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Optimization and Effectiveness of Bridge Construction Development Based on

Value Engineering

Article · April 2017

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 OPTIMIZATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION DEVELOPMENT BASED ON
VALUE ENGINEERING
Hafnidar A. Rani
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Muhammadiyah Aceh University
Jl. Muhammadiyah 91 Bathoh Lueng Bata, Banda Aceh 23245, Aceh, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

Abstract
Bridge construction is a very important infrastructure because it connects two separate places due
to several conditions. This research was done under the bridge of Lamnyong Bridge doubling
construction in Banda Aceh, by providing the most economical costs but still meet the strengthen
requirements specified or without losing the value and function of the building. The scope of this
research is limited to the implementation cost of under Lamnyong Bridge construction structural
works, such as: foundation, bridge abutments and pillars works. The method used in this research
is value engineering method that is analysis oriented to evaluate the function of construction
project planning of the work. This analysis has a systematic and focused approach in evaluating
the object being surveyed. The objective of this study is to apply value engineering to the
construction implementation method of concrete conventional bridge construction. There are some
implementation phases in value engineering, they are information phase continuing to identify the
budget starting from the highest to the lowest prices by using Pareto law distribution graph the
creative phase by using cost/worth method, analysis phase and the last is recommendation phase.
From the value engineering application of the early design with the budget is 72,486,508,196.71
IDR then carried out some alternatives, they are alternative I obtained the cost is
40,616,598,222.56 IDR or it is 43.97% cost saving, for alternatives II obtained the cost is
41,699,143,562.90 IDR or it is 42.47% cost saving and alternative III obtained the cost is
41,243,208,716.90 IDR or it is 43.10% cost saving. Therefore value engineering method can
optimize project cost saving in order to improve effective development quality.
Keywords: Bridge construction, value engineering, optimization

1. Introduction
Good transportation infrastructure and facility will smooth the traffic flow to be safe, comfortable
and afficient from both time and cost sectors. Therefore, road and bridge as the infrastructure must
get the primary attention in development. The bridges condition that are less good or inadequate
can obstruct the traffict smooth, so it is necessarary doubling or widening of the bridges to
overcome the problems and it is useful to smooth the traffic.

The optimization and effectiveness need of project budget requires well planned project technique
and controlling. Value engineering is a creative and planned approach that has the objective to
identify and create the efficiency of the unnecessary cost. It can be done by revising the project
design to allow the cost saving without reducing the quality and function of the project itself.
Lamnyong Bridge doubling construction in Banda Aceh especially for the work done under the
bridge can be carried out by value engineering approach because it can give possitive effect. The
objective of the bridge doubling construction is to overcome the traffic jam that offen occur as the
results of vehicle growth that become more crowded. This research is to identify the works that
can be done by value engineering to the cost of the works under the bridge and find the best
alternatives that can replace the early design to the selected work items, and to know the project
cost difference between the project that has been early planned and the project that has been done
the value engineering analysis.

2. Material and Method

2.1 Bridge
Supriyadi and Muntohar (2007) stated that bridge is very important infrastucture because it has the
function as the connection between two seperate places because of some conditions. The bridge
planning and design should consider the function of transportation need, technical requirements
and aesthetic-architectural including traffic, technical and aesthetic aspects.
The parts of the bridge including upper structure, surface, under structure, foundation, oprit, bridge
savety construction. Beside the bridge parts, there are also bridge components such as girder,
abutment (bridge placement), roiling (bridge roiling pole), bridge floor plate.

2.2 Value Engineering

Soeharto (1995) stated that value engineering is the systematically organized effort applying the
recognized technique, it is the technique that identify the product and service functions which
objective is to meet the required function to the lowest price (the most economical).
According to Wilson (2005), value engineering is defined as the effort that is systematic and
organized done to analyze system, product and service functions to achieve or conduct the
essential function of the lowest life cycle cost and consistent to the required performance,
reliability, quality and security. Life cycle cost is live cycle cost model to show the total cost of the
ownership for each building system, sub system, functional area and maintenance cost.

2.3. Value Engineering Application

Wilson (2005) mentioned that the value engineering will be effective if it is applied as early as
possible in design phase to produce most possible cost saving. Value engineering theory can be
applied in every phase during the project run. But if value engineering application is applied later,
it will reach smaller cost saving potential, while the cost create the change because of value
engineering will be higher. At a time, cost saving potential and changing cost will reach the break
even and it means no cost saving achieved.

2.3.1 Value
According to Kelly & Male (2004), value is defined as the relation among cost, time and quality
which the quality consicts of a number of variables determined from someone skill and experience
or some people in a group, explicit made to decide choices among various suitable function
options.

2.3.2 Cost
Dell’Isola (1997) stated that cost is sum of all efforts and expenditures executed in developing and
producing the products. The cost analysis improved because value engineering has the objective to
detect the relation between the actual function and cost required and provide decision making
method regarding next required efforts.
2.3.3 Function
Function is not anything but an expected performance. Someone buy something based on the
function and result (outcomes) achieved from something. Design analysis of a component must
determine the componen function and feature designed to obtain required results (Kaufman &
Jerry,2006).

2.4 High Cost Identification

According on Berawi (2014), there are some techniques used to identify the high cost, they are
breakdown analysis, cost model, function analysis, life cycle cost impact. Value basic theory is the
relation between cost and worth.
(1)

2.5 Value Engineering Job Plan

Kelly & Male (2004) defined the job plan is a systematic approach of value engineering. This job
plan is directed plan to carry out the value engineering including result implementation of the
value engineering. Job plan also become a success key determinant of value engineering study.
The phases in value engineering application are information phase, creative phase, analysis phase
and recommendation phase.

2.6 Research Phase

The research was carried out under bridge work of Lamnyong Bridge doubling in Banda Aceh that
connect Banda Aceh Boundery Road Section to Darussalam, with span length is 307.6 m and
width is 10.0 m (1,75 x 2 m). Value engineering analysis is carried out in four phases, they are
information phase, creative phase, analysis phase and recommendation phase. The phases are
explained as below:

2.6.1 Information Phase

The steps applied in information phase mentiones as below:
1. Information design repitition;
2. Study target determination;
3. Element selection with optimum cost saving potency.

2.6.2 Creative Phase

This creative phase uses brain storming method that is one of the tools/techniques used in creative
phase to produce the ideas relted to other method to perform the functions. Brain storming is also a
technique that is almost always done in value engineering application. The alternatives can be
viewed from the various aspects, they are:
1. Material;
2. Work implementation method;
3. Work implemetation time.

2.6.3 Analysis Phase

The methods used in assessment and alternatives selection are benefit and loss analysis methods
by giving the value and ranking. To produce the cost saving, value engineering can be done by five
phases, they are:
1. Material used replacement in the work items
2. Getting the work items that will be carried out the value engineering.
3. Finding the best alternative design to replace the early designin the selected work items.
4. Alternatives design collection.
5. Calculating the cost saving from value engineering application.

2.6.4 Recommendation Phase

This is the last phase in value engineering planning by collecting all the results of information,
creative, and analysis phases and then all the phases summarized so that it can be recognized
which items that can be replaced from the work selected items and how much the cost saving can
be achieved after applying the value engineering then make a report to decide which design will be
selected and better to be carried out.

3. Result and Discussions

3.1 Result
Table 1. High Cost Identification
Cost Cummulative
No. Work Item
IDR % IDR %
1 Steel Piles Procurement: 500
mm of diameter and 10 mm 33.738.468.578,31 45.70 33.738.468.578,31 45.70
of the thickness
2 Reinforcing Steel of screw
10.987.079.719,29 14.88 44.725.548.297,60 60.59
BJ 32
3 Procurement of Precast Pre
stressed Concrete Piles: 500 8.789.732.012,35 11.91 53.515.280.309.95 72.49
mm of diameter
4 Type I girder precast unit:
4.293.102.138,08 5.82 57.808.382.448,03 78.31
26.6 m of the span length
5 Medium quality concrete
3.169.152.516,03 4.29 60.977.534.964,07 82.60
with fc '= 30 MPa (K-350)
6 Medium quality concrete
2.603.791.422,92 3.53 63.581.326.386,99 86.13
with fc’= 25 MPa (K-300)
7 Type I girder precast unit:
2.249.950.754,04 3.05 65.831.277.141,03 89.17
31,6 m of the span length
8 Pile staking of precast
reinforced concrete: 500 mm 2.229.916.489,86 3.02 68.061.193.630,89 92.20
of diameter
9 Deck Slap Procurement 1.151.898.750,00 1.56 69.213.092.380,89 93.76
10 Mobilization 1.141.820.000,00 1.55 70.354.912.380,89 95.30
11 Sheet Pile 1.031.736.309,20 1.40 71.386.648.690,08 96.70
12 Pile staking of Steel Pipe:
500 mm of diameter and 12 468.942.593,28 0.64 71.855.591.283,37 97.34
mm of the thickness
13 Medium quality concrete
438.181.767,03 0.59 72.293.773.050,40 97.93
with fc’= 20 MPa (K-250)
14 Railing 337.720.326,50 0.46 72.631.493.376,89 98.39
15 Concrete Diaphragm K350
(fc '30 MPa) including 243.758.492,89 0.33 72.875.251.869,78 98.72
tension work after casting
16 Additional cost for item
177.431.847,91 0.24 73.052.683.717,69 98.96
7.6.(7) s/d 7.6.(10) for pile
17 Elastomer placement for
147.349.752,90 0.20 73.200.033.470,60 99.16
type 1 (300 x 350 x 36)
18 Low quality concrete with
144.604.980,25 0.20 73.344.638.450,84 99.35
fc’= 15 MPa (K-175)
19 Expansion Joint of Type
111.212.130,00 0.15 73.455.850.580,84 99.50
Asphaltic Plug
20 Reinforsing steel of plain BJ
69.884.952,02 0.09 73.525.735.532,86 99.60
24
 21 Ultility relocation and
existing PDAM (Drinking 60.000.000,00 0.08 73.585.735.532,86 99.68
Water Institution) Service
22 Ultility relocation and
existing PLN (Electricity 60.000.000,00 0.08 73.645.735.532,86 99.76
Institution) Service
23 Ultility relocation and
50.000.000,00 0.07 73.695.735.532,86 99.83
existing and other services
24 Concrete Demolition 41.192.953,55 0.06 73.736.928.486,41 99.88
25 Additional filler 27.018.749,90 0.04 73.763.947.236,31 99.92
26 Stone masonry 24.528.668,31 0.03 73.788.475.904,62 99.95
27 Traffic Management and
20.000.000,00 0.03 73.808.475.904,62 99.98
Savety
28 Quality Management 5.000.000,00 0.01 73.813.475.904,62 99.99
29 Demolition product
transportation exceeding 4.289.461,92 0.01 73.817.765.366,54 99.99
5 km
30 Rip rap 3.374.616,04 0.00 73.821.139.982,58 100.00
31 Bridge Name Plank 1.666.964,03 0.00 73.822.806.946,61 100
Total 73.822.806.946,61 100 73.822.806.946,61 100

After high cost analysis phase then it is carried out analysis phase to pareto graph to detect the
percentage of cost cummulative and work items.

Figure 1. Pareto Analysis Graph of Under Bridge Works

of Lamnyong Bridge Doubling in Banda Aceh

The method used in the creative phase of this research is brain storming method. This method is
one of the methods that is often used in creative phase to produce the ideas related to other
methods used to carry out the function. For cost/worth ratio value can be shown in Table 2 below.
 Table 2. Cost/Worth on foundation work item
Construction Creative Phase
Bridge Function analysis
Lamnyong Item: Foundation
Banda Aceh Function : Load restrain to the bridge
Function
No Component P/S Cost Worth
Noun Verb
Divisi Struktur
1 Medium quality concrete with fc’=30 MPa (K -350) Floor Concrete casting S 3.169.152.516,03 -
2 Medium quality concrete with fc’= 25 MPa (K -300) Trotoar casting S 2.603.791.422,92 -
3 Medium quality concrete with fc’= 20 MPa (K -250) Trotoar casting S 438.181.767,03 -
4 Low quality concrete with fc’= 15 MPa (K -175) Work floor casting S 144.604.980,25 -
5 Girder Precast Unit of Type I girder precast
? Span is 26,6 meter S 4.293.102.138,08 -
? Span is 31,6 meter S 2.249.950.754,04 -
6 Deck Slap Procurement S 1.151.898.750,00 -
7 Concrete Diaphragm K350 (fc’ 30 MPa) Concrete Distance S 243.758.492,89 -
(post-tension)
8 Reinforsing steel of plain BJ 24 Structure Strengthen S 69.884.952,02 -
9 Reinforsing steel of screw BJ 32 Structure Strengthen S 10.987.079.719,29 -
10 Sheet Pile Joint Distance S 1.031.736.309,20 -
11 Procurement of pile , size: Procurement coating
? Diameter : 500 mm and the thickness is 12 mm P 33.738.468.578,31 33.738.468.578,31
12 Procurement of Precast Pre stressed Concrete Piles Procurement
Load restrain
? Diameter : 500 mm P 8.789.732.012,35 8.789.732.012,35
13 Pile staking of precast reinforced concrete. Staking
Load restrain
? Diameter: 500 mm P 2.229.916.489,86 2.229.916.489,86
14 Pile staking of steel pile Staking
Load restrain
? Diameter : 500 mm and the thickness is 12 mm P 468.942.593,28 468.942.593,28
15 Additional cost for item P 177.431.847,91 -
if the pilecarried out in the water
16 Stone masonry Couple binding stone S 24.528.668,31 -
17 rip rp Couple binding stone S 3.374.616,04 -
18 Expansion Joint Tipe Asphaltic Plug Joint Distance S 111.212.130,00 -
19 Elastomer placement of type 1 (300 x 350 x 36) Put sleeper material S 147.349.752,90 -
20 Railing Assemblies Savety S 337.720.326,50 -
21 Bridge Name Plank Written Bridge Name S 1.666.964,03 -
22 Concrete Demolition Material Demolition S 41.192.953,55 -
23 Demolition product transportation exceeding 5 km Material Demolition S 4.289.461,92 -
24 Steel shower pipe S 27.540.000,00 -

TOTAL 72.486.508.196,71 45.227.059.673,81

Cost/Worth 1,60

On the abutment foundation and bridge pillar work items obtained cost/worth ration value is 1,60
or cost/worth value ˃1 then it can be continue to the function analysis phase. Then it is done the
alternative replacement from the early design phase, in alternative 1 phase conducted design
replacement on pillar 5 and pillar 6 foundations of early design foundation using steel piles
foundations and then continue the alternative using precast prestressed concrete piles.
3.2 Discussions

Alternative 1: Early design cost in pile foundation work is 72,486,508,196.71 IDR. After applying
value engineering by replacing all foundations to precast concrete pile foundation, it is obtained
the alternative cost become 40,616,598,222.56 IDR. The saving cost achieved is
31,869,909,974.15 IDR.

Alternative 2: Early design cost is 72,486,508,196.71 IDR. After applying value engineering by
replacing all foundations to pile drill foundation, it is obtained the alternative cost become
41,699,143,562.9 IDR. The saving cost achieved is 30.787.364.633,81 IDR.

Alternative 3: Early design cost is 72,486,508,196.71 IDR. After applying value engineering by
replacing all foundations to precast concrete pile foundation, and pillar 5 and pillar 6 are replaced
with pile drill foundation using steel cassing that has the function to protect the foundation from
the water so it is obtained the alternative cost become 41,243,208,716.9 IDR. The saving cost
achieved is 31,243,299,479.77 IDR. Table 3 below shows the value engineering results to the three
alternatives.

Table 3. Value Engineering Recapitulation

No Work Item Early Cost Alternative Cost Difference (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Alternative I 72,486,508,196.71 40,616,598,222.56 31,869,909,974.15 43.97
2 Alternative II 72,486,508,196.71 41,699,143,562.90 30,787,364,633.81 42.47
3 Alternative III 72,486,508,196.71 41,243,208,716.90 31,243,299,479.77 43.10

Criteria ranking to see the value difference in value engineering recapitulation results. From the
table above can be shown that the best alternative is alternative 1 by replacing all work items in
foundations using precast concrete pile foundation.

4. Conclusion

Alternative sollution selected by considering the cost efficiency,easy of implementation and

material quality. Based on the results of item analysis carried out to value engineering on pile
foundations and bridge pillars. The highest cost item on steel pile work item is analyzed. In this
item, steel piles are carried out to pillar 5 and pillar 6 which located under the water so it is
necessary to coat the steel. By the additional of steel piles cause the higher price so that it needs to
be applied value engineering for cost saving.

In value engineering application, there are three alternatives, they are alternative I used in all
foundations of the bridge and the early design using precast concrete pile and steel pile, then is
replaced the alternative using precast concrete pile to all bridge foundations. For alternative II, the
early design is same with alternative I so this alternative is replace by pile drill foundation for all
foundation items. For alternative III, the early design is same with alternative I and alternative II,
they are replaced by precast concrete pile and for pillar 5 and pillar 6 are used pile drill foundation
using steel cassing. After carrying out the value engineering, it is obtained that the most effective
and efficient alternative design is alternative I by using precast concrete pile.

5. References
Berawi, M. A. (2014). Aplikasi Value Engineering pada Industri Konstruksi Bangunan Gedung.
UI Press, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.
 Dell’Isola, A. (1997). Value Engineering: Practical Aplication for Design Construction
Maintenance & Operation. R.S. Means, Kingstone, Company, Inc., USA.
Kaufman, J. & Jerry. (2006). The Making of A Value Management Facilitator. Value Word,
Volume 29, Number 1, Summer 2006.
Kelly, J. R. & S. Male. (2004). Value Management of Construction Projects. London.
Supriyadi dan Muntohar. (2007). Pengertian Jembatan Berdasarkan Fungsinya. Thesis
(unpublished), Jakarta.
Soeharto, I. (1995). Manajemen Proyek-dari Konseptual sampai Operasional. Erlangga, Jakarta.
Wilson, D.C. (2005). NCHRP Synthesis 352: Value Engineering Applications in Transportation.
A Synthesis of Highway Practice, Transportation Research Board. Washington D.

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