EXPERIEMENTS

(Using DSP Kit)

INTRODUCTION TO DSP PROCESSORS

A signal can be defined as a function that conveys information, generally about the state or
behavior of a physical system. There are two basic types of signals viz Analog (continuous time
signals which are defined along a continuum of times) and Digital (discrete-time).
Remarkably, under reasonable constraints, a continuous time signal can be adequately
represented by samples, obtaining discrete time signals. Thus digital signal processing is an ideal
choice for anyone who needs the performance advantage of digital manipulation along with
today‟s analog reality.
Hence a processor which is designed to perform the special operations(digital manipulations) on
the digital signal within very less time can be called as a Digital signal processor. The difference
between a DSP processor, conventional microprocessor and a microcontroller are listed below.

Microprocessor: or General Purpose Processor such as Intel xx86 or Motorola 680xx

Family
Contains - only CPU
-No RAM
-No ROM
-No I/O ports
-No Timer

MICROCONTROLLER
Such as 8051 familyContains - CPU
- RAM
- ROM
-I/O ports
- Timer &
- Interrupt circuitry
Some Micro Controllers also contain A/D, D/A and Flash Memory

DSP PROCESSORS
Such as Texas instruments and Analog DevicesContains
- CPU

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 - RAM
- ROM
- I/O ports
- Timer
Optimized for
- fast arithmetic
- Extended precision
- Dual operand fetch
- Zero overhead loop
- Circular buffering

The basic features of a DSP Processor are

Feature Use
Fast-Multiply accumulate Most DSP algorithms, including filtering,
transforms, etc. are multiplication- intensive
Multiple – access memory architecture Many data-intensive DSP operations require
reading a program instruction and multiple data
items during each instruction cycle for best
performance
Specialized addressing modes Efficient handling of data arrays and first-in,
first-out buffers in memory
Specialized program control Efficient control of loops for many iterative
DSP algorithms. Fast interrupt handling for
frequent I/O operations.
On-chip peripherals and I/O interfaces On-chip peripherals like A/D converters allow
for small low cost system designs. Similarly
I/O interfaces tailored for common peripherals
allow clean interfaces to off-chip I/O devices.

A digital signal processor (DSP) is an integrated circuit designed for high-speed data
manipulations, and is used in audio, communications, image manipulation, and other data-
acquisition and data-control applications. The microprocessors used in personal computers are
optimized for tasks involving data movement and inequality testing. The typical applications
requiring such capabilities are word processing, database management, spread sheets, etc. When

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 it comes to mathematical computations the traditional microprocessor are deficient particularly
where real-time performance is required. Digital signal processors are microprocessors
optimized for basic mathematical calculations such as additions and multiplications.

FIXED VERSUS FLOATING POINT:

Digital Signal Processing can be divided into two categories, fixed point and floating point
which refer to the format used to store and manipulate numbers within the devices. Fixed point
DSPs usually represent each number with a minimum of 16 bits, although a different length can
be used. There are four common ways that these 216 i,e., 65,536 possible bit patterns can
represent a number. In unsigned integer, the stored number can take on any integer value from 0
to 65,535, signed integer uses two's complement to include negative numbers from -32,768 to
32,767. With unsigned fraction notation, the 65,536 levels are spread uniformly between 0 and 1
and the signed fraction format allows negative numbers, equally spaced between -1 and 1. The
floating point DSPs typically use a minimum of 32 bits to store each value. This results in many
more bit patterns than for fixed point, 232 i,e., 4,294,967,296 to be exact. All floating point
DSPs can also handle fixed point numbers, a necessity to implement counters, loops, and signals
coming from the ADC and going to the DAC. However, this doesn't mean that fixed point math
will be carried out as quickly as the floating point operations; it depends on the internal
architecture.

C VERSUS ASSEMBLY:

DSPs are programmed in the same languages as other scientific and engineering applications,
usually assembly or C. Programs written in assembly can execute faster, while programs written
in C are easier to develop and maintain. In traditional applications, such as programs run on PCs
and mainframes, C is almost always the first choice. If assembly is used at all, it is restricted to
short subroutines that must run with the utmost speed.

HOW FAST ARE DSPS?

The primary reason for using a DSP instead of a traditional microprocessor is speed: the ability
to move samples into the device and carry out the needed mathematical operations, and output
the processed data. The usual way of specifying the fastness of a DSP is: fixed point systems are
often quoted in MIPS (million integer operations per second). Likewise, floating point devices
can be specified in MFLOPS (million floating point operations per second).

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TMS320 FAMILY:

The Texas Instruments TMS320 family of DSP devices covers a wide range, from a 16-bit fixed-
point device to a single-chip parallel-processor device. In the past, DSPs were used only in
specialized applications. Now they are in many mass-market consumer products that are
continuously entering new market segments. The Texas Instruments TMS320 family of DSP
devices and their typical applications are mentioned below.
C1x, C2x, C2xx, C5x, and C54x:
The width of the data bus on these devices is 16 bits. All have modified Harvard architectures.
They have been used in toys, hard disk drives, modems, cellular phones, and active car
suspensions.

C3x:

The width of the data bus in the C3x series is 32 bits. Because of the reasonable cost and
floating-point performance, these are suitable for many applications. These include almost any
filters, analyzers, hi-fi systems, voice-mail, imaging, bar-code readers, motor control, 3D
graphics, or scientific processing.

C4x:

This range is designed for parallel processing. The C4x devices have a 32-bit data bus and are
floating-point. They have an optimized on-chip communication channel, which enables a
number of them to be put together to form a parallel-processing cluster. The C4x range devices
have been used in virtual reality, image recognition, telecom routing, and parallel-processing
systems.

C6x:

The C6x devices feature Velocity, an advanced very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture
developed by Texas Instruments. Eight functional units, including two multipliersand six
arithmetic logic units (ALUs), provide 1600 MIPS of cost-effective performance. The C6x DSPs
are optimized for multi-channel, multifunction applications, including wireless base stations,
pooled modems, remote-access servers, digital subscriber loop systems, cable modems, and
multi-channel telephone systems.

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 INTRODUCTION TO TMS 320 C6713 DSK

The high–performanceboard features the TMS320C6713 floating-point DSP. Capable of

performing 1350 million floating point operations per second, the C6713 DSK the most
powerful DSK development board.

The DSK is USB port interfaced platform that allows to efficiently develop and test applications
for the C6713. With extensive host PC and target DSP software support, the DSK provides ease-
of-use and capabilities that are attractive to DSP engineers. The 6713 DSP Starter Kit (DSK) is a
low-cost platform which lets customers evaluate and develop applications for the Texas
Instruments C67X DSP family. The primary features of the DSK are:

1. 225 MHz TMS320C6713 Floating Point DSP

2. AIC23 Stereo Codec
3. Four Position User DIP Switch and Four User LEDs
4. On-board Flash and SDRAM

TI‟s Code Composer Studio development tools are bundled with the 6713DSK providing the user
with an industrial-strength integrated development environment for C and assembly
programming. Code Composer Studio communicates with the DSP using an on-board JTAG
emulator through a USB interface. The TMS320C6713 DSP is the heart of the system. It is a core
member of Texas Instruments‟ C64X line of fixed point DSPs whose distinguishing features are

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 an extremely high performance 225MHz VLIW DSP core and 256Kbytes of internal memory.
On-chip peripherals include a 32-bit external memory interface (EMIF) with integrated SDRAM
controller, 2 multi-channel buffered serial ports (McBSPs), two on-board timers and an enhanced
DMA controller (EDMA). The 6713 represents the high end of TI‟s C6700 floating point DSP
line both in terms of computational performance and on-chip resources.

The 6713 has a significant amount of internal memory so many applications will have all code
and data on-chip. External accesses are done through the EMIF which can connect to both
synchronous and asynchronous memories. The EMIF signals are also brought out to standard TI
expansion bus connectors so additional functionality can be added on daughter card modules.
DSPs are frequently used in audio processing applications so the DSK includes an on-board
codec called the AIC23. Codec stands for coder/decoder, the job of the AIC23 is to code analog
input samples into a digital format for the DSP to process, then decode data coming out of the
DSP to generate the processed analog output. Digital data is sent to and from the codec on
McBSP1.

TMS320C6713 DSK OVERVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 The DSK has 4 light emitting diodes (LEDs) and 4 DIP switches that allow users to interact with
programs through simple LED displays and user input on the switches. Many of the included
examples make use of these user interfaces Options.

The DSK implements the logic necessary to tie board components together in a programmable
logic device called a CPLD. In addition to random glue logic, the CPLD implements a set of 4
software programmable registers that can be used to access the on-board LEDs and DIP switches
as well as control the daughter card interface.

AIC23 Codec

The DSK uses a Texas Instruments AIC23 (part #TLV320AIC23) stereo codec for input and
output of audio signals. The codec samples analog signals on the microphone or line inputs and
converts them into digital data so it can be processed by the DSP. When the DSP is finished with
the data it uses the codec to convert the samples back into analog signals on the line and
headphone outputs so the user can hear the output.
The codec communicates using two serial channels, one to control the codec‟s internal
configuration registers and one to send and receive digital audio samples. McBSP0 is used as the
unidirectional control channel. It should be programmed to send a 16-bit control word to the
AIC23 in SPI format. The top 7 bits of the control word should specify the register to be modified
and the lower 9 should contain the register value. The control channel is only used when

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 configuring the codec, it is generally idle when audio data is being transmitted, McBSP1 is used
as the bi-directional data channel. All audio data flows through the data channel. Many data
formats are supported based on the three variables of sample width, clock signal source and serial
data format. The DSK examples generally use a 16-bit sample width with the codec in master
mode so it generates the frame sync and bit clocks at the correct sample rate without effort on the
DSP side. The preferred serial format is DSP mode which is designed specifically to operate with
the McBSP ports on TI DSPs.

DSK hardware installation

 Shut down and power off the PC

 Connect the supplied USB port cable to the board
 Connect the other end of the cable to the USB port of PC
 Plug the other end of the power cable into a power outlet
 Plug the power cable into the board
 The user LEDs should flash several times to indicate board is operational
 When you connect your DSK through USB for the first time on a Windows

Loaded PC the new hardware found wizard will come up. So, Install the drivers (The CCS CD
contains the require drivers for C6713 DSK).

TROUBLESHOOTING DSK CONNECTIVITY

If Code Composer Studio IDE fails to configure your port correctly, perform the following
steps:Test the USB port by running DSK Port test from the start menu

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 Use Start->Programs->Texas Instruments->Code Composer Studio->Code Composer Studio
C6713 DSK Tools ->C6713 DSK Diagnostic Utilities
The below Screen will appear

Select 6713 DSK Diagnostic Utility Icon from Desktop, The Screen Look like as below

Select Start Option

Utility Program will test the board

After testing Diagnostic Status you will get PASS

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