GUIDELINES

FUNDAMENTALS OF ZOOLOGY
1ST SEM- SY2019-2020
 Assignments
• Readings most Thursdays
– Answer 2-4 questions before Tuesday
Lecture
– Discussions of readings in Lab
• Media assignments (2)
– Two REPUTABLE news sources
– Summaries turned in, one presented to
class

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 Semester Project
• Observe assigned animal at Manila/
Malabon/ Avilon Zoo
• Ethology report
• 6-8 page report
• 10 minute presentation to class
with Powerpoint
• At least 3 citations from primary
literature
• Zoo exhibit critique
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 Testing
• Exams
– Prelims, midterms
– One final
• 5 independent
quizzes
• 5 group quizzes

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 Expectations
• We cannot fulfill our expectations if we
do not share them with each other
• In other words, I cannot read your mind,
and you cannot read mine.

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 My Expectations of You
• We will communicate during normal
human hours
– You will not expect me to respond to an
email anytime 9 PM to 6 AM. I might, but
don’t count on it.
• You will depend on online resources and
other students for missed notes
– I will not provide anything beyond what is
online. My handwriting is atrocious.

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 My Expectations of You
• Basic Respect
– No texting during class
– No disruptive behavior
– No texting during class
– Attending class and paying
attention
– No texting during class
– Zero tolerance for cheating

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What it takes to be a student
• Set aside your ego
– Admit ignorance (ask questions)
– Drop your cool (ask questions, approach
prof)
• Set aside your time
– 2.5 study hours for every 1 hour in class
– This is your job
– If getting credentials was easy, they would be
worthless.

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What it takes to be a student
• Respect
– Your professor
– Your fellow students
– Yourself
• Take breaks, feed yourself, seek help when
needed
• Non-students will not understand
– Do yourself a favor and explain to your
family, children, friends, etc. why you need
time to study
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 Good Study Habits
• Set aside TIME and SPACE
– A regular time, during the day
• What takes 1 hour during daylight can take 1.5 at
night
– A regular space
• Dedicated to studying
• Shut out distractions
– Training your mind to process and think

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Study Breaks Every 15 Minutes

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Good Study Habits
• Schedule space in between classes, if
possible
– Good time to ask a question of the prof/TA
– Great time to study and prepare
• “Overprepare”
– Be pro-active, not reactive. Bring your
tools to class and be ready to learn

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Good Study Skills
• Use campus resources
– tutoring
– 10% of Final Project grade is writing
• “Can I understand what you are trying to state?”
• “Are you stating this in the best way possible?”
• Form a study group
– Avoid discussing extraneous topics – this is
YOUR TIME and YOUR MONEY
• Study the hardest topics first

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 Good Study Skills
• TIME + ENERGY =
LEARNING

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 CHAPTER 1
Life: Biological Principles and the
Science of Zoology

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 The Uses of Principles
ν Zoology:
The scientific study of animal life
ν Knowledge of the animal world is gained
by actively applying important guiding
principles to our investigations
ν Exploration of the animal world depends
critically on our questions, methods, and
principles

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 The Uses of Principles

ν Principles of modern zoology are derived from:

ν Laws of physics and chemistry
ν Scientific method

ν Because life shares a common evolutionary

origin, principles learned from the study of one
group often pertain to other groups as well

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General Properties of Living
Systems
Chemical Uniqueness

Living systems exhibit a unique and

complex molecular structure

No matter how much we are alike, we are so

very much different from one another.
 General Properties of Living
Systems
ν Complexity and Hierarchical Organization:
Living systems demonstrate a unique and
complex hierarchical organization
ν In living systems there exists a hierarchy of
levels that includes:
Macromolecules
Cells
Organisms
Populations
Species
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Complexity and Hierarchical
Organization

Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues

Organs Systems Organisms Populations

Communities Ecosystems Biomes

Biosphere
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 General Properties of Living
Systems

ν Metabolism:
All of the chemical activities of the body
make up the METABOLISM of an organism.

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 General Properties of Living
Systems

ν Metabolism:
Living organisms maintain themselves by
acquiring nutrients from their environments
ν Metabolic processes include:
ν Digestion
ν Energy production (Respiration)
ν Synthesis of required molecules and
structures by organisms
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 General Properties of Living
Systems

ν Reproduction:
Heredity
You are what your parents are!
Variation
Fortunately, there are other sources and you
can get a wide variety of traits from all of
the previous generations!

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 General Properties of Living
Systems
ν Possession of a Genetic Code

DNA and the sequencing of the nucleic acids that

make it up create a genetic code.

This controls the framework by which all life is/

was created! SAME proteins – different sequences!

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General Properties of Living
Systems
ν Development:
All organisms pass through a
characteristic life cycle
ν Development describes the characteristic
changes that an organism undergoes from its
origin to its final adult form

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General Properties of Living
Systems
ν Development:
This involves CHANGE, not
GROWTH

Significant change AFTER

EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT results in what
we call METAMORPHOSIS

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 General Properties of Living
Systems
ν Environmental Interaction:
All animals interact with their environments
ν Ecology: The study of organismal interaction
with an environment
ν All organisms respond to environmental
stimuli, a property called irritability

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 General Properties of Living
Systems

ν Environmental Interaction:
The study of how organisms interact with
their environment is called ECOLOGY.

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 General Properties
of Living Systems
ν Movements even at the cellular level are
required for:
Reproduction
Growth
Responses to stimuli
Development in multicellular organisms
ν On a larger scale:
Entire populations or species may disperse
from one geographic location to another over
time
ν Movement of nonliving matter “moves” the living:
ν Not precisely controlled by the moving objects
ν Often involves external forces
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 Principles of Science
ν Nature of science:
ν Science is guided by natural law
ν Science has to be explained by reference to natural
law
ν Science is testable against the observable world
ν The conclusions of science are tentative and
therefore not necessarily the final word
ν Science is falsifiable

ν SCIENCE DOES NOT PROVE

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Principles of Science
1982 – Judge William Overton

1. Science is guided by natural law

2. Science is explanatory by reference
to natural law
3. Science is testable against
the observable world
4. Science is tentative, its results are
never final!
5. Science is falsifiable
 Principles of Science
ν The scientific method may be
summarized as a series of steps:
1. Observation
2. Question Your project
3. Hypothesis Formation could follow
this format !
4. Empirical Test
ν Controlled Experiment

Includes at least 2 groups

Test Group
Control Group
5. Conclusions
Accept or reject your hypothesis
5. Publications
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Scientific Method: A new name !
Hypothetico-deductive method

Control – The part of an experiment where

NOTHING changes, to have a group to reference
against.

Independent Variable – What is being tested

Dependent Variable – anything that happens as a result of

the Independent Variable.

• Powerful theories that guide extensive research are called

Animals are:

Mobile
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
 Zoology As Part of Biology
ν Animals originated in the Precambrian
seas over 600 million years ago
ν Characteristics of Animals:
ν Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane-enclosed
nuclei
ν Heterotrophs: Not capable of directly
manufacturing their own food and must rely
on external food sources
ν Cells lack cell walls

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 Fundamental Difference Between
Animals and Everything Else*
ν Obtain their nutrition from other
organisms
ν – Heterotrophs
ν Multicellular
ν Typically motile

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Autotroph Heterotroph
 Eukaryotic Cells
ν Plasma membrane forms cell
ν Filled with cytoplasm
ν Membrane-bound nucleus
ν DNA in nucleus
ν Organelles
ν Golgi bodies, ribosomes, mitochondria,
lysosomes
ν Specialized function for types of work

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