MARY JANE E.

ESPINO

2VAF

CSC-110 COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS ASSIGNTMENT #1

THE FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

First Generation (1940-1956)

VACUUM TUBES

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up
entire rooms. They were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was
often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to
perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and
output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of
first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S.
Census Bureau in 1951.
A UNIVAC computer at the Census Bureau

Second Generation (1956-1963)

Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947
but did not see widespread use
in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers
to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though
the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the
vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts
for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages,
which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed
at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The first computers of this
generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present)

Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single
silicon chip. What in the first
generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip. In
1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also
moved out of the
realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful,
they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation
computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld
devices.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of
parallel processing and super-conductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and
molecular and nanotechnology will
radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- organisation.

MOTHERBOARD

A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together many of the crucial components of a
computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices. The base of a
motherboard consists of a very firm sheet of non-conductive material, typically some sort of rigid plastic. Thin layers of copper
or aluminum foil, referred to as traces, are printed onto this sheet. These traces are very narrow and form the circuits between
the various components. In addition to circuits, a motherboard contains a number of sockets and slots to connect the other
components.

Parts of a Motherboard
If you were to open up your computer and take out the motherboard, you would probably get pretty confused about all the
different parts. Depending on the make and model of your computer, it might look something like this.

Photograph of a typical motherboard of a desktop

computer
To understand how computers work, you don't need to know every single part of the motherboard. However, it is good to
know some of the more important parts and how the motherboard connects the various parts of a computer system together.
Here are some of the typical parts:

 A CPU socket - the actual CPU is directly soldered onto the socket. Since high speed CPUs generate a lot of heat,
there are heat sinks and mounting points for fans right next to the CPU socket.
 A power connector to distribute power to the CPU and other components.
 Slots for the system's main memory, typically in the form of DRAM chips.
 A chip forms an interface between the CPU, the main memory and other components. On many types of
motherboards, this is referred to as the Northbridge. This chip also contains a large heat sink.
 A second chip controls the input and output (I/O) functions. It is not connected directly to the CPU but to the
Northbridge. This I/O controller is referred to as the Southbridge. The Northbridge and Southbridge combined are
referred to as the chipset.
 Several connectors, which provide the physical interface between input and output devices and the motherboard.
The Southbridge handles these connections.
 Slots for one or more hard drives to store files. The most common types of connections are Integrated Drive
Electronics (IDE) and Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA).
 A read-only memory (ROM) chip, which contains the firmware, or startup instructions for the computer system. This
is also called the BIOS.
 A slot for a video or graphics card. There are a number of different types of slots, including the Accelerated Graphics
Port (AGP) and Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe).
 Additional slots to connect hardware in the form of Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slots.

Photograph of a typical motherboard with the most important

parts labeled
There are certainly a lot of acronyms to get used to! Don't worry too much about trying to remember all the parts and their
acronyms. The key is to remember that the motherboard contains the central processing unit, the memory, and all the
connectors to the rest of the hardware of the computer system. The board is the 'mother' of all components - that's
where it gets its name.

MICROSOFT SHORTCUT KEYS

SELECT ALL CONTENT PAGE

CTRL+A - Select all items in a document or window

OPEN THE FRONT PREFERENCES WINDOW

Ctrl + Shift + F

Aligns the selected texts to the right

Ctrl + R
 Change text type to underlined

Ctrl + U

Paste function

Ctrl + V

Increase font size

Ctrl + Shift + >

Move to the beginning of the line or paragraph

Ctrl + Up Arrow

Open a file

Alt + Ctrl + F2

Steps required to view SYSTEM PROPERTIES WINDOW 10

Step 1: Right-click This PC, and select Properties from the menu.
 Step 2: Choose Remote settings, System protection or Advanced system settings in the System window.

STEP FOR SEARCHING THE TERM “COMPUTER” ON THE BROWSER MOZILLA FIREFOX

Step 1 – Open the browser

Step 2 – On the search bar, type “Computer”
Step 3 – Press Enter
DIFFERENT OF THE FOLLOWING:
MHz- GHz

MHz
(MegaHertZ) One million cycles per second. MHz is used to measure the transmission speed of electronic devices, including
channels, buses and the computer's internal clock. A one-megahertz clock (1 MHz) means some number of bits (1, 4, 8, 16,
32 or 64) can be manipulated at least one million times per second.
GHz
Abbreviation for gigahertz. One GHz represents 1 billion cycles per second. The speed of microprocessors, called the clock
speed, often is measured in gigahertz. For example, a microprocessor that runs at 200 GHz executes 200 billion cycles per
second.

COMPUTER- CHAIR

COMPUTER
Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery — wires, transistors, and circuits — is called hardware;
the instructions and data are called software. All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:
Memory: enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.

CHAIRS
One of the basic pieces of furniture, a chair is a type of seat. Its primary features are two pieces of a durable material,
attached as back and seat to one another at a 90° or slightly greater angle, with usually the four corners of the horizontal seat
attached in turn to four legs—or other parts of the seat's underside attached to three legs or to a shaft about which a four-arm
turnstile on rollers can turn—strong enough to support the weight of a person who sits on the seat (usually wide and broad
enough to hold the lower body from the buttocks almost to the knees) and leans against the vertical back (usually high and
wide enough to support the back to the shoulder blades). The legs are typically high enough for the seated person's thighs
and knees to form a 90° or lesser angle. [1][2] [3] Used in a number of rooms in homes (e.g. in living rooms, dining rooms,
and dens), in schools and offices (with desks), and in various other workplaces, chairs may be made of wood, metal, or
synthetic materials, and either the seat alone or the entire chair may be padded or upholstered in various colors and fabrics.

IOS-ANDROID

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It
is the operating system that presently powers many of the company's mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod
Touch. It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android.
Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod
Touch (September 2007) and the iPad(January 2010). As of January 2017, Apple's App Store contains more than 2.2 million
iOS applications, 1 million of which are native for iPads. These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than
130 billion times.
The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of
sliders, switches, and buttons. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of
which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface.
Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is
the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode).
Apple has been significantly praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS, enabling users with vision and
hearing disabilities to properly use its products.
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open
source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition,
Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Wear OS for wrist watches, each with a
specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on game consoles, digital cameras, PCs and other electronics.
Initially developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007, with the first commercial
Android device launched in September 2008. The operating system has since gone through multiple major releases, with the
current version being 9.0 "Pie", released in August 2018. The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source
Project (AOSP), and is primarily licensed under the Apache License.
Android is also associated with a suite of proprietary software developed by Google, including core apps for services such
as Gmail and Google Search, as well as the application store and digital distribution platform Google Play, and
associated development platform. These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards
imposed by Google, but AOSP has been used as the basis of competing Android ecosystems, such as Amazon.com's Fire
OS, which use their own equivalents to the Google Mobile Services.
Android has been the best-selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablets since 2013. As of May 2017, it
has over two billion monthly active users, the largest installed base of any operating system, and as of June 2018, the Google
Play store features over 3.3 million apps

SRAM-DRAM

SRAM
The term static differentiates SRAM from DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) which must be periodically
refreshed. SRAM is faster and more expensive than DRAM; it is typically used for CPU cache while DRAM is used for a
computer's main memory.

DRAM
Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is a type of memory that is typically used for data or program code that a
computer processor needs to function. DRAM is a common type of random access memory (RAM) used in personal
computers (PCs), workstations and servers.

In MS WORD ,how can you restart numbering when using Numbering Options in Paragraph
Section?

Restart numbering at 1

1.Click the item that you want to be the first item in the new list.
2.On the Format menu, click Bullets and Numbering, and then click the Numbered tab.
3.Under List numbering, click Restart numbering.