Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 124 views

    Handbook For Failure Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Lilian Rose
    This document discusses factors that influence fatigue life in rolling element bearings. It describes how high contact stresses can lead to fatigue failures initiated by defects in the bearing material. Early fatigue testing of bearings showed high variability in life, and correlations between crack initiation and running time are difficult due to varying defect severity. Lubrication and operating conditions also impact fatigue life and failure modes. Advances in understanding these factors allowed for improvements in bearing design and prediction of acceptable life under different loading and environmental conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Handbook For Failure Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Lilian Rose
    124 views2 pages
    This document discusses factors that influence fatigue life in rolling element bearings. It describes how high contact stresses can lead to fatigue failures initiated by defects in the bearing material. Early fatigue testing of bearings showed high variability in life, and correlations between crack initiation and running time are difficult due to varying defect severity. Lubrication and operating conditions also impact fatigue life and failure modes. Advances in understanding these factors allowed for improvements in bearing design and prediction of acceptable life under different loading and environmental conditions.

    Original Description:

    Handbook for fatigue and failure analysis

    Original Title

    Handbook for Failure Analysis

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses factors that influence fatigue life in rolling element bearings. It describes how high contact stresses can lead to fatigue failures initiated by defects in the bearing material. Early fatigue testing of bearings showed high variability in life, and correlations between crack initiation and running time are difficult due to varying defect severity. Lubrication and operating conditions also impact fatigue life and failure modes. Advances in understanding these factors allowed for improvements in bearing design and prediction of acceptable life under different loading and environmental conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    124 views2 pages

    Handbook For Failure Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Lilian Rose
    This document discusses factors that influence fatigue life in rolling element bearings. It describes how high contact stresses can lead to fatigue failures initiated by defects in the bearing material. Early fatigue testing of bearings showed high variability in life, and correlations between crack initiation and running time are difficult due to varying defect severity. Lubrication and operating conditions also impact fatigue life and failure modes. Advances in understanding these factors allowed for improvements in bearing design and prediction of acceptable life under different loading and environmental conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    FLANGE, HANDBOOK OF CASE HISTORIES IN FAILURE ANALYSIS, VOL 1, ASM

    INTERNATIONAL, 1992, P 25-29


    • W. PIZZICHIL, TESTING GEAR TEETH FOR LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE AND STATIC BENDING
    STRENGTH, HEAT TREATING, VOL 24 (NO. 2), 1992, P 14-20
    • H.J. ROSE, VIBRATION SIGNATURE AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH ANALYSIS OF A GEAR
    TOOTH BENDING FATIGUE FAILURE, CONF. PROC. CURRENT PRACTICES AND TRENDS IN
    MECHANICAL FAILURE PREVENTION, VIBRATION INSTITUTE, WILLOWBROOK, IL, P 235-245
    • M. ROTH AND K. SANDER, FATIGUE FAILURE OF A CARBURIZED STEEL GEAR FROM A
    HELICOPTER TRANSMISSION, HANDBOOK OF CASE HISTORIES IN FAILURE ANALYSIS, VOL 1,
    ASM INTERNATIONAL, 1992, P 228-230
    • G.M. TANNER AND J.R. HARTY, CONTACT FATIGUE FAILURE OF A BULL GEAR, HANDBOOK
    OF CASE HISTORIES IN FAILURE ANALYSIS, VOL 2, ASM INTERNATIONAL, 1993, P 39-44
    • D.P. TOWNSEND, "IMPROVEMENT IN SURFACE FATIGUE LIFE OF HARDENED GEARS BY
    HIGH-INTENSITY SHOT PEENING," TM-105678, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
    ADMINISTRATION, 1992
    • D.P. TOWNSEND AND J. SHIMSKI, "EVALUATION OF ADVANCED LUBRICANTS FOR
    AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS USING GEAR SURFACE FATIGUE TESTS," TM-104336, NATIONAL
    AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, 1991
    • V.I. TSYPAK, FRETTING CORROSION AND FATIGUE OF GEARS, MATER. SCI. (RUSSIA), VOL 29
    (NO. 6), 1993, P 680-681
    • J.-G. WANG, Z. FENG, AND J.-C. ZHOU, EFFECT OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF CARBIDES IN THE
    CARBURIZING CASE ON THE WEAR RESISTANCE AND THE CONTACT FATIGUE OF GEARS, J.
    MATER. ENG. (CHINA), DEC 1989, P 35-40
    • T.P. WILKS ET AL., CONDITIONS PREVAILING IN THE CARBURISING PROCESS AND THEIR
    EFFECT ON THE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF CARBURISED GEARS, J. MATER.PROCESS.
    TECHNOL., VOL 40 (NO. 1-2), 1994, P 111-125
    • J.J. ZAKRAJSEK, D.P. TOWNSEND, AND H.J.DECKER, AN ANALYSIS OF GEAR FAULT
    DETECTION METHODS AS APPLIED TO PITTING FATIGUE FAILURE DATA, CONF. PROC. THE
    SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO MECHANICAL FAILURE PREVENTION, VIBRATION
    INSTITUTE, WILLOWBROOK, IL, P 199-208
    Gear Durability and Failure
    • J.W. BLAKE AND H.S. CHENG, A SURFACE PITTING LIFE MODEL FOR SPUR GEARS, PART II:
    FAILURE PROBABILITY PREDICTION, J. TRIBOL., VOL 113 (NO. 4), 1991, P 719-724
    • R. GNANAMOORTHY AND K. GOPINATH, SURFACE DURABILITY STUDIES ON AS-SINTERED
    LOW ALLOY STEEL GEARS, NON-FERROUS MATERIALS, VOL 6, ADVANCES IN POWDER
    METALLURGY & PARTICULATE MATERIALS, METAL POWDER INDUSTRIES FEDERATION, 1992,
    P 237-250
    • G.M. GOODRICH, FAILURE OF FOUR CAST STEEL GEAR SEGMENTS, HANDBOOK OF CASE
    HISTORIES IN FAILURE ANALYSIS, VOL 2, ASM INTERNATIONAL, 1993, P 45-52
    • C. MADHAVAN AND K. GOPINATH, SURFACE DURABILITY OF THROUGH-HARDENED P/M
    GEARS, POWDER MET. SCI. TECHNOL., VOL 2 (NO. 4), 1991, P 30-44
    • T. NAKATSUJI, A. MORI, AND Y. SHIMOTSUMA, PITTING DURABILITY OF
    ELECTROLYTICALLY POLISHED MEDIUM CARBON STEEL GEARS, TRIBOL. TRANS., VOL 38
    (NO. 2), 1995, P 223-232
    • M. ROTH, M. YANISHEVSKY, AND P. BEAUDET, FAILURE ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT LANDING
    GEAR COMPONENTS, CONF. PROC. FAILURE ANALYSIS:TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS, ASM
    INTERNATIONAL, 1992, P 109-118
    • H.V. SOMASUNDAR AND R. KRISHNAMURTHY, SURFACE DURABILITY OF HSLA STEEL
    GEARS, CONF.PROC. NINTH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL TRIBOLOGY, CENTRAL
    MACHINE TOOL INSTITUTE, BANGALORE, INDIA, 1991, P M87-M95
    • Y.L. SU, J.S. LIN, AND S.K. HSIEH, THE TRIBOLOGICAL FAILURE DIAGNOSIS OF SPUR GEAR
    BY AN EXPERT SYSTEM, WEAR, VOL 166 (NO. 2), 1993, P 187-196
    • A. VERMA AND R.K. SIDHU, FAILURE INVESTIGATION OF GEARS, TOOL AND ALLOY STEELS,
    VOL 27 (NO. 6), 1993, P 157-160
    • K. WOZNIAK, WORM GEARS OF INCREASED DURABILITY, ARCHIWUM BUDOWY MASZYN,
    VOL 38 (NO. 1), 1991, P 5-13

    Fatigue and Life Prediction of Bearings

    Charles Moyer, The Timken Company (retired)

    Introduction

    ROLLING ELEMENT FATIGUE has been recognized since the turn of the century, with fatigue life testing beginning in
    the early 1900s by rolling bearing manufacturers. Because of the high stresses imposed on bearings, steel with a hard
    matrix was required. However, the hard matrix, along with other factors to be discussed, meant that the matrix was very
    sensitive to loading and other external conditions that could lead to incipient material cracking and thus to contact fatigue.
    In the early tests, large scatter in fatigue life was experienced. This persists and indicates that close correlation of the
    incipient cracks and running time should not be expected (Ref 1).

    Internal stress raisers, such as nonmetallic inclusions or carbides, are the beginning sites for incipient cracking. Because
    of the varying severity, the magnitude of the stress raisers is difficult to calculate, so that rolling fatigue, basically a
    problem of stress concentrations, displays the scatter mentioned or shows a clear statistical nature.

    The high stresses involved come about from the geometry of bearings, which produces a concentration of load in the
    contacts in a small volume of the material within a bearing (Ref 2). Stresses were first computed based on the basic
    bearing internal geometries, and the stress distribution within and beneath the contact area was determined using the basic
    equations proposed by Hertz (Ref 3) in 1881. From such fundamental work, along with considerable fatigue test results
    that established various fatigue and material "constants," the first bearing ratings and fundamental life theories were
    proposed.

    Following the work of Grubin in 1949 (Ref 4), Dowson and Higginson in 1966 (Ref 5), and Dowson and Toyoda in 1978
    (Ref 6), to name just a few, the important role of lubricant in the contacts of bearings was next understood. It was
    recognized that the type of lubricant and the thickness of the lubricant film impacted bearing fatigue life and even
    influenced modes of failure. Considerable work has been done to relate failure modes, including fatigue, to bearing life.

    As knowledge in all these areas grew, it was possible to understand the requirements for a bearing to develop longer life
    and produce acceptable life in a variety of adverse environments, such as low speed, high speed, elevated temperatures,
    misalignment, and contamination. This work, drawing heavily on much experimental data, is the basis for the present
    level of bearing life prediction.

    References

    1. C.A. MOYER AND E.V. ZARETSKY, FAILURE MODES RELATED TO BEARING LIFE, STLE LIFE
    FACTORS FOR ROLLING BEARINGS, E.V. ZARETSKY, ED., STLE SP-34, 1992, P 47-69
    2. E.S. ROWLAND, RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS TO ROLLING LOADS, CHAP 6, HANDBOOK OF
    MECHANICAL WEAR, C. LIPSON AND L.V. COLWELL, ED., UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS,
    1961, P 108-130
    3. H. HERTZ, GESAMMELTE WERKE, VOL 1, LEIBZIG, 1895, ENGLISH TRANSLATION,
    MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS, MACMILLAN CO., LONDON, 1896
    4. A.N. GRUBIN AND I.E. VINOGRADOVA, INVESTIGATION OF THE CONTACT OF MACHINE

    You might also like