REVIEWER FOR LONG & FINAL EXAMINATION

Chapter 7: OUTDOOR RECREATION

Holidays, long weekends, school breaks and summer vacations are the most awaited
days for people who have been very busy with work and school. These are the days
they can take a break from the routine or perhaps from the “stress” of life as often said
and heard. In recent years, if one observes the social media, more and more Filipinos
head to the countryside and enjoy what nature offers. Ecotourism activities in the
Philippines have been gaining popularity as well. From north to south, our country can
never run out of natural scenery to visit and outdoor activities to participate in be it in
water, on land, or in the air.

What is outdoor recreation?

 Done during vacation or school break

 They want to have fun
 Done outdoors with nature

Outdoor recreation is organized activities done during one’s free time for his/her own
personal reasons, where an interaction between man and an element of nature is
present.

A day can be divided into 3 parts according to Clayne R. Jensen (2006): the existence
time, subsistence time, and free time.
Existence time – is time spent for biological needs like having a meal, sleeping, and
other personal care.

Subsistence time – refers to the hours spent for economic purpose such as going to
work, chores, and for students, hours spent in school and school work.

Free time – therefore is all the remaining after. How one decides to spend free time
varies from person to person. Perhaps , to those who have been very busy with
workload or school work, this is the time to do recreational activities, to relax, and to
rejuvenate.

RECREATION is derived from the Latin word recreare which means to be refreshed.

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES depend on one’s interests, pursuits, and needs which

may be reflective of one’s beliefs and level of gratification.

The outdoors in a broad sense is a space outside an enclosed area.

OUTDOORS as used it in discussion, includes the natural environment and resources

which comprises the land, water, wildlife, vegetation, open space and scenery

 Some do it for personal satisfaction and enjoyment.

 Perhaps, it is a time away from the day-to-day routine
 Which they rarely have the chance to do, especially for those who reside in
highly urbanized areas.

BENEFITS OF OUTDOOR RECREATION

 LAND
- Mountaineering - Orienteering
- Hiking - Canyoneering
- Camping - Rock climbing
- Backpacking
- Picnic
- Bird-watching
- Mountain biking
 Water
- Swimming - Sailing
- Snorkeling - Fishing
- Diving - Bamboo rafting
- Surfing
- Canoeing
 - Kayaking
- Whitewater rafting
 Air
- Parasailing
- Skydiving
- Paragliding

WHAT ARE BENEFITS OF OUTDOOR RECREATION?

Fun and pleasure are perhaps the immediate answers of the majority who have
experienced outdoor activities. However, there is more to it than just the fun. Studies
have shown that being close to natural environment is healthy. Aside from the fresh
air and the amazing sight of nature, the outdoors have positive effects on the
general wellness of an individual most especially if it is done with regularity.
Wellness encompasses the general state of a person (physical, social, psycho-
emotional, and spiritual) and in the end contributes to a better quality of life.

Physical health benefits

 Being outdoors prevents a person from having a sedentary life. It allows people
to move, whether by walking, running, swimming, biking, padding, etc.
 It helps people to be on the move
 It gets their hearts pumping and their bigger muscles at work
Moderate active 3.0 to 6.0 MET’S (3.5 Vigorous activity greater than 6.0
TO 7 KCAL/MIN) MET’S (MORE THAN 7 KCAL/MIN)

Walking at a brisk pace of 3-4.5 mph Walking – 5mph or faster

Hiking Jogging or running
Biking (5-9mph) Climbing briskly up a hill
Recreational swimming Backpacking
Snorkeling Mountain climbing
Aquatic aerobics Rock climbing
Water skiing Rappelling
Canoeing (4mph) Mountain biking
Surfing board and body
Sailing
Kayaking on calm water
Fishing
Horseback riding
Psycho-Emotional benefits

 Engaging in outdoor recreational activities helps people to rest, relax, de-stress

or unwind, and feel revitalized
  Nature has its own way of positively distracting a stressed mind and calming it
down.
 As kuo and Sullivan (2001) explained it, ‘natural setting and stimuli such as
landscape and animals seems to effortlessly engage our attention, allowing us to
attend without paying attention’
 Being outdoors also improves our self-esteem confidence and creativity.
 Lastly, outdoor recreational activities contribute to one’s personal and spiritual
growth.
 In the end, engaging in these activities contributes to satisfaction in life and
makes life happier

Social benefits

 They can be a family- bonding activity as each family member participates in an

activity, achieves a common goal, and goes through the same experience
 Spending time outdoors also allows one to meet and interact with others who
share the same passion for outdoor recreation
 Participating in a team will help from lasting friendship and develop a community
 Outdoor recreation also promotes stewardship.

Economic benefits

 People who have a relaxed body and mind tend to be more productive at work.
 It has been rewarding for the local folks as ecotourism in the country created jobs
and other economic activities which have, one way or another, contributed to our
economic growth

Spiritual benefits

 Positive outdoor experience can stir up spiritual values.

 Being one with nature brings certain calmness within a person.
 It strengthens an individual as it heals rejuvenates, and soothes the body and
soul.

The right amount and kind of food certainly will fuel the mind and body to carry out the
day to-day tasks.

This starts with having a regular eating time throughout the day. In a study done by
laksa et al. (2014), it showed that among the young adults, meal regularity such as
routine breakfast and dinner had strong association with healthy dietary pattern.
THE LEAVE NO TRACE SEVEN PRINCIPLES

PRINCIPLE1: PLAN AHEAD AND PREPARE

 When trekking, maps and compass must be used to avoid markings or leaving of
marks on rocks and the like.

PRINCIPLE2: TRAVEL AND CAMP ON DURABLE SURFACES

 To avoid erosion, walk in single file in the middle of the trail

 When camping, keep the campsite small and discreet

PRINCIPLE3: DISPOSE OF WASTE PROPERLY

 Pack it in, pack it out means everything you brought should be brought back with
you including left-over food or fruit peel. Nothing should be left .
 When camping, cat holes are dug (6-8 inches deep) for human waste and
covered just the same with soil and weeds or leaves on top.

PRINCIPLE4: LEAVE WHAT YOU FIND

 Do not build structures, furniture, or dig trenches

PRINCIPLE5: MINIMIZE CAMPFIRE IMPACTS

 Use lightweight stove for cooking; campfires can cause lasting impacts.
 Keep fires small and use only sticks from the ground than can be broken by hand

PRINCIPLE6: RESPECT WILDLIFE

 Observe wild animals from a distance and they should be avoided during
sensitive times such as mating, nesting or raising the young.
 Protect wildlife and protect your food as well by storing and securing the trash
well.

PRINCIPLE7: BE CONSIDRATE OF OTHER VISITORS

 Respect people who live and work in the countryside.

 Respect other visitors and let them have a momentous experience as well.

Chapter 8: Aquatic Activities

CANOE ARTIFACT
  In 2010, a wooden dugout boat was discovered submerged and was retrieved in
lagasit river in Rosales Pangasinan. It is believed to be a century-old boat used
by early Filipinos. It weights more than five tons, measures eight meters long,
two meters wide at its front and its back, and height of up to 1.5 meters. The
artifact is displayed in the municipal hall of barangay Casanicolas, Rosales,
Pangasinan.
 The Philippines, having more than 7,000 islands, is abound with natural water
forms which can host numerous aquatic activities. These is surely something to
do in the different waters of our country, which attract not only locals but
foreigners as well. Aquatic activities may be done in water such as swimming
and snorkeling on water (surface water) such as surfing and whitewater rafting,
and under water such as scuba diving.

SNORKELING

 One of the best but simple way to see, discover, and appreciate the intriguing
underwater life is through snorkeling.
 Snorkeling is peeking through life underneath water by swimming with the aid of
a snorkel and mask.
 Snorkeling is not only used for recreational purposes.
 Snorkeling helps the overall fitness of a person.

How did snorkeling begin?

 HOLLOW REED 3000 B.C. Skin divers of the island Crete in the
Mediterranean used hollow reeds to
breather while submerged in water as
they collected sponges.

 Animal skins were 9000 B.C. An ancient bas-relief dating 900 B.C.
filled with air depicted divers in Assyria using animal
skin filled with air to lengthen their stay
underwater.

 Diving Bell 300 B.C. Alexander the great encouraged the

development of the first diving bell, which
was a cauldron designed to trap a pocket
of air when it was lowered into the water.
  Eye goggle from 1300s The shell of the tortoise was used to
shells of tortoise develop a gadget to protect the eyes as
well as to see more clearly in water.

 Hollowed tube and 1400s Leonardo de Vinci proposed and created

sketch of webbed the first contemporary snorkel a hollow
swimming gloves. tube designed attached to the leather-
head helmet of the driver, allowing to
breathe even when face was sub-merged
underwater.

 Wooden paddles 1717 Benjamin Franklin came up with an idea

of using wooden paddles attached to the
hands and feet to help swimmers swim
faster.
 Modern fins 1912 Modern fins were invented by Frenchman
Louis de Corlieu. Patent for this was
obtained in 1933.

What are the basic equipment in snorkeling?

 Snorkeling equipment went through different innovations in time.

 The basic gears needed in snorkeling are the snorkel, gaggles, and fins. Other
essential equipment, although optional for some, are the floating vest and rash
guard.
A. MASK
a. The mask serves as the viewing device in appreciating the world beneath the
water

Parts of mask

1. STRAP- Holds the mask to the face underwater.

2. MASK SKIRT- Is the soft flexible material that seals the mask around the
face.
3. NOSE POCKET- Cushions and protects the nose.
B. SNORKEL
a. The snorkel is a piece of equipment that makes it possible to breathe at the
surface while the face is submerged in water.
 b. The classic snorkel has the most basic part, the solid tube and the
mouthpiece.
c. The snorkel with a flexible tube below the strap attachment point is more
comfortable than the classic snorkel.
d. The purge valve this is a small valve just lower than the mouth that empties
the collected water that comes down the tube when one blows it out.
e. A splash prevents splashed water and spray from easily entering the tube.
f. The dry valve is a special valve on top of the tube that completely stops water
(and air) from entering the tube when a wave comes or when diving
underwater.

Snorkel parts guide

1. Dry valve or splash guard

2. Mask strap clip
3. Flex tube
4. Mouth piece
5. Purge valve
C. Snorkeling fins
a. They provide the necessary locomotion to propel effortlessy in the water.
b. Fins conserve more energy and therefore allow the snorkeler to reach further
distance.

Basic kinds of fins

1. Full-foot fin
2. Adjustable fin
3. Paddle-bladed fin
4. Split fin

What are the important things to remember while snorkeling?

S-tay close to the shore if you are a beginner.

N-ever do it alone.

O-ne up, one down.

R-ain check! Always check the weather forecast and the state of the sea.

K-now your surroundings.

E-nergy retention.

L-eave them alone! Do not touch marine life.

 CANOEING AND KAYAKING

A great way to explore the rivers,lakes,canals, and other bodies of water Is through the
use of a boat. Canoeing and kayaking are two floating crafts that may take anyone to
places in the water that are even difficult to access by any other means.

What is the difference between kayaks and canoes?

Canoes and kayaks may be confusing to some but it is really easy to distinguish one
from the other. Kayaking and canoeing both require paddle for propulsion and steering.
The most noticeable difference is the structure of the boats. A kayak has a covered
deck, while a canoe is wide open. Kayakers extend legs and are seated low or
sometimes on the deck. It uses a double-bladed paddle. A canoer, on one hand, sit a on
a raised seat or kneels on the bottom of the boat and uses a single-bladed paddle.

What are the basic parts of the kayak and canoe?

 Canoes and kayaks have features that are common and unique for each one. the
decking, the hull shape, and the bottom are just few of the difference.

Basic parts of a canoe:

 Yoke- a beam in the center of a canoe that allows the canoe to rest on a person’s
shoulder when portaging.
 Thwart- crossbars reinforcing the canoe and prevents sides from pulling apart
under load.
 Seat- for paddler at the bow part (if in tandem).
 Bow- front part
 Gunwale- acts as structural support and it defines shape of boat.
 Stern- rear end

Basic parts of a kayak:

 Footbrace- found inside where feet rest.

 Deck- top half of the kayak.
 Hull- bottom half of the kayak.
 Cockpit- opening in the kayak’s deck where the paddler sits. It can be covered
with a spray kit or waterproof kilt that is placed around the waist then slip over the
cockpit’s rim or coaming.
 Hatch- covering on the deck where food and gears can be stored.
 CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTIONS

 LENGTH- the distance from the tip of - Longer boats are faster and move on
the stern to the tip of the bow. a straight line.
- Shorter boats are easier to maneuver
and comparatively lighter and easier
to handle.
- Longer boats are best when touring
and cruising the open water.

 BEAM- the width of the boat and is - Generally, the wider the boat, the
measured at the widest part of the more stable
canoe or kayak. - A narrower kayak or canoe is more
suitable for those who want to travel
a greater distance since it has speed.

 Bottom shape 1. Flat- this design has good stability in

calm waters.
2. Round- this is design for speed and
efficiency.
3. Vee- this boat is in between the flat
and round bottom design boats, thus
with practice it comes with a good all-
around performance.
 Profile or sides of a boat 1. Tumblehome design- the sides of the
boat curve inward as they come up,
which makes the beam narrower on
the deck.
2. Flared sides- the sides curve
outward (flares out) making the beam
wider.
3. Straight sides- is a little bit of the
two.

How should one choose a paddle?

 Paddles are the equipment used to maneuver the boat.

 Single-bladed paddles are usually used for canoes and double bladed paddles
are for kayak.
 Wider and taller kayaks need longer paddles.
  If a person has a small build, then a shorter, lighter paddle is best so as not to
overexert oneself.
 Another way of measuring canoe paddle is while in standing position.
 Wider blades give you more acceleration but must also deal with more
resistance.
 Narrower blades use less, effort per stoke but require more stokes.
 Curved blades increase power of each stroke.

What activities can be done when one uses the kayaks or canoes?

 Sea kayak is done in open water such as the ocean or the lake.
 White water kayaking or canoeing is paddling down the whitewater rivers.
 Flat water recreation is a relaxing canoeing or kayaking where you can take
gentle paddle down a calm river, ocean, or lake to do some sightseeing.
 Sailing is where the canoe or kayak is fitted with a sail.
 Surf kayaking is where the kayak is typically fitted with a fin rather like surfboard.
 Marathon racing is lengthy race down a river using the kayak or canoe.

 First, learn how to get in and out of the boats

Getting in a kayak:

A. Entering from the dock

1. Make sure that paddle is within reach.
B. Getting from the shore
1. Put the paddle right behind the cockpit coaming and the other end against
a rock.

Getting in a canoe:

A. Entering from the shore

1. Put paddle in the end of the boat.
B. Entering from the dock
1. When entering from the dock, the same is basically done.
 Second, learn the correct posture

In canoeing:
 1. The first thing to do is to relax, this way the muscles will not be too tight.
2. While seated lean just slightly forward from the pelvis.
3. The back should be straight without being forced.
4. Shoulder should be slightly ahead of hips, head or neck.
5. The legs should be slightly bent just enough so that you cannot push legs
straight without moving on the seat

In kayaking:

1. Good posture is key if one wants to use the body efficiently

2. Do not lean on the backrest but just sit straight and relax the shoulder
opening the chest for ease in breathing
3. Keep legs together and feet against the foot pegs
4. Adjust foot pegs making sure that the knees can bend slightly and spread and
press against the kayak for extra balance if necessary.
5. Keeping legs together allow better torso rotation and more efficient paddling
 Third learn the proper way of holding the paddle

In canoeing:

 Holding the paddle incorrectly causes loss of power during forward stroke and
puts the paddler’s body in an awkward position.

In kayaking:

 The recommended grip is usually the distance between the two elbows
 Fourth let us learn the basics of making the boat move forward

In canoeing:

1. Catch
2. Power phase
3. Exit and recovery

In kayaking:

1. Catch
2. Power phase
3. Exit and recovery

What are the important we should always remember to be safe in kayaking or

canoeing?

K now first your skills in swimming and canoeing or kayaking

A void paddling alone padding far from coastline or padding in routes of ships

Y ield to safety and know where to go in case of emergency

A lways wear personal floatation device and other safety equipment

K eep hydrated as you will be under the sun

C heck weather conditions

A lways plan ahead

N ever forget to put your things in waterproof bags

O rientation given by facilitators or leaders are important

E quipment should be tried and always checked

SCUBA DIVING

 Scuba diving will require certain certification or c-card for one to be allowed to
dive or even to rent the scuba equipment

1300s A simple cauldron in the shape of a bell was used where the idea was to trap
the air inside the container where the diver swims out until he or she runs out
of breath then returns to the bell to replenish air.
1690 EDMUND HALLEY developed an improved diving bell.
1715 Englishman JOHN LETHBRIDGE built the ‘diving engine’ which was an
underwater oak cylinder supplied with compressed air from the surface.
1823 CHARLES ANTHONY DEANE invented the “smoke helmet” originally for
firefighter.
1825 WILLIAM JAMES invented the first workable full-time SCUBA.
1837 German-born inventor Augustus Siebe innovated a closed diving suit to
complete the diving helmet of Deane.
1843 The first diving school was established by the royal navy.

1866 French BENOIT ROUQUAYROL and AUGUSTE DENAYROUZE patented the

“aerophore” where the diver carries a steel tank of compressed air and is
connected through a valve which goes to the mouthpiece.
1876 HENRY A. FLEUSS, an English merchant seaman developed the first self-
contained diving gear that used compressed oxygen and not compressed air.

SCUBA DIVING EQUIPMRNT

1. Dive mask- creates the air pocket to have a clearer view of the underwater life.
 2. Snorkel- is a breathing tube allowing you to inhale and exhale through your
mouth when swimming face down on water surface.
3. Regulator- lets you breathe under-water.
4. BCD or buoyancy control device- helps control the position in the water column.
5. Regulator- delivers the steady supply of air from the cylinder with the right
pressure.
6. Octopus- is the backup regulator.
7. Weight belt- is used to counteract buoyancy.
8. SPG or Submersible Pressure Gauge- shows how much of the air is left.
9. Scuba tank- contains the pressurized air which allows one to breathe and to stay
longer underwater.
10. Fins- provide the propulsion that makes it possible to swim with lesser effort.
11. Scuba or wet suit provides protection from the coldness of the water and from
other elements.

OTHER ACCESSORIES

1. Dive computers- monitors the divers depth time of being underwater and the
remaining time for one to be safely down in the water.
2. Dive lights- provides the needed light as it can be dark underwater.
3. Dive knife- is used for cutting ropes lines and monofilament.
4. Dive case- is used for protecting the gears while travelling.

What are the skills needed in scuba diving?

 Pre dive- diving is really a new adventure as one seem to enter an entirely new
world with species that can only be find in water.
 Pre dive safety check- a pre-dive safety check must be done before going to the
water.
1. Check the buoyancy compensator
2. Check the weights
3. Check the releases
4. Check the air regulator
5. Final okay
 Descending- descending to water should be done in a slow and controlled
descent.
 Ascending
1. Signal buddy and begin the ascent together.
2. Begin ascent while there is still sufficient air remaining in the tank.
3. Go slowly.
4. Breathe continuously when ascending; do not hold breath.
5. Make a safety stop when one reaches 15feet for 3 to 5 minutes.
 6. Extend one hand over head look up at the surface and slowly rotate 360
degrees as one ascends.
7. Drift slowly to the surface.

How do we communicate underwater?

 Stop
 I am going up / end of dive
 I am going down
 Which direction?
 Okay
 Something is wrong
 Distress or help me
 Turn around
 Hold hands
 Out of air
 Get with your buddy
 Who will lead who will follow
 Level off at this depth
 Take it easy or slow down
 Danger in that direction
 I am cold
 Watch or look
 Boat
 I cannot clear my ear
 I have cramps
 I am stuck

CHAPTER 9-MOUNTAINEERING ACTIVITIES

ROMEO ROBERTO “ROMI” GARDUCE was the first Filipino to climb the seven
summits of the world he has conquered

 Mt. Aconcagua, South America in January 2005

 Mt. Everest of Nepal, Asia in may 2006
 Mt. Elbrus of Russia, Europe in august 2007
 Mt. McKinley or Denali peak of Alaska, united state in north America in June
2008
 Australia’s Mt. Kosciuszko in December 2008
 Indonesia’s Mt. Carstensz pyramid (Australasia region) in July 2011
  Vinson Massif of Antarctica in 2012

The mountains found in the Philippines have so much to offer in terms of outdoor
activity not to mention the tropical forest that covers them with rich variety of flora and
fauna which anyone who wants to connect with nature would not fail to appreciate.

Britannica defines mountaineering or mountain climbing as a sport in attaining or

attempting to attain high points in mountainous regions mainly for the pleasure of the
climb.

HIKING AND TREKKING

The seven summits are more than just conquering Mt. Everest the highest point in the
world. It is climbing and reaching the highest peaks of each continent in the world. Mr.
Romeo “romi” garduce is the first Filipino who was able to accomplish that. He scaled
the nature’s goliaths surviving the most extreme and challenging weather and
environment conditions.

 Classification scale
1. Walking
2. Hiking along a path or rugged terrain
3. Scrambling
4. Climbing easy cliffs but with enough drop off- beginners should be roped.
5. Using free hands as climbing method
6. Very difficult and need to use artificial method

How do I prepare for a hike or trek?

The demands for preparation of a hike or a trek depend on the intensity of your climb.
Preparing for a hike on an easy trail which only entails a day or less will have different
preparation from that of long treks or organized climbs.

PHYSICAL CONDITIONING

Preparation for a long trek may be more intensive as it will need to prepare the body for
the physical demands of the activity. Weeks before the trek you should start the pre-
conditioning of your body by exercising at least three times a week for at least 30-60
minutes. Exercises should include aerobic activities that will strengthen the lungs and
heart and muscle strengthening and endurance training which will specifically help the
legs for the long walk and the back for carrying your backpack.

Nutrition is also important in the preparation. Trekking can be pretty intensive thus the
body will be needing enough fuel to meet the demands of the activity. Fueling the body
means increasing the amount of glycogen or stored glucose in the muscle.
It is also important to seek clearance first from your doctor in case you have some
medical conditions to consider

TRIP PLANNING

Planning is basic to any activity. Most activities end up unsuccessful and even
disastrous due to poor planning or worst no planning at all.

If it will be an organized climb then most definitely planning will be done with the group.
Your task is always to get to know the facts about the mountain learn the itineraries and
other rules and procedures.

BACKPACK

The backpacks is very important during hike since everything that one will be needing is
carried in this pack. For a day’s hike a small pack is just fine as there are just a few
things needed for it. trekking on one hand is a different story as this is like carrying your
home on your back food, clothing, shelter, cooking gears, and other essentials will all be
placed in one pack.

Backpack have frames designed to give the wearer more support protection and better
weight distribution. The framed packs have evolved over time with more innovative
designs and materials. Backpacks may have an internal or external frame.

Footwear- trekking requires long walks and the shoes are the most important equipment
at this point.

 Hiking shoes
 Hiking boots
 Backpacking boots

TREKKING POLES

Trekking poles have a maximum length 135 cm (54 inches). They are often made into
two or three sections and can be retracted or extended as necessary. When fully
retracted it may be attached to the backpack.

What are the nutritional considerations for hiking?

 Calorie requirement for the activity

 Manageability to load carry store and cook the food
 Duration of the activity

CALORIE CONTENT
 NUTRIENTS CALORIES/GRAM

 Carbohydrates 4 calories/gram

 Proteins 4 calories/gram

 Fats 9 calories/gram

HYDRATING THE BODY

The water requirement of a body depends on the temperature and energy

expenditure however generally water requirement is at least 1 to 2 liters a day. This
will increase with the heavy walking and hot temperature.

Are energy bars recommended for trekkers?

Energy bars are ideal for mountaineers who are on the move but are feeling
fatigued due to lack of proper nutrition.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC SKILLS IN HIKING?

A. SETTING HIKING PACE

B. ESTABLISHING YOUR RHYTHM

WHAT ARE THE OTHER ESSENTIAL THINGS THAT I NEED TO BRING

 First aid kit

 Water- experienced advice: 1 liter can last for 2 hours with moderate trails and
moderate sunlight best to have 2-3 liters.
 Trail food
 Topographic map and compass
 Extra layers and rain gear
 Fire starter and matches
 Multi-tool or knife
 Flashlight
 Sunscreen or sunglasses
 Insect repellant
 Camera
 Cell phones two way radios
 Gps
 Extra batteries for mobile

What are the health related benefits of hiking or trekking?

Walking up and down trails mountains and hills will definitely make the heart pump
harder to keep up with the oxygen demand and thus increase the blood flow to the
muscles and brain.

What are some safety reminders in hiking and trekking?

Hike with a group and never alone. Hike within your skills. Hike within the trails and
be aware of surroundings.

Instructions from guides facilitators or leader should be given utmost attention rules
and regulations should be followed strictly.

Keep in mind and heart the leave no trace seven principles.

Ensure safety of self and others. Learn to apply first aid. Learn where to go and
what to do during emergency situations.

CAMPING

When you hear the word “camping” the first thing that might come to your mind will
be sleeping in tents and campfires perhaps most would probably recall memories of
being a boy scout or girl scout which is camping on school grounds local parks or
even on a nearby mountain or beach.

There are two types of camping front country and back country. Front country
camping sometimes also called “car camping” is camping on planned campgrounds
Where it is close to a vehicle with certain amenities and emergency aid.

What do we stay safe while camping?

Check all equipment. Check weather conditions. Check and study locations and map

Awareness of surrounding.

Map out emergency plans.

Protect self from sun coldness dehydration and insects.

Include fire safety practices in orientations.

Never walk alone never approach wild animals and never feed the animals in the
mountains.

Go back and review and following the leave no trace seven principles

ORIENTEERING
Trekking and hiking and other outdoor pursuits require the ability of knowing how to
find one’s way in moving from one location to another. It is important that even if one
strays he/she will have the means and the skill to be able to find his/her way back to
the trail.

What is orienteering?

Is an outdoor activity where participant’s goal is findings the various checkpoints in a

pre-set course using a especially created detailed map and the compass to navigate
in an unfamiliar terrains.

How did orienteering begin?

The beginnings of orienteering can be trace in Scandinavia where it was part of the
skills that the military needed to learn.

 1897 The world’s first orienteering match held in Norway.

 1919 Major Ernst killander of Sweden the father of orienteering
designed a cross-country competition where participants had to
decide their own routes with the use of map and compass.
 1941- A Finnish army officer piltti heiskanen set up orienteering activities
1943 in Dartmouth collage.
 1961 The IOF or the international orienteering federation was formed in
Copenhagen Denmark where the founding members were
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, federal republic of Germany,
Finland, German democratic republic, Hungary, Norway, Sweden,
and Switzerland.

 1966 The first world orienteering championships held in Finland

 1967 Orienteering activities became part of the U.S marine corps
physical fitness academy at Quantico, Virginia, under assistant
director Jim “yoggi” Hardin.
 Oct 1970 The first U.S orienteering championships held at southern Illinois
university
 1971 The birth of U.S. orienteering in federation in Virginia
 1988 Orienteering was accepted as a U.S. Olympic committee class c
sport or an affiliated sport
How is orienteering map used?

1. Whistle that is used when participant needs to call someone for help
2. Map bag or any clear plastic bag that comes in handy in protecting the map in
case it rain
3. Red pen in case the participant needs to mark the map for his/her own purpose
although maps given prior to the event are already pre-marked with the course.
 What are the equipment used in orienteering?

 Distance map
 Magnetic north lines
 Legends

How is the orienteering used?

1. Hold the compass level in the palm of your hand in front of your stomach
2. Position the compass so that the direction of travel arrow (DTA) is pointing
straight out in front of you
3. Suppose you want to go southwest with the compass just resting on your palm
turn the bezel so that northwest (midpoint of north and west) aligns with the DTA.
4. Still holding the compass flat in your hand and DTA pointing straight out turn
yourself and/or your hand until the magnetic needle (red needle) points or
aligned with the north magnetic orienting arrow or with the lines inside the
compass housing
5. Then check where the DTA is pointing now that is the direction you will be going
in this case southwest
6. Go to where the DTA is pointing keep the red needle aligned with the north
magnetic orienting arrow and for our example you are now moving southwest

How is orienteering played?

Having an idea of how the orienteering map looks like and how the orienteering
compass is used a better understanding of how orienteering is played will lead to a
better appreciation of how the compass and map will used in this outdoor activity.

What is pace and pace factor in navigation?

A pace is equivalent to two steps. Stand with both feet side by side. Starting with the left
foot step forward then put the right foot forward the two steps made is equivalent to one
pace.

 NAVIGATION SKILL1: ESTIMATING DISTANCE TO TRAVEL USING THE

MAP
 NAVIGATION SKILL 2 & 3: PRECISION AND ROUGH MAP READING
 NAVIGATION SKILL 4&5: PRECISION AND ROUGH COMPASS READING

What should one do when he/she gets lost along the course?

Knowing what to do when one gets lost is another skill. this is what we call relocating
skill or re-orienting yourself. It is best not to panic but instead to stop and take a break.
Look at the surroundings and check the map for more recognizable features such as a
river clearing roads buildings etc. check compass and map for direction of travel.

What are the health-related benefits of orienteering?

 Orienteering is very intensive activity it will require participants to walk jog, hike,
and run. All these activities increase aerobic-capacity and cardiovascular
strength.
 Most orienteering terrain includes hilly and rugged terrain. It is a perfect
environment for athletes and non-athletes to develop strong heart, lungs, and
legs.
 Orienteering involves not only physical demands but also fast decision-making
skills. It provides for balance of mental and physical exertion. This way mind and
body are both worked out.

What are the important things to remember while orienteering?

 Whistle Is used as communication in case of emergency such as when there is

significant injury or a participant is completely lost.
 Leave wildlife alone as responsible visitors of wildlife habitats.
 Safety azimuth every event director advises the participants of safety azimuth.
 Bring a second compass in case something happens to your compass during the
event.

UNIT SUMMARY

OUTDOOR RECREATION ARE ORGANIZED ACTIVITIES DONE DURING ONE’S

FREE-TIME FOR INDIVIDUAL REASONS NEEDS OR INTEREST WHERE A
CERTAIN INTERACTION BETWEEN MAN AND AN ELEMENT OF NATURE TAKES
PLACES. THESE ACTIVITIES ARE DONE EITHER IN THE NATURAL OR SEMI-
NATURAL ENIVIRONMENT.