Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 96 views

    Chapter 2 Related Literature

    Uploaded by

    Melvin Garcia Salopagio
    The document discusses several key points about smoking prevalence: 1) Globally, there is about 1 billion smokers who consumed 5.8 trillion cigarettes in 2014, though smoking rates are decreasing in developed nations and increasing in developing nations. 2) Men generally smoke at much higher rates than women globally, though this gap is shrinking in many high-income countries. 3) Youth smoking is a growing issue, with boys smoking 2-3 times more than girls between ages 13-15 on average globally. 4) The WHO is calling for plain packaging of tobacco products to reduce branding and advertising influences on smoking rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 2 Related Literature

    Uploaded by

    Melvin Garcia Salopagio
    96 views3 pages
    The document discusses several key points about smoking prevalence: 1) Globally, there is about 1 billion smokers who consumed 5.8 trillion cigarettes in 2014, though smoking rates are decreasing in developed nations and increasing in developing nations. 2) Men generally smoke at much higher rates than women globally, though this gap is shrinking in many high-income countries. 3) Youth smoking is a growing issue, with boys smoking 2-3 times more than girls between ages 13-15 on average globally. 4) The WHO is calling for plain packaging of tobacco products to reduce branding and advertising influences on smoking rates.

    Original Title

    CHAPTER_2_RELATED_LITERATURE.docx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses several key points about smoking prevalence: 1) Globally, there is about 1 billion smokers who consumed 5.8 trillion cigarettes in 2014, though smoking rates are decreasing in developed nations and increasing in developing nations. 2) Men generally smoke at much higher rates than women globally, though this gap is shrinking in many high-income countries. 3) Youth smoking is a growing issue, with boys smoking 2-3 times more than girls between ages 13-15 on average globally. 4) The WHO is calling for plain packaging of tobacco products to reduce branding and advertising influences on smoking rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    96 views3 pages

    Chapter 2 Related Literature

    Uploaded by

    Melvin Garcia Salopagio
    The document discusses several key points about smoking prevalence: 1) Globally, there is about 1 billion smokers who consumed 5.8 trillion cigarettes in 2014, though smoking rates are decreasing in developed nations and increasing in developing nations. 2) Men generally smoke at much higher rates than women globally, though this gap is shrinking in many high-income countries. 3) Youth smoking is a growing issue, with boys smoking 2-3 times more than girls between ages 13-15 on average globally. 4) The WHO is calling for plain packaging of tobacco products to reduce branding and advertising influences on smoking rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    CHAPTER 2

    RELATED LITERATURE

    In today’s time the smoking prevalence has increased worldwide. It is estimated that
    there are about 1 billion smokers globally. In 2014 smokers consumed 5.8 trillion cigarettes,
    though the demand for tobacco has fallen in developed countries, the cigarette production and
    consumption is increasingly becoming concentrated in the developing world. (Action on
    Smoking and Health, 2015)

    Furthermore, it is assessed that men smoke about five times as much as women, yet the
    ratio of female-to-male smoking prevalence rate differ across countries. In high-income nations,
    including Australia, Canada, the United States of America and most nations of Western Europe,
    females smoke at about the same rate as men. However, in some low-and middle income nations
    females smoke less than men. In China, for instance, 61% of men are accounted to be current
    smokers, compared with 4.2% of females. Additionally, in Argentina 34% of men are accounted
    to be current smokers, compared with 23% of females. (Action on Smoking and Health, 2015)
    While females’ smoking prevalence rates are presently lower than men, they are expected to
    increase in some low-and-middle income countries. (Hitchman & Fong, 2011)

    Moreover, youth smoking seems to be an alarming and trending issue today. Data from
    the Global Youth Tobacco Survey demonstrate that overall smoking rates among boys and girls
    resemble each other more than smoking rates among adult females and men, with boys between
    the ages of 13 and 15 years smokes just 2 to 3 times more than young girls. (Hitchman & Fong,
    2011) According to the Office of National Statistics in United Kingdom (ONS) that the youngest
    regular smoker is aged 11-15 years old (Action on Smoking and Health). Lifetime smoking and
    other tobacco often starts when children graduated from high school. Young children's curiosity
    experimentation frequently develops into regular smoking which turns into a habitual smoking—
    well before the age of 18—that can overpower their intention to quit. Consistently more than
    2,500 children under 18 try smoking for the first time. Though very little data are gathered about
    smoking of children under 12, the peak years for the first attempt to smoke appears to be in the
    sixth and seventh grades or between the ages of 11 and 13. (Bach, 2016)

    For this year’s World No Tobacco Day 2016 theme, World Health Organization together
    with Dr. Margaret Chan, the Director-General of the WHO, are calling on counter to get ready
    for plain (standardized) packaging of tobacco products. As Dr. Chan emphases, Plain packaging
    refers to measures to restrict and prohibit the use of logos, colors, brand images or promotional
    information on packaging other than brand names and product names displayed in a standard
    color and font style. Plain packaging of tobacco products is an important demand reduction
    measure. It reduces the attractiveness of tobacco products, restricts use of tobacco packaging as
    form of advertising, limits misleading packaging and labeling and increases the effectiveness of
    health warnings.( World Health Organization, 2016)

    One of the most common problems worldwide today that is increasing the mortality rate is
    smoking. The increase trend of risks of nearly all kinds of cancer and cardiovascular disease
    were attributed to cigarette smoking (Al-Zalabani and Kasim, 2015). Smoking has many effects
    to the human body that most people are not aware of. According to American Lung Association,
    10 of the worst diseases that can be caused by smoking are as follows: Lung Cancer; Chronic
    Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); Heart Diseases; Stroke; Asthma; Reproductive effect in
    women; Premature, low birth-weight babies; Diabetes; Cataracts and age-related Macular
    Degeneration; and over 10 other types of Cancer, including colon, cervix, liver, stomach, and
    pancreatic cancer. Smokers experience more coughs and colds as compared to non- smokers.
    Also any pregnant women who are exposed to cigarettes smoke will have an increased risk of
    having an abnormal baby. Smoking is like a slow death, it can cause one person to die. Based on
    the National Institute on Drug Abuse, there are about 30 people who suffer from at least one
    illness that is caused by tobacco smoking.

    Tobacco smoking leads the preventable cause of diseases, disabilities, and death in the
    United States. Every year there are more than 480,000 premature deaths in the United States,
    about 1 in every 5 in U.S. deaths, and an added 16 million people suffer with a serious disease
    caused by smoking according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
    Furthermore, smoking among today's youth seems to be an alarming and trending issue. In 2015,
    the Office of National Statistics in United Kingdom (ONS) stated that the youngest regular
    smoker is aged 11-15 years old (Action on Smoking and Health).

    There are numerous factors that play an important role in the increased risk of smoking of
    the youth and these include:

    A. Parental Smoking
    (insert definition)
    B. Peer Pressure

    C. Cigarette Advertise in mass media

    D. Pocket money

    E. Beliefs in the harmful effects of smoking

    Health warnings placed on cigarette packs are found to provide information to smokers
    regarding health hazards of smoking, and encourage smokers to quit. In connection to this, the
    Department of Health has issued the guidelines and the 12 templates for the new cigarette packs,
    wherein the cigarette manufacturers as mandated in the Republic Act 10643 should comply with
    the new packaging rules one year after the issuance of the new templates.

    You might also like