VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM-590018

An Internship Report

“BASIC TELECOM TECHNOLOGY”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
During the Academic year 2018-2019
Submitted by
CHANDAN KUMAR K

USN: 4GH15EC011
Under the Guidance of
Internal guide External guide
P Subramanya

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 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
HASSAN- 573201
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that the Internship work entitled in Internship report “BASIC TELECOM
TECHNOLOGY” is confide work carried out by CHANDAN KUMAR K (4GH15EC011), in
partial fulfillment for the award of the degree, Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the
period of 23rd July to august 17th during the academic year 2018-2019. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment from External guide have been
incorporated in the report. Seal and signature. The report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of Internship work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering
Degree.

Internal Guide External Guide HOD

Dr. Paramesha
Professor
Name of Examiner Signature with Date
1)
2)

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 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
HASSAN- 573201

DECLARATION

I, Mr. Chandan Kumar K[USN: 4GH15EC011], student of VII Semester BE, in Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Government Engineering College Hassan, here by declare that the
Internship Report entitled “BASIC TELECOM TECHNOLOGY” has been carried out by me
and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the VII Semester degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum during academic year 2017-2018.

Place: Bangalore CHANDAN KUMAR K

Date: 4GH15EC011

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement crowned the efforts with success.

First and foremost we ought to pay our due regards to this institute, which provided us a
platform and gave an opportunity to display our skills through the medium of Internship work.
We express our heartfelt thanks to our beloved principal Dr. K.C Ravishankar, Government
Engineering College, Hassan for his encouragement all through our graduation life and providing
us with the infrastructure, without which could have demonstrated this Seminar.

We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to Dr. Paramesha, Professor & Head
of the Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering for extending his valuable
insight and suggestions offered during the course of this Internship.

It is our utmost pleasure to acknowledge the kind help extended by our internal guide
Prof. , Assistant Professor, Department of Information Science, for his excellent guidance and
cooperation which consequently resulted in getting the Seminar work completed successfully.

Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends and family for their help and support in
completing this Internship report.

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 ABSTRACT

As of my study,I was interested in internship related to the subjects of Electronics and

communication , It was a great opportunity for me to undergo 4 week internship program at
BSNL Mysore. This is one of Regional telecom training center of BSNL . Here the internship
was concentrated on Digital Switching Systems, Fiber optics, Computer Communication
Network, Cellular mobile communication.

At the beginning of the internship I had set several goals regarding the improvement of
knowledge and skills on telecommication services and operation méthodologies. So, I did
participante in 4 communication topics during training period.

Next, I performed some tasks which were assigned by them.The major activities were drive Test,
OTDR and router configurations.

In reflection notes I have done the assessment myself. This intershio was extremely useful and a
new experience for me. I was able to achieve the goals I set during the beginning of program.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Introduction

The ability to communicate with people on move has evolved remarkably since radio’s ability to
provide continuous contact with movement of the object.

Particularly during past 10 years, mobile radio communication industry has grown rapidly and it
includes digital and RF circuit fabrication improvements, new large scale circuit integration and
various miniaturization technologies which made radio equipment portable, smaller, cheaper and
more reliable to use.

Digital switching techniques have fabricated large scale affordable, easy to use wireless radio
communication networks.

Eg: A number of mobile radio communication systems are used nowadays like cordless phones,
pagers, handheld walike-talkies, remote controllers, for home entertainment equipments and
cellular telephones rely on mobile radio communication.

The cost, complexity, performance offered by all above mobile systems are different.

The term ‘mobile’ is used to classify any radio teminal that could be moved during operation.

Fig.1 shows various components involved in mobile communication.

Mobile radio transmission systems sre classified into 3 types. They are

1. Simplex

2. Half duplex

3. Full duplex

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

1. Simplex: In simplex systems, communication is possible in only one direction.

Eg- Pagers

2. Half duplex: This system allows two way communication but use the same channel for
transmission

and reception. So at any given time, a user can eithet send or receive information.

Eg- Walkie-talkie

3. Full duplex: This system allows for simultanious transmission and reception by providing two

simultaneous but seperate channels.

Fig.1

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Wireless communcation network definitions

Fig.2 below shows a basic wireless cellular communication network.

Fig.2

Base station: A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication.

Mobile station: A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in motion at

unspecified locations.

Control channel: It is radio channel used for transmission of call setup, csll request, call initiation

and other control purposes.

Forward channel: It is a radio channel used for tranmission of information from the base station

to the mobile.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Reverse channel: It is radio channel used for transmission of information from mobile to base
station.

Mobile Switching Center: It is a switching centre which co-ordinate rooing of calls in a large

service area.In a cellular system, MSC connects cellular base station

and mobile.

Handoff: The process of tranferring a mobile station from one channel or base station to another.

Roaming: A mobile station which operates in a service area other than that from which the
service has has been subscribed, is called roaming.

Concept of cell and frequency reuse

Fig.3 shows a cellular system consisting a cluster of cells.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

A cell is the basic building block of the cellular communication. Hexagonal cell shape is the
simplistic model showing radio coverage for each base station and also the hexagonal model
provides easy analytics of the system.

Modern cellular system rely on intelligent allocation and reuse of channels throughout coverage
area.

In the fig.3 consider a cellular base station is allocated with ‘n’ number of frequencies.

The designed process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all base stations and reusing
the same set of frequencies or channels within a system is known as frequency reuse or
frequency planning.

The frequency reuse helps in more effecient use of existing frequencies, over a system.

Interference

There are two types of interference occurs in a cell.

1. Co-channel interference

2. Adjacent channel interference

1. Co-channel interference- The interference occurs between the cells which use same set of

frequency is called as co-channel interference.

2. Adjacent channel interference- The interference that occurs from signals which are adjacent in
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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

desired signal is called adjacent channel interference.

Steps to reduce interference and increase effeciency

1. Cell splitting

2. Cell sectoring

3. Micro cell zone

Fig.4 shows cell splitting and cell sectoring.

Fig.4

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

1. Cell splitting: Cell splitting is defined as process of subdividing a congested cell into small cell.

New cells have half the radius than the original cell.

Splitting increases the number of base stations in order to increase capacity also it

increases the number of times the channels are reused thereby increasing the capacity and improving

the coverage.

2. Cell sectoring: Cell sectoring is one of major techniques used to improve coverage and increase

capacity in cellular systems.

The technique of decreasing co-channel interference and increasing system performance

by using directional antennas is called cell sectoring.

A cell is normally partitioned into three 120 degrees sectors or six 60 degrees sectors.

GSM AIR INTERFACE- PHYSICAL LAYER

Fig.5 shows the basic architecture of GSM layer.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Fig.5

Figure shows the standard interfaces used in GSM network for communication between components.

‘A’ interface between BSC and MSC used for data transfer, mobility management and connection control.

‘B’ interface between MSC and VLR, MSC requests data from VLR about current location of user. ‘C’
interface between MSC and HLR.

MSC requests routing information from HLR during call setup.

‘D’ interface between VLR and HLR. VLR consists of current location of user and that location update is
done by VLR and HLR through this interface.

‘E’ interface between MSC in one area to MSC in another area.

‘F’ interface is between MSC and EIR, Identity of the equipment or subsciber stored in EIR is requested
by MSC for verification.

’G’ interface between new VLR and oid VLR.

During a conversation of mobile user goes from one area to another then ‘connection handover’ is
performed by MSCs of that area.

The combined traffic of users is roted through a switch, called Mobile Switching Center. Calls originated
by or terminating in the fixed network are handled by a dedicated Gateway MSC. Connection to other
mobile pr international networks are typically roted over the International Switching Center. User carries
a Mobile Station. It communicate over air with Base Tranceiver Station in GSM. Several BTSs are
controlled by one BSC.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Channel concept

Logical channels: There are two types of logical channels.

1. Traffic channels

2. Signalling channels/ Control channels

1. Traffic channels: TCHs are used for transmission of payload data.

TCH don’t carry any control information.

These are of two types of traffic channels.

a. TCH/F

b. TCH/H

TCH/F: This is a bidirectional channel between MS and BSS.

This is also called as Bm channel.Graphic channel, i.e, a TCH can br fully used, hence it is called
Full rate traffic channel.

TCH/H: This is also a bidirectional channel.

A TCH can be fully used or can be split into two half rate channels, hence the name

Half rate traffic channels.

2. Signalling channels: Contral and management of cellular network is carried out by the signalling

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

channels. These are also called as Dm channels.

Types of signalling channels are-

a. Braodcast channel: This is a unidirectional channel.

Direction is from MS to BSS. It is further divided to 3 types.

1 BCCH

2 FCCH

3 SCH

i BCCH: This is Broadcast Control Channel. It is unidirectional from BSS to MS.

This channel broadcasts information such as radio channel configuraton, organization

of network, synchronization information to mobile station.

ii FCCH: This is Frequency Correction Channel. This is unidirectional from BSS to MS.

This channel broadcasts information about transmission frequency correction to

mobile station.

iii SCH: This is synchronization channel. The direction is from BSS to MS.

This channel broadcasts information to identify a base station.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

b. Common Control Channel: This channel contains access management functions like channel

assignment to mobile stations. It is of 4 types

i RACH

ii AGCH

iii PCH

iv NCH

i. RACH: This is random access channel. Direction is from MS to BSS.

It is accessed from MS to ask for dedicated channel.

ii. AGCH: This is Access Grant Channel. The direction is from BSS to MS.

It is downlink part of CCCH used to assign dedicated channel to mobile station.

iii. PCH: Paging Channel. The direction is from BSS to MS.

It is downlink part of CCCH used for finding specific mobile mobile station.

iv. NCH: It is Notification Channel. The direction is from BSS to MS.

It is used for informing mobile station about incoming calls.

GENERATION

1G TECHNOLOGY : 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile

telecommunications which was first introduced in 1980s and completed in early 1990s. It's
Speed was upto 2.4kbps. It allows the voice calls in 1 country. 1G network use Analog Signal.
AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G mobile systems.

DRAWBACKS OF 1G Poor Voice Quality Poor Battery Life Large Phone Size No Security
Limited Capacity Poor Handoff Reliability 1G Wireless System

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

2G TECHNOLOGY : 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is based on GSM. It

was launched in Finland in the year 1991. 2G network use digital signals. It’s data speed was
upto 64kbps. Features Includes: It enables services such as text messages, picture messages and
MMS (multi media message). It provides better quality and capacity .

DRAWBACKS OF 2G : 2G requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there
is no network coverage in any specific area , digital signals would weak. These systems are
unable to handle complex data such as Videos.

2.5G TECHNOLOGY: 2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generation
of mobile telephony. 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology combined with
GPRS. Features Includes: Phone Calls , Send/Receive E-mail Messages, Web Browsing , Speed
: 64-144 kbps , Camera Phones , Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins.

3G TECHNOLOGY: 3G technology refer to third generation which was introduced in year

2000s. Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps. Typically called Smart Phones
and features increased its bandwidth and data transfer rates to accommodate web-based
applications and audio and video files.

FEATURES OF 3G TECHNOLOGY: Providing Faster Communication , Send/Receive Large

Email Messages High Speed Web / More Security Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming, TV
Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls, Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities, 11 sec – 1.5
min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.

DRAWBACKS OF 3G TECHNOLOGY: Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services, It was

challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G , High Bandwidth Requirement, Expensive 3G
Phones.

4G TECHNOLOGY (Anytime ,Anywhere): 4G technology refer to or short name of fourth

Generation which was started from late 2000s. Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC. MAGIC: Mobile Multimedia Anytime
Anywhere Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless Solution Customized Personal Services
Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

(Anytime, Anywhere) The next generations of wireless technology that promises higher data
rates and expanded multimedia services. Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps. High QOS
and High Security Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements, anywhere.
Features Include: More Security , High Speed, High Capacity, Low Cost Per-bit etc.

DRAWBACKS OF 4G: Battery uses is more Hard to implement Need complicated hardware
Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.

COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G Vs 4G: The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data

transfer and signal quality. 3G 4G Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec Internet Services
Broadband Ultra Broadband Low High Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-
8 GHz Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps Technology Mobile - TV Resolution

Countries Have 4-G Except for the Scandinavian Countries (Northern Europe that includes
Denmark and two of the nations of Scandinavian , Norway and Sweden. ), a few countries have
started the 4G commercially. In the US, Sprint Nextel and Others Germany , Spain, China ,
Japan and England are also using the 4G services and mobiles .

5G TECHNOLOGY: 5G technology refer to short name of fifth Generation which was started
from late 2010s. Complete wireless communication with almost no limitations. It is highly
supportable to WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web).

BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY: High Speed, High Capacity 5G technology providing

large broadcasting of data in Gbps . Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the
clarity as to that of an HD Quality. Faster data transmission that of the previous generations.
Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in Audio/Video. Support interactive multimedia ,
voice, streaming video, Internet and other 5G is More Effective and More Attractive.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Antenna

Fig.6 shows an antenna installed in a tower for mobile communication.

Fig.6.

An antenna in the communication system behaves like an interpreter between the transmitter
and free space as well as the free space and the receiver. Antennas are metallic structures
designed for radiating and receiving Electro Magnetic waves. Antennas transform wire-
propagated waves into space-propagated waves. A receiving antenna receives electromagnetic
waves and passes them onto a receiver. A transmitting antenna transmits electromagnetic waves
in to space. One side of the antenna is connected to RF cable and the other side it is the
environment, therefore the surroundings of the antenna have a strong influence on the antennas
electrical features.

Sector antenna:

A sector antenna is a type of directional microwave antenna with a sector-shaped radiation

pattern. The word "sector" is used in the geometric sense; some portion of the circumference of
a circle measured in degrees of arc. 60°, 90° and 120° designs are typical, often with a few
degrees 'extra' to ensure overlap and mounted in multiples when wider or full-circle coverage is
required.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Polarization

+45°/-45° It is also possible to use dipoles at +45°/-45° instead of horizontally and vertically
(0°/90°) placed.

Fig.7

Fig.7 shows the polarization inside an antenna.

Parabolic antenna:

A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-
sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like

a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main advantage of a parabolic
antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector
to direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction
only. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, meaning that they can produce the
narrowest beamwidths, of any antenna type. In order to achieve narrow beamwidths, the
parabolic reflector must be much larger than the wavelength of the radio waves used,[2] so
parabolic antennas are used in the high frequency part of the radio spectrum,
at UHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies, at which the wavelengths are small enough that
conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.
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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

TYPES OF TOWERS

Telecom towers are broadly classified on the basis of their placement as Ground-based and Roof-
top.

Ground-Based Tower:

Erected on the ground, ground-based towers (GBTs) are taller (typically 200 to 400 feet) and are
mostly used in rural and semi-urban areas because of the easy availability of real-estate space

there. GBTs involve a capital expendi-ture in the range of Rs. 2.4 to 2.8 million, depending on
the height of the tower.

Fig.8

Fig.8 shows the ground based tower having several antennas.

Roof-Top Tower (RTT):

Roof-top towers (RTTs), which are generally placed on the roofs of high-rise buildings, are
shorter (than GBTs) and more common in urban and highly populated areas, where there is
paucity of real-estate space. Typically, these involve a capital expenditure of Rs. 1.5 to 2 million.
It is the height of a telecom tower that determines the number of antennas that can be
accommodated, which in turn determines the capacity of the towers, apart from factors such as
location and geographical conditions (wind speeds, type of terrain, etc.). Hence, typically, while
GBTs can accommodate up to six tenants, RTTs can accommodate two to three tenants.
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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

CDMA introduction

CDMA is a multiple-access technology that is based on use of wide band spectrum digital
techniques that enable the seperation of signals that are concurrent in both time and frequency.

All signals in this system system share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously. The signals
transmitted by the mobile stations and base stations within the cell are spraed over the entire
bandwidth of a radio channel and encoded in such a way as to appear as broadband noise signals
to every other mobile or base station recevier.The identification and subsequent demodulation of
individual siganls occur at a receiver through the use of a copy of the code used to originally
spread the signal at the transmitter. This process code used to originally spread the signal at the
transmitter. This process has the net effect of demodulating the signal intended for the receiver
while rejecting all other signals as broadband noise. Difference beteen FDMA and CDMA is, in
FDMA the available radio spectrum is divided into narrowband channels and each user is given a
particular channel for his or her use.

The user confines maximum transmitted signal signal power ithin this channel and selective
filters are occuring simultaneously on many different channels. The frequency allocation can
only be reused at a distance far enough away that the resulting interference is negligeble. The
TDMA sequence goes one step further by dividing up the spectral allocations into timeslots.

In CDMA, each mobile has continuous use of entire bandwidth of allocation. Using a unique
code for each transmitted signal, the mobile and base stations are able to distinguish between
signals transmitted simultaneously over the same frequency allocation.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

CDMA architecture

Fig.9 shows an architecture and interfaces of CDMA technology

Fig,9

Um interface (air interface):

Um interface (air interface) is defined as the communication interface between a mobile station and a
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and used for the interconnection between a mobile station and the fixed
parts of a CDMA system. The physical link is implemented by mean of a radio link. This interface
transfers such information as radio resource management, mobility management, connection
management, etc.

Abis interface:

Abis interface carries signaling & services between BTS and BSC.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

A1 interface:

A1 interface carries call control signaling between MSC and BSC.

A2 interface

A2 interface provides 64kbit/s PCM speech channels between MSC and BSC.

A3 interface:

A3 interface has two functions: Signaling and traffic. A3 signaling is used to control and allocate the
transmission channels for user traffic.

A5 interface:

A5 interface is used for supporting IWF service

A7 interface:

A7 interface carries signaling between source BSC and target BSC.

A8 interface:

A8 interface carries user traffic between BSC and PCF.

A9 interface:

A9 interface carries signaling between BSC and PCF.

A10 interface:

A10 interface carries user traffic between PCF and PDSN.

A11 interface:

A11 interface caries signaling between PCF and PDSN.

B interface:

B interface is defined as the inner interface between a Visitor Location Register (VLR) and a Mobile
Switching Center (MSC) and used for a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) to inquire the VLR of related
information of the current location of a Mobile Station (MS) or inform the VLR of related location update
information of an MS.

C interface:

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

C interface is defined as the interface between a Home Visitor Register (HLR) and a A Mobile Switching
Center (MSC) and is used to transfer routing and management information. If the HLR is used as the
charging center, the MSC where the MS establishing or receiving this call should transfer the charging
information the HLR this mobile user currently belong to after a call is completed. Once a call to a mobile
user is to be established, the Gateway MSC (GMSC) should inquire the HLR the called user belongs to of
the roaming number of the called mobile station. The physical link of C interface is that of D interface.

D interface:

D interface is defined as the interface between the HLR and the VLR and used to exchange the
information related to the location of a mobile station and user management. D interface is mainly used to
ensure that a mobile station can establish and receive a call within the whole service area. A practical
CDMA system architecture generally integrates a VLR in an MSC, and integrates the HLR and the
Authentication Center (AC) in the same physical entity. Therefore, the physical link of D interface is
implemented by means of a standard 2.048Mbit/s PCM digital transmission link between the MSC and
the HLR.

Q interface:

Q interface is defined as the interface between the MSC and Short Message Center (SMC). When a 133
user sends/receives a short message, the MSC of the caller/called should implement short message
signaling interaction with the SMC of the caller/called.

N interface:

N interface is defined as the interface between the HLR and the SMC. When a 133 user receives a short
message, the SMC of the called should inquire the HLR the called belongs to of the user location so as to
obtain the address information of the MSC where the called user is located. Then, the called SMC fetches
the address information of the called 133 user from the called HLR.

M interface:

M interface is defined as the interface between the SMC and the Short Message Entity (SME) or the one
between the caller and called SMC. A short message is sent from the caller SMC to the called SMC.

Ai interface and Di interface:

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Ai interface and Di interface are respectively the one with a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
and the one with Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN).

T1 interface:

T1 interface is the interface between the Service Control Point (SCP) and Service Switching Point
(MSC/SSP). T2 interface: the interface between the SCP and the HLR.

Call handoff

A handoff refers to process of transferring an active call or data session from one cell in a cellular
network to another or from one channel in a cell to another.

There are 2 types of handoffs:

1. Soft handoff : Soft handoff occurs when mobile is able to communicate

simultaneously with several new cells or a new sector of the current cell over a forward
traffic channel while still maintaining communications over the FTC of current cell or sector. There are 3
types of soft handoff.

i. Softer handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of same cell.

ii. Soft handoff: The handoff occurs between two different cells.

iii. Soft softer handoff: The handoff is divided between two sectors of same cell

and a sector from an adjacent cell.

2. Hard handoff: This will occur in case of intercarrier handoff.

This is basically of two types.

i. Hand-down: The hard handoff two different carriers within the same cell.

ii. Hard handoff: This is between two different carriers in two different cells.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Evolution of 3G CDMA

CDMA2000 is the term used for 3G CDMA systems.

CDMA2000 was one of five proposals the ITU approved for IMT-2000 third generation standards.

A high market demand and continuing advance in the field of microelectronic technology have motivated
the cellular industry to develop numerous wireless standards over past few years.

1) IS-95B: An evolutionary improvement to IS-95A CDMA technology that was adopted in 1998

was IS-95B, which added additional mobile data functionality to earlier standards.

IS-95B features a use of combinative channels. That is, primary channel may be combined with
upto seven supplementary data channels. So, the standard should support packet data services
with upto a maximum transfer throughput rate of 106.8 kbps.

2) CDMA2000: This is considered as one of primary air interface technologies for

implementation of 3G cellular. CDMA2000 consists of two phases of

development. The first phase involves enhancement of IS-95B to CDMA2000 1xRTT with
enhanced packet data capacities.

The second phase of 3G evolution, known as CDMA2000 1xEV, uses enhanced higher level
modulation schemes that allow for more data bits per CDMA frame.

3) UMTS: UMTS network architecture defines a core network and a terrestrial radio network and a

terrsstrial radio access network. Together the UMTS terrestrial radio access network

is known as UTRAN. The UTRAN system allows or several radio interface models:

Frequency division multipexing (FDD) or wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) for operation in paired

frequency bands, or time division multipexing(TDD) for operation in unpaired bands.

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 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

EDGE concept

Enhanced data for global evolution (EDGE) is a high-speed mobile data standard, intended to enable
second-generation global system for mobile communication (GSM) and time division multiple access
(TDMA) networks to transmit data at up to 384 kilobits per second (Kbps). As it was initially developed
just for GSM systems, it has also been called GSM384. Ericsson intended the technology for those
network operators who failed to win spectrum auctions for third-generation networks to allow high-speed
data transmission.

EDGE provides speed enhancements by changing the type of modulation used and making a better use of
the carrier currently used, for example the 200kHz carrier in GSM systems. EDGE also provides an
evolutionary path to third-generation IMT-2000-compliant systems, such as universal mobile telephone
systems (UMTS), by implementing some of the changes expected in the later implementation in third-
generation systems.

EDGE builds upon enhancements provided by general packet radio service (GPRS) and high-speed
circuit switched data (HSCSD) technologies that are currently being tested and deployed. It enables a
greater data-transmission speed to be achieved in good conditions, especially near the base stations, by
implementing an eight-phase-shift keying (8 PSK) modulation instead of Gaussian minimum-shift keying
(GMSK).

TECHNOLOGY

For EDGE to be effective it should be installed along with the packet-switching upgrades used for GPRS.
This entails the addition of two types of nodes to the network: the gateway GPRS service node (GGSN)
and the serving GPRS service node (SGSN). The GGSN connects to packet-switched networks such as
internet protocol (IP) and X.25, along with other GPRS networks, while the SGSN provides the packet-
switched link to mobile stations.

The additional implementation of EDGE systems requires just one EDGE transceiver unit to be added to
each cell, with the base stations receiving remote software upgrades. EDGE can co-exist with the existing
GSM traffic, switching to EDGE mode automatically.

GPRS is based on a modulation technique called Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK). This
modulation technique does not allow as high a bit rate across the air interfaces as 8 PSK modulation if
introduced into EDGE systems. 8 PSK modulation automatically adapts to local radio conditions, offering
the fastest transfer rates near to the base stations, in good conditions. It offers up to 48Kbps per channel,
compared to 14Kbps per channel with GPRS and 9.6Kbps per channel for GSM. By also allowing the
simultaneous use of multiple channels, the technology allows rates of up to 384Kbps, using all eight GSM
channels.

Because the basic infrastructure interfaces with the existing GPRS, GSM or TDMA infrastructure, the
major vendors are the incumbent GPRS and GSM suppliers such as Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola and
Alcatel.

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GPRS network interfaces

Fig.10 shows network interfaces of GPRS network

GPRS BSS—Packet control unit

The GSM BSS requires new software for both the BTS and the BSC and additional hardware for the BSC
to support GPRS. The new piece of hardware is generally termed a packet control unit (PCU). Each BSC
will require at least one PCU. One PCU cannot serve multiple BSCs. The PCU connects to the SGSN via
a physical and logical data interface, i.e., Gb. In most of the implementations, the PCU is collocated with
the BSC, as discussed earlier. However, it is possible that the PCU resides within the BTS or outside the
BSC near the SGSN. Figure 4-2 illustrates the three possible locations. The channel control unit (CCU),
resides in the BTS and is responsible for channel coding, radio channel measurement, and management
functions. It is a software-only implementation.

The Gb interface connects the BSC to the SGSN. This is based on frame relay on the E1/T1 interface. To
achieve efficient use of transmission bandwidth, a switched frame relay network is used between the BSC
and the SGSN. The newer implementation deploys Gb over IP.

GPRS support nodes

SGSN. The serving GPRS support node (SGSN) provides packet routing to and from the mobile stations
currently in its coverage area. For establishing data calls, the GPRS users need to attach to the SGSN via
the base station. The SGSN performs functions to support mobility, session, and security management.
The SGSN is also responsible for charging functions. To perform its tasks, it communicates with other
subsystems using G-interfaces .

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Currently, several vendors supply SGSN with varying performance and capacities. Some of the network
providers prefer several SGSNs of smaller capacity, while others like to consolidate and implement only a
few higher-capacity SGSNs covering the whole network.

Fig.11 PCU location in the BSS.

SGSN Interfaces

Mandatory/
Connection Interface Common implementation
optional

Frame relay-based, E1/T1 interface, channelized,

nonchannelized, and fractional. In most of the
SGSN-PCU Mandatory Gb
implementations, each Gb link consists of n x 64
timeslots, depending on traffic.

CCS7-based, E1/T1 interface. Multiple timeslots

SGSN-HLR Mandatory Gr
can be used for signaling, if required

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CCS7-based, E1/T1 interface. Multiple timeslots

SGSN-EIR Optional Gf
can be used for signaling, if required

CCS7-based, E1/T1 interface. Multiple timeslots

SGSN-MSC/ VLR Optional Gs
can be used for signaling, if required

SGSN-SMS GMSC CCS7-based, E1/T1 interface. Multiple timeslots

Optional Gd
SGSN-SMS IWMSC can be used for signaling, if required

IP-based

SGSN-GGSN Mandatory Gn IP over Ethernet/Fast Ethernet IP over ATM IP

over PPP

IP-based

SGSN-external GSNs Optional Gp IP over Ethernet/Fast Ethernet IP over ATM IP

over PPP

Source :

• Theodore Rapport, “Wireless Communications – Principles and Practice”,

Prentice Hall of India , 2nd Edition, 2007, ISBN 978-8-120-32381-0.

• Wikipedia

• Jorg Eberspacher, Hans-Jorg Vogel, Christian Bettstetter, Christian Hartmann,

"GSM– Architecture, Protocols and Services”,

Wiley,3rd Edition, 2009,ISBN-978- 0-470-03070-7.

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