ADDING: SUBTRACTING:

45.00 + 6.98
To add or subtract fractions they must have Addition and Subtraction with
the same denominator (the bottom value). Different denominators

Addition and Subtraction with the If the denominators are different then a common
Same denominators denominator needs to be found. This is most easily
done by creating a common denominator that is the
product of the two differing denominators. To achieve
If the denominators are already the same then this multiply the denominator and the numerator of
it is just a matter of either adding or each fraction by the opposite denominator. This is
actually the same as multiplying 1 and so we aren’t
subtracting the numerators (the top value).
really changing anything.

To multiply fractions:
When asked to add or subtract decimals, the
1. Simplify the fractions if not in lowest most important step is to line up the decimal
terms. points.
2. Multiply the numerators of the fractions
to get the new numerator. To divide fractions, take the
3. Multiply the denominators of the reciprocal (invert the fraction) of the
fractions to get the new denominator.
divisor and multiply the dividend.
Ex. 2) 14.86 + 22.9 Step 1: Line up the decimal points so that
similar place values are lined up. In other
If the numbers do not have the same number words, the tens place in both numbers should
of digits after the decimal point, you can use be lined up, the ones place in both numbers
"filler zeros" to help you line up the numbers. should be lined up, etc.

Step 2: Add the digits together that are lined

up.
Ex 3.) 45 + 6.98
Ex.1) 13.6 + 17.8
A common mistake that is often made is that
Ex. 4) 239.83 - 125.51
the 45 is added to the 98. However, here the
45 represents a whole number. It is 4 tens First we will line up the numbers by making sure
and 5 ones. The 98 represents 9 tenths and 8 the decimals are lined up. Then we just subtract
hundredths. These numbers do not hold the the numbers that are in common place value
same place values. positions.

The steps for subtracting numbers with

decimals are exactly the same as adding
decimals. Let's take a look at a couple of
examples.
With the zero here, we can see that we
need to borrow in order to subtract.
Ex. 5) 98.3 - 45.67

We will start by lining them up. So the steps to adding and subtracting are this:
In the subtraction examples, the filler zeros are 1.) Line up the place values of the numbers by
even more helpful. Some make the mistake of lining up the decimals.
placing a 7 in the hundredths place of the answer. 2.) Add in filler zeros if needed.
However, take a look at what happens with the 3.) Add or Subtract the numbers in the same
filler zero. place value positions.
 Multiplication when both factors are decimals
Multiplication with decimals and
whole numbers
In this case, both factors are decimals:
In this case, we are multiplying a decimal
by another number without decimals, as
in the example:
Step 1: As in the previous case, the first
thing we have to do is to place the
numbers so that the longer factor is on
the top and the shorter factor is on the
Step 1: We place both numbers so that bottom.
the longer factor is on the top and the
shorter factor is on the bottom. Step 2: We solve the multiplication
problem as we normally would with
Step 2: We solve the multiplication whole numbers. Afterward, we count the
problem as we normally would with digits that come after the decimal points
whole numbers. Afterward, we count the in both factors. The answer should have
digits that come after the decimal point in as many decimal places as can be found
the decimal and we place the decimal in both factors combined.
point in the answer so that it has the
same number of decimal places after it as
in the decimal in the factor position.
 Dividing Decimals by Dividing Decimals by
Whole Numbers Decimals

We use the following method when we

To divide a decimal by another decimal:
divide a decimal quantity by a whole
number. 1. Change the divisor to a whole number
by moving the decimal point to the
To divide a decimal by a whole number: rightmost place.
2. Move the decimal point in the
1. Place the decimal point in the
dividend to as many places as the
quotient directly above the decimal
decimal point in the divisor is moved.
point in the dividend.
3. Divide like whole numbers.
2. Divide as in whole numbers.
3. Insert zeros to the dividend when
1. Change the divisor to a whole number
needed. by moving the decimal point to the
rightmost place.

Example 1. 77.5 ÷ 25 Divide like whole numbers

1. Place the decimal point directly Rather than doing the long
above the decimal point in the method, it is a great help if we can
dividend. learn a faster way of dividing
decimals by power of ten.
2. Divide.

Dividing Decimals by
Powers of 10
Consider the following examples
6.12÷10=0.612 Move the decimal point one
decimal places to the left
6.12÷100=0.0612 Move the decimal point two
decimal places to the left
6.12÷1000=0.00612 Move the decimal point three
decimal places to the left
6.12÷0.1=61.2 Move the decimal point one
decimal places to the right
6.12÷0.01=612. Move the decimal point two
decimal places to the right
6.12÷0.001=6120. Move the decimal point three
decimal places to the right