Electric Circuits and Networks 10-09-2018

Lecture 16: Nodal/Mesh Analysis, Source Transformation

Lecturer: Dr. Vinita Vasudevan Scribe: Shashank Shekhar

Nodal Analysis
     
     
 G  V  I 
    =  s 
     
|{z} |{z}
Unknown independent sources/
Variables initial conditions
Mesh Analysis
     
     
 Z  I  V 
    =  s 
     
|{z} |{z}
Unknown independent sources/
Variables initial conditions

Example 1: Write the nodal equations for following circuit

super node
4i1
V1 V2 2Ω V3
+
−

Iin (s) Vs +
2Ω 2Ω −

ref

As V3 = Vs so effectively we have only two unknown V1 , V2 . By applying KCL we will get

following matrix equation:

 1 1 V
 " # " #
 1 = Is + Vs /2
 2  V

1 1 2 0
" # " #
Is Vs /2
= +
0 0

" # " # " #

V1 −1 Is −1 Vs /2
=G +G
V2 0 0
| {z } | {z }
S1 S2

Observation: Note that S1 can be obtained by setting Vs = 0,Circuit for that will be as
follows:

1
 V1 V2 2Ω V3

+
−
4i11
Iin (s) 2Ω 2Ω

S2 can be obtained by setting Is = 0,Circuit for that will be as follows:

V1 V2 2Ω V3

+
−4i12
Vs +
2Ω 2Ω −

and the total solution is sum of the two solutions. This is expected to be happen as the
system is linear w.r.t. each source, so Superposition should be applicable.

Example 2: Write the nodal equations for following circuit

V1 1Ω V1

iL (0− )
Iin (s) 1Ω 1F Vc (0− ) 1H
s

− 
−1  V1  Iin (s) + Vc (0 )
  
s + 2

   = 
     
iL (0− ) 
 
−1 1/s + 1 V2
    
−
s
0 
 

I (s)
 
V (0 − ) 
 in   c    
=   +  +
   
    i (0− ) 


0 0 − L 
s

zero state
Using superposition

zero-input can apply one

initial condition at a time

2
 Example 3: Solve the following circuit using Superposition

3Ω
+
6A 8Ω − 2V

3Ω
+
6A 8Ω 3Ω 8Ω − 2V

3 2
i1 = 6 · i2 =
11 11

i = i1 + i2

Note: Superposition can be appiled only for independent sources and sources appearing
because of initial conditions

Setting the voltage source equal to zero ⇔ short the terminal

Setting the current source equal to zero ⇔ opencircuit the terminal

Source Transformation
Rs
V = Vs − IRs
+
Vs
Vs +
− V
Voc
-

Vs
Rs
equivalent Isc

Vin − Vs Vs
I= V Rs
R Rs

-
Hence we can replace voltage source with resistance in series by a current source with resis-
tance in parallel.

3
 Example 4: Replace current source with resistance in parallel by voltage source with
resistance in series.
R2 R3
+ −
Vx

Is R1 Vs +
−

Since the following two circuits are equivalent

Rs

+ +

Is R1 Is R1 ⇐⇒ Vs +
− V

- -

So the given circuit can be replaced by following:

R1 R2 R3
+ −
Vx Is R1 − Vs
I=
R1 + R2 + R3
Is R1 + Vs +
− I − Vx = R3 I

Note : Source transformation can be used for independent, dependent sources and also
for initial conditions, as the I-V relationship is the same in all conditions

Exercise 1 : Apply the series of source transformations to get circuit with single mesh

5Ω

3Ω 4Ω
+ −
Vx
5Vx
+
3V − 7Ω 9Ω 9A

4
 Exercise 2 : Replace the dashed part of given circuit by single voltage source in series
with a inpedence

20 Ω 14 Ω

− 12
Vin (s) + 8s Z (s)
s