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CH 06

1) The document discusses key features of velocity and thermal boundary layers, including how boundary layer thickness increases with distance from the leading edge due to viscous effects. 2) It introduces the concepts of local and average heat transfer coefficients and discusses how they relate for uniform surface conditions. 3) Transition from laminar to turbulent flow is examined, noting how it causes a significant increase in boundary layer thickness and convection coefficient. 4) The principle of similarity for boundary layers is outlined, showing how non-dimensional parameters like Reynolds number allow results to be generalized for different conditions.

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Sritaran Balakrishnan
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65 views

CH 06

1) The document discusses key features of velocity and thermal boundary layers, including how boundary layer thickness increases with distance from the leading edge due to viscous effects. 2) It introduces the concepts of local and average heat transfer coefficients and discusses how they relate for uniform surface conditions. 3) Transition from laminar to turbulent flow is examined, noting how it causes a significant increase in boundary layer thickness and convection coefficient. 4) The principle of similarity for boundary layers is outlined, showing how non-dimensional parameters like Reynolds number allow results to be generalized for different conditions.

Uploaded by

Sritaran Balakrishnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Chapter Six

Sections 6.1 through 6.8


OMMIT MASS TRANSFER
Boundary Layer Features

Boundary Layers: Physical Features


• Velocity Boundary Layer

– A consequence of viscous effects


associated with relative motion
between a fluid and a surface.
– A region of the flow characterized by
shear stresses and velocity gradients.
– A region between the surface u  y
and the free stream whose    0.99
u
thickness  increases in
u
the flow direction. s   y 0
– Why does increase in the flow direction? y

With increasing distance from the leading edge, effects of viscosity penetrate further into
the free stream and boundary grows.
– Manifested by a surface shear
stress  s that provides a drag FD    s dAs
As
force, FD .
– How does  s vary in the flow
direction? Velocity gradient depends on the distance, x from the leading edge of the plate.
Therefore, the surface shear stress and friction coefficient also depend on x.
Boundary Layer Features (cont.)

• Thermal Boundary Layer

– A consequence of heat transfer


between the surface and fluid.

– A region of the flow characterized


by temperature gradients and heat
fluxes.
– A region between the surface and Ts  T  y 
t   0.99
the free stream whose thickness  t Ts  T
increases in the flow direction.
– Why does  t increase in the T
qs  k f y 0 qs  h Ts  T 
flow direction? y
With increasing distance from the leading edge, the effects of heat transfer penetrate
further into the free stream and thermal boundary layer grows.
– Manifested by a surface heat k f T / y y  0
flux qs and a convection heat h
transfer coefficient h. Ts  T
– If Ts  T  is constant, how do qs and
h vary in the flow direction?
They decrease with increasing x because magnitude of temperature gradient decrease.
Local and Average Coefficients

Distinction between Local and


Average Heat Transfer Coefficients
• Local Heat Flux and Coefficient:

qs  h Ts  T 

• Average Heat Flux and Coefficient for a Uniform Surface Temperature:

q  hAs Ts  T 

q  As qdAs  Ts  T  A hdAs


s

1
h  hdAs
As As

• For a flat plate in parallel flow:


1
h  oL hdx
L
Exercises
 Go through Ex 6.1-6.3
Transition

Boundary Layer Transition

• How would you characterize conditions in the laminar region of boundary layer
development? Fluid flow is highly ordered and possible to identify streamlines.
In the turbulent region? Highly irregular and random.
• What conditions are associated with transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
• Small Re, inertia forces are insignificant to viscous forces, so disturbances are dissipated
• Large Re, inertia forces amplify the triggering mechanisms for transition to turbulence.
• Transition criterion for a flat plate in parallel flow: Re is the ratio of inertia to viscous F
u x
Rex ,c   c  critical Reynolds number

xc  location at which transition to turbulence begins
105  Rex,c  3  106
Transition (cont.)

• Effect of transition on boundary layer thickness and local convection coefficient:

Why does transition provide a significant increase in the boundary layer thickness?
- Because of the sudden increase in boundary layer thickness.
Why does the convection coefficient decay in the laminar region? Similar to boundary layer,
the thermal and species boundary layers grow in x direction, but temperature and species
concentration gradients decrease in the fluid.
Why does it increase significantly with transition to turbulence, despite the increase in the
boundary layer thickness? Turbulent mixing promotes large temperature and species
concentration gradients adjacent to the solid surface as well as increase in the heat transfer
coefficients .
Why does the convection coefficient decay in the turbulent region? Because turbulence induces
Mixing, which in turn reduces the importance of conduction and diffusion.
Similarity Considerations

Boundary Layer Similarity


• As applied to the boundary layers, the principle of similarity is based on
determining similarity parameters that facilitate application of results obtained
for a surface experiencing one set of conditions to geometrically similar surfaces
experiencing different conditions. (Recall how introduction of the similarity
parameters Bi and Fo permitted generalization of results for transient, one-
dimensional conduction).
• Dependent boundary layer variables of interest are:
 s and q or h

• For a prescribed geometry, the corresponding independent variables are:


Geometrical: Size (L), Location (x,y)
Hydrodynamic: Velocity (V)
Fluid Properties:
Hydrodynamic:  , 
Thermal : cp , k
Hence,
u  f  x , y , L, V ,  ,  
 s  f  x , L ,V ,  ,  
Similarity Considerations (cont.)

and
T  f  x, y , L, V ,  ,  , c p , k , Ts , T 
h  f  x, L, V ,  ,  , c p , k , Ts , T 

• Key similarity parameters may be inferred by non-dimensionalizing the momentum


and energy equations.
• Recast the boundary layer equations by introducing dimensionless forms of the
independent and dependent variables.
x y
x*  y* 
L L
u v
u*  v* 
V V
T  Ts
T* 
T  Ts
• Neglecting viscous dissipation, the following normalized forms of the x-momentum
and energy equations are obtained:
* u * u 1  2u *
* *
dp*
u v  * 
x* y* dx ReL y*2
T * * T
*
1  2T *
u *
v 
x* y* ReL Pr y*2
Similarity Considerations (cont.)

VL VL
ReL    the Reynolds Number
 v
c  v
Pr  p   the Prandtl Number
k 

• For a prescribed geometry,



u*  f x* , y* , ReL 
u  V  u
*
s     *
y y 0  L  y y*  0

The dimensionless shear stress, or local friction coefficient, is then


s
2 u*
Cf  
V 2 / 2 ReL y* y*  0

u*
y*

 f x* , ReL 
y*  0

2
Cf 
ReL
f x* , ReL  
What is the functional dependence of the average friction coefficient? The Re.
Similarity Considerations (cont.)

The dimensionless local convection coefficient is then

hL T *
Nu 
kf
 *
y

 f x* , ReL , Pr 
y*  0

Nu  local Nusselt number

What is the functional dependence of the average Nusselt number?


Function of x*, Re, and Pr.
The Nu is to the thermal boundary layer what the friction coefficient is to velocity BL

How does the Nusselt number differ from the Biot number?
Biot number, k is the thermal conductivity of the solid.
Nusselt number, k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid flowing around the body.
Exercises
 Go through Ex 6.4-6.8

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