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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a form of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Pavlov's famous experiment involved ringing a bell (conditioned stimulus) before giving dogs food (unconditioned stimulus), resulting in the dogs salivating to the bell alone. The key elements of classical conditioning are the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Classical conditioning principles include acquisition, extinction, generalization, discrimination, and higher-order conditioning.

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56 views32 pages

Review Notes

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a form of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Pavlov's famous experiment involved ringing a bell (conditioned stimulus) before giving dogs food (unconditioned stimulus), resulting in the dogs salivating to the bell alone. The key elements of classical conditioning are the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Classical conditioning principles include acquisition, extinction, generalization, discrimination, and higher-order conditioning.

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I VA N P E T R O V I C H

PAV L O V ’ S
CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
PRESENTERS:
VINCE ANTHONY FERNANDEZ
M I D E R O S E M A B A N S AG
WHAT IS LEARNING?

Learning is any relatively permanent


change in behavior brought by any
experience or practice.
WHAT DOES “RELATIVELY PERMANENT” MEAN?
AND HOW DOES EXPERIENCE CHANGE WHAT
WE DO?
The “relatively permanent” part of the definition refers
to the fact that when people learn anything, some part of
their brain is physically changed to record what they have
learned.
This is actually a process of memory for without the
ability to remember what happens, people cannot learn
anything.
ACTIVITY:

RECALL THE LAST TIME YOU HURT


YOURSELF PHYSICALLY BECAUSE OF
CURIOSITY.
IVAN
 BORN IN RUSSIA IN 1849 PETROVICH
 STUDIED NATURAL HISTORY PAVLOV
AT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY
 A PROFESSOR OF
PHARMACOLOGY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
 USED EXPERIMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY
 WON A NOBEL PRIZE IN THE
FIELD OF PHYSIOLOGY
WHAT IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?

A basic and powerful form of learning in


which neutral stimuli cause a response
through their association with stimuli that
naturally elicit a response.
THE ELEMENTS
OF CL ASSICAL
CONDITIONING
A. UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
 A naturally occurring
stimulus.
 The term “unconditioned”
means “unlearned.”
 The stimulus that causes
involuntary response.
B. UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

The automatic and


involuntary response to
the unconditioned
stimulus.
C. CONDITIONED STIMULUS
Any kind of stimulus that can be paired or
associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
D. UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
The response given to the conditioned
stimulus and is not usually strong as the
original unconditioned response.

=
E. NEUTRAL STIMULUS

A stimulus
(neutral) that
causes no
response.
IVAN PAVLOV’S
PROCESS OF
CONDITIONING
THE EXPERIMENT ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
THE GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF
CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
A. EXTINCTION

Decrease in the frequency of learned


response; weakening of the conditioned
stimulus.
B. SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Response learned and then extinguished


reappears again even without relearning
C. GENERALIZATION

Reaction to the same stimuli.

=
D. DISCRIMINATION
The process wherein the subject learns to
respond to only one stimulus and inhibits
the response to all other stimuli.
E. HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING
This occurs when a strong conditioned
stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
and elicit the same response.

=
F. ACQUISITION
It refers to the first stages of learning
when a response is established. In classical
conditioning, it refers to the period when
the stimulus comes to evoke the
conditioned response.

=
G. REINFORCEMENT
This refers to the procedure of presenting or
removing a stimulus to maintain or increase
the likelihood of a behavioral response.
Reinforcement is usually divided into two
types: positive and negative.
H. SEMANTIC CONDITIONING

The concept of semantic conditioning was


first characterized by Razran (1939) and
refers to the conditioning of a reaction to
the meaning of a word or a sentence.
T YPES OF
CL ASSICAL
CONDITIONING
DELAYED CONDITIONING

In delay conditioning, the CS and US


overlap. That is, the US appears before the
CS disappears.
DELAYED CONDITIONING
Like trace conditioning, delay conditioning
often occurs outside the laboratory: We often
hear the thunder before the lightning has faded
from view; the dog may continue to growl even as
it bites; the mother may continue to sing softly as
she nurses her baby.
TRACE CONDITIONING

In trace conditioning, the CS begins and ends


before the US appears. There is, then, a gap
between the two stimuli. Trace conditioning
gets its name from the assumption that the
CS leaves some sort of neutral trace.
TRACE CONDITIONING

Trace conditioning often occurs outside the


laboratory: We see the flash of lightning and a
moment later we hear the crash of thunder; we
hear the dog growl and then feel its teeth; the
mother sings to her baby and then offers her
nipple.
SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING

The CS and US coincide


exactly and both stimuli
begin and end at the same
time.
SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING
The simultaneous appearance of CS and US is
probably rare in the natural environment, but
something approximating it may occur: Thunder and
lightning sometimes occur together if the storm is
nearby; the dog may snarl and bite at the same instant
and stop snarling the moment it releases your leg; the
mother may provide the nipple at the very same time
she sings to her baby, and she may stop singing the
instant she withdraws the nipple.
REFERENCES:

Tria, G.E., Limpingco, D.A., and Jao, L.V. 2008.


Psychology of Learning 2e.
Chance, Paul. 2014. Learning and Behavior 7e.
Ciccarelli, S.K., & White J.N., 2009. Psychology
4e.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!

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