BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II

2018

Dr. Mohamed Ali Maher

1 AE 403 – FALL 2017
Lecture ( 3 )

Lecture 3
Types of
construction
systems,
preparing
Architectural
and Civil
Drawings
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 Lecture ( 2 )
References

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 Lecture ( 2 )

HOW BUILDING STAND ?

Building stand on 2 systems

Super structure: the part of structure that

construct above ground level. The super
structure consists of column, beam, floor, wall,
roof, etc. Sometime we can hear the word “Super
Transfer

Transfer
Structure” that mean very tall building or
skyscraper.

Sub structure : the part of structure that construct

underground. The sub structure consists of
foundation and in some building include the
basement area.

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Lecture ( 2 )

HOW BUILDING STAND ?

Load Transfer
When Load is applied to building, stress will occur in the material as internal
force . The stress in material consist of:
Tensile stress to resist the elongation (stretch) action that result from the
external force.
Compressive stress to resist the shrink action that result from the external
force.
Shear Stress to resist the slippage action that result from the external force,
which create transverse shear. Shear stress consists of horizontal shear stress,
vertical shear stress.
Bending moment (stress) to resist the rotation or bending action that result
from the external force.

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Lecture ( 2 )

HOW BUILDING STAND ?

Load Transfer
When Load is applied to
building, stress will occur in
the material as internal
force .
Force result Uniform stress:
Tensile stress
Compressive stress
Shear Stress
Moment result linear
varying stress:
Bending moment
Torsion moment
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Lecture ( 2 )

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
A Timeline

B Construction
Method

C Construction
Materials

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Lecture ( 2 )

A) Timeline (From Past To

TRADITIONAL METHODS
Present)

AUTOMATED METHODS

PREFAB METHODS

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 Lecture ( 2 )
B) According To Construction

Bearing walls
On site

Skeleton Precast
Method

Framed Structured &Trusses

Box Frame Construction
Shell Construction

Space Construction Tensile Textile Structures

Air Support Structures

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 Lecture ( 2 )

1) Stone & Brick

Construction Material

2) Reinforced
C ) According to

concrete

3) Wood

4) Steel

5) Composite
materials

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Lecture ( 2 )

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

BEARING WALLS
▪ Or load-bearing wall
▪ Walls that carry the load of floors and
roof above in addition to its own weight.
▪ The traditional masonry bearing wall is
thickened in proportion to the forces it
has to resist
▪ Such walls may be much thicker toward
the base, where maximum loads
accumulate.

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

BEARING WALLS
▪ Bearing walls are based on
continuous foundation of plain
concrete and/or Reinforced
concrete along the walls.
▪ Floors are usually made of
reinforced concrete support on
beams based on the walls.
▪ Openings are made using
arches or Wooden lintels or RC
Lintels.
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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Based on transferring loads from
slabs to beams and columns
(usually Reinforced concrete) then
to the soil through foundations.
▪ It consists of:
▪ Slabs
▪ Beams
▪ Columns
▪ Foundation (Continuous or
isolated)
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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
It consists of:
▪ Slabs
▪ Beams
▪ Columns
▪ Foundation
(Continuous or
isolated)

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
It consists of:
▪ Slabs
▪ Beams
▪ Columns
▪ Foundation
(Continuous or
isolated)

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
It consists of:
▪ Slabs
▪ Beams
▪ Columns
▪ Foundation
(Continuous or
isolated)
Vierendeel trusses are framed beam
structure shaving vertical web members
rigidly connected to parallel top and bottom Vierendeel trusses
chords
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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
It consists of:
▪ Slabs
▪ Beams
▪ Columns
▪ Foundation
(Continuous or
isolated)
A fixed frame is a rigid frame connected to its
supports with fixed joints. A fixed frame is more
resistant to deflection than a hinged frame but
also more sensitive to support settlements
and thermal expansion and contraction.
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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
It consists of:
▪ Slabs
▪ Beams
▪ Columns
▪ Foundation
(Continuous or
isolated)
Hinged frame is a rigid frame connected to it supports with pin joints. The pin joints prevent high
bending stresses from developing by allowing the frame to rotate as a unit when strained by
support settlements, and to flex slightly when
stressed by changes in temperature

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
It consists of:
▪ Slabs
▪ Beams
▪ Columns
▪ Foundation
(Continuous or
isolated)
A three-hinged frame is a structural assembly of two rigid sections connected to each other and to
its supports with pin joints. While more sensitive to deflection than either the fixed or hinged frame,
the three-hinged frame is least affected by support settlements and thermal stresses.

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
It consists of:
▪ Slabs
▪ Beams
▪ Columns
▪ Foundation
(Continuous or
isolated)

Plate structures are rigid, planar, usually monolithic structures that disperse applied loads in a multi
directional pattern, with the loads generally following the shortest and stiffest routes to the supports.
A common example of a plate structure is a reinforced concrete slab

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
It consists of:
▪ Slabs
▪ Beams
▪ Columns
▪ Foundation
(Continuous or
Foldedisolated)
plate structures are composed of thin, deep elements joined rigidly along their boundaries and
forming sharp angles to brace each other against lateral buckling. Each plane behaves as a beam in
The longitudinal direction. In the short direction, the span is reduced by each fold acting as a rigid
support. Transverse strips behave as a continuous beam supported at fold points. Vertical diaphragms or
rigid frames stiffen a folded plate against deformation of the fold profile. The resulting stiffness of the
cross section enables a folded plate to span relatively long distances.

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Lecture ( 2 )

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Lecture ( 2 )

Coarse Fine
aggregate aggregate

250/350 Kg 160 Liter 0.80 m3 0.40 m3

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Lecture ( 2 )

• Concrete is strong in compression,

but weak in tension, thus adding
reinforcement increases the strength in
tension.
• In addition, the failure strain of
concrete in tension is so low that the
reinforcement has to hold the cracked
sections together.

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Lecture ( 2 )

vs

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Walls are not considered a
structural elements, it only
used as mean of partition or as
an outer envelope
▪ It can be used for high rise
constructions.
▪ Columns and beams cross-
sections are designed
according to heights and loads.

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Columns are designed with different
cross-section to resist stresses. Spans
▪ Columns can be made of composite
materials like steel and concrete.

Spans

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Main beams are made of
wood , steel or concrete.
Facing moment stress specially
for wide spans which require
deeper beam drop.

▪ Beams supports both slabs and walls for beam supported

Floors.
▪ Walls can be supported directly on beamless support floors.
▪ Beams also work as ties between columns.
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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Beams are designed to
divide wide spaces into
smaller spans that can be
supported.
▪ According to the ratio of
the span slabs are
classified to:
▪ One way slabs
▪ Two way slabs

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM

Cantilever
One way slabs

Irregular

Two way slabs

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Beams may be designed:
▪ Drop Beam
▪ Inverted Beam
▪ Hidden Beam
▪ Cantilever Beam
▪ Lattice beam
▪ Veirendeel

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Beam supported floors
▪ One-way slab
▪ Two-way slab
▪ One-way joist floor
▪ Two way joist floor

A one way slab is a uniformly thick reinforced in one direction and

cast integrally parallel supporting beams.
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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Beam supported floors
• Suitable for light to moderate live loads over
▪ One-way slab
spans from 1.8 to 5.5 meters.
▪ Two-way slab • One-way slabs: Generally, long side/short
▪ One-way joist floor side > 1.5
▪ Two way joist floor

Floor slab depth = span/30

Roof slab depth = span/36
Minimum: 10 cm.
Span = 5 m.
Slap depth= 5/30 = 0.20 m.
Roof slap depth = 5/36 = 0.166 m.

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Beam supported floors
▪ One-way slab
▪ Two-way slab
▪ One-way joist floor
▪ Two way joist floor

A two way slab & beam is a slab with uniform thickness reinforced
in two directions and cast integrally with supporting beams and
columns on all four sides of square or nearly square bays.

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Beam supported floors
▪ One-way slab
▪ Two-way slab
▪ One-way joist floor
▪ Two way joist floor

Slab depth = slab perimeter/180

Span = 6 x 6 m.
Slab depth= 24/180 = 0.133 m.

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Beam supported floors
▪ One-way slab
▪ Two-way slab
▪ One-way joist floor
▪ Two way joist floor

One-way Hollow Block Two way Hollow block

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM • Suitable for light to
▪ Beam supported floors medium live loads over
spans from 4 to 10
▪ One-way slab meters
▪ Two-way slab • General thickness of the
▪ One-way joist floor slab is 5 to 10 cm.
▪ Two way joist floor

Total depth = span/24

Span = 9 m.
Total depth= 9/24 = 0.375 m. Distribution rib Joist band
slab depth = 0.1 m. One for spans 6-9m. (a broad shallow beam)
One distribution rib every 4.5 m.

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Beam-less floors
▪ Flat plate
▪ Flat slab
▪ Beamless waffle slab
▪ Hollow block flat slab

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
▪ Beam-less floors
▪ Flat plate
▪ Flat slab
▪ Beamless waffle slab
▪ Hollow block flat slab

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM

One-way Joist slab

One-way slab

Two-way slab & Two-way Waffle slab Two-way Flat Two-way Flat slab
beam Plate

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 Lecture ( 2 )

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

SKELETON SYSTEM: COLUMN AND BEAM
Advantages
▪ Easy and fast.
▪ Multi story.
▪ Concrete thin section
▪ Flexibility in openings
▪ Long Spans
▪ Efficient acoustic & heat
insulation.
▪ Easy channeling of electric &
sanitary work
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 Lecture ( 2 )
CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS:
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
It is the drawings that architect make up
the graphic language of build form and
general structure, which shows by
orthographic projections and combines
with the scale, dimensions, and symbols
to explain its design.
1. Lay out 5. Details
2. Floor plan 6. Schedules
3. Section
4. Elevation

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Lecture ( 2 )

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 Lecture ( 2 )
CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS:
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
2. Floor plan
is also a view looking down, but the a horizontal
plane is cut through a building about 1.20 m. high
above the floor plane and top section is removed.
It illustrates the horizontal dimensions of the
building' s spaces, as well as the thickness and
construction of the vertical walls and columns that
define the spaces, floor levels, circulation, stairs,
windows, doors, terraces, and over head
projections..

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 Lecture ( 2 )

2. Floor plan
▪ Is a graphical
representation of
the model
elements and its
related
information for
the build form
and general
structure .

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪ Model Elements
▪ Walls & structure system
▪ Floors, Ceiling & Roof
▪ Windows and doors & openings
▪ Stairs, ramps
▪ Fixed Furniture
▪ Datum Elements
▪ Axes
▪ Levels
▪ Annotations
▪ Text, Tags, Symbols, Dimensions
▪ Callouts
▪Schedules
▪ Doors, Windows and finishing
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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪ Model Elements (Geometric Representation)
▪ Walls & structure system
▪Walls Location (Cut, projection and overhead)
▪Structural system (Cut, Projected and overhead)
▪ Floors, Ceiling & Roof
▪ Windows and doors & openings
▪Windows, doors, openings, arches and lintels
▪ Stairs, ramps
▪Stairs, stair nose, ramps and Level edges.
▪ Fixed Furniture
▪Reception desk, benches and so on.

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Datum Elements
▪ Axes
▪ Levels

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Annotations
▪ Text
▪ Tags
▪ Symbols
▪ Dimensions
▪ Callouts

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Annotations
▪ Text
▪ Tags
▪ Symbols
▪ Dimensions
▪ Callouts

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Annotations
▪ Text
▪ Tags
▪ Symbols
▪ Dimensions
▪ Callouts

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Annotations
▪ Text
▪ Tags
▪ Symbols
▪ Dimensions
▪ Callouts

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Annotations
▪ Text
▪ Tags
▪ Symbols
▪ Dimensions
▪ Callouts

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Annotations
▪ Text
▪ Tags
▪ Symbols
▪ Dimensions
▪ Callouts

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Schedules
▪ Doors, Windows and finishes

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Schedules
▪ Doors, Windows and finishes

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 Lecture ( 2 )
2. Floor plan
▪Schedules
▪ Doors, Windows and finishes

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 Lecture ( 2 )
Floor plan (The Exercise)

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 Lecture ( 2 )
Floor plan (The Exercise)
Choose the suitable structure
system(s) for these spaces.

Design the main elements of

this (these) system(s). You
should determine the
parameters of all elements
(thicknesses, depths, spans,
spacing).

Draw in scale (1/50) a looking up plan view for these spaces and a
cross section to show the designed elements.

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THANK YOU