G.R.$No.$207264$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$June$25,$2013!

REGINA$ ONGSIAKO$ REYES,! Petitioner,!!

R!E!S!O!L!U!T!I!O!N!

PEREZ,$J.:!

Before! the! Court! is! a! Petition! for! Certiorari! with! Prayer! for! Temporary! Restraining! Order! and/or!
Preliminary! Injunction! and/or! Status! Quo! Ante! Order! dated! 7! June! 2013! filed! by! petitioner! Regina!
Ongsiako!Reyes,!assailing!the!Resolutions!dated!27!March!2013!and!14!May!2013!issued!by!public!
respondent! Commission! on! Elections! (COMELEC)! in! SPA! No.! 13T053.! The! assailed! Resolutions!
ordered!the!cancellation!of!the!Certificate!of!Candidacy!of!petitioner!for!the!position!of!Representative!
of!the!lone!district!of!Marinduque.!

On! 31! October! 2012,! respondent! Joseph! Socorro! Tan,! a! registered! voter! and! resident! of! the!
Municipality!of!Torrijos,!Marinduque,!filed!before!the!COMELEC!an!Amended!Petition!to!Deny!Due!
Course!or!to!Cancel!the!Certificate!of!Candidacy!(COC)!of!petitioner!on!the!ground!that!it!contained!
material!misrepresentations,!specifically:!(1)!that!she!is!single!when!she!is!married!to!Congressman!
Herminaldo!I.!Mandanas!of!BatangasZ1!(2)!that!she!is!a!resident!of!Brgy.!Lupac,!Boac,!Marinduque!
when!she!is!a!resident!of!Bauan,!Batangas!which!is!the!residence!of!her!husband,!and!at!the!same!
time,!when!she!is!also!a!resident!of!135!J.P.!Rizal,!Brgy.!Milagrosa,!Quezon!City!as!admitted!in!the!
Directory!of!Congressional!Spouses!of!the!House!of!RepresentativesZ2!(3)!that!her!date!of!birth!is!3!
July!1964!when!other!documents!show!that!her!birthdate!is!either!8!July!1959!or!3!July!1960Z3!(4)!that!
she! is! not! a! permanent! resident! of! another! country! when! she! is! a! permanent! resident! or! an!
immigrant4!of!the!United!States!of!AmericaZ5and!(5)!that!she!is!a!Filipino!citizen!when!she!is,!in!fact,!
an!American!citizen.6!

In!her!Answer,!petitioner!countered!that,!while!she!is!publicly!known!to!be!the!wife!of!Congressman!
Herminaldo!I.!Mandanas!(Congressman!Mandanas),!there!is!no!valid!and!binding!marriage!between!
them.!According!to!petitioner,!although!her!marriage!with!Congressman!Mandanas!was!solemnized!
in!a!religious!rite,!it!did!not!comply!with!certain!formal!requirements!prescribed!by!the!Family!Code,!
rendering!it!void!ab!initio.7!Consequently,!petitioner!argues!that!as!she!is!not!dutyTbound!to!live!with!
Congressman!Mandanas,!then!his!residence!cannot!be!attributed!to!her.8!As!to!her!date!of!birth,!the!
Certificate!of!Live!Birth!issued!by!the!National!Statistics!Office!shows!that!it!was!on!3!July!1964.9!Lastly,!
petitioner! notes! that! the! allegation! that! she! is! a! permanent! resident! and/or! a! citizen! of! the! United!
States!of!America!is!not!supported!by!evidence.10!

During! the! course! of! the! proceedings,! on! 8! February! 2013,! respondent! filed! a! "Manifestation! with!
Motion! to! Admit! Newly! Discovered! Evidence! and! Amended! List! of! Exhibits"11! consisting! of,! among!
others:! (1)! a! copy! of! an! article! published! on! the! internet! on! 8! January! 2013! entitled! "Seeking! and!
Finding! the! Truth! about! Regina! O.! Reyes"! with! an! Affidavit! of! Identification! and! Authenticity! of!
Document!executed!by!its!author!Eliseo!J.!Obligacion,!which!provides!a!database!record!of!the!Bureau!
of!Immigration!indicating!that!petitioner!is!an!American!citizen!and!a!holder!of!a!U.S.!passportZ!(2)!a!
Certification!of!Travel!Records!of!petitioner,!issued!by!Simeon!Sanchez,!Acting!Chief,!Verification!and!
Certification!Unit!of!the!Bureau!of!Immigration!which!indicates!that!petitioner!used!a!U.S.!Passport!in!
her!various!travels!abroad.!

On!27!March!2013,!the!COMELEC!First!Division!issued!a!Resolution12!cancelling!petitioner’s!COC,!to!
wit:!
WHEREFORE,!in!view!of!the!foregoing,!the!instant!Petition!is!GRANTED.!Accordingly,!the!Certificate!
of!Candidacy!of!respondent!REGINA!ONGSIAKO!REYES!is!hereby!CANCELLED.!

The! COMELEC! First! Division! found! that,! contrary! to! the! declarations! that! she! made! in! her! COC,!
petitioner!is!not!a!citizen!of!the!Philippines!because!of!her!failure!to!comply!with!the!requirements!of!
Republic!Act!(R.A.)!No.!9225!or!the!Citizenship!Retention!and!ReTacquisition!Act!of!2003,!namely:!(1)!
to!take!an!oath!of!allegiance!to!the!Republic!of!the!PhilippinesZ!and!(2)!to!make!a!personal!and!sworn!
renunciation!of!her!American!citizenship!before!any!public!officer!authorized!to!administer!an!oath.!In!
addition,!the!COMELEC!First!Division!ruled!that!she!did!not!have!the!oneyear!residency!requirement!
under!Section!6,!Article!VI!of!the!1987!Constitution.13!Thus,!she!is!ineligible!to!run!for!the!position!of!
Representative!for!the!lone!district!of!Marinduque.!

Not! agreeing! with! the! Resolution! of! the! COMELEC! First! Division,! petitioner! filed! a! Motion! for!
Reconsideration14!on!8!April!2013!claiming!that!she!is!a!naturalTborn!Filipino!citizen!and!that!she!has!
not! lost! such! status! by! simply! obtaining! and! using! an! American! passport.! Additionally,! petitioner!
surmised!that!the!COMELEC!First!Division!relied!on!the!fact!of!her!marriage!to!an!American!citizen!in!
concluding!that!she!is!a!naturalized!American!citizen.!Petitioner!averred,!however,!that!such!marriage!
only!resulted!into!dual!citizenship,!thus!there!is!no!need!for!her!to!fulfill!the!twin!requirements!under!
R.A.!No.!9225.!Still,!petitioner!attached!an!Affidavit!of!Renunciation!of!Foreign!Citizenship!sworn!to!
before! a! Notary! Public! on! 24! September! 2012.! As! to! her! alleged! lack! of! the! oneTyear! residency!
requirement! prescribed! by! the! Constitution,! she! averred! that,! as! she! never! became! a! naturalized!
citizen,!she!never!lost!her!domicile!of!origin,!which!is!Boac,!Marinduque.!

On!14!May!2013,!the!COMELEC!En!Banc,!promulgated!a!Resolution15!denying!petitioner’s!Motion!for!
Reconsideration!for!lack!of!merit.!

Four! days! thereafter! or! on! 18! May! 2013,! petitioner! was! proclaimed! winner! of! the! 13! May! 2013!
Elections.!

On!5!June!2013,!the!COMELEC!En!Banc!issued!a!Certificate!of!Finality16!declaring!the!14!May!2013!
Resolution!of!the!COMELEC!En!Banc!final!and!executory,!considering!that!more!than!twentyTone!(21)!
days! have! elapsed! from! the! date! of! promulgation! with! no! order! issued! by! this! Court! restraining! its!
execution.17!

On! same! day,! petitioner! took! her! oath! of! office18! before! Feliciano! R.! Belmonte! Jr.,! Speaker! of! the!
House!of!Representatives.!

Petitioner!has!yet!to!assume!office,!the!term!of!which!officially!starts!at!noon!of!30!June!2013.!

In!the!present!Petition!for!Certiorari!with!Prayer!for!Temporary!Restraining!Order!and/or!Preliminary!
Injunction!and/or!Status!Quo!Ante!Order,!petitioner!raises!the!following!issues:19!

31)!Whether!or!not!Respondent!Comelec!is!without!jurisdiction!over!Petitioner!who!is!a!duly!
proclaimed!winner!and!who!has!already!taken!her!oath!of!office!for!the!position!of!Member!of!
the!House!of!Representatives!for!the!lone!congressional!district!of!Marinduque.!

32)!Whether!or!not!Respondent!Comelec!committed!grave!abuse!of!discretion!amounting!to!
lack!or! excess! of! jurisdiction! when!it!took!cognizance!of!Respondent!Tan’s!alleged!"newlyT
discovered!evidence"!without!the!same!having!been!testified!on!and!offered!and!admitted!in!
evidence!which!became!the!basis!for!its!Resolution!of!the!case!without!giving!the!petitioner!
the!opportunity!to!question!and!present!controverting!evidence,!in!violation!of!Petitioner’s!right!
to!due!process!of!law.!
 33)!Whether!or!not!Respondent!Comelec!committed!grave!abuse!of!discretion!amounting!to!
lack!or!excess!of!jurisdiction!when!it!declared!that!Petitioner!is!not!a!Filipino!citizen!and!did!
not! meet! the! residency! requirement! for! the! position! of! Member! of! the! House! of!
Representatives.!

34)!Whether!or!not!Respondent!Commission!on!Elections!committed!grave!abuse!of!discretion!
amounting!to!lack!or!excess!of!jurisdiction!when,!by!enforcing!the!provisions!of!Republic!Act!
No.!9225,!it!imposed!additional!qualifications!to!the!qualifications!of!a!Member!of!the!House!
of!Representatives!as!enumerated!in!Section!6!of!Article!VI!of!the!1987!Constitution!of!the!
Philippines.!

The!petition!must!fail.!

At! the! outset,! it! is! observed! that! the! issue! of! jurisdiction! of! respondent! COMELEC! visTaTvis! that! of!
House!of!Representatives!Electoral!Tribunal!(HRET)!appears!to!be!a!nonTissue.!Petitioner!is!taking!
an!inconsistent,!if!not!confusing,!stance!for!while!she!seeks!remedy!before!this!Court,!she!is!asserting!
that!it!is!the!HRET!which!has!jurisdiction!over!her.!Thus,!she!posits!that!the!issue!on!her!eligibility!and!
qualifications!to!be!a!Member!of!the!House!of!Representatives!is!best!discussed!in!another!tribunal!of!
competent!jurisdiction.!It!appears!then!that!petitioner’s!recourse!to!this!Court!was!made!only!in!an!
attempt!to!enjoin!the!COMELEC!from!implementing!its!final!and!executory!judgment!in!SPA!No.!13T
053.!

Nevertheless,!we!pay!due!regard!to!the!petition,!and!consider!each!of!the!issues!raised!by!petitioner.!
The! need! to! do! so,! and! at! once,! was! highlighted! during! the! discussion! En! Banc! on! 25! June! 2013!
where! and! when! it! was! emphasized! that! the! term! of! office! of! the! Members! of! the! House! of!
Representatives!begins!on!the!thirtieth!day!of!June!next!following!their!election.!

According! to! petitioner,! the! COMELEC! was! ousted! of! its! jurisdiction! when! she! was! duly!
proclaimed20!because!pursuant!to!Section!17,!Article!VI!of!the!1987!Constitution,!the!HRET!has!the!
exclusive! jurisdiction! to! be! the! "sole! judge! of! all! contests! relating! to! the! election,! returns! and!
qualifications"!of!the!Members!of!the!House!of!Representatives.!

Contrary!to!petitioner’s!claim,!however,!the!COMELEC!retains!jurisdiction!for!the!following!reasons:!

First,!the!HRET!does!not!acquire!jurisdiction!over!the!issue!of!petitioner’s!qualifications,!as!well!as!
over!the!assailed!COMELEC!Resolutions,!unless!a!petition!is!duly!filed!with!said!tribunal.!Petitioner!
has!not!averred!that!she!has!filed!such!action.!

Second,!the!jurisdiction!of!the!HRET!begins!only!after!the!candidate!is!considered!a!Member!of!the!
House!of!Representatives,!as!stated!in!Section!17,!Article!VI!of!the!1987!Constitution:!

Section!17.!The!Senate!and!the!House!of!Representatives!shall!each!have!an!Electoral!Tribunal!which!
shall! be! the! sole! judge! of! all! contests! relating! to! the! election,! returns,! and! qualifications! of! their!
respective!Members.!x!x!x!

As!held!in!Marcos!v.!COMELEC,21!the!HRET!does!not!have!jurisdiction!over!a!candidate!who!is!not!a!
member!of!the!House!of!Representatives,!to!wit:!

As!to!the!House!of!Representatives!Electoral!Tribunal’s!supposed!assumption!of!jurisdiction!over!the!
issue! of! petitioner’s! qualifications! after! the! May! 8,! 1995! elections,! suffice! it! to! say! that! HRET’s!
jurisdiction! as! the! sole! judge! of! all! contests! relating! to! the! elections,! returns! and! qualifications! of!
members! of! Congress! begins! only! after! a! candidate! has! become! a! member! of! the! House! of!
Representatives.!Petitioner!not!being!a!member!of!the!House!of!Representatives,!it!is!obvious!that!the!
HRET!at!this!point!has!no!jurisdiction!over!the!question.!(Emphasis!supplied.)!

The!next!inquiry,!then,!is!when!is!a!candidate!considered!a!Member!of!the!House!of!Representatives?!

In!VinzonsTChato!v.!COMELEC,22!citing!Aggabao!v.!COMELEC23!and!Guerrero!v.!COMELEC,24!the!
Court!ruled!that:!

The!Court!has!invariably!held!that!once!a!winning!candidate!has!been!proclaimed,!taken!his!oath,!and!
assumed! office! as! a! Member! of! the! House! of! Representatives,! the! COMELEC’s! jurisdiction! over!
election! contests! relating! to! his! election,! returns,! and! qualifications! ends,! and! the! HRET’s! own!
jurisdiction!begins.!(Emphasis!supplied.)!

This!pronouncement!was!reiterated!in!the!case!of!Limkaichong!v.!COMELEC,25!wherein!the!Court,!
referring!to!the!jurisdiction!of!the!COMELEC!visTaTvis!the!HRET,!held!that:!

The!Court!has!invariably!held!that!once!a!winning!candidate!has!been!proclaimed,!taken!his!oath,!and!
assumed! office! as! a! Member! of! the! House! of! Representatives,! the! COMELEC's! jurisdiction! over!
election! contests! relating! to! his! election,! returns,! and! qualifications! ends,! and! the! HRET's! own!
jurisdiction!begins.!(Emphasis!supplied.)!

This!was!again!affirmed!in!Gonzalez!v.!COMELEC,26!to!wit:!

After!proclamation,!taking!of!oath!and!assumption!of!office!by!Gonzalez,!jurisdiction!over!the!matter!
of!his!qualifications,!as!well!as!questions!regarding!the!conduct!of!election!and!contested!returns!–!
were!transferred!to!the!HRET!as!the!constitutional!body!created!to!pass!upon!the!same.!(Emphasis!
supplied.)!

From!the!foregoing,!it!is!then!clear!that!to!be!considered!a!Member!of!the!House!of!Representatives,!
there!must!be!a!concurrence!of!the!following!requisites:!(1)!a!valid!proclamation,!(2)!a!proper!oath,!
and!(3)!assumption!of!office.!

Indeed,!in!some!cases,!this!Court!has!made!the!pronouncement!that!once!a!proclamation!has!been!
made,! COMELEC’s! jurisdiction! is! already! lost! and,! thus,! its! jurisdiction! over! contests! relating! to!
elections,!returns,!and!qualifications!ends,!and!the!HRET’s!own!jurisdiction!begins.!However,!it!must!
be!noted!that!in!these!cases,!the!doctrinal!pronouncement!was!made!in!the!context!of!a!proclaimed!
candidate!who!had!not!only!taken!an!oath!of!office,!but!who!had!also!assumed!office.!

For!instance,!in!the!case!of!Dimaporo!v.!COMELEC,27!the!Court!upheld!the!jurisdiction!of!the!HRET!
against!that!of!the!COMELEC!only!after!the!candidate!had!been!proclaimed,!taken!his!oath!of!office!
before!the!Speaker!of!the!House,!and!assumed!the!duties!of!a!Congressman!on!26!September!2007,!
or!after!the!start!of!his!term!on!30!June!2007,!to!wit:!

On! October! 8,! 2007,! private! respondent! Belmonte! filed! his! comment! in! which! he! brought! to! Our!
attention!that!on!September!26,!2007,!even!before!the!issuance!of!the!status!quo!ante!order!of!the!
Court,!he!had!already!been!proclaimed!by!the!PBOC!as!the!duly!elected!Member!of!the!House!of!
Representatives!of!the!First!Congressional!District!of!Lanao!del!Norte.!On!that!very!same!day,!he!had!
taken!his!oath!before!Speaker!of!the!House!Jose!de!Venecia,!Jr.!and!assumed!his!duties!accordingly.!
In!light!of!this!development,!jurisdiction!over!this!case!has!already!been!transferred!to!the!House!of!
Representatives!Electoral!Tribunal!(HRET).!(Emphasis!supplied.)!

Apparently,!the!earlier!cases!were!decided!after!the!questioned!candidate!had!already!assumed!office,!
and!hence,!was!already!considered!a!Member!of!the!House!of!Representatives,!unlike!in!the!present!
case.!

Here,! the! petitioner! cannot! be! considered! a! Member! of! the! House! of! Representatives! because,!
primarily,!she!has!not!yet!assumed!office.!To!repeat!what!has!earlier!been!said,!the!term!of!office!of!a!
Member! of! the! House! of! Representatives! begins! only! "at! noon! on! the! thirtieth! day! of! June! next!
following!their!election."28!Thus,!until!such!time,!the!COMELEC!retains!jurisdiction.!

In!her!attempt!to!comply!with!the!second!requirement,!petitioner!attached!a!purported!Oath!Of!Office!
taken!before!Hon.!Feliciano!Belmonte!Jr.!on!5!June!2013.!However,!this!is!not!the!oath!of!office!which!
confers!membership!to!the!House!of!Representatives.!

Section!6,!Rule!II!(Membership)!of!the!Rules!of!the!House!of!Representatives!provides:!

Section! 6.! Oath! or! Affirmation! of! Members.! –! Members! shall! take! their! oath! or! affirmation! either!
collectively!or!individually!before!the!Speaker!in!open!session.!

Consequently,! before! there! is! a! valid! or! official! taking! of! the! oath! it! must! be! made! (1)! before! the!
Speaker!of!the!House!of!Representatives,!and!(2)!in!open!session.!Here,!although!she!made!the!oath!
before!Speaker!Belmonte,!there!is!no!indication!that!it!was!made!during!plenary!or!in!open!session!
and,!thus,!it!remains!unclear!whether!the!required!oath!of!office!was!indeed!complied!with.!

More!importantly,!we!cannot!disregard!a!fact!basic!in!this!controversy!–!that!before!the!proclamation!
of!petitioner!on!18!May!2013,!the!COMELEC!En!Banc!had!already!finally!disposed!of!the!issue!of!
petitioner’s!lack!of!Filipino!citizenship!and!residency!via!its!Resolution!dated!14!May!2013.!After!14!
May!2013,!there!was,!before!the!COMELEC,!no!longer!any!pending!case!on!petitioner’s!qualifications!
to!run!for!the!position!of!Member!of!the!House!of!Representative.!We!will!inexcusably!disregard!this!
fact!if!we!accept!the!argument!of!the!petitioner!that!the!COMELEC!was!ousted!of!jurisdiction!when!
she! was! proclaimed,! which! was! four! days! after! the! COMELEC! En! Banc! decision.! The! Board! of!
Canvasser!which!proclaimed!petitioner!cannot!by!such!act!be!allowed!to!render!nugatory!a!decision!
of!the!COMELEC!En!Banc!which!affirmed!a!decision!of!the!COMELEC!First!Division.!

Indeed,!the!assailed!Resolution!of!the!COMELEC!First!Division!which!was!promulgated!on!27!March!
2013,! and! the! assailed! Resolution! of! the! COMELEC! En! Banc! which! was! promulgated! on! 14! May!
2013,!became!final!and!executory!on!19!May!2013!based!on!Section!3,!Rule!37!of!the!COMELEC!
Rules!of!Procedure!which!provides:!

Section!3.!Decisions!Final!after!five!days.!Decisions!in!preTproclamation!cases!and!petitions!to!deny!
due! course! to! or! cancel! certificates! of! candidacy,! to! declare! nuisance! candidate! or! to! disqualify! a!
candidate,!and!to!postpone!or!suspend!elections!shall!become!final!and!executory!after!the!lapse!of!
five!(5)!days!from!their!promulgation!unless!restrained!by!the!Supreme!Court.!

To!prevent!the!assailed!Resolution!dated!14!May!2013!from!becoming!final!and!executory,!petitioner!
should! have! availed! herself! of! Section! 1,! Rule! 3729! of! the! COMELEC! Rules! of! Procedure! or! Rule!
6430!of!the!Rules!of!Court!by!filing!a!petition!before!this!Court!within!the!5Tday!period,!but!she!failed!to!
do! so.! She! would! file! the! present! last! hour! petition! on! 10! June! 2013.! Hence,! on! 5! June! 2013,!
respondent!COMELEC!rightly!issued!a!Certificate!of!Finality.!
As!to!the!issue!of!whether!petitioner!failed!to!prove!her!Filipino!citizenship,!as!well!as!her!oneTyear!
residency!in!Marinduque,!suffice!it!to!say!that!the!COMELEC!committed!no!grave!abuse!of!discretion!
in!finding!her!ineligible!for!the!position!of!Member!of!the!House!of!Representatives.!

Petitioner!alleges!that!the!COMELEC!gravely!abused!its!discretion!when!it!took!cognizance!of!"newlyT
discovered!evidence"!without!the!same!having!been!testified!on!and!offered!and!admitted!in!evidence.!
She!assails!the!admission!of!the!blog!article!of!Eli!Obligacion!as!hearsay!and!the!photocopy!of!the!
Certification!from!the!Bureau!of!Immigration.!She!likewise!contends!that!there!was!a!violation!of!her!
right! to! due! process! of! law! because! she! was! not! given! the! opportunity! to! question! and! present!
controverting!evidence.!

Her!contentions!are!incorrect.!

It! must! be! emphasized! that! the! COMELEC! is! not! bound! to! strictly! adhere! to! the! technical! rules! of!
procedure! in! the! presentation! of! evidence.! Under! Section! 2! of! Rule! I,! the! COMELEC! Rules! of!
Procedure! "shall! be! liberally! construed! in! order! x! xx! to! achieve! just,! expeditious! and! inexpensive!
determination!and!disposition!of!every!action!and!proceeding!brought!before!the!Commission."!In!view!
of!the!fact!that!the!proceedings!in!a!petition!to!deny!due!course!or!to!cancel!certificate!of!candidacy!
are!summary!in!nature,!then!the!"newly!discovered!evidence"!was!properly!admitted!by!respondent!
COMELEC.!

Furthermore,! there! was! no! denial! of! due! process! in! the! case! at! bar! as! petitioner! was! given! every!
opportunity!to!argue!her!case!before!the!COMELEC.!From!10!October!2012!when!Tan’s!petition!was!
filed!up!to!27!March!2013!when!the!First!Division!rendered!its!resolution,!petitioner!had!a!period!of!
five!(5)!months!to!adduce!evidence.!Unfortunately,!she!did!not!avail!herself!of!the!opportunity!given!
her.!

Also,!in!administrative!proceedings,!procedural!due!process!only!requires!that!the!party!be!given!the!
opportunity!or!right!to!be!heard.!As!held!in!the!case!of!Sahali!v.!COMELEC:31!

The!petitioners!should!be!reminded!that!due!process!does!not!necessarily!mean!or!require!a!hearing,!
but!simply!an!opportunity!or!right!to!be!heard.!One!may!be!heard,!not!solely!by!verbal!presentation!
but! also,! and! perhaps! many! times! more! creditably! and! predictable! than! oral! argument,! through!
pleadings.!In!administrative!proceedings!moreover,!technical!rules!of!procedure!and!evidence!are!not!
strictly!appliedZ!administrative!process!cannot!be!fully!equated!with!due!process!in!its!strict!judicial!
sense.!Indeed,!deprivation!of!due!process!cannot!be!successfully!invoked!where!a!party!was!given!
the!chance!to!be!heard!on!his!motion!for!reconsideration.!(Emphasis!supplied)!

As!to!the!ruling!that!petitioner!is!ineligible!to!run!for!office!on!the!ground!of!citizenship,!the!COMELEC!
First!Division,!discoursed!as!follows:!

"x!x!x!for!respondent!to!reacquire!her!Filipino!citizenship!and!become!eligible!for!public!office,!the!law!
requires!that!she!must!have!accomplished!the!following!acts:!(1)!take!the!oath!of!allegiance!to!the!
Republic!of!the!Philippines!before!the!ConsulTGeneral!of!the!Philippine!Consulate!in!the!USAZ!and!(2)!
make! a! personal! and! sworn! renunciation! of! her! American! citizenship! before! any! public! officer!
authorized!to!administer!an!oath.!

In! the! case! at! bar,! there! is! no! showing! that! respondent! complied! with! the! aforesaid! requirements.!
Early!on!in!the!proceeding,!respondent!hammered!on!petitioner’s!lack!of!proof!regarding!her!American!
citizenship,! contending! that! it! is! petitioner’s! burden! to! present! a! case.! She,! however,! specifically!
denied!that!she!has!become!either!a!permanent!resident!or!naturalized!citizen!of!the!USA.!
Due!to!petitioner’s!submission!of!newlyTdiscovered!evidence!thru!a!Manifestation!dated!February!7,!
2013,!however,!establishing!the!fact!that!respondent!is!a!holder!of!an!American!passport!which!she!
continues!to!use!until!June!30,!2012,!petitioner!was!able!to!substantiate!his!allegations.!The!burden!
now! shifts! to! respondent! to! present! substantial! evidence! to! prove! otherwise.! This,! the! respondent!
utterly!failed!to!do,!leading!to!the!conclusion!inevitable!that!respondent!falsely!misrepresented!in!her!
COC!that!she!is!a!naturalTborn!Filipino!citizen.!Unless!and!until!she!can!establish!that!she!had!availed!
of!the!privileges!of!RA!9225!by!becoming!a!dual!FilipinoTAmerican!citizen,!and!thereafter,!made!a!valid!
sworn! renunciation! of! her! American! citizenship,! she! remains! to! be! an! American! citizen! and! is,!
therefore,! ineligible! to! run! for! and! hold! any! elective! public! office! in! the! Philippines."32! (Emphasis!
supplied.)!

Let!us!look!into!the!events!that!led!to!this!petition:!In!moving!for!the!cancellation!of!petitioner’s!COC,!
respondent!submitted!records!of!the!Bureau!of!Immigration!showing!that!petitioner!is!a!holder!of!a!US!
passport,! and! that! her! status! is! that! of! a! "balikbayan."! At! this! point,! the! burden! of! proof! shifted! to!
petitioner,!imposing!upon!her!the!duty!to!prove!that!she!is!a!naturalTborn!Filipino!citizen!and!has!not!
lost!the!same,!or!that!she!has!reacquired!such!status!in!accordance!with!the!provisions!of!R.A.!No.!
9225.!Aside!from!the!bare!allegation!that!she!is!a!naturalTborn!citizen,!however,!petitioner!submitted!
no!proof!to!support!such!contention.!Neither!did!she!submit!any!proof!as!to!the!inapplicability!of!R.A.!
No.!9225!to!her.!

Notably,!in!her!Motion!for!Reconsideration!before!the!COMELEC!En!Banc,!petitioner!admitted!that!
she!is!a!holder!of!a!US!passport,!but!she!averred!that!she!is!only!a!dual!FilipinoTAmerican!citizen,!thus!
the!requirements!of!R.A.!No.!9225!do!not!apply!to!her.33!Still,!attached!to!the!said!motion!is!an!Affidavit!
of! Renunciation! of! Foreign! Citizenship! dated! 24! September! 2012.34! Petitioner! explains! that! she!
attached!said!Affidavit!"if!only!to!show! her!desire!and!zeal!to!serve!the!people!and!to!comply!with!
rules,!even!as!a!superfluity."35!We!cannot,!however,!subscribe!to!petitioner’s!explanation.!If!petitioner!
executed!said!Affidavit!"if!only!to!comply!with!the!rules,"!then!it!is!an!admission!that!R.A.!No.!9225!
applies! to! her.! Petitioner! cannot! claim! that! she! executed! it! to! address! the! observations! by! the!
COMELEC! as! the! assailed! Resolutions! were! promulgated! only! in! 2013,! while! the! Affidavit! was!
executed!in!September!2012.!

Moreover,! in! the! present! petition,! petitioner! added! a! footnote! to! her! oath! of! office! as! Provincial!
Administrator,!to!this!effect:!"This!does!not!mean!that!Petitioner!did!not,!prior!to!her!taking!her!oath!of!
office!as!Provincial!Administrator,!take!her!oath!of!allegiance!for!purposes!of!reacquisition!of!naturalT
born! Filipino! status,! which! she! reserves! to! present! in! the! proper! proceeding.! The! reference! to! the!
taking!of!oath!of!office!is!in!order!to!make!reference!to!what!is!already!part!of!the!records!and!evidence!
in!the!present!case!and!to!avoid!injecting!into!the!records!evidence!on!matters!of!fact!that!was!not!
previously!passed!upon!by!Respondent!COMELEC."36!This!statement!raises!a!lot!of!questions!–!Did!
petitioner!execute!an!oath!of!allegiance!for!reTacquisition!of!naturalTborn!Filipino!status?!If!she!did,!
why!did!she!not!present!it!at!the!earliest!opportunity!before!the!COMELEC?!And!is!this!an!admission!
that!she!has!indeed!lost!her!naturalTborn!Filipino!status?!

To! coverTup! her! apparent! lack! of! an! oath! of! allegiance! as! required! by! R.A.! No.! 9225,! petitioner!
contends!that,!since!she!took!her!oath!of!allegiance!in!connection!with!her!appointment!as!Provincial!
Administrator!of!Marinduque,!she!is!deemed!to!have!reacquired!her!status!as!a!naturalTborn!Filipino!
citizen.!

This!contention!is!misplaced.!For!one,!this!issue!is!being!presented!for!the!first!time!before!this!Court,!
as! it! was! never! raised! before! the! COMELEC.! For! another,! said! oath! of! allegiance! cannot! be!
considered! compliance! with! Sec.! 3! of! R.A.! No.! 9225! as! certain! requirements! have! to! be! met! as!
prescribed! by! Memorandum! Circular! No.! AFFT04T01,! otherwise! known! as! the! Rules! Governing!
Philippine! Citizenship! under! R.A.! No.! 9225! and! Memorandum! Circular! No.! AFFT05T002! (Revised!
Rules)!and!Administrative!Order!No.!91,!Series!of!2004!issued!by!the!Bureau!of!Immigration.!Thus,!
petitioner’s!oath!of!office!as!Provincial!Administrator!cannot!be!considered!as!the!oath!of!allegiance!
in!compliance!with!R.A.!No.!9225.!

These!circumstances,!taken!together,!show!that!a!doubt!was!clearly!cast!on!petitioner’s!citizenship.!
Petitioner,!however,!failed!to!clear!such!doubt.!

As!to!the!issue!of!residency,!proceeding!from!the!finding!that!petitioner!has!lost!her!naturalTborn!status,!
we!quote!with!approval!the!ruling!of!the!COMELEC!First!Division!that!petitioner!cannot!be!considered!
a!resident!of!Marinduque:!

"Thus,! a! Filipino! citizen! who! becomes! naturalized! elsewhere! effectively! abandons! his! domicile! of!
origin.!Upon!reTacquisition!of!Filipino!citizenship!pursuant!to!RA!9225,!he!must!still!show!that!he!chose!
to!establish!his!domicile!in!the!Philippines!through!positive!acts,!and!the!period!of!his!residency!shall!
be!counted!from!the!time!he!made!it!his!domicile!of!choice.!

In! this! case,! there! is! no! showing! whatsoever! that! petitioner! had! already! reTacquired! her! Filipino!
citizenship! pursuant! to! RA! 9225! so! as! to! conclude! that! she! has! regained! her! domicile! in! the!
Philippines.!There!being!no!proof!that!petitioner!had!renounced!her!American!citizenship,!it!follows!
that!she!has!not!abandoned!her!domicile!of!choice!in!the!USA.!

The!only!proof!presented!by!petitioner!to!show!that!she!has!met!the!oneTyear!residency!requirement!
of!the!law!and!never!abandoned!her!domicile!of!origin!in!Boac,!Marinduque!is!her!claim!that!she!served!
as!Provincial!Administrator!of!the!province!from!January!18,!2011!to!July!13,!2011.!But!such!fact!alone!
is!not!sufficient!to!prove!her!oneTyear!residency.!For,!petitioner!has!never!regained!her!domicile!in!
Marinduque!as!she!remains!to!be!an!American!citizen.!No!amount!of!her!stay!in!the!said!locality!can!
substitute! the! fact! that! she! has! not! abandoned! her! domicile! of! choice! in! the! USA."37! (Emphasis!
supplied.)!

All!in!all,!considering!that!the!petition!for!denial!and!cancellation!of!the!COC!is!summary!in!nature,!the!
COMELEC! is! given! much! discretion! in! the! evaluation! and! admission! of! evidence! pursuant! to! its!
principal!objective!of!determining!of!whether!or!not!the!COC!should!be!cancelled.!We!held!in!Mastura!
v.!COMELEC:38!

The!rule!that!factual!findings!of!administrative!bodies!will!not!be!disturbed!by!courts!of!justice!except!
when!there!is!absolutely!no!evidence!or!no!substantial!evidence!in!support!of!such!findings!should!be!
applied!with!greater!force!when!it!concerns!the!COMELEC,!as!the!framers!of!the!Constitution!intended!
to!place!the!COMELEC!—!created!and!explicitly!made!independent!by!the!Constitution!itself!—!on!a!
level!higher!than!statutory!administrative!organs.!The!COMELEC!has!broad!powers!to!ascertain!the!
true! results! of! the! election! by! means! available! to! it.! For! the! attainment! of! that! end,! it! is! not! strictly!
bound!by!the!rules!of!evidence. ! 1âwphi1

Time! and! again,! We! emphasize! that! the! "grave! abuse! of! discretion"! which! warrants! this! Court’s!
exercise! of! certiorari! jurisdiction! has! a! welldefined! meaning.! Guidance! is! found! in! Beluso! v.!
Commission!on!Elections39!where!the!Court!held:!

x!x!x!A!petition!for!certiorari!will!prosper!only!if!grave!abuse!of!discretion!is!alleged!and!proved!to!exist.!
"Grave! abuse! of! discretion,"! under! Rule! 65,! has! a! specific! meaning.! It! is! the! arbitrary! or! despotic!
exercise! of! power! due! to! passion,! prejudice! or! personal! hostilityZ! or! the! whimsical,! arbitrary,! or!
capricious!exercise!of!power!that!amounts!to!an!evasion!or!refusal!to!perform!a!positive!duty!enjoined!
by!law!or!to!act!at!all!in!contemplation!of!law.!For!an!act!to!be!struck!down!as!having!been!done!with!
grave!abuse!of!discretion,!the!abuse!of!discretion!must!be!patent!and!gross.!(Emphasis!supplied.)!
Here,!this!Court!finds!that!petitioner!failed!to!adequately!and!substantially!show!that!grave!abuse!of!
discretion!exists.!

Lastly,!anent!the!proposition!of!petitioner!that!the!act!of!the!COMELEC!in!enforcing!the!provisions!of!
R.A.!No.!9225,!insofar!as!it!adds!to!the!qualifications!of!Members!of!the!House!of!Representatives!
other!than!those!enumerated!in!the!Constitution,!is!unconstitutional,!We!find!the!same!meritless.!

The! COMELEC! did! not! impose! additional! qualifications! on! candidates! for! the! House! of!
Representatives!who!have!acquired!foreign!citizenship.!It!merely!applied!the!qualifications!prescribed!
by!Section!6,!Article!VI!of!the!1987!Constitution!that!the!candidate!must!be!a!naturalTborn!citizen!of!
the!Philippines!and!must!have!oneTyear!residency!prior!to!the!date!of!elections.!Such!being!the!case,!
the!COMELEC!did!not!err!when!it!inquired!into!the!compliance!by!petitioner!of!Sections!3!and!5!of!
R.A.!No.!9225!to!determine!if!she!reacquired!her!status!as!a!naturalTborn!Filipino!citizen.!It!simply!
applied!the!constitutional!provision!and!nothing!more.!

IN! VIEW! OF! THE! FOREGOING,! the! instant! petition! is! DISMISSED,! finding! no! grave! abuse! of!
discretion!on!the!part!of!the!Commission!on!Elections.!The!14!May!2013!Resolution!of!the!COMELEC!
En!Bane!affirming!the!27!March!2013!Resolution!of!the!COMELEC!First!Division!is!upheld.!

SO!ORDERED.!