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Conceptual Framework

This document provides a literature review and conceptual framework on reading comprehension. It begins by defining reading as the process of understanding written messages through the interaction between the writer and reader's minds. Reading comprehension is defined as the ability to interpret words, understand meanings and relationships between ideas in a text. The document also discusses definitions of teaching as helping and facilitating learning by providing instruction and knowledge. It notes that teaching reading comprehension requires strategies from teachers to help students understand texts, such as mentioning skills, providing practice, and assessing comprehension.

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AQ C Cecille
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6K views3 pages

Conceptual Framework

This document provides a literature review and conceptual framework on reading comprehension. It begins by defining reading as the process of understanding written messages through the interaction between the writer and reader's minds. Reading comprehension is defined as the ability to interpret words, understand meanings and relationships between ideas in a text. The document also discusses definitions of teaching as helping and facilitating learning by providing instruction and knowledge. It notes that teaching reading comprehension requires strategies from teachers to help students understand texts, such as mentioning skills, providing practice, and assessing comprehension.

Uploaded by

AQ C Cecille
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A. Review of Related Literature

1. Reading

a. The Definitions of Reading

Reading is one of English skills besides speaking, listening and writing. It is

the way to understand written messages. According to Nuttal (2000:2) reading means

a result of interaction between the writer’s mind and the reader’s mind. It is the way

how to the reader tries to get the message or the intended meaning from the writer. In

this process, the reader tries to create the meanings intended by the writer, the reader

can get the message, and the writer’s meaning sense.

According to Pang (2003:6) reading is defined as understanding written texts.

He says that reading consists of two related processes: word recognition and

comprehension. Word recognition is defined as the process of getting how written

symbols correspond to one’s spoken language while comprehension is the process of

making the meaning of words, sentences and connected text. He adds his statement

that the reader who has background knowledge, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge,

experience with text and other strategies can help them understand written texts. Based on two
definitions above reading can be defined as the instantaneous

recognition of various written symbol with existing knowledge and it also can be

defined as comprehension of the information and the idea communicated. It means

that when a reader interacts with printed messages, he tries to get the visual (written)

information result or to get meaning in comprehending the messages or the texts from

the writer. It also can be said that reading not only the process of getting the written

symbols correspond to one’s spoken language but it is also the process of making the
meaning of words, sentences and connected text that can be called comprehension.

b. Definitions of Reading Comprehension

There are many definitions of reading comprehension accepted from some

writers. According to Klingner (2007:2) reading comprehension is “the process of

constructing meaning by coordinating a number of complex processes that included

word reading, word and world knowledge, and fluency”. It refers to the ability in

interpreting the words, understanding the meaning and the relationships between

ideas conveyed in a text. He summarized reading comprehension instruction for the

teacher as following a three-step procedure: mentioning, practicing, and assessing.

That is, teachers mention the skills that the students want to use, then they give them

opportunities to practice those skills through workbooks or work sheets, and finally

assess whether or not they use the skill successfully. Alderson (2000: 28) defines reading is an
enjoyable, intense, private

activity in which the readers get much pleasure and can totally absorb the

reading. According to Pang (2003:14) comprehension is the process of making sense

of words, sentences and connected text. He says that comprehension is the processes

of deriving the meaning of one word to another in a text. Readers typically make use

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of background knowledge, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, experience with a

text and other strategies to help them understand the written texts. From the definitions above,
reading comprehension can be concluded as the

ability to find the stated or unstated writer’s idea in the text. The essence of reading

comprehension is understanding all information delivered by the writer. It also refers

to the ability to connect between the words in a text, to understand the ideas and the

relationships between ideas conveyed in a text.

c. Teaching Reading
Kimbly and Garmezy in Brown (2000:7) define that teaching is the activities

to show or help someone to learn how to do something, give instructions, guide in the

study of something, provide with the knowledge, cause to know, understand

knowledge and give new knowledge. Brown (2000:7) also says that “teaching cannot

be defined apart from learning. Teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling

the learners to learn, setting the conditions for learning”. Meanwhile learning is

getting the knowledge or the acquisition of the knowledge. From the definitions

above, we can define teaching as helping, facilitating, and giving instructions how to

learn and get something or knowledge. Here the teacher is the subject in doing those

because the teacher has the obligation to help the students getting or acquiring the

second language that is English.

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1) Teaching Reading Comprehension

In teaching reading comprehension, the teacher needs some strategies to

make the students comprehend the reading texts. According Brown (2000: 306- 311),

http://eprints.uny.ac.id/9919/3/CHAPTER%202%20-%2006202244061.pdf

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