07 Cost Control
07 Cost Control
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 07:
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
Riyadh - 2011
Imad Alsadeq,
PMP®, PMOC, PMI-RMP®, MCP
© 2011 THIQAH – Management and Engineering Solutions. PMP Material Ver.02, All Rights reserved. www.thiqah.com
www.thiqah.com
PMBOK and PMP are registered marks of the Project Management Institute, Inc.
O
P
E
N Discussion
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 2
PMP Exam Preparation Course 1
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
Project Management Process Groups
Knowledge Areas
Initiating Process Planning Process Executing Process Monitoring & Controlling Closing Process
4.4 Monitor and Control
Planning Process Group
4. Integration
4.1 Develop
Project Charter
4.2 Develop Project
Management Plan
4.3 Direct and Manage
Project Execution
Project Work
4.5 Perform Integrated
Change Control
4.6 Close Project
or Phase
5.1 Collect Requirements
5.4 Verify Scope
5. Scope 5.2 Define Scope
5.5 Control Scope
5.3 Create WBS
6.1 Define Activities
6.2 Sequence Activities
6.3 Estimate Activity
6. Time Resources 6.6 Control Schedule
6.4 Estimate Activity
Durations
6.5 Develop Schedule
7.1 Estimate Costs
7. Cost 7.3 Control Costs
7.2 Determine Budget
8.2 Perform
8. Quality 8.1 Plan Quality 8.3 Perform Quality Control
Quality Assurance
9.2 Acquire Project Team
9. Human 9.1 Develop Human
9.3 Develop Project Team
Resource Resource Plan
9.4 Manage Project Team
10.3 Distribute Information
10. 10.1 Identify
10.2 Plan Communications 10.4 Manage Stakeholder 10.5 Report Performance
Communications Stakeholders
Expectations
11.1 Plan Risk Management
11.2 Identify Risks
11.3 Perform Qualitative Risk
11.6 Monitor and Control
11. Risk Analysis
Risks
11.4 Perform Quantitative
Risk Analysis
11.5 Plan Risk Responses
12. 12.3 Administer 12.4 Close
12.1 Plan Procurements 12.2 Conduct Procurements 3
Procurement Procurements Procurements
www.thiqah.com
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT OUTLINE
7 Project Cost Management
7.1 Estimate Costs
7.2 Determine Budget
7.3 Control Costs
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 4
PMP Exam Preparation Course 2
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
Project Cost Management
Project Cost Management includes the
processes involved in estimating, budgeting,
and controlling costs so that the project can
be completed within the approved budget.
• Level of accuracy
• Units of measure
• Organizational procedures links
The cost management
• Control thresholds
processes and their associated • Rules of performance
tools and techniques are measurement
usually selected during the • Reporting formats
project life cycle definition • Process descriptions
Help in
establishing:
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 5
www.thiqah.com
The Project Cost Management
Capturing costs:
The cost of an acquired item can be measured when:
The acquisition decision is made or committed,
The order is placed,
The item is delivered, or
The actual cost is incurred or recorded for project
accounting purposes.
Can Project Cost Decisions affect the subsequent cost
of using, maintaining, and supporting the product,
services, or result of the project
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 6
PMP Exam Preparation Course 3
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
What is the project cost management?
Primarily concerned with the cost of the
resources needed to complete the project.
It includes all processes needed to ensure the
project is completed within the approved budget
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 7
www.thiqah.com
Cost Management Terminologies
DEPRECIATION
Lost value over time, divided into two categories;
Straight line
Accelerated
LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS
The more you put in something, the less you get out of
it!
WORKING CAPITAL
Current assets minus current liabilities
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 8
PMP Exam Preparation Course 4
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
Accounting Standards
Present Value (PV)
Net Present Value (NPV)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Payback Period
Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR)
Opportunity Cost
All these financial methods are used as project
selection methods in Initiation Process Group
www.thiqah.com
Present Value (PV)
PV = Present Value
FV = Future Value
PV = FV / (1 + r)n r = Interest Rate
n = Number of time periods
Example
What is the present value for $500,000 received four years
from now if the interest rate is expected to be 10%? Should
it be more or less than US $500,000?
Answer:
Less;
500,000/(1.1)4 < 500,000
10
PMP Exam Preparation Course 5
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
Net Present Value (NPV)
NPV = 2,097.65 – 1,409.09 = 688.56
www.thiqah.com
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
The rate at which project inflows (revenues) and
project outflows (costs) are equal
CONCEPTUAL:
Each project is an investment with a specific rate (IRR). The one
with the highest IRR should be chosen.
Example
PMP Exam Preparation Course 6
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
Payback Period
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 13
www.thiqah.com
Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR)
The benefits are
BCR > 1 greater than costs
The costs are greater
BCR < 1 than benefits
PMP Exam Preparation Course 7
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 4th edition. ©2008 Project Management Institute, Inc. P. 41
Common Cost PM Process Interactions
7.1 Estimate
Costs
7.3 Control
7.2 Determine Costs
Budget
Level of Process Interaction
Executing Monitoring
Planning
Initiating Closing
Time
©2009 THIQAH Copyrights 15
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs
The process of developing an
approximation of the monetary resources
needed to complete project activities.
Consider additional
hours during design
Consider the possible
leads to reduce the
causes of variation of cost of execution.
the cost estimates,
including risks.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 16
PMP Exam Preparation Course 8
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.1 Estimate Costs (cont.)
For example, a project in the initiation
phase could have a Rough Order of
Magnitude (ROM) estimate in the range Project
of ‐50 to +100%. Later in the project, as Progress
more information is known, estimates
could narrow to a range of ‐10 to +15%. Cost
Estimates
Integ‐
Scope, ration
Time
Sources of input information are derived
Cost, from the outputs of project processes in
… other Knowledge Areas. Once received, all
of this information will remain available as
inputs to all three of the cost management
processes.
Inputs for Cost Mgmt
Processes
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs (cont.)
If the performing organization does not have formally
trained project cost estimators, then the project team
will need to supply both the resources and the
expertise to perform project cost estimating activities.
Costs are estimated for all resources that will be
charged to the project.
labor, materials,
equipment,
services,
facilities,
categories such as an inflation allowance or contingency
costs.
PMP Exam Preparation Course 9
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 4th edition. ©2008 Project Management Institute, Inc. P. 169
7.1 Estimate Costs Data Flow Diagram
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 19
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs
Inputs
• .1 Scope baseline
• .2 Project schedule
• .3 Human resource plan
• .4 Risk register
• .5 Enterprise environmental factors
• .6 Organizational process assets
Tools & Techniques
• .1 Expert judgment
• .2 Analogous estimating
Outputs
• .3 Parametric estimating
• .4 Bottom‐up estimating • .1 Activity cost estimates
• .5 Three‐point estimates • .2 Basis of estimates
• .6 Reserve analysis • .3 Project document updates
• .7 Cost of quality
• .8 PM estimating software
• .9 Vendor bid analysis
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 20
PMP Exam Preparation Course 10
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.1 Estimate Costs
• Scope statement
.1 Scope baseline • Work breakdown structure
• WBS dictionary
• The type and quantity of resources and
the amount of time which those
.2 Project schedule resources are applied to complete the
work of the project are major factors in
determining the project cost.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 21
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs
• Project staffing attributes, personnel
.3 Human resource rates, and related rewards/recognition
plan are necessary components for
developing the schedule cost estimates.
• Risks, which can be either threats or
opportunities, typically have an impact
.4 Risk register
on both schedule activity and overall
project costs.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 22
PMP Exam Preparation Course 11
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.1 Estimate Costs
.5 Enterprise
• Marketplace conditions
environmental • Published commercial information.
factors
• Cost estimating policies
• Cost estimating templates
• Historical information
• Project files
.6 Organizational • Project team knowledge
process assets • Lessons learned
• Resource cost rates
• Basic assumptions
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 23
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs
• Cost estimates are influenced by
numerous variables such as labor rates,
material costs, inflation, risk factors, and
other variables. Expert judgment, guided
by historical information, provides
.1 Expert judgment valuable insight about the environment
and information from prior similar
projects. Expert judgment can also be
used to determine whether to combine
methods of estimating and how to
reconcile differences between them
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 24
PMP Exam Preparation Course 12
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.1 Estimate Costs
• Analogous cost estimating means using
the actual cost of previous, similar
projects as the basis for estimating the
cost of the current project. Analogous
.2 Analogous cost estimating is frequently used to
estimating estimate costs when there is a limited
amount of detailed information about
the project (e.g., in the early phases).
Analogous cost estimating uses expert
judgment
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 25
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs
• Parametric estimating is a
technique that uses a statistical
relationship between historical
data and other variables (e.g.,
.3 Parametric
estimating
square footage in construction,
lines of code in software
development, required labor
hours) to calculate a cost estimate
for a schedule activity resource
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 26
PMP Exam Preparation Course 13
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.1 Estimate Costs
• This technique involves
estimating the cost of individual
work packages or individual
.4 Bottom‐up schedule activities with the
estimating lowest level of detail. This
detailed cost is then summarized
or “rolled up” to higher levels for
reporting and tracking purposes
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 27
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs
• the program evaluation and review technique
(PERT). PERT uses three estimates to define an
approximate range for an activity's cost:
• Most likely (CM). The cost of the activity, based on
realistic effort assessment for the required work
.5 Three‐point and any predicted expenses.
estimates • Optimistic (CO). The activity cost based on analysis
of the best‐case scenario for the activity.
• Pessimistic (CP). The activity cost based on analysis
of the worst‐case scenario for the activity.
• Expected CE=(CO+4CM+CP)/6
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 28
PMP Exam Preparation Course 14
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.1 Estimate Costs
• Cost estimates may include reserves
(sometimes called contingency
allowances),to be used at the discretion
of the project manager to deal with
.6 Reserve Analysis anticipated , but not certain, events.
These events are “known unknowns” and
are part of the project scope and cost
baselines
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 29
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs
• Cost of quality (Section 8.1.2.2) can also
.7 Cost of Quality be used to prepare the schedule activity
cost estimate.
• Is widely used to assist with cost
.8 Project estimating. Such tools can simplify the
Management use of some cost estimating techniques
Estimating Software and thereby facilitate rapid consideration
of various cost estimate alternatives
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 30
PMP Exam Preparation Course 15
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.1 Estimate Costs
• In cases where projects are won
under competitive processes,
additional cost estimating work
.9 Vendor Bid can be required of the project
Analysis team to examine the price of
individual deliverables, and derive
a cost that supports the final total
project cost
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 31
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs
• quantitative assessment of the likely costs
.1 Activity cost of the resources required to complete
schedule activities. This type of estimate
estimates can be presented in summary form or in
detail
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 32
PMP Exam Preparation Course 16
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.1 Estimate Costs
• Regardless of the level of detail, the supporting
documentation should provide a clear, professional, and
complete picture by which the cost estimate was derived
• Supporting detail for the activity cost estimates should
include:
• Supporting detail for the activity cost estimates should
.2 Basis of include:
• Documentation of all assumptions made
estimates
• Documentation of any known constraints
• Indication of the range of possible estimates (e.g.,
$10,000 (‐10% / +15%) to indicate that the item is
expected to cost between $9,000 and $11,500)
• Indication of the confidence level of the final estimate.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 33
www.thiqah.com
7.1 Estimate Costs
.3 Project • Project documents that may be updated
document updates include but are not limited to risk register
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 34
PMP Exam Preparation Course 17
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT OUTLINE
7 Project Cost Management
7.1 Estimate Costs
7.2 Determine Budget
7.3 Control Costs
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 35
www.thiqah.com
7.2 Determine Budget
The process of aggregating the estimated
costs of individual activities or work packages
to establish an authorized cost baseline.
Project budgets constitute the funds This baseline includes all
authorized budgets, but
authorized to execute the project. excludes management reserves.
Project cost performance will be
measured against the authorized
budget.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 36
PMP Exam Preparation Course 18
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 4th edition. ©2008 Project Management Institute, Inc. P. 175
7.2 Determine Budget Data Flow Diagram
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 37
www.thiqah.com
7.2 Determine Budget
Inputs
• .1 Activity cost estimates
• .2 Basis of estimates
• .3 Scope baseline
• .4 Project schedule
• .5 Resource calendars
• .6 Contracts
• .7 Organizational process assets
Tools & Techniques Outputs
• .1 Cost aggregation • .1 Cost performance baseline
• .2 Reserve analysis • .2 Project funding requirements
• .3 Expert judgment • .3 Project document updates
• .4 Historical relationships
• .5 Funding limit reconciliation
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 38
PMP Exam Preparation Course 19
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.2 Determine Budget
• Cost estimates for each schedule
.1 Activity cost activity within a work package are
estimates aggregated to obtain a cost estimate for
each work package.
• Any basic assumptions dealing with the
inclusion or exclusion of indirect costs in
.2 Basis of estimates the project budget are specified in the
basis of estimates (Supporting detail for
cost estimates).
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 39
www.thiqah.com
7.2 Determine Budget
• • Scope Statement.
• These funding constraints are reflected in the
project scope statement.
• • Work breakdown structure.
• provides the relationships among all the project
.3 Scope baseline deliverables and their various components.
• WBS dictionary.
• Provide with the related detailed SOW. an
identification of the deliverables and a
description of the work in each WBS component
required to produce each deliverable.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 40
PMP Exam Preparation Course 20
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.2 Determine Budget
• Includes planned start and finish dates for
the project’s activities, milestones, work
.4 Project schedule packages, planning packages, and control
accounts. This information is used to
aggregate costs to the calendar periods
• provide information on which resources
are assigned to the project and when they
.5 Resource
are assigned. This information is used to
calendars indicate resource costs over the duration
of the project.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 41
www.thiqah.com
7.2 Determine Budget
• Contract information related to what
products, services, or results have been
.6 Contracts purchased — and their costs — are used in
developing the budget
• Include but are not limited to:
• Existing formal and informal cost budgeting‐
.7 Organizational related policies, procedures, and guidelines
process assets • Cost budgeting tools
• Reporting methods.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 42
PMP Exam Preparation Course 21
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.2 Determine Budget
• Schedule activity cost estimates are aggregated
by work packages in accordance with the WBS.
The work package cost estimates are then
.1 Cost aggregation aggregated for the higher component levels of
the WBS, such as control accounts, and
ultimately for the entire project
• Reserve analysis establishes contingency
reserves, such as the management contingency
.2 Reserve analysis reserve, that are allowances for unplanned, but
potentially required, changes
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 43
www.thiqah.com
7.2 Determine Budget
.3 Expert judgment
• result in parametric estimates or analogous estimates
Models can be (e.g., residential home construction will
cost a certain amount per square foot of living space)
• Both the cost and accuracy of analogous and
.4 Historical parametric models can vary widely. They are most
likely to be reliable when:
relationships
• Historical information used to develop the model is
accurate,
• Parameters used in the model are readily quantifiable
• Models are scalable
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 44
PMP Exam Preparation Course 22
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.2 Determine Budget
• Large variations in the periodic
expenditure of funds are usually
undesirable for organizational
operations. Therefore, the
.5 Funding limit
expenditure of funds is reconciled
reconciliation
with the funding limits set by the
customer or performing
organization on the disbursement
of funds for the project
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 45
www.thiqah.com
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 4th edition. ©2008 Project Management Institute, Inc. P. 178
7.2 Determine Budget
• An authorized time‐phased budget at completion (BAC) used to
measure, monitor, and control overall cost performance on the
project.
.1 Cost • It is developed as a summation of the approved budgets by
performance time period and is typically displayed in the form of an S‐curve,
as is illustrated in below Figure.
baseline • In the earned value management technique the cost
performance baseline is referred to as the performance
measurement baseline (PMB).
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 46
PMP Exam Preparation Course 23
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.2 Determine Budget
• Total funding requirements and periodic funding
requirements (e.g., quarterly, annually) are derived
from the cost baseline. The cost baseline will
include projected expenditures plus anticipated
liabilities.
.2 Project funding
requirements • Funding often occurs in incremental amounts that
are not continuous, which appear as steps as
shown in previous Figure.
• The total funds required are those included in the
cost baseline, plus management reserves, if any.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 47
www.thiqah.com
7.2 Determine Budget
• Project documents that may be updated
include but are not limited to:
.3 Project • Risk register.
Document Updates • Cost estimates.
• Project schedule.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 48
PMP Exam Preparation Course 24
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
Project Management Process Groups
Knowledge Areas
Initiating Process Planning Process Executing Process Monitoring & Controlling Closing Process
4.4 Monitor and Control
Planning Process Group
4. Integration
4.1 Develop
Project Charter
4.2 Develop Project
Management Plan
4.3 Direct and Manage
Project Execution
Project Work
4.5 Perform Integrated
Change Control
4.6 Close Project
or Phase
5.1 Collect Requirements
5.4 Verify Scope
5. Scope 5.2 Define Scope
5.5 Control Scope
5.3 Create WBS
6.1 Define Activities
6.2 Sequence Activities
6.3 Estimate Activity
6. Time Resources 6.6 Control Schedule
6.4 Estimate Activity
Durations
6.5 Develop Schedule
7.1 Estimate Costs
7. Cost 7.3 Control Costs
7.2 Determine Budget
8.2 Perform
8. Quality 8.1 Plan Quality 8.3 Perform Quality Control
Quality Assurance
9.2 Acquire Project Team
9. Human 9.1 Develop Human
9.3 Develop Project Team
Resource Resource Plan
9.4 Manage Project Team
10.3 Distribute Information
10. 10.1 Identify
10.2 Plan Communications 10.4 Manage Stakeholder 10.5 Report Performance
Communications Stakeholders
Expectations
11.1 Plan Risk Management
11.2 Identify Risks
11.3 Perform Qualitative Risk
11.6 Monitor and Control
11. Risk Analysis
Risks
11.4 Perform Quantitative
Risk Analysis
11.5 Plan Risk Responses
12. 12.3 Administer 12.4 Close
12.1 Plan Procurements 12.2 Conduct Procurements 49
Procurement Procurements Procurements
www.thiqah.com
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT OUTLINE
7 Project Cost Management
7.1 Estimate Costs
7.2 Determine Budget
7.3 Control Costs
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 50
PMP Exam Preparation Course 25
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.3 Control Costs
Control Costs is the process of monitoring the
status of the project to update the project
budget and managing changes to the cost
baseline.
Influencing the factors that create
changes,
Ensuring that all change requests
are acted on,
Managing the actual changes,
Ensuring that cost expenditures do
not exceed the authorized funding.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 51
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs (cont.)
Monitoring cost performance to isolate and
understand variances from the approved cost
baseline,
Monitoring work performance against funds
expended,
Preventing unapproved changes from being
included in the reported cost or resource usage,
Informing appropriate stakeholders of all approved
changes and associated cost, and
Acting to bring expected cost overruns within
acceptable limits.
PMP Exam Preparation Course 26
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 4th edition. ©2008 Project Management Institute, Inc. P. 180
7.3 Control Costs Data Flow Diagram
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 53
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
Inputs
• .1 Project management plan
• .2 Project funding requirements
• .3 Work performance information
• .4 Organizational process assets
Tools & Techniques Outputs
• .1 Earned value management • .1 Work performance measurements
• .2 Forecasting • .2 Budget forecasts
• .3 To‐complete performance index (TCPI) • .3 Organizational process assets updates
• .4 Performance reviews • .4 Change requests
• .5 Variance analysis • .5 Project management plan updates
• .6 Project management software • .6 Project document updates
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 54
PMP Exam Preparation Course 27
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.3 Control Costs
• Cost Performance baseline.
.1 Project management plan
• Cost management plan
.2 Project funding
requirements
• Deliverables that have been completed and those not yet
.3 Work performance completed,
information • Costs authorized and incurred
• Estimates for completing the schedule activities.
• Existing formal and informal cost control‐related policies,
.4 Organizational process procedures, and guidelines,
assets • Cost control tools
• Monitoring and reporting methods to be used.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 55
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
• Method for integrating scope, schedule, and
resources, for measuring project performance.
• EVM develops and monitors three key dimensions for
each work package and control account:
• ‐ Planned value.
.1 Earned value
• ‐ Earned value.
management • Actual cost.
• Compares what was planned with what was actually
spent with what was actually “earned” (Variance =
Plan – Actual)
• The principles of EVM can be applied to all projects, in
any industry.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 56
PMP Exam Preparation Course 28
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
What is Eearned Value?
"Task A, which I was supposed to complete today, is
scheduled to cost $1,000. I am only 85 percent
done on this task. Thus I have done $850 worth of
work which is my earned value.
Earned Value = (Value of completed work)
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 57
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
Cost Variance CV: CV = EV – AC
I have done $850 worth يستحقof work (EV) القيمة المستحقةbut it actually
cost me $900 to do this (AC). it has cost me $50 more to
do what I have done than I originally though (CV)
Schedule Variance: SV = EV – PV
As of today, I was supposed to have done $1,000 worth of
work on task A (PV). I have actually done $850 worth of
work (EV). Thus, I am behind in my schedule by $150
worth of work (SV).
PMP Exam Preparation Course 29
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.3 Control Costs
Cost Performance index (CPI): مؤشر أداء التكلفة CPI = EV/AC
I have done $850 worth of work (EV). it has cost me $900 to
do so (AC). Each dollar I actually spent generated 94.4 cents
worth of work (cost performance factor).
SPI = EV/PV
Schedule Performance Index (SPI): مؤشر أداء الجدول الزمني
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
PMP Exam Preparation Course 30
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.3 Control Costs
EV (Earned Value):
The value of the amount of work actually
Cost
completed on a task (or project) as of a
certain date, according to the baseline plan.
EV = % Actual Complete x BAC
2.5/4 * 400 = 250
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
PMP Exam Preparation Course 31
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 63
www.thiqah.com
Earned Value exercises
PV AC EV
Now
Contract Budget Base
AC } MR
BAC
Cost PV
EV
Time
PMP Exam Preparation Course 32
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 4th edition. ©2008 Project Management Institute, Inc. P. 183
7.3 Control Costs
• Forecasting includes making estimates or
predictions of conditions in the project’s
.2 Forecasting future based on information and knowledge
available at the time of the forecast
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 65
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 66
PMP Exam Preparation Course 33
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.3 Control Costs
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 67
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
• The to‐complete performance index (TCPI) is the
calculated projection of cost performance that must
be achieved on the remaining work to meet a
specified management goal, such as the BAC or the
EAC. If it becomes obvious that the BAC is no longer
viable, the project manager develops a forecasted
(new) estimate at completion (EAC). Once approved,
.3 To‐complete the EAC effectively supersedes the BAC as the cost
performance goal.
performance index
• Equation for the TCPI based on the BAC:
(TCPI) (BAC ‐ EV) / (BAC ‐ AC).
• The TCPI is conceptually displayed in the coming
Figure. The equation for the TCPI is shown in the
lower left as the work remaining (defined as the BAC
minus the EV) divided by the funds remaining (which
can be either the BAC minus the AC, or the EAC
minus the AC).
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 68
PMP Exam Preparation Course 34
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 4th edition. ©2008 Project Management Institute, Inc. P. 186
To‐complete performance index (TCPI)
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 69
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
• It is used in conjunction with one or more of the
following performance‐reporting techniques:
.4 Performance • Variance analysis.
reviews • Trend analysis.
• Earned value performance.
• The percentage range of acceptable variances
will tend to decrease as more work is
.5 Variance Analysis accomplished. The larger percentage variances
allowed at the start of the project can decrease
as the project nears completion.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 70
PMP Exam Preparation Course 35
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.3 Control Costs
.6 Project • Is often used to monitor the three EVM
dimensions (PV, EV, and AC) to display
management graphical trends and to forecast a range of
software possible final project results.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 71
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
• The calculated CV, SV, CPI, and SPI values
.1 Work for WBS components, in particular the
performance work packages and control accounts, are
measurements documented and communicated (Section
10.3.3.1) to stakeholders
• Either a calculated EAC value or a bottom‐
up EAC value is documented and the
.2 Budget forecasts value
• Communicated to stakeholders.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 72
PMP Exam Preparation Course 36
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
7.3 Control Costs
• Analysis of project performance can generate
a request for a change to increase or
decrease the budget. Change requests
(Section 4.3.3.3) are processed for review
and disposition through the Perform
.3 Organizational Integrated Change Control process
process assets • Recommended corrective actions : A
updates corrective action is a documented direction
for executing the project work to bring
expected future performance of the project
work in
• line with the project management plan.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 73
www.thiqah.com
7.3 Control Costs
.4 Change requests
.5 Project
• Cost performance baseline,
management plan • Cost management plan.
updates
.6 Project document • Cost estimates,
updates • Basis of estimates.
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 74
PMP Exam Preparation Course 37
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
Any Questions?
Project Cost Management
THIQAH Copyrights © 2009 75
www.thiqah.com
Project Management Process Groups
Knowledge Areas
Initiating Process Planning Process Executing Process Monitoring & Controlling Closing Process
4.4 Monitor and Control
4.1 Develop 4.2 Develop Project 4.3 Direct and Manage Project Work 4.6 Close Project
4. Integration
Project Charter Management Plan Project Execution 4.5 Perform Integrated or Phase
Change Control
5.1 Collect Requirements
5.4 Verify Scope
5. Scope 5.2 Define Scope
5.5 Control Scope
5.3 Create WBS
6.1 Define Activities
6.2 Sequence Activities
6.3 Estimate Activity
6. Time Resources 6.6 Control Schedule
6.4 Estimate Activity
Durations
6.5 Develop Schedule
7.1 Estimate Costs
7. Cost 7.3 Control Costs
7.2 Determine Budget
8.2 Perform
8. Quality 8.1 Plan Quality 8.3 Perform Quality Control
Quality Assurance
9.2 Acquire Project Team
9. Human 9.1 Develop Human
9.3 Develop Project Team
Resource Resource Plan
9.4 Manage Project Team
10.3 Distribute Information
10. 10.1 Identify 10.2 Plan Communications
10.4 Manage Stakeholder 10.5 Report Performance
Communications Stakeholders
Expectations
11.1 Plan Risk Management
11.2 Identify Risks
11.3 Perform Qualitative Risk
11.6 Monitor and Control
11. Risk Analysis
Risks
11.4 Perform Quantitative
Risk Analysis
11.5 Plan Risk Responses
12. 12.3 Administer 12.4 Close
12.1 Plan Procurements 12.2 Conduct Procurements
Procurement Procurements Procurements
PMP Exam Preparation Course 38