Electric Circuits and Networks 27-08-2018

Lecture 11: Driving Point Functions & Network Function

Lecturer: Dr. Vinita Vasudevan Scribe: Shashank Shekhar

Driving Point Functions: Impedence and admittance measured at the same port of the
network with assumption is LTI i.e. zero initial condition and no independent sources other
than the input.

Vin + Iin
− N N

Iin (s) Vin (s)

Yin (s) = Zin (s) =
Vin (s) Iin (s)
Transfer Function: It is the ratio of laplace transform of input and response at different
port with assumption is LTI i.e. zero initial condition and no independent sources other
than the input.

input Iin N response

Example 1:

αV2
V1 V2
super node
+
−

Iin (s) gm V2 R C C

Zin (s)

1
 
V1 + sC + V2 (sC) + V2 gm = Iin (s)
R
V1 − V2 = αV2

1
  1 + sRC    
 g + sC  V1  Iin 
 R m     
    =  
     

1 − (1 + α) V2
 0

The inverse for 2 × 2 matrix is given as:

" #−1 " #

a b 1 d −b
=
c d ad − bc −c a

− (1 + α) − (gm + sC) I 
 
V1  1 
 
  in 
=
  
   
  D  1 + sRC   
 
V2 −1 0
R
where,
1 −R
=
D (1 + gm R + α) + sRC (2 + α)
− (1 + α) Iin
V1 (s) =
D
R (1 + α)
Zin (s) =
(1 + gm R + α) + sRC (2 + α)

R Vin − Vs
I=
R
−
Vin +
+ Vs Not linear
−

Example 2: Find admittance Yin (s)

1H

2Ω i3 2Ω

Vin +
− i1 1/4F i2 2Ω
Yin (s)

2
 2 (s + 2/s) −4/s −2  I  V 
 
 s+1   1   in 
 −4/s 4 −2  I2  =  0 
 s     0 
−2 −2 4 + s I3


8 (s + 2)2
Det =
s

Use Cramer’s rule to solve

 
4 s2 + 4s + 4 /s
I1 (s) = Vin (s)
8 (s + 2)2 /s

Yin (s) = 1/2

Note that poles and zeros cancel. But it is a second order system with repeated root
s = −2.
Example 3:

V1 1Ω V2

+
iL (0− )
Iin 1Ω 1F CVc (0− ) 1H
s
−
iL

" #" # " #

s+2 −1 V1 Iin + CVc (0− )
=
−1 1/s + 1 V2 −iL (0− ) /s

Initial value and final value theorem

"
# Z∞
df − df −st
L = sF (s) − f (0 ) = e dt
dt 0− dt
Z 0+ Z∞
− df −st df −st
lim (sF (s) − f (0 )) = lim e dt + lim e dt
s→∞ s→∞ 0− dt s→∞ 0− dt
Z 0+
df
RHS = lim f (0+ ) − f (0− )
s→∞ 0− =

lim sF (s) = f (0+ )

s→∞

3
Final Value
Z ∞
− df
lim (sF (s) − f (0 )) = dt
s→0 0− dt
Zt
df
= lim dτ
t→∞ 0− dτ

= lim f (t) − f (0− )

t→∞
lim sF (s) = lim f (t)
s→0 t→∞

Note: Final value theorem will give steady state solution only if there is a steady state. It
works only if all poles are in the LHP and you have at most one simple pole at the origin
s·s
e.g. lims→0 2 = 0. Not correct as limt→∞ cosωt , 0
s + ω2
Exercise : Find V2 (s) , V2 (t) for circuit given below

1/2F
V1 V2 4H V3

2 + 5u (t) +
− 1Ω
+
− 4u (t)

Use initial value theorem and find v2 (0+ ) from V2 (s) and final value theorem to find limt→∞ v2 (t)