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Fire Resistance of RC Slabs according to ACI/TMS 216.1 and EC 2 – Possibility

for Comparison

Conference Paper · April 2018

DOI: 10.14415/konferencijaGFS2018.003

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6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Contemporary achievements in civil engineering 20. April 2018. Subotica, SERBIA

FIRE RESISTANCE OF RC SLABS

ACCORDING TO ACI/TMS 216.1 AND EC2
– POSSIBILITY FOR COMPARISON -

Sanin Džidić 1 UDK: 614.84:624.012.45

DOI: 10.14415/konferencijaGFS2018.003
Summary: RC slabs are the most sensitive concrete elements to the effects of fire in
comparison to all other reinforced concrete elements. Therefore, this research focuses
on determining the fire resistance of RC slabs using Method for Determining Fire
Resistance of Slabs EN 1992-1-2:2004, Eurocode 2, Design of Concrete Structures, Part
1-2: Structural Fire Design (Simplified Method for Beams and Slabs) and ACI/TMS
216.1 – Code for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction
Assemblies. A fire action to RC slabs is modeled using standard fire ISO 834-1 for EN
1991-1-2 and ASTM E 119 for ACI/TMS 216.1. This research considers determining fire
resistance of simply supported RC slabs of different spans and different depths with
variations of concrete cover.

Keywords:RC slabs, Fire resistance, Concrete cover

1. INTRODUCTION

This research focuses on determining the fire resistance of RC slabs using EN 1992-1-2:
2004, Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures, Part 1-2: Structural fire design
(Simplified Method for Beams and Slabs) and ACI/TMS 216.1 – Code Requirements for
Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies.
A fire action to RC slabs is modeled using standard fires ISO 834-1 and ASTM E 119 E,
depending on the method used for fire resistance determination.
This research considers determining fire resistance of simply supported RC slabs of
different spans (3, 5 and 7 m) and different depths (12, 15 and 17 cm) with variations of
concrete cover ranging from 0.5 to 3 cm. Slabs were previously designed according to
the EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and
rules for buildings, with permanent action consisting of slab self-weight and flooring of
1.5 kN/m2 and variable action of 2 kN/m2.
All slabs were reinforced by welded ribbed meshes made of steel grade B500A, Ductility
Class A, Yield = Re 500 MPa, or by straight ribbed bars made of steel grades B500A or
St-500-b.

1
Prof. Dr. Sanin Džidić, Associate Professor, University of Bihać, Technical Faculty, Department of Civil
Engineering and International BURCH University Sarajevo, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciencies,
Department of Architecture, phone +387-61-905-480, e-mail: [email protected]

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2. MODELLING OF FIRE ACTION

EN 1991-1-2 enables modeling of fire action for determination of fire resistance using
Standard temperature-time fire curve according to ISO 834-1.This curve is defined as:

(1)
where:

T - average temperature in the test furnace in ºC,

t - test time in minutes.

Figure 1 – Standard Temperature-Time Curve ISO 834-1

This fire curve is used in this research as fire action for determination of fire resistance
of RC slabs according to the EN 1992-1-2: 2004, Eurocode 2, Design of concrete
structures, Part 1-2: Structural fire design, Simplified Method for Beams and Slabs.
The standard fire curve used in the USA is the Standard Fire Curve Temperature-Time
ASTM E 119. It is presented with a number of discrete points as shown in the following
table. Lie [6] gave several equations that mathematically approximate the ASTM E 119
curve, where the simplest one gives the temperature in function of time through the
following relationship:

(2)
where
th - test time expressed in hours.
Figure 2 illustrates the given relationship.

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Figure 2 – Standard Temperature-Time Curve ASTM E 119

Standard Temperature-Time Curve ASTM E 119 is used in this research for fire
resistance determination according to ACI/TMS 216.1 – Code Requirements for
Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies.
These two standard fire curves are not identical; however there are no significant
differences in temperature development, what can be noticed from Figure 3.

Figure 3 – Compasrison of Standard Temperature-Time Curves ISO 834-1

and ASTM E 119

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3. EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

PART 1-2 – STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN

The simplified calculation procedure for beams and slabs given in Eurocode 2, Part 1-2,
Annex E, applies to beams and slabs, where the load is predominantly uniformly
distributed and where the ambient temperature design is based on a linear analysis or on
a linear analysis with limited redistribution.
This method is practically a continuation of the tabular method for beams exposed to the
fire on three sides and on slabs in order to determine the bending capacity in situations
where the axial distance to the bottom reinforcement is shorter than the one required in
the tables.
Steel strength reduction factors used in this method are presented inFigure 4.
The main guideline of this procedure is to ensure that the design bending moment in fire
conditions is less than or equal to the cross-sectional moment capacity in the fire
situation:
(3)

Figure 4 – Steel Strength Reduction Factors [14]

In the focus of this research are simply supported reinforced concrete one-way slabs,
thus, fire design moment for predominantly uniformly distributed load is:
(4)
where
wEd,fi - uniformly distributed load in the fire situation;
leff - effectivelength of the slab.
For the simply supported slab, the moment of resistance in the fire situation is
determined according to the following relationship:

(5)

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Contemporary achievements in civil engineering 20. April 2018. Subotica, SERBIA

where
γs - the partial safety factor for steel used in EN 1992-1-1;
γs,fi - the partial safety factor for steel in fire conditions;
ks(θ)- a steel strength reduction factor for the given temperatureθfor
the required time of fire resistance;
MEd - the applied moment for ambient temperature design according to
EN 1992-1-1;
As,prov - the cross-sectional area of tensile steel provided; and
As,req - the cross-sectional area of tensile steel required for the design at
the ambient temperature according to EN 1992-1-1.
In this calculation, ratio As,prov/As,req should not be greater than 1.3.
Fordetermining the steel strength reduction factor ks(θ) at the temperature θfor the
required fire resistance period, it is necessary to establish the temperature of the
reinforcement θ first. [5] Considering that the temperature of the steel reinforcement is
assumed to be the same as the temperature of concrete in the observed fiber of the cross
section, then the temperature of steelθ can be determined based upon temperature
profiles for slabs given in Annex A, EN 1992-1-2: 2004, shown in the following Figure.

Figure 5 – Temperature Profiles for Slabs (height 200 mm)[14]

4. ACI/TMS 216.1 - CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR DETERMINING

FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY
CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES

If the reinforcement is straight and equal along the entire span of the slab, then the
moment capacity is also equal along the entire span of the slab, and it is:

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where
As – cross sectional area of reinforcement provided;
fy – characteristic yield strength of the reinforcing steel;
d - is the distance between the centroid of the reinforcing steel to the extreme
compressive fiber;
a - is the depth of the equivalent rectangular compressive stress block at ultimate
load.
The depth of the equivalent rectangular compressive stress block at the ultimate load can
be determined as:

where

fc' - characteristic cylinder compressive strength of concrete;

b- 1.0 m for slabs.
If the slab is uniformly loaded, the moment diagram will be parabolic with a maximum
value at midspan:

where l is the span length and w is defined according to the Appendix C2.5 from ASCE
07, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. This proposes load
combinations for checking the capacity of a structure or structural element to withstand
the effect of extraordinary events such as fires, which is characterized by low probability
of occurrence and usually short duration. Load combinations include the following cases
[1]:
1.2 Dead + (0.5) Live or 0.2 Snow
(0.9 or 1.2) Dead + 0.2 Wind.

It is generally assumed that during the fire, dead and live loads remain constant.
However, the strength of materials is reduced so that the retained nominal moment
strength is

in which Өsignifies effects of elevated temperatures. Note that Asand dare not affected,
but fy0is reduced. Similarly, a0is reduced, but the concrete strength at the top of the slab f
'cis generally not significantly reduced.

It can be assumed that the flexural failure occurs when Mnθ decreases to M, and the
conclusion is that the time of fire resistance depends on the load intensity and the
behavior of the concrete reinforcement at high temperatures. In conclusion, the period of
fire resistance of the observed slab depends on the time required to reach the critical
temperature of the steel, which again depends on the applied protection of the
reinforcement. The most commonly used protection is the concrete cover.
Fire resistance of simply supported slabs depends on the type of reinforcement used, the
type of concrete depending on the aggregate, the intensity of the bending moment
applied, and the distance of the reinforcement centroid from the fire exposed side of
concrete denoted by "u". If the reinforcement is uniformly arranged along a tensile

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6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Contemporary achievements in civil engineering 20. April 2018. Subotica, SERBIA

zone, the value "u" is determined as the average distance of individual bars from the fire
exposed side of concrete.Taking into account that the reinforcement index is

and determining the ratio M/Mn, and also using "u", it is possible to determine the period
of fire resistance of the slab from the diagram presented in Figure 6.

Figure 6 – Fire Resistance of Concrete Slabs as Influenced by Aggregate Type,

Reinforcing Steel Type, Moment Intensity, and “u” [8]

5. FIRE RESISTANCE DETERMINATION OF RC SLABS

This study considers fire resistance determination of RC slabs using two different
methods: EN 1992-1-2:2004, Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures, Part 1-2:
Structural fire design - Simplified calculation method for slabs, and ACI/TMS 216.1 –
Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry
Assemblies.
For the researching purposes, simply supported RC concrete slabs with spans of 3.0 m,
5.0 m, and 7.0 m were considered. Depths of slabs are 12, 15 and 17 cm respectively. All
slabs were designed according to EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. Actions taken into
consideration are self-weight of slabs, flooring (1.5 kN/m2), and variable load of 2
kN/m2. Different concrete classes were used for each slab: C 20/25, C 30/37 and C
40/50. A concrete cover was also variated for each slab: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0
cm. It should be noted that thicknesses of the concrete cover of 0.5 and 1.0 cm are not
allowed for slabs according to Eurocode 2, part 1-1. However, given the construction

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situation in Balkans, it is not rare to encounter very thin concrete covers, or virtually no
concrete covers at all in the actual construction practice, due to failure of the
contractorinvolved, or poor site inspection of the construction sites, so it is interesting to
assess the fire resistance of such slabs.
All slabs were reinforced by welded ribbed meshes made of steel grade B500A, Ductility
Class A, Yield = Re 500 MPa, or by straight ribbed bars made of steel grades B500A or
St-500-b.
All slabs were exposed to the Standard Fire Curve ISO 834 for determining fire
resistance according to EN 1992-1-2:2004, Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures,
Part 1-2: Structural fire design - Simplified calculation method for slabs.To determine
fire resistance according to the ACI/TMS 216.1 – Code Requirements for Determining
Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Assemblies, fire exposure is assumed
according to ASTM E 119.
The results of fire resistance of RC slabs of 5 m span according to these two different
methods are presented in Tables 1-3. The results for fire resistance of RC slabs of spans
3 and 7 m are not presented in this paper due to limitation of the paper length.

Table 1. Fire Resistance of Slab, Depth 15 cm, Span 5 m, C20/25

Table 2. Fire Resistance of Slab, Depth 15 cm, Span 5 m, C30/37

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Contemporary achievements in civil engineering 20. April 2018. Subotica, SERBIA

Table 3. Fire Resistance of Slab, Depth 15 cm, Span 5 m, C40/50

6. CONCLUSION

This parallel comparison research for determining fire resistance of reinforced concrete
slabs of different spans and depths, made of three different concrete classes, with
variations of concrete covers ranging from 0.5 m to 3.0 cm, using two different methods,
provided the following results:
• Fire resistance periods of RC slabs considered and determined by two different
methods were similar, but not the same. However, maximum difference in fire
resistance periods was up to 60 minutes;
• Standard Method for Determining Fire Resistance to Concrete and Masonry
Structures ACI/TMS 216.1, using diagrams from Figure 6was not sufficiently
sensitive for determining fire resistance periods of slabs as other method was.
Differences were up to 60 minutes, and there was not a clear determination of
fire resistance period below 60 minutes. It is also necessary to highlight that
results obtained using ACI/TMS 216.1 were not fully comparable with other
method, since the fire exposure of Standard Fire (ASTM E 119) was not the
same as Standard Fire ISO 834-1, although without significant differences in
temperatures. The reason this method was considered in this research was its
wider and holistic meaning of the term “fire resistance”, where fire resistance
and structures did not recognize borders, countries, or different standards;
• The research also confirmed the fact that concrete class had minor influence on
the fire resistance period of slabs, while thickness of concrete cover
significantly affected the period of fire resistance of slabs;
• Maximum fire resistance period of slabs observed in this research was 120
minutes.

REFERENCES

[1] Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute CRSI:Fire resistance of RC Buildings”, CRSI

Technical Note ETN-B-1-16, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA, 2015.

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[2] Džidić, S.: Određivanje otpornosti na požar AB ploča izloženih parametarskim

krivim požara,V International Conference, “Civil Engineering – Science and
Practice - GNP 2014, February 2014., Žabljak, Montenegro, Book of Proceedings,
ISBN 978-86-82707-23-3 COBISS.CG-ID 24170256.
[3] Mešić, H., Džidić, S.: Uticaj debljine pokrovnog sloja betona na otpornost na požar
armiranobetonskih ploča prema Eurocode 2, 10th International Conference “RIM
2015”, Development and Modernization of Production, October 4-6, 2015,
Dubrovnik, Croatia, Book of Proceedings ISBN 978-9958-624-41-4,
COBISS.BH.ID 22420486.
[4] Ali E. Y.:Limit-Analysis of R/C Slabs Exposed to Standard Fires: Application of the
Yield-Line Method, Master Thesis, Structural Engineering Department, Politecnico
Di Milano, Italy2010.
[5] Džidić, S.: Otpornost betonskih konstrukcija na požar, International BURCH
University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, ISBN 978-9958-834-47-9;
COBISS.BH-ID 22444550, 2015.
[6]Lie, T. T.; (Eds.): Structural Fire Protection, (Technical Report No. 78)”, New York:
American Society of Civil Engineers, USA, 1992.
[7] American Concrete Institute, 1989, ACI 216R-89,” Guide for Determining the Fire
Resistance of Concrete Elements, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
[8] American Concrete Institute, 1997, ACI 216.1-97/TMS 0216.1-97,StandardMethod
for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction
Assemblies, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
[9] American Concrete Institute, 2014, ACI /TMS 216.1-14, Standard Method for
Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies,
Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
[10] ASTM International – ASTM, 2014, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of
Building Construction and Materials (ASTM E119-14); ASTM International,
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA.
[11] BAS EN 1991-1-1:2015 - Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures: Part 1-1: General
actions - Densities, self-weight and imposed loads for buildings, Institute for
Standardization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Istočno Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
[12] BAS EN 1991-1-1/NA:2016 - Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures: Part 1-1: General
actions - Densities, self-weight and imposed loads for buildings - National annex,
Institute for Standardization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Istočno Sarajevo, Bosnia
and Herzegovina.
[13] BAS EN 1992-1-1:2017 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1:
General rules and rules for buildings, Institute for Standardization of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Istočno Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
[14] BAS EN 1992-1-2:2017- Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures: Part 1-2:
General rules - Structural fire design,Institute for Standardization of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Istočno Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
[15] BAS ISO 834-1:2007, Fire-resistance tests - Elements of building construction –
Part 1: General requirements Institute for Standardization of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Istočno Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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ОТПОРНОСТ НА ПОЖАР АРМИРАНОБЕТОНСКИХ

ПЛОЧА ПРЕМА ACI/TMS 216.1 И EC2 –
МОГУЋНОСТ ПОРЕЂЕЊА

Резиме: Армиранобетонске плоче су најосјетљивији армиранобетонски елементи

у случају пожара. Стога је ово истраживање усмјерено на одређивање
отпорности на пожар армиранобетонских плоча према EN 1992-1-2:2004,
Еврокод 2, Пројектовање бетонских конструкција, Дeо 1-2: Пројектовање
конструкција на дејство пожара (Поједностављени метод за греде и плоче) и ACI
TMS 216.1 – Код за одређивање отпорности на пожар бетонских и зиданих
склопова. Пожарно дејство на армиранобетонске плоче се моделује преко
Стандардног пожара ISO 834-1 за EN 1992-1-2: 2004 и ASTM E 119 за ACI/TMS
216.1. У овом истраживању разматра се отпорност на пожар слободно
ослоњених армиранобетонских плоча различитих распона, различитих дебљина,
те са варијацијом дебљине заштитног слоја бетона до арматуре.

Кључне речи: Армиранобетонскe плоче, Отпорност на пожар, Заштитни слој

бетона

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