Science Physics Engineering Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
Science
Physics
Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is the science that deals with the energy interactions between
material systems.
• It is primarily concerned with two forms of energy viz. heat & work.
• The science of thermodynamics is based on three laws viz. zeroth, first &
second laws.
• Zeroth law: concept of temperature
• First law: concept of internal energy
• Second law: concept of entropy
• The thermodynamic principles are used in designing of various energy
converting (both producing & consuming) devices.
Thermodynamic terms
• System – It is a prescribed region of space or finite quantity of matter
surrounded by an envelope called the boundary.
Boundary
System
Surrounding
• Types of system –
• Closed system – If the mass within the boundary of the system remains
constant & only energy (heat & work) may transfer across its boundary of
the system. Piston
Cylinder W
Boundary
• Open system – If both the mass as well as energy transfer across its
boundary of the system.
Inlet Control surface
Control volume
Steam
W
Turbine
Outlet
• Isolated system – A system is called an isolated system if neither mass nor energy
transfers across its boundaries.
• Phase – If a quantity of matter is homogeneous or uniform throughout in
physical structure & chemical composition, it is termed as phase. On the basis
of phases the system may be classified as
• Homogeneous system – If a system consists of a single phase, then it is called
as homogeneous system.
• Heterogeneous system – If the system consists of more than one phase, then it
is called as heterogeneous system.
• Surrounding – the space & matter external to the thermodynamic system &
outside boundary is called surrounding.
• Universe – when system & surrounding are put together it is called universe.
• Property – a property of a system is its measurable characteristics describing
the system. There are two types,
• Intensive property – If the value of the property does not depend upon the mass
of the system, then it is called an intensive property. e.g. pressure, temperature
& density etc.
• Extensive property – e.g. volume, surface area, internal energy, P.E. & K.E. etc.
• Thermodynamic equilibrium – a system is said to be in a state of
thermodynamic equilibrium, if the value of the property is the same at all points
in the system
• State – It’s a graphical representation of properties of the system
• Path – A thermodynamic system passing through a series of states
constitutes a path.
P 1
P1
P2 2
V1 V
V2
• Process – A process is defined as a transition in which a system changes
from one initial state to a final state.
P A
B
• V
Cyclic process (cycle) – A series of processes with an initial & final state being
same constitutes a cycle.
P
3
QA
4
2
QR
1
V
• Energy – It is defined as capacity to do work, its unit is N-m or J

• Power – It is defined as rate of doing work its unit is J/s or W
• Internal energy – It is defined as energy associated with the configuration &
motion of its molecules, atoms & subatomic particles relative to its centre of
mass.
• Thermodynamic work – It is defined as the energy transferred without
transfer of mass across the boundary of a system because of an intensive
property difference other than temperature that exists between system &
surrounding.
• Heat - It is defined as the energy transferred without transfer of mass across
the boundary of a system because of temperature difference between
system & surrounding.
• Temperature – temperature of a body is its thermal state considered with
reference to its ability to communicate heat to other bodies.
Concept of continuum
A fluid is viewed as a continuous, homogenous matter with no holes is known
as continuum. Under continuum assumption, fluid properties such as density,
temperature & velocity etc. are considered to be continuous functions of space
& time. The concept of continuum assumes a continuous distribution of mass
within the matter or system with no empty or void spaces.
Validity of continuum model

• If the mean free path is very small as compared with some characteristic
length in the flow domain (i.e. the molecular density is very high), then the
fluid can be treated as a continuum.
• If the mean free path is large as compared with some characteristic length,
then the fluid cannot be considered continuum & it should be analysed by
the molecular theory.
• A dimensionless parameter, Knudson number (Kn) decides the validity of
continuum.
 where λ is mean free path & L is characteristic dimension
Kn 
L
If Kn < 0.01 → fluid is continuum
Kn > 0.01 → fluid is not a continuum

Science Physics Engineering Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics

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Thermodynamics

• Energy – It is defined as capacity to do work, its unit is N-m or J

Validity of continuum model

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