by upto 40 dB
 Hearing protection should be used above 115 dB

12) Presbycusis:
 Hearing deteriorates naturally as one grows older , this affect the ability to
hear high pitch sound first
 It may occur gradually from 30s

13) Hearing and the AME:

 The ability to hear an average conversational voice in a quiet room at a
distance of 2 meters ( 6 feet)
Information Processing:

 Is the process of reciving information through the senses, analysing it and

making it meaning full

1) Sensory Receptors and Sensory Sotores:

 Physical stimuli are recived via sensory receptors ( eyes, ears) and stored for
a very brief period of time in sensory stores ( Snesory memory)
 Visual information is stored for up to half second in Iconic memory, Sounds
are stored upto 2 sec in Echoic memory

2) Attention:
 Mental resources are concentrated on specific elements

3) Slective attention :
 When a person is monitoring several sources of input with greater attention
being given to one (or) more sources which appear more important

4) Cocktail party effect:

 Person can be connsciously attending to one source whilst still sampling
other sources in the background

5) Diveded attention :
 Do more than one thing at the same time

6) Focoused attention :
 Focousing single source and avoid distraction

7) Sustained attention :
 Ability to maintain attention and remain alert over long periods of time

8) Preception :
 Process of assembling sensations into a usable mental representation of the
world
 It creates faces, melodies, works of art, illusions out of the raw material of
the sensation

9) Decision Making:
 Generation of the alternative courses of action baed on available
information, knowledge, prior experience, ecpectation and selecting one
preffered option
 It is also described thinking , problem solving and judgement
Memory:

 It can be considered to be storage and retention of information, experiences and

knowledge as well as the ability to retrive this information

1) Three process of memory:

 Registration
 Storage
 Retrival

2) Ultra short term memory:

 It has duration up to 2 sec

3) Short term memory:

 It allows the information long enough to use
 It is called working memory
 5 to 9 ( 7 + 2) it can store small amount of information at one time
 Duration 10-20 sec
 SHort term memory can be extended through reharsal (or) encoding

4) Long term memory:

 It has unlimited duartion
 It is used to store the information that is not currently being used
 It can be divided into 2 types , Semantic And Epesodic memory

5) Semantic memory:
 Includes concept, rules and own language

6) Episodic memory:
 Past experience and event

7) Motor Programs:
 If a task performed often enough , it may eventually became automatic and
the required skills and actions are stored in the long term memory

8) Situation Awareness:
 Is the synthesis of an accurate and upto date mental model of ones
environment and state and the ability to use this to make predictions of
possible future states

9) Claustrophobia:
 It can be defined as abnormal fear of being in an enclosed space

10) Acrophobia:
 Fear of height , it will occur while Crown inspection (Top of the fuselage)
9.3 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY:

RESPONSIBILITY: INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP

1) Responsible:
 If someone considered responsible , they are liable to be called to account
as being in charge (or) control of (or) answerable for something

2) Individual Responsibility:
 All AME are skilled individuls having undertaken considerable training
 All individuals regardless of their role , grade (or) qualifications should work
in a responsible manner
 The certifying engineer shall be responsible for ensuring that work is
performed and recorded in a satifactory manner

3) Group responsibility:

Si No Advantage Disadvantage
1 Each member of the group ought It can potentially act against
to feel responsible for the output safety ,with responsibility being
of that group , not just their own devolved to such an extent that
output as an individual no-one feels personnaly
responsible for the safety
2 This may involve cross checking Each member of the group
others work , politely challenging assuming that “someone else will
others if you think that something do it”
is not quite right

4) Phenomena associated with Group (or) Team Working:

Inter Group Conflict:

 In which situation evolve where a small group may act cohesively as a team,
but rivalries may arise between this team and others

Group Polarization:
 is the tendency of the groups to make decisions that are more extreme than
the individual members initial position

Social Loafing:
 Individuals they consider that their own efforts will be pooled with that of
other group members and not seen in isolation
MOTIVATION &DE-MOTIVATION :

1) Motivation:
 “Motivation reflects the difference between what a person can do and what
he will do”
 Motivation is difficult to measure and predict

2) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:

Maslow considered that humans are driven by two different sets of motivational
forces,
 Those that ensure survival by satifying basic physical and psychological
needs
 Those that help us to realise our full potential in life known as Self-
actualisation needs (Fulfilling Ambitions)

3) Hawthorne Effect:
 Psychological phenomenon that produces an improvement in human
behaviour (or) performance as a result of increased attention from
Management ,supervisors (or) Colleagues

4) Characteristics of Highly motivated people:

 High performance and results being consistently achieved
 The energy , enthusiasm and determination to succeed
 Unstinting co-operation in overcoming problems
 Willingness to accept responsibility
 Willingness to accommodate change

5) Characteristics of De-motivated people:

 Apathy and indifference to the job
 Poor record of time keeping and high absenteeism
 Exaggeration of the effects encountered in problems
 Lack of co-operation in dealing with problems
 Unjustified resistance to change

6) Peer Pressure:
 Aircraft Maintenance Engineer will recive pressure at work from those that
work with him .
 Peer pressure falls within the area of Confirmity

7) Confirmity:
 Is the tendency to allow ones opinions ,attitudes , actions and even
preceptions to be affected by prevailing options , attitudes , actions and
preceptions

8) Individuals May Affected by Peer Pressure , Depends on:

  Culture
 Gender
 Self-esteem
 Familiarity of the individual with the subject matter
 The expertise of the group member
 Relationship between the individual & Group member

9) Organization Culture:
 There may be tendency for groups within organization itself think that their
own methods are the best and that others not as good
 This view point is known as groups (or) organization culture

10) Safety Culture:

 It consider a set of beliefes , norms , attitudes , roles and social and technical
practices concerned with minimizing exposure of employees , managers ,
customers and members of the general public to conditions considerd
dangerous (or) Hazard

11) Social Culture:

 Something that involves the social and cultural aspects
 An example of social culture is knowing about the people around you and
their family backgrounds

12) Corporate Culture:

 It refers to the beliefs and behaviours that determine how a company
employees and management interact and handle outside the business
transactions .

13) Aspects of Corporate Culture:

 General philosophy of of employees and their organization
 System of vertical (or) Hierarchical authority
 General views of the employees about the organization purpose and goal ,
its destiny and their place in it

14) Concept of team:

 Teams may comprise a number of individuals working together towards one
shared goal (or)
 Number of individual working in parallel to achieve a common goal

15) Team working in aviation:

 A team could be a group of engineers working on a specific task (or) the
same aircraft , a group working together on the same shift (or) group
working on the same location (or) site
16) Advantage of team working:
 Individuals can share resources
 They can discuss problems and arrive at shared solution
 They can check each other

17) Important elemnts of team working:

 Communication - is essential for exchanging work related information
within the team
 Co-operation -Pulling together is inherent in the smooth running of the
team
 Co-ordination -is required with in the team to ensure that the team
leader knows what his group members are doing
 Mutual support -it is the “heart of team identy”

18) Two types of leader in aircraft maintenance :

 The person officially assigned the team leader role possibly called the
supervisor
 An individual with in a group that the rest of the group tend to follow
possibly called dominant personality

19) Leader:
 a person whose idea and actions influence the thought and the behaviour of
others

20) Qualities of good leader:

 Motivating his team
 Reinforcing good attitudes and behaviour
 Demonstrating by example
 Maintaining the group
 Full filling management role
9.4 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

Fitness / Health:

1) Two aspects of fitness and health:

 Deposition of the engineer prior to taking on employment
 Day-to-day well being of the engineer once empolyed

2) Condition can imapct on health and fitness :

 Minor physical illness
 Major physical illness
 Mental illness
 Minor injury
 Major injury
 Ongoing deterioration in physical condition , possibly associated with the
ageing process
 Affects of toxins and other foreign substance

3) AME can take common sense to maintain their fitness and health :
 eating regular meals and well balanced diet
 Taking regular excercise ( Double Resting pulse rate for 20 min , 3 times a
week)
 stopping smoking
 Sensible alcohol intake ( For men -no more than 3-4 units a day (or) 28 per
week -Unit is equivalent to half pint of beer (or) glass of wine (or) spirit

4) Day-to-day fitness and health can be influnced by the use of:

 Medication
 Alcohol
 Illict drug
STRESS : DOMESTIC &WORK RELATED:

1) Stress:
 A physical (or) psychological stimulus that can produce mental tension (or)
physiological reactions that may lead to illness

Acute stress:
 Acute stress is the most common type of stress. It’s your body's
immediate reaction to a new challenge, event, or demand, and it triggers
your fight-or-flight response.
 Acute stress isn't always negative.

Episodic acute stress:

 When acute stress happens frequently, it’s called episodic acute
stress.
 People who always seem to be having a crisis tend to have episodic
acute stress.
 They are often short-tempered, irritable, and anxious.

Chronic stress:
 If acute stress isn't resolved and begins to increase or lasts for long
periods of time, it becomes chronic stress.
 This stress is constant and doesn’t go away. It can stem from such
things as:
1. Poverty
2. a dysfunctional family
3. an unhappy marriage
4. a bad job

Symptoms of stress:

Physiological : Sweating , Dryness of mouth

Health effects : Nausea, headaches, sleep problems, diarrhoea, ulcers
Behavioural : Restlessness, shaking, nervous laughter, taking lonegr over
tasks, changes to appetite, excessive drinking
Cognitive effect : poor concentration, indecision, forgetfulness
Subjective Effect : Anxiety, irretability, depression, moodiness, aggression

Domestic Stress:
 It can be deduced to be the way in which the home environment event (or)
force threatens the well being of individuals, there by making them unable
to meet that which is optimally expected of them
 This may be relationship between husband and wife (or) parents and their
children

Work Related Stress:

  Aircraft maintenance engineers can experience stress for two reasons at
work
1. Job undertaking at that moment
2. Challanging (or) Difficult task
 Stress can be increased by
1. Lack of guidance
2. Time pressure to complete the task
3.
 Stress can be reduced by:
1. Carefull management
2. Good training

Stress Management:
 Generally we using one of two strategies
1. Defence
2. Coping

Defence:
 It inovolves alleviation of the symptoms (or) reducing the anexiety

Coping:
 It is the process whereby the individual either adjusts to the percieved
demands of situation (or) changes the situation itself

Good stress management technique:

 Relaxation
 Carefull regulation of sleep and diet
 Regular physical exercise
 Counselling from supporting friend (or) collegue
Time Pressure &Dead Line

1) Time pressure & Dead lines:

 Actual pressure where clearly specified deadlines are imposed by an
external source (or)
 Time pressure may be self imposed , in which case engineers set themselves
deadlines to complete the work

2) Effects of time pressure & Dead lines:

 Improve the task performance
 More errors will be made
Note: Depends upon the pressure level it will happen

3) Managing time pressure & Dead line:

 Prioritising various pieces of work that need to be done
 The actual time available to carry out work
 The personal available throughout the whole job
 The most appropriate utilisation of staff
 Availability of parts and spares

Work Load- Over Load & Under Load

1) Arousal:
 Arousal in its most general sense , refers to readiness of the person for
performing work
 Arousal varies form person to person

2) Level of arousal:
a) Under Aroused - Poor performance
b) Optimum Arousal- Good Performance
c) Over Aroused - Poor Performance

3) Work load is subjective & its affected by :

 Nature of the task
 Circumstance under which the task isperformed
 Person and his state

4) Over Load:
 Over load occurs at very high levels of work load when the engineer become
over aroused
 Error rates may aslo increased
5) Under Load:
 It occurs at low levels of work load when enginee become under aroused
 Under load can result from a task an engineer finds boaring , very easy ,
indeed lack of tasks

6) Work laod management:

 Ensuring the satff have the skills needed to do the task
 Make sure the staff have the tools and spares they needed to the task
 Allocating task without corner cutting
 Providing HF training
 Encouraging individual engineers to recognize when an overload situation is
building up

7) How to overcome over load situation :

 Seeking a simpler method of carrying out the work
 Delegating certain activities to others to avoid an individual engineers
becoming overloaded
 Securing further time in order to carry out the work safely
 Postponing , delaying tasks /dead lines and refusing additional work

Sleep:
1) Sleep:
 It is a natural state of reduced consciouness involving changes in body and
brain physciology which is necessary to man to restore and replenish the
body and brain

2) Stages of sleep:

Stage 1  This is a transitional between waking and sleeping

 The heart rate slow ,Muscles relax
 Easy to wakeup someone
Stage 2  This is a deeper level of sleep
 Easy to wakeup someone
Stage 3  Sleep is even deeper and the sleeper is quite unresponsive yo external
stumuli
 Difficult to wakeup
 Heart rate, BP , Body temperature continue to drop
Stage 4  This is the deepest stage of sleep and it is very difficult to
wake up someone
 It also known as paradoxical sleep
REM  Rapid Eye Movement
 Dreaming occurs during REM sleep
 First REM sleep will occur about 90 min after the one set
of sleep
 REM sleep repeats during the night about every 90
minutes
NREM  Stage 1-4 are known as Non REM sleep
SWS  Stage 2-4 are known as slow wave sleep

Note: Deep sleep will occur earlier in the night

3) Circadian Rythm:
 Circadian rythm are physiological and behavioural functions and processes
in the body that have a regular cycle of approximately a day
 Actually about 24 hours in man
 It is controlled by brain , and influenced & Synchronized by external factors
Fatigue:

1) Fatigue:
 Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness which is distinct from weakness ,
and has a gradual oneset
 Unlike weakness, fatigue can be alleviated by periods of rest
 Fatigue can have physical (or) mental causes

2) Physiological Fatigue:
 It reflects the body need for replenishment and restoration

3) Subjective Fatigue:
 Is an individual preception of how sleepy they feel

4) Fatigue caused by:

 Delayed sleep
 Sleep loss
 Desynchronisation of normal circadianrythms
 Concentrated period of physical (or) Mental stress
 Working long hours
 Working during normal sleep hours
 Working on rotating shift

5) Symptoms of fatigue:
 Lack of awareness
 Dimnished motor skills
 Dimnished vision
 Slow reaction
 Short term memory problems
 Channeled concentration -fixed on a single possibly un important issue
 Easily distracted by un important issue
 Incresed mistakes
 Poor judgement
 Poor decisions
 Abnormal moods
 Dimnished standards

Note: Tiredness and fatigue adversely affect the performance

6) Shift personnel fatigue minimized by:

 Avoiding excessive working hours
 Allowing as much as regualr sleep
 Minimising sleeping loss
 Giving the opportunity for extended rest
 Providing organizational support service
 Giving opportunity for recovery
 Rotating shift towards biological day
  Providing longer rest periods
 Within a week providing longer continous rest periods when the week
includes more than 2 night shifts

Shift Work:

1) Shift work:
 Most aircraft movements occur between 6 am and 10 pm to fit with the
requirement of passenger
 Aircraft maintenance engineering is the 24 hour business , and its usually
works shift
 Shifts are either early shift, late shift , and night shift (or) day shift
 Night shift depending upon the maintenance organization

2) Advantage & Disadvantage of shift work:

S.N
ADVANTAGE DIS-ADVANTAGE
O
1 Convenience Abnormal routine
2 Reduced amount of Shift inadequatily
working hours
3 Avoid peak hours Work imbalance
4 No restriction of pushing Health issue
works for week ends
5 Flexibility Conflicts with family
6 Training prospects Bpredom
Note: Human performance is poor between 4 am to 6 am

3) Working at night:
 Shift work means that engineers will usually have to work at night ,
either permanently (or) as part of a rolling shift pattern
 Working nights can also lead to problems sleeping during the day , due
to the iterference of day light and environemntal noise
 Solution: Blackout curtains and use of ear plugs can help as well as
avoidance of caffine before sleep
4) Rolling shift patterns:
 Changes from one shift to another but the body internal clock is no
immediately reset, it take some gradual time period
 Rolling shift pattern is Early shift to Late shift to night shift to
day shift

5) Good rule thumb:

 one hour high quality sleepis good for two hours work

Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse:

1) Blood /Alcohol limit:

 20 ml of alcohol per 100 ml of blood for anyone performing safety critical
role which includes aircraft maintenanc engineer

2) Alcohol:
 Aircraft maintenance engineer should not work for at least 8 hours after
drinking even small quantities of alcohol and increase this time if more has
been drunk

3) Medication:
 is usually taken to relive symptoms of an illness
 Even if the drug taken do not affetct the engineer performance

a) Analgesics - Pain relief , cold relief

b) Antibiotics - Prevention of bacterial infection
c) Anti-histamines- Cold Cures
d) Decongestants - Cures nozal congestion,
e) Pep pills - Used to maintain wakefullness
f) Sleeping tablets - Induce sleep
g) Smoking cannabis- can suitably impair performance upto 24 hours
9.5 Physical Environment

Noise:

1) Noise:
 any unwanted sound , especially if it is loud unpleasant and annoying

2) Focuosed Attention:
 General background noise can be filtered out by the brain through focoused
attention

Fumes:

1) Fumes:
An amount of gas (or) vapour that smells strongly (or) is dangerous to inhale

2) Problems :
 Inhalation
 Eye irritation

3) Solution:
 Engineers should increase the ventilation locally
 Use breathing apparatus to dissipate the fumes

Illumination:

1) Illumination:
 It can be defined as the amount of light striking a surface