Sector : Fabrication

Duration : 1 - Year
Trade : Welder 1st Semester - Trade Practical - NSQF LEVEL - 4

Copyright © 2018 National Instructional Media Institute, Chennai

First Edition : August 2018 Copies : 1,000

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Rs.210/-
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All rights reserved.

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No part of this publication can be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the National
Instructional Media Institute, Chennai.

Published by:
NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA INSTITUTE
P. B. No.3142, CTI Campus, Guindy Industrial Estate,
Guindy, Chennai - 600 032.
Phone : 044 - 2250 0248, 2250 0657, 2250 2421
Fax : 91 - 44 - 2250 0791
email : chennai-nic.in, [email protected]
Website: www.nimi.gov.in

(ii)
 FOREWORD

The Government of India has set an ambitious target of imparting skills to 30 crores people, one out of every
four Indians, by 2020 to help them secure jobs as part of the National Skills Development Policy. Industrial
Training Institutes (ITIs) play a vital role in this process especially in terms of providing skilled manpower.
Keeping this in mind, and for providing the current industry relevant skill training to Trainees, ITI syllabus
has been recently updated with the help of Mentor Councils comprising various stakeholder's viz. Industries,
Entrepreneurs, Academicians and representatives from ITIs.

The National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI), Chennai, an autonomous body under the Directorate
General of Training (DGT), Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship is entrusted with developing
producing and disseminating Instructional Media Packages (IMPs) required for ITIs and other related
institutions.

The institute has now come up with instructional material to suit the revised curriculum for Welder
1st Semester Trade Practical NSQF Level - 4 in Fabrication Sector under Semester Pattern. The

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NSQF Level - 4 Trade Practical will help the trainees to get an international equivalency standard where
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their skill proficiency and competency will be duly recognized across the globe and this will also increase

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the scope of recognition of prior learning. NSQF Level - 4 trainees will also get the opportunities to promote
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life long learning and skill development. I have no doubt that with NSQF Level - 4 the trainers and trainees
of ITIs, and all stakeholders will derive maximum benefits from these IMPs and that NIMI's effort will go a
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long way in improving the quality of Vocational training in the country.

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The Executive Director & Staff of NIMI and members of Media Development Committee deserve appreciation
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for their contribution in bringing out this publication.

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Jai Hind
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ASHEESH SHARMA
Joint Secretary
Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship,
Government of India.

New Delhi - 110 001

(iii)
 PREFACE

The National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI) was established in 1986 at Chennai by then Directorate
General of Employment and Training (D.G.E & T), Ministry of Labour and Employment, (now under Directorate
General of Training, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship) Government of India, with technical
assistance from the Govt. of the Federal Republic of Germany. The prime objective of this institute is to
develop and provide instructional materials for various trades as per the prescribed syllabi (NSQF) under the
Craftsman and Apprenticeship Training Schemes.

The instructional materials are created keeping in mind, the main objective of Vocational Training under
NCVT/NAC in India, which is to help an individual to master skills to do a job. The instructional materials are
generated in the form of Instructional Media Packages (IMPs). An IMP consists of Theory book, Practical
book, Test and Assignment book, Instructor Guide, Audio Visual Aid (Wall charts and Transparencies) and
other support materials.

The trade practical book consists of series of exercises to be completed by the trainees in the workshop.
These exercises are designed to ensure that all the skills in the prescribed syllabus are covered. The trade
theory book provides related theoretical knowledge required to enable the trainee to do a job. The test and

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assignments will enable the instructor to give assignments for the evaluation of the performance of a trainee.
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The wall charts and transparencies are unique, as they not only help the instructor to effectively present a

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topic but also help him to assess the trainee's understanding. The instructor guide enables the instructor to
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plan his schedule of instruction, plan the raw material requirements, day to day lessons and demonstrations.
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In order to perform the skills in a productive manner instructional videos are embedded in QR code of the
exercise in this instructional material so as to integrate the skill learning with the procedural practical steps
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given in the exercise. The instructional videos will improve the quality of standard on practical training and
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will motivate the trainees to focus and perform the skill seamlessly.
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IMPs also deals with the complex skills required to be developed for effective team work. Necessary care
has also been taken to include important skill areas of allied trades as prescribed in the syllabus.
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The availability of a complete Instructional Media Package in an institute helps both the trainer and
management to impart effective training.

The IMPs are the outcome of collective efforts of the staff members of NIMI and the members of the Media
Development Committees specially drawn from Public and Private sector industries, various training institutes
under the Directorate General of Training (DGT), Government and Private ITIs.

NIMI would like to take this opportunity to convey sincere thanks to the Directors of Employment & Training
of various State Governments, Training Departments of Industries both in the Public and Private sectors,
Officers of DGT and DGT field institutes, proof readers, individual media developers and coordinators, but for
whose active support NIMI would not have been able to bring out this materials.

R. P. DHINGRA
Chennai - 600 032 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI) sincerely acknowledges with thanks for the co-operation and
contribution extended by the following Media Developers and their sponsoring organisations to bring out this
Instructional Material (Trade Practical) for the trade of Welder (NSQF) under Fabrication Sector.

MEDIA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Shri. S. Suresh Kumar _ Principal,

Karthikeyen ITI,
Perambalur.

Shri. S. Dasarathan _ Retd. Instructor,

MDC Member-NIMI.

Shri. D. Justin David Raj _ Instructor,

Nirmala ITI,

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Manalikarai.

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Shri. P. Manjunatha _ Junior Training Officer,
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Govt - ITI, Mysore - 07.

Shri. G. Sangareeswari _ Junioir Training Officer,

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Govt - ITI - Guindy.

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Shri. V. Gopalakrishnan _ Assistant Manager,

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Co-ordinator, NIMI, Chennai.

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NIMI records its appreciation for the Data Entry, CAD, DTP operators for their excellent and devoted services in
the process of development of this Instructional Material.

NIMI also acknowledges with thanks the invaluable efforts rendered by all other NIMI staff who have contributed
towards the development of this Instructional Material.

NIMI is also grateful to everyone who has directly or indirectly helped in developing this Instructional Material.

(v)
 INTRODUCTION

This manual for trade practical is intended for use in the ITI workshop. It consists of a series of practical exercises
that are to be completed by the trainees during the first semester of course is the Welder trade under
Fabrication Sector. It is National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF) - Level 4, supplemented and
supported by instructions/information to assist the trainees in performing the exercise. The exercises are designed
to ensure that all the skills prescribed in the syllabus are covered including the allied trades.The syllabus for the1st
Semester Welder Trade under Fabrication Sector Trade Practical is divided into six modules.The allocation of
time for the various modules is given below:

Module 1 - Indian Training and Welding Process OAW, SMAW 16 Exercises 117 Hrs

Module 2 - Welding Techiniques 08 Exercises 75 Hrs

Module 3 - Welder of steels OAW, SMAW 32 Exercises 333 Hrs

Total 56 Exercises 525 Hrs

The syllabus and the content in the modules are interlinked. As the number of workstations available in the electrical
section is limited by the machinery and equipment, it is necessary to interpolate the exercises in the modules to
form a proper teaching and learning sequence. The sequence of instruction is given in the schedule of instruction

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which is incorporated in the Instructor's Guide. With 25 practical hours a week of 5 working days 100 hours of
practical per month is available.
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Contents of Trade Practical

The procedure for working through the 64 exercises for the 1st semester with the specific objectives as the learning
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out comes at the end of each exercise is given is this book.

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The skill objectives and tools/instruments, equipment/machines and materials required to perform the exercise are
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given in the beginning of each exercise.Skill training in the shop floor is planned through a series of practical
exercises/experiments to support the related theory to make the trainees get hands on trainning in the Electrician
trade along with the relevant cognitive skills appropriate for the level. A minimum number of projects have been
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included to make the training more effective and develop attitude to work in a team. Pictorial, schematic, wiring and
circuit diagrams have been included in the exercises, wherever necessary, to assist the trainees broaden their views.
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The symbols used in the diagrams comply with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications.

Illustrations in this manual, help trainess visual perspective of the ideas and concepts.The procedures to be followed
for completing the exercises is also given. Different forms of intermediate test questions have been included in the
exercises, to enhance the trainee to trainee and trainee to instructor interactions.

Skill Information

Skill areas which are repetitive in nature are given as separate skill information sheets. Skills which are to be
developed in specific areas are included in the exercises itself. Some subexercises are developed to fulfill the
sequence of exercises in keeping with the syllabus.

This manual on trade practical forms part of the Written Instructional Material (WIM). Which includes manual on
trade theory and assignment/test.

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 CONTENTS

Exercise No. Title of the Exercise Page No.

Module 1 : INDUCTION TRAINING AND WELDING PROCESS

(OAW, SMAW)
1.1.01 Identification of machinery used in trade 1

1.1.02 Identification of safety equipment and their uses 6

1.1.03 Hack sawing, filling square to dimension 8

1.1.04 Layout and marking 14

1.1.05 Setting of oxy-acetylene welding 17

1.1 06 Fusion runs without rod in flat position (OAW-01) 25

1.1.07 Setting of arc welding machine & accessories and striking an arc (SMAW-01) 27

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1.1.08 Straight line beads on MS plate 10mm thick in flat position (SMAW-02) 33

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1.1.09 Fusion run with filler rod (OAW-2) 37
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1.1.10 Edge joint on MS sheet 2mm in flat position without filler rod (OAW-03) 43

1.1.11 Weaved beads on MS plate 10mm thick in flat position (SMAW-03) 45

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1.1.12 Setting up of Oxy - Ace - Gas cutting equipments and Straight cutting by
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hand (Gas) (OAGC-01) 49

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1.1.13 Bevel cutting by hand (Gas) (OAGC - 02) 53

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1.1.14 Circular gas cutting by profile cutting machine (OAGC-03) 61

1.1.15 Marking and perform radial cuts, cutting out holes using gas
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cutting (OAGC-04) 64

1.1.16 Identification of gas cutting defeats (OAGC-05) 66

Module 2 : WELDING TECHNIQUES

1.2.17 Square butt joint on MS sheet 2.0mm in flat position (OAW-04) 68

1.2.18 Fillet "T" joint on MS plate 10mm thick in flat position (1F)-(SMAW-04) 71

1.2.19 Open corner joint on M.S. sheet 2.0mm in flat position (1F)-(OAW-05) 74

1.2.20 Fillet lap joint on MS plate 10mm thick in flat position (1F)-(SMAW-05) 78

1.2.21 Fillet 'T' joint on M.S. sheet 2.0mm in flat position (1F)-(OAW-06) 81

1.2.22 Open corner joint on MS plate 10mm thick in flat position (1F)-(SMAW-06) 84

1.2.23 Fillet lap joint on MS sheet 2.0mm in flat position (1F)-(OAW-07) 88

1.2.24 Single "V" butt joint on MS plate 12mm thick in flat position (1G)-(SMAW-07) 91

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Exercise No. Title of the Exercise Page No.

Module 3 : WELDABILITY OF STEELS (OAW , SMAW)

1.3.25 Testing of weld joint by visual inspection ( I & T- 01 ) 94

1.3.26 Inspection of welds using weld gauges ( I & T - 01 ) 98

1.3.27 Square butt joint on MS sheet 2.0mm in horizontal position (2G)-(OAW-08) 102

1.3.28 Straight line beads on M.S. plate 10mm thick in horizontal position (SMAW-08) 105

1.3.29 Fillet - 'T' joint on MS plate 10mm thick in horizontal position (2F)-(SMAW-09) 107

1.3.30 Fillet - Lap joint on MS sheet 2.0mm in horizontal position (2F)-(OAW-09) 110

1.3.31 Fillet lap joint MS plate 10mm horizontal position (2F)-(SMAW-10) 112

1.3.32 Fusion run with filler rod on MS sheet 2.0mm in vertical position (OAW-10) 114

1.3.33 Square butt joint on MS sheet 2.0mm in vertical position (3G)-(OAW-11) 117

1.3.34 Single "Vee" butt joint on MS plate 12mm thick in horizontal

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position (2G)-(SMAW-11) 119

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1.3.35
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Weaved beads on MS plate 10mm thick in vertical position (SMAW- 12) 122
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1.3.36 Fillet 'T' joint on MS sheet 2.0mm in vertical position (3F)-(OAW-12) 127
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1.3.37 Fillet - "T" joint on MS plate 10mm thick in vertical position (3F)-(SMAW-13) 130

1.3.38 Structural pipe welding butt joint on MS pipe ø50mm × 3mm wall
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thickness in 1G (Rolling) position (OAW-13) 133

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1.3.39 Fillet - lap joint on MS plate 10mm thick in vertical position (3G)-(SMAW-14) 136
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1.3.40 Open corner joint on MS plate 10mm thick in vertical position (3F)-(SMAW-15) 139
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1.3.41 Structural pipe welding. Elbow joint on MS pipe ø50mm×3mm wall

thickness in flat position (1G)-(OAW-14) 142

1.3.42 Structural pipe welding. 90° 'T' joint on MS pipe dia. 50mm×3mm wall
thickness in flat position (1G)-(OAW-15) 145

1.3.43 Single "V" butt joint on MS plate 12mm thick in vertical

position (3G)-(SMAW-16) 147

1.3.44 Pipe welding 45° angle joint on M.S. pipe ø 50 × 3mm wall
thickness (1G)-(OAW-16) 150

1.3.45 Straight line beads on MS plate 10mm thick in over head

position (SMAW-17) 153

1.3.46 Pipe flange joint on MS pipe ø50mm × 3mm wall thickness and
MS plate 3mm thick in flat position (SMAW-18) 156

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Exercise No. Title of the Exercise Page No.

1.3.47 Fillet - "T" joint on MS plate 10mm thick in over head

position (4F)-(SMAW-19) 160

1.3.48 Pipe welding butt joint on MS pipe ø50mm × 5mm wall thickness in
1G position (SMAW-20) 163

1.3.49 Fillet - Lap joint on MS plate 10mm thick in over head

position (4G)-(SMAW-21) 166

1.3.50 Single "V" butt joint on MS plate 10mm thick in over head
position (4G)-(SMAW-22) 169

1.3.51 Pipe butt joint on MS pipe ø50mm×6mm wall thickness in

1G (Rolled) position (SMAW-23) 172

1.3.52 Square butt joint on stainless steel sheet 2.0mm thick in flat
position (OAW-17) 175

1.3.53 Square but joint on stainless steel sheet 2mm thick in flat

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position (SMAW-24) 177
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Square butt joint on brass sheet 2mm thick in flat position (OAW-18) 180
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1.3.55 Square butt and lap joint on M.S. sheet 2mm thick by brazing (OAW-19) 182
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1.3.56 Single "V" butt joint on cast iron plate 6mm thick in flat
position (SMAW-25) 185
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1.3.57 Arc gouging on MS plate 10mm thick in flat position (AG-01) 188
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1.3.58 Square butt joint on aluminium sheet 3mm thick in flat position (OAW-20) 190
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1.3.59 Bronze welding of single "V" butt joint on cast iron plate 6mm thick (OAW-21) 193
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 TABLE 1

Types of machine Name of the machine Uses

1. SMAW Ex. 1.4.01 - TP - Fig 1 - P. 92

WL1401J1 - I SEM

2. OAW Ex. 1.2.01 - Fig 1 - P. 23 - WL 1201J1

TP - I SEM

3. OAGC Ex. No. 1.2.02 - TT - I SEM

Ex. No. 1.2.02 - P. 34 - WL 120432

4. GMAW - 2.1.02 - TT - II SEM - TT - II SEM

Ex. No. 2.1.02 - Fig 2 - P. 4 - WL 210212

5. SMAW - TT - II SEM - P. 48 - Ex. No. 2.1.03

WL 220411

6. PAC - TT - II SEM - P. 80 - Fig 1

Ex. No. 2.3.01 - WL 240117

7. SAW - II SEM - TT - Ex. No. 2.4.01 - P. 82

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Fig 4 - WL 230114

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8. Thermit welding - II SEM - TT - P. 85 - Fig 1
Ex. No. 2.4.01 - WL 230211
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9. Electro slag welding - II SEM - TT

Ex. No. 2.4.01 - P. 86 - Fig 2 - WL 230312
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10. Friction welding - II SEM - TT - P. 88 - Fig 1

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Ex. No. 2.4.01 - WL 230411

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11. Laser beam welding - II SEM - TT - P. 89

Fig 1 - Ex. No. 2.4.02 - WL 230511
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12. Electron beam welding - II SEM - TT - P. 90

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Fig 2 - WL 230612

13. Plasma arc welding - II SEM - TT - P. 92

Fig

14. Resistance welding - II SEM - TT - P. 95

Fig 1 - WL 230811

15. Spot welding - II SEM - TT - P. 95

Ex. No. 2.4.02 - WL 230812

16. Seam welding - II SEM - TT - P. 96

Ex. No. 2.4.02 - WL 230816

17. Projection welding - II SEM - TT - Fig 6

P. 97 - Ex. No. 2.4.02 - WL 230816

18. Flash butt welding - II SEM - TT - Fig 7

Ex. No. 2.4.02 - P. 97 - WL 230817

19. Butt on upset welding - II SEM - TT

Ex. No. 2.4.02 - Fig 8 - P. 97 - WL 230818

4 Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.1.01

Job Sequence
• Identify the machinery in your work shop.
• Name the machine and their uses.

• Record it in table 1.
TABLE 1

S. No. Name of the machine Uses

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10
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11
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14
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15

16

Get it checked by the instructor.

TABLE 1 : Refering the machine and use the machine name with help of instructor

Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.1.01 5

 Note: The instructor may provide or arrange the different types of personal protection equipment or
chart and explain how to identify and select the PPE devices suitable for the work and ask the
trainees to write names and its uses in the given table.

Job Sequence
• Read and interpret the personal protection equipment • Write the name of the PPE to the corresponding type
by visually on real devices or from the charts. of protection in table 1.
• Identify and select the personal protection equipment
used for suitable type of protection.
TABLE 1

S. No. Name of the PPE Hazards Type of protection

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Get it checked by your instructor.

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Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.1.02 7

Job Sequence
Fusion runs without filler rod in flat position • Move the blowpipe from right to left direction
maintaining a uniform speed and blow pipe angle.
• Mark and cut the M.S. sheet pieces of size
152 × 122 × 2.5mm using a hand lever shear. • Avoid excessive concentration of heat at any one
point.
Care should be taken to keep the fingers off
from the shearing blades. Wear gloves to avoid If the metal becomes too hot, lift the blowpipe
injury. momentarily away from the molten pool.

• Straighten the cut pieces by hammering on an anvil. Do not touch the inner cone with the molten
pool, to avoid backfire and flashback.
• File and finish the sheet to dimensions as per drawing.
• Mark and punch parallel lines on the sheet surface • Keep the molten pool in correct size by adjusting the
as per sketch and set the job piece on the welding rate of travel and giving slight circular motion to the
table in that position with fire brick support. blowpipe.

• Select and attach nozzle size 5 to the blowpipe. • Stop at the left end and lift and blowpipe quickly.

• Extinguish the flame and cool the blowpipe in water.

Wear safety apparels and gas welding goggles.
• Clean the fused surface with a steel wire brush and
2
• Set acetylene and oxygen pressure 0.15 kgf/cm on inspect for the uniformity of fusion runs.
the regulators.

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If the speed of travel and blowpipe motion are
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Ignite the oxy-acetylene gases and adjust the neutral correct, the fusion runs will appear with
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flame. uniform width and even ripples.
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• Hold the blowpipe on the job at its right hand end at

Repeat the above 4 more times to achieve
the required angle.
uniform fusion and better manipulation of
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• Start heating the surface on the right end of the sheet blowpipe.
with slight circular motion to the blowpipe and
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produce a molten pool on the marked line.

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26 Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.1.06

Job Sequence
Fusion run with filler rod in flat position
• Select and fix the nozzle size 5 and set acetylene / • Move both the blow pipe and the filler rod towards
oxygen pressure 0.15 kgf/cm2. left with uniform speed along the punched line with a
slight circular motion to the blowpipe.
• Select copper-coated mild steel (CCMS) filler rod of
ø1.6 mm. • Move the filler rod up and down (piston like motion)
at a constant speed.
• Wear safety apparels and gas welding goggles.
• Add enough rod into the molten pool to build up the
• Ignite the oxy-acetylene gases and set the neutral
bead evenly in height and width.
flame.
• Adjust the rate of travel of the blowpipe with the filler
• Hold the blowpipe on the right hand at an angle of
rod to control the size of the bead and the required
60° - 70° with the punched line of the job and make a penetration/dept of fusion.
small molten pool at the right hand edge of the line.
• Keep the filler rod end within the flame outer flame to
• Keep the flame cone distance 2.0 to 3.0 mm above
avoid oxidation.
the job surface.
• Stop at the left hand end of the punched line by filling
• Hold the filler rod in the left hand, pointing near the
the crater properly.
molten pool with an angle of 30° - 40° with the line of
weld. • Extinguish the flame and cool the nozzle.

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• Melt the base metal at the right end of a punched line • Clean the weld surface. Inspect for even ripples and
and create a molten pool/puddle.
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Fuse the end of the filler rod by dipping at the centre • Repeat this for the remaining 4 more punched lines
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of the molten pool and add filler metal on the job to achieve better manipulation of blow pipe and filler
surface to form a weld bead. rod.
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Skill Sequence
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Fusion run with and with out filler rod

Objective: This shall help you to
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• set and carry out fusion run with and without filler rod.
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The beginner for gas welding must practice: 2 mm is the shearing allowance so that the finished size
after filling will be 150 × 120mm.
– holding the blowpipe in the correct position
Remove buckling of sheet due to shearing by hammer
– fusing of the metal by using a proper blow pipe on the anvil.
manipulation
– getting proper coordination of both hands to File the irregular edges of the job to remove burrs and
manipulate the blow pipe and filler rod together unevenness on the edge to get a sheet size of
150 × 120mm.
– deposit fusion run in a straight line from the right end
to the left end of the job. Cleaning and setting job piece

Preparation of sheet for welding Remove rust if any using a wire brush and emery paper.

Use gloves while handling sheets. Do not rub with heavy pressure on the wire brush.

Shear the MS strip to get job pieces 152 mm long × Use the emery paper rolled on a piece of wood while
122 mm wide × 2.5 mm thick. cleaning.

38 Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.1.09

Job Sequence
• Prepare the job pieces as per drawing. • Start the weld at right end of the job.
• File the edges of square and ensure through • Keep the blowpipe at 60° - 70°.
cleaning of the edges.
• Fuse the edges uniformly and proceed towards left.
• Bend the edges of the plates to be joined at 90° to
the surface. Fuse the bent edges upto the entire surface
of the plate.
The length of the bent portion should be twice
of the thickness of the plate. • Stop at the left end, fill the crater and complete the
weld.
• Set the gas welding plant, fix nozzle No. 7 and set
the gas pressure of 0.15 kg/cm2 for both gases. • Extinguish the flame, cool the nozzle in water.

• Select CCMS filler rod 3mm ø for tacking and • Clean the welded joint and inspect for
welding. (If necessary) – Uniform width and height of bead.
• Set neutral flame. – Uniform ripples.
• Clean the tacks and set the job on the welding table
in a flat position, over fire brick supports.

Skill Sequence

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Edge joining on MS plate
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Objective: This shall help you to

• join the edge of the MS plate.
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Preparation: Prepare the job pieces of size 150×5×2mm

Use all the safety apparels and gas welding
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by shearing and then filing.

goggles.
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Setting and bending:

• Bend the edges of the plates. Inspection
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• Set the prepared job pieces on the welding table and Inspect the quality of weld by
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tack at both ends.

– Checking the finish of the job.
• Length of the tack weld is 6 mm approximately.
– Checking the uniformity of width and height of the
• Check the alignment after tacking. weld bead in size.
– Checking the uniformity of ripples, fusion and
Welding
complete peneration.
• Start the weld at the right end of the joint. – Checking that the weld is free from faults such as
• Use leftward technique. porosity, undercut, lack of fusion etc.

• Maintain uniform travel speed and feed to the flame.

• Clean the deposited bead using wire brush.

44 Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.1.10

Job Sequence
• Prepare the job to size as per the given drawing. • Restart the weld whenever the arc is put off or when
• Ensure the job piece is free from oil, grease, paint, changing electrode or otherwise.
dirt etc. • Stop weld in the end and fill up the crater.
• Clean the job surface with a steel wire brush and by • De-slag the weld bead using a chipping hammer and
grinding the edges. clean with a steel wire brush.
• Mark parallel lines on the job surface as per drawing Use chipping goggles and tongs during de-slagging.
for depositing weave beads and punch.
• Inspect the deposited weaved beads for:
• Set the workpiece (job) on the welding table in a flat
– uniform width and height
position.
– straightness of beads
Wear protective clothing (safety apparels).
– uniform ripples
• Inspect the welding screen glasses for spatters and – overlap on sides of weld
for suitable shade number. – external weld defects like undercut, porosity, slag
• Select 4mm ø medium coated M.S. electrode. inclusion etc.
(BIS Code:ER4211) – unfilled crater
• Set the welding current between 150 - 160 amps. – restarting defects.

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• Observe the electrode burning rate on a scrap piece • Repeat the exercise till you produce uniform weaved
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and re-adjust the current, if necessary. beads, with correct restarts and stops.

•
ish
Deposit the weaved beads on the workpiece between
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the punched lines from one end to the other.

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Skill Sequence
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Deposit weaved beads in flat position

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Objective: This shall help you to

• deposit weaved bead on 10mm MS plate at required place.
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Wider or weaved beads are required while welding deep Position the electrode with the adjoining plate surface
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groove joints (Fig 1) and multi-pass fillet welds used at an angle of 90° giving side-to-side weaving motion
while welding thicker plates and pipes. using the arm movement. Avoid using wrist movement
for electrode weaving.
Deposition of weaved beads in flat position
Deposit the weaved beads between the punched lines by:
Prepare M.S. plate piece 150×100×10mm with punched
lines for laying weaved beads. (Fig 2) Positioning the electrode correctly (as shown in the Fig 3)

Ensure 150 - 160 amps current setting for a 4.00 mm ø Weaving the electrode side-to-side. (Fig 4)
medium coated M.S. electrode. For selecting the
current to be used for different types and sizes of Restrict the weaving motion to three times the
electrodes, refer the electrode packet on which the electrode diameter i.e. 10 to 12mm for 4mmø electrode.
details are given.
Advance the bead on each weave by not more than
Position the electrode with the weld line at an angle of 2 to 3 mm, so that the light, thin, molten slag will always
75° - 80°. Fig 3. be kept away from the molten pool of metal. Fig 5.

Advancing the bead too far ahead will result in slag

inclusion and poor appearance.

46 Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.1.11

Job Sequence
• Set the cutting machine and connect the oxygen and • Place the cutting machine at the starting point.
acetylene cylinders, regulators to the hoses of the
machine and fix a suitable cutting nozzle. • Ignite and set the neutral flame.

• Fit the profile template on the cutting machine table. • Allow for sufficient preheating, and then switch 'on'
the jet of oxygen.
• Clean the surface of the metal plate to be cut.
• Simultaneously switch 'on' the machine and make
• Select and fix the nozzle as per the thickness of the the cutting head unit to follow the profile.
plate to be cut.
• After the cut is over stop all machine movements
• Clean the track on which the cutting torch assembly and remove the slag from all the gas cut surfaces.
unit is mounted and the profile templates and make
sure that there is no dirt on them. • Use tongs while handling the gas cut job.

• Check the starting lever and ensure that it is in • Ensure that the molten slag diving cutting and
neutral position. solidified hot slag chipped after cutting fall into a
collecting through kept below the table.
• Set the required pressure of oxygen and acetylene
according to the size of the nozzle. • Clean the cutting edges from slag and inspect the
cut for gas cutting defects.
• Set the required speed in the speed control dial
according to the thickness of the metal to be cut.

ed
• Adjust the nozzle to a height such that the inner cone

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of the preheating flame is 3 mm from the surface of
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the metal to be cut.
ish
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be @
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Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.1.15 65

Job Sequence TABLE 1

S. No. Appearance of cut Remedies

• Observe the defects shown in drawing.

• Record the defects name and cause and effects for 1

the defects in table 1.
2
• Get it checked by the instructor, training officer.
3

ed
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ish
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Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.1.16 67

Job Sequence
• Prepare the edges of the sheets to be joined by filling.
Maintain 1 to 1.5 mm distance between the
• Set the sheets as outside corner joint by keeping at flame cone and the molten pool to avoid
90° angle between the members with a uniform root backfire, and to obtain good fusion of the root,
gap of 1.5mm between the edges. use the key-hole technique.
• Fix nozzle No. 5 and adjust the gas pressure to Add filler metal at the top edge of the molten
0.15kgf/sq.cm. for both gases. pool as required to build up the weld.
• Select C.C.M.S. filler rod 1.6 mm dia.
Synchronise the rate of travel and addition of
• Wear all safety clothing and use the gas welding filler metal to obtain a slightly convex bead
goggle. with proper root penetration.

• Set natural flame, tack at both ends of the joint and • Stop welding at the left hand edge of the joint, after
at the centre by fusing the edges adding filler rod. filling up the crater.
• Check the correct alignment of the joint pieces with a • Extinguish the flame, cool the nozzle and keep the
try square, clean the tacks, and reset if needed. blowpipe at a safe place.
Use tongs for holding hot pieces. • Clean the welded joint and inspect for:
– uniform ripples with slightly convex bead with
• Keep the tacked joint on the welding table in a flat
correct throat thickness.

ed
position.
– uniform width and height of bead
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• Hold the blowpipe and filler rod at an angle of 60° to

ish
70° and 30° to 40° respectively with the weld line, – uniform penetration of bead on the reverse side
of the joint near the root (indication of root fusion).
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start welding from the right hand edge of the joint,
move towards the left hand side using the leftward
technique.
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• Keep the flame at the root of the joint, fuse both the
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edges uniformly, then dip the filler rod in the molten

pool, like a 'piston like' motion, steadily move and
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give slight circular motion to the blowpipe.

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Skill Sequence
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Open corner joint in flat position

Objective: This shall help you to
• prepare and weld open corner joint in flat position.

Set the job pieces prepared with square edges in correct Fusion welding on open corner joint
position using angle iron support. (Fig 1)
Make uniform bead with correct penetration by:
Tack-weld the pieces at correct intervals in correct se-
quence, with 1.5 mm root gap. – holding the blowpipe and filler rod in correct position
(Figs 3 and 4)
Check the alignment of the tacked pieces and reset,
– maintaining uniform travelling speed
if required. Use a try square. (Fig 2)

Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.2.19 75

Task 1: Inspection of weld bead

Job Sequence
• Study the given weld sample for inspecting the bead • On sample 2, it is observed that porosity along the
under proper lighting. length of bead, with spatters, along the bead of weld.
• Observe the weld bead using magnifying glass for • On sample 3, it is observed that non uniformity along
(2-2.5) any deviation on straight and uniform the bead with pin holes defective.
welding.
If instructor provides actual welded samples,
• Record the deviations by visually observed in this to trainees it may be cleaned the weld joints
welded sample 1 as slag inclusion and discontinuity with wire brush used be free from dirt, dust,
on the weld bead. slag which may affect the quality of
• Record the observations in the register with details. appearances for visual examination.

Task 2: Inspection of weld sample fillet joints

Job Sequence

ed
• Study the given weld sample for fillet joint for • Record the name of the defects each mentioned is
bl I
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ish
inspecting the type of defects. welded sample fillet joint.
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• Observe the fillet weld joint and prepare ably cleaned • Record the observations in the register with details.
lee force visual inspection using with wire brush.
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• Ensure that the cleaned surface is free from dirt, dust,

slag etc which may affect the quality of appearance
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for visual examination.

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Task 3: Inspection of weld sample butt joint

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Job Sequence
• Study the given weld sample for butt joint for • Record the name of the defects each mentioned in
inspecting the type of defects. welded sample butt joint.
• Observe the butt joint and prepare ably cleaned lee • Record the observations in the register with details.
force visual inspection using with wire brush.
• Ensure that the cleaned surface is free from dirt, dust,
slag etc., which may affect the quality of appearance
for visual examination.

Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.3.25 97

Job Sequence
• Prepare the job pieces as per drawing. • Follow necessary safety precautions.
• Clean the edges and surfaces of the metal pieces. • Tack weld the sheets and check for alignment
• Set the job pieces as lap joint. • Weld the joint with a single run in horizontal position.
• Select the nozzle No. 5 and C.C.M.S. filler rod 3mmø. • Clean the welded area and inspect the weld for
• Set a gas pressure of 0.15 kg/m . 2 defects.

Skill Sequence

Lap joint on MS sheet 2.00mm in horizontal position (2F)

Objective: This shall help you to
• prepare and weld lap joint on MS sheet 2.00mm in horizontal position.

• Position the cross bar of the positioner to the eye • Maintain correct travel speed, manipulation of
level. blowpipe and filler rod to produce uniform weld bead.
• Adjust the pressure of oxygen and that of acetylene
Clean the weldment and inspect for:
at 0.15 kg/cm2.
– Uniform weld size and shape of whole length

ed
• Set and tack the job pieces in correct alignment with
(reinforcement and contour) of the joint.
proper overlapping of pieces.
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– Equal leg length.
•
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Place the tack welds at correct locations.
– No undercut at the toe of weld.
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• Fix the job on the cross bar of the positioner in

horizontal position. – Smooth ripple appearance.
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• Hold the blowpipe at 60 to 70° and the filler rod at – Proper crater filling.
30 to 40° to the line of weld. Deposit the bead from
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the right end of the joint by giving a circular motion to

the blowpipe and proceed towards the left end.
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No py
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Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.3.30 111

Job Sequence
• Prepare and clean the plates as per given dimensions. • Hold the electrode at the centre of the joint and start
from leftwards and use proper technique to avoid
• Set the Lap joint as per drawing and tack weld.
excessive metal deposition at the bottom of the plate.
• Fix the joint in horizontal position.
• Deslag and clean the root run.
• If DC machine is used, connect the electrode to the
• Deposit the second and third run using stringer bead
negative and use short arc to control arc blow.
technique covering the previously laid bead partially
• To avoid distortion due to contraction preset the plates and the plate surface.
such a way that the angle of the tack welded joint is
• Ensure to fill the crater and to clean the bead.
decreased to 87° on the Back side.
• Check for the size of fillet, bead profile, weld defects
• Deposit the root run without weaving.
and rectify them.

Skill Sequence

Fillet weld lap joint MS plate 10mm horizontal position (2F)

Objective: This shall help you to
• prepare and weld lap joint on MS plate 10mm in horizontal position.

Fix the joint in a horizontal position. For this the bottom Deposit the third and final run with a 4 mm dia.

ed
plate should be kept parallel to the ground and the other electrode and 160 amps welding current. Angle of the
plate perpendicular.
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electrode to the line of weld is 70° to 80° and 40° - 50°

ish on both plates. The third run has to be deposited in such

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Welding Lap joint (fillet) in horizontal position: De- a way that the bead covers partly the root run and the
posit root run with 3.15 mm dia. electrode and 110 amps second run and partly the vertical plate. Also there should
welding current, maintaining the electrode angle not be a valley at the bottom toe line of the third run in
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70° to 80° to the line of weld and 40° to 50° between the order to maintain necessary throat thickness. If two pass
vertical plate and electrode. technique is adopted second run should be done in a
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weaving motion. De-slag and clean the weld bead.

De-slag and clean the root bead thoroughly. Use safety
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goggles while de-slagging to protect the eyes from Avoid over-deposition and side undercut by
flying slag particles. using a proper angle and travel speed of the
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electrode.
Deposit second run with a 4mm electrode and 160 amps
welding current, the angle of electrode to the bottom
Co

Inspection of Tee joint

plate to be 55° - 65° and 25° - 35° to the vertical plate
and 70° to 80° to the line of weld. Inspect the fillet weld for equal leg length and correct
size.
This second run has to be deposited partly covering the
root run and partly on the bottom plate. Inspect to ensure the fillet weld is free from undercut
and excessive lapping on bottom plate.
Give a steady movement to the electrode using a short arc.

De-slag and clean the weld bead.

Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.3.31 113

Skill Sequence

(ELBOW) Joint on MS pipe ø50×3mm wall thickness in flat position

Objective: This shall help you to
• prepare and weld (ELBOW) Joint on MS pipe ø50×3mm wall thickness in flat position.

Fix no. 7 nozzle to the blowpipe to help in fusing both In addition the distortion in the pipe joint due to welding
the edges of the joint (which is 3mm thick) to the full can be controlled by welding the segment in the sequence
depth and get good root penetration. 1,3,2 and 4.

Also the joint which is elliptical in shape can be welded Maintaining a continuous keyhole as done in pipe square
properly with good fusion and root penetration only if the butt joint will help in getting good root penetration.
tack welded pipes are welded in 4 segments.
During welding fuse the tacks fully and also ensure proper
The segments are divided on the tacked pipe elbow joint fusion of edges and root of the joint of each segment.
as shown in Fig 2 under job sequence.
Use the blow pipe and filler rod angles of 60 - 70° and
This division into 4 segments will help to keep the job in 30 - 40° to the tangent at the point of welding. Give a
the required position so that the welding is done partially very slight side to side motion to the blowpipe.
by vertical welding technique and partially by flat position.

ed
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144 Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.3.41

Job Sequence
• Ensure the correct size of pipes are used. • Ensure the tacked pipe "Branch" joint is positioned
• Prepare development for 45° branch on a drawing properly to make it convenient to manipulate the blow
sheet. pipe and filler rod without any obstruction.

• Cut and paste it on the pipes. • Weld the joint by manipulating the blow pipe and filler
rod without rotation of the pipe.
• Punch mark the profile of the development on both
pipes. Cut the branch pipe along the punch marked • Maintain keyhole throughout the welding and give side
profile and file it. Cut the profile marked on the main to side motion to the blow pipe to ensure good root
pipe by gas cutting and file it. penetration and fusion of both the edges of the joint.

• Deburr the gas cut edges and file the edges. • Complete the weld in 4 sectors 1, 2, 3 and 4 along
the curved joint using leftward technique.
• Clean the surface of the pipe to remove any oxide
and other contaminants. • Take care to properly fuse the crater of the previous
sector welded with the starting of the new sector.
• Set and align the branch pipe with the main pipe at
an angle of 45°. (Fig 2) Avoid excess penetration.
• Select no. 7 nozzle, ø3mm CCMS rod and use
• Clean the weld and inspect the weldment for defects.
neutral flame with 0.15 kgf/cm2 pressure for both gases.
• Follow necessary safety precautions.
• Tack-weld the joint at 4 place with 45° interval and

ed
with a 2 mm root gap to ensure root penetration.

bl I
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ish
Re NI
be @
o ht
t t rig
No py
Co

152 Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.3.44

Job Sequence
• Find the centre of the given 3mm thick square plate • Clean the cut edges and trim the inside face of the
by joining the 2 diagonals of the square plate using a cut edges using a half round file.
scriber and mark a dot on the meeting joint of the
• Insert the given pipe of 50mm outside diameter in
diagonals using a dot punch.
the cut hole of the plate such that the end of the pipe
• Using a spring divider scribe/draw a circle of radius is flush with the flat surface on the other side of the
25mm at the centre of the square plate and another 6mm plate to form a pipe flange joint.
larger circle with a radius of 45mm and punch mark
• Select a 3.15mm medium coated MS electrode and set
both the circumference of the circles.
110 ampere current and DCEN if a DC welding is used.
• Select 0.8mm size cutting nozzle and fit it with the
• Tack weld at four places at 90° interval on the other
cutting torch.
side of the joint.
• Set a pressure of 0.15 kg/cm2 for acetylene gas and
1.5 kg/cm2 for oxygen gas for cutting 6mm MS plate. Ensure that the pipe is at 90° to the plate
surface while tacking.
• Set neutral flame and preheat at the centre point of
one of the edges of the square plate until it reaches
• Change the electrode to 4mm dia. medium coated
bright red hot condition/kindling temperature.
MS electrode and set 160 ampere current.
• Press the oxygen cutting lever and move the torch
• Position the joint on a suitable weld fixture so that
by hand from the edge of the plate until the punch
welding can be done by 1G rolling method.
marked circumference of the larger circle is reached.
• Complete the welding of the joint in one run using

ed
• Now using a rollar guide and circle cutting attachment start
segment welding method.
cutting the larger external circle of 90mm diameter.
bl I
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• Deslag and clean the joint with a wire brush.

ish
Ensure necessary safety precautions to be
• Inspect visually for any external weld defects.
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used for gas cutting is followed.

Ensure proper crater filling at the end of each
• To cut the internal circle, first pierce a small hole at
be @

segment welding.
about 10mm inside the circumference of the 50mm
dia. circle.
Use appropriate safety precaution during arc
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• Move the torch towards the circumference from the welding and deslagging.
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pierced hole and complete the 50mmø hole cutting

using a small circle cutting attachment.
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Skill Sequence
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Pipe flange joint on MS pipe in flat position

Objective: This shall help you to
• weld pipe flange joint on MS plate with MS pipe ø50 mm × 3mm wall thickness.

For external circle cutting to get a 90mm dia. circular To cut an internal circle, a small hole called pilot hole is
plate from the given 100mm square plate, the cut can to be drilled or pierced by gas cutting inside the
be started from the free edge of the plate Fig 1. After the circumference of the circle/profile before starting to cut
cut reaches the punch marked circumference line, fix the required circle/profile. The procedure to pierce a
the circle cutting attachment (Fig 4) at a distance of pilot hole is as follows. Refer Fig 2.
45mm from the centre of the cutting nozzle and keeping
the conical point of the circle cutting attachment at the
centre of the plate and cut the external circle of radius
45mm.

Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.3.46 157

To prevent damaging the metal surface, the polished
Maintain a high welding speed to avoid
side of a sheet should be placed down.
overheating of the plate edges.
Keep the current as low as possible to reduce
Finish the welding at the right end of the plate.
overheating of the job.
De-slag and clean thoroughly with a stainless steel wire
Start welding at the left hand side of the joint and
brush.
maintain a short arc.
Inspect for surface defects.
Do not weave the electrode.

The electrode angle must be 70° to 80° in the direction

of the weld.

ed
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ish
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o ht
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No py
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Fabrication : Welder - Exercise 1.3.53 179