Young's Modulus
Young's Modulus
Research Foundation
www.tra-erf.org
Elastic modulus
Basics and significance
When the dimensional changes are not too great, the solid returns
to the original shape and size, after the deforming forces have
ceased to act.
This property of solids is termed “elasticity” and is common to all
solids.
Stress
When a body is stressed, forces of reaction come into play internally in it,
resisting further deformation and tending to restore the body to its original
condition.
The restoring or recovering force per unit area set up inside the body is
called “STRESS”
Tensile load
Compressive load
Tensile stress
Compressive stress
Tensile load
Compressive load
Change in length ∆l
Strain, ε = =
Original length l
Source of the figures : Internet
Strain is dimensionless and
represents unit deformation
Better ways:
(1)By measuring natural frequency of
vibration
(2)By measuring velocity of sound
C = [ E/ρ] ½ where ρ is the density
σ
Hooke’s law is applicable ε =
only in elastic region
E
U
Differentiating U and
simplifying, the net force
of attraction and
U
U
repulsion is given by
Distance of separation
r0 r0
U
Summation curve
-A B -a b
V = + F = +
r0
rn rm rN rM
A and B : proportionality Young's modulus E α
constants for attraction and slope at r0 or the curvature At the equilibrium
repulsion of the potential energy – r spacing,r0, U is minimum
curve at r0
n and m : exponents giving and net F = 0
the appropriate variation of U Source: The structure and properties of materials, Vol III,
with r HW Hayden, William G Moffatt and John Wulff , John Wiley & sons, Inc.1966
Melting point, sublimation, Young’s modulus and coefficient of thermal
expansion are qualitatively related to Condon-Morse curves
The sublimation temperature is directly related to the depth of the trough; Young’s modulus
is inversely related to the radius of curvature at the bottom of the trough; and thermal
expansion behaviour is related to the degree of symmetry of the curve.
strong Intermediate weak
r r r
U
U
r0 U r0 r0
Primary bonds are strong high stiffness bonds: metallic, covalent, ionic bonds.
Melting point: 1000 – 4000 K.
Secondary bonds are weak low stiffness bonds: Van der waals and hydrogen bonds.
Melting point: 100 – 500 K.
Besides the strength of the interatomic bonds, the elastic modulus is
dependent on ways in which atoms are packed together – which is different in
different types of materials. Sources: (1) The structure and properties of materials, Vol III,
HW Hayden, William G Moffatt and John Wulff , John Wiley & sons, Inc.1966
(2) Engineering materials-1
Michael Ashby and David RH Jones, Elsevier Butterworth – Heinemann , 2005
Stiffness and Young’s modulus
of a material
Young’s modulus of a crystal from bond stiffness
Polymers
Polyesters,
Epoxies
Elastomers
Butyl rubber,
silicones
Hybrids
Composites,
Foams
Glasses
Silica glass,
Glass ceramics
Ceramics
Aluminas,
Silicon carbides
Source: Materials Engg,Science, Processing and Design by Michael Ashby et al
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007 and Internet
Young’s modulus of different materials
Polymers Ceramics
0.1 - 8 (70 – 1000)
Elastomers
(0.0002 – 0.2)
Graphene
Metals
Materials
(10 -300)
Composites
Foams 10 -200
(0.0002 - 1)
Combination of materials
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103
Elastome
r
Source: 1) Materials Engg,Science, Processing and Design by Michael Ashby et al Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007
2) The structure and properties of materials, Vol III, HW Hayden, William G Moffatt and John Wulff , John Wiley & sons, Inc.1966
ρ : ∼ (2 - 10) Mg/m3
E : ∼ (70 – 600) GPa
High
Ceramics
Young’s modulus
atoms are heavy and
H:1, C:12, N:14,O:16 Young’s modulus depends are closely packed
Si:28,Fe:56,U:238 on inter-atomic bonds as
well as the ways in which
Medium
atoms are packed. ρ : ∼ (1)Mg/m3
E : ∼ (0.1 - 8) GPa
CORK Polymers
(Foam structure Generally composed of light atoms
Poisson’s ratio=0 C,H,O and are arranged in low
use: stopper for wine bottles density packagings
Density mainly depends on atomic weight
ρ : ∼ (0.02 to 0.5 ) Mg/m3
E : ∼ (.0002-1) GPa
Low
Foams
( )
E (Foam) ρ (Foam) 2 A factor of 2000
=
E Solid ρ solid
So ∼
Source: Materials Engg,Science, Processing and Design by Michael Ashby et al Butterworth-Heinemann,
E can be manipulated 2007
by changing ρ
Bond stiffness and Young’s modulus for
some bond types
Bond type Examples Bond stiffness, Young’s
S modulus, E
(N/m) (GPa)
Van der Waals Waxes 0.5 - 1 1-4
(e.g. Polymers)
Hydrogen bond Polyethylene 3-6 2 – 12
(e.g. H2O –H2O)
Ionic Sodium 8-24 32 – 96
(e.g. Na-Cl) chloride
Metallic All metals 15-75 60 – 300
(e.g. Cu-Cu)
Covalent Carbon- 50-180 200 - 1000
(e.g. C-C) carbon bond
Source: Materials Engg,Science, Processing and Design by Michael
Ashby et al Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007
Influence of structure (C-C bond) on Young’s modulus
Crystallite Amorphous Carbon Hydrogen
E = 300 GPa
E = 1020 GPa
dc diamond
fcc diamond E = 1050-1200 GPa
(Theoretical) diamond nano-rods E = 1214 GPa
Extremities in elasticity observed in new materials:
(A) graphene, (B) gum metal
Graphene:
Nobel prize in Physics 2010 Graphene
Graphite is an isolated atomic plane of
Consists of many layers of six- graphite with atoms arranged in
membered carbon rings a regular hexagonal pattern.
Andre Geim
Source of figures : Internet Konstantin Novoselov
Attributes
Source: IW Frank et al
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 25(6) Nov/Dec 2007
Source: Wikipedia
Super strength
Gum metal Elastic limit
Super plasticity
Ti-23Nb-0.7Ta-2Zr-1.2 O alloy –an
inter- metallic {Ti3(Ta+Nb+V)(Zr,Hf)
+O } with bcc structure
Super elasticity