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Signal Representation Using Fourier Series

This document describes a laboratory experiment on representing signals using Fourier series. The objectives are to express a periodic function in terms of Fourier series and verify the Fourier series of a signal in MATLAB. Fourier series represents a periodic signal as the sum of sinusoidal waves. The experiment involves manually calculating Fourier coefficients and plotting the amplitude and phase spectra of a square wave up to the 5th harmonic. MATLAB is then used to reproduce the signal for different numbers of harmonics, demonstrating how more harmonics better approximate the original waveform. Analysis of the results shows that higher frequencies resemble the original signal more closely.

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Nurul Fatihah Ardan
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256 views17 pages

Signal Representation Using Fourier Series

This document describes a laboratory experiment on representing signals using Fourier series. The objectives are to express a periodic function in terms of Fourier series and verify the Fourier series of a signal in MATLAB. Fourier series represents a periodic signal as the sum of sinusoidal waves. The experiment involves manually calculating Fourier coefficients and plotting the amplitude and phase spectra of a square wave up to the 5th harmonic. MATLAB is then used to reproduce the signal for different numbers of harmonics, demonstrating how more harmonics better approximate the original waveform. Analysis of the results shows that higher frequencies resemble the original signal more closely.

Uploaded by

Nurul Fatihah Ardan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

BENG 3211 ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LAB 3

(BENT 3733)

LABORATORY SESSION 2

LAB 2: SIGNAL REPRESENTATION USING FOURIER SERIES

Prepared by:

WAN NURUL FATIHAH BINTI WAN ARDAN

Prepared for:

DR. JUWITA BINTI MOHD SULTAN


TITLE : Signal representation using Fourier Series

OBJECTIVE : The objectives of this laboratory exercise are to:

1. To express a periodic function in terms of Fourier series

2. To verify the Fourier series of the signal in MATLAB

APPARATUS : MATLAB software

THEORY :

Fourier series is always used for solving infinite type of


mathematical series that include trigonometric functions. Its also can be applied in
physics and electronic to shows the periodic function using waveform. This Fourier
series shows a periodic signal of sine waves and cosine wave that have sinusoidal
signal with different period of frequency. This infinite set of sine and cosine waves
and DC signal can be disintegrated into periodic signal. The Fourier analysis of the
amplitude with multiple frequency can be change to constituent sinusoidal that known
as frequency spectrum.

In Fourier series, by adding the cosine and sine frequency of f, 2f,


3f and etc the equation can be formed. The variable of a1,a2, a3, etc can represent the
amplitude of cosine waves while b1,b2,b3 and etc show the amplitude of sine waves.
In a nut shell, the coefficient of ‘a’ and ‘b’ was the real and imaginary part of
frequency spectrum. The ao coefficient were usually know to shows the value of DC
for the time domain waveform. For the time domain, it can be in many form of waves
such as square, triangular or sine waves. The frequency spectrum is usually
continuous but zero at all frequency except the harmonics. For the frequency domain
signal, usually it show two spectrum that in discrete which is amplitude spectrum and
phase spectrum that used frequency to determined the harmonic frequency spectrum.

Time domain signal Frequency domain signal

From the figure of frequency domain signal that shows the Fourier
series of square wave in time domain signal, the Fourier series will take the periodic
signal of x(t) with period T and frequency , ωo that will expressed as an infinite sum
of sine and cosine function.

Then, mathematically we can described the Fourier series as below :

Where ao, an and bn are the coefficient of the Fourier series and can be calculated as :

DC component
Fourier coefficient

Fourier coefficient

when ωo is fundamental frequency and ղωo is harmonic frequency.

Beside, the Fourier series also can be compute in amplitude phase as shown below

Where the amplitude and phase angle can be calculate as


By using MATLAB, we can shows the amplitude and phase spectra
from the frequency spectrum of x(t) and it will help to decide which frequency that's
good for approximation of periodic function. By using MATLAB, we can shows the
amplitude and phase spectra from the frequency spectrum of x(t) and it will help to
decide which frequency that's good for approximation of periodic function
PROCEDURE :

3.1 Manually (Pre Lab)

1) The Fourier coefficients was calculated as below :


2) The trigonometric Fourier series is writes as below :

3) The signal up to 5th harmonic for amplitude and phase spectrum was draw and the
plotted
RESULT :

3.2 Using MATLAB

Signal for harmonic of N1=99


Figure 3.2.1 : The signal for the harmonic of 99 respectively was plotted. This is the
first experiment for amplitude and phase spectrum using MATLAB
Signal for harmonic of N1=5
Figure 3.2.2 : The amplitude and phase spectrum was reproduced for 5th harmonic
based on the calculated Fourier coefficients in Pre lab
Signal for harmonic of N1=21
Figure 3.2.3 : The amplitude and phase spectrum plot for maximum harmonic of 21
Signal for harmonic of N1=191
Figure 3.2.4 : Show the amplitude and phase spectrum plot for maximum harmonic of
191
DISCUSSION :

From this experiment, a square signal was given in this signal representation
using Fourier series. First, we calculated the Fourier coefficient and find out the
trigonometric Fourier series. After that, we tried to plotted the amplitude and phase
spectra of the signal up to 5th harmonic. From this calculation, we assumed that the
signal are in even symmetry because the value of bn = 0. Next, we used the MATLAB
to observed the signal of amplitude and phase spectrum. By using the coding given,
we reproduce the original signal up to 5th harmonic using N1=5. Then, we repeated
again the experiments up to the maximum harmonic value of N1=21 and N1=191 to
differentiate every waveform and make our understanding in Fourier series more
better.

For this experimental result, we analyzed and observe the amplitude and phase
spectrum for every value of N1. As we observe the waveform, the signal tends to
reconstructed slightly like the original waveform as the number of harmonic we used
gets more higher. But, there is a ripple in every waveform at discontinuities. The
ripple did become more narrow as the number of harmonic we used get more higher,
but when we tried to maximum number of harmonic the ripple doesn’t remove and
remain stay a little bit at waveform. From that, we seen that the width slowly become
closer to zero and we can understand that the signal reconstructed is not exact as its
roughly follow like the original. This signal was fluctuates and it called as Gibbs
Phenomenon and happens when the Fourier series has large oscillation around jump
discontinuities.

Finally, we clearly see that as the number of harmonic used increase, the value
at every point of phase and amplitude spectrum also increased. The higher the
frequency, the signal became more resemble to original waveform.
CONCLUSION :

As conclusion, we learned how to express a periodic function in terms of


Fourier series. Besides, we understood that every harmonic we used will affected the
waveform in phase and amplitude spectrum. In addition, we knew how to analyzed
the spectra pattern and and realized that the important of this Fourier series. We also
able to configured the type of distortion happen and the harmonic selected. Other than
that, we understood how to use the MATLAB software and able to differentiate every
resulted. Lastly, we able to verified the Fourier series of this signal in MATLAB and
learned how to solved the problem we faced when using it.

REFERENCES :

1) https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Signals_and_Systems/Fourier_Series

2) http://www.dspguide.com/ch13/4.htm

3) https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~kassam/tcom370/n99_2B.pdf

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