14.
Integer Arithmetic
Chapter 10, section 10.3
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Arithmetic Logic Unit
• The ALU performs
arithmetic and logical
operations on data
• All other elements …
control unit, registers,
memory, I/O mainly bring
data to ALU for
processing and then take
the results back
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ADDITION
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Binary Addition
In general, we know the following is true:
0 + 0 = 0 0
0 + 1 = 0 1
1 + 0 = 0 1
1 + 1 = 1 0
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Integer Addition
Perform the following addition and interpret the
result in:
a. Unsigned numbers
b. Two's complement notation
1100
+ 0001
----
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Carry-in & Carry-out
Consider the following:
00001111
+01010101
--------
1. What is the carry-in and carry-out of bit 3 (bit
numbering starts at bit 0)
2. The carry-out of the MSB during an addition is the
value of the external carry in the flags register for an
addition
3. What is the external carry for the above example?
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SUBTRACTION
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Binary Subtraction
In general, we know the following is true:
0 - 0 = 0
0 - 1 = borrow!
1 - 0 = 1
1 - 1 = 0
10 - 1 = 1
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Subtraction of Unsigned Numbers
Perform the following subtraction:
00110011 (Minuend)
-00001111 (Subtrahend)
--------
1. Before performing the subtraction, identify the two
numbers being subtracted. Assume the numbers are
represented as unsigned numbers.
2. Perform the subtraction.
3. Interpret the result. Is it what you would expect it to
be?
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Subtraction
• Subtraction is
performed by taking
the two's
complement of the
subtrahend and
adding this value to
the minuend.
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Subtraction of 2’s Complement
Numbers
Perform the following subtraction:
00110011 (Minuend)
-00001111 (Subtrahend)
--------
1. Before performing the subtraction, identify the two
numbers being subtracted. Assume the numbers are
represented in 2’s complement.
2. Perform the subtraction.
3. Interpret the result. Is it what you would expect it to
be?
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OVERFLOW
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Arithmetic Overflow
Remember that the range of values that can be
represented using 8-bits for:
Unsigned numbers is 0 to 255
Two's complement is -128 to 127.
The microprocessor will perform the addition or
subtraction of two numbers, but the question is how
do we know if the result is correct?
The answer lies with two flags: (a) the external carry
flag and (b) the overflow flag.
First we will define overflow as a condition such that
an arithmetic operation produces a result outside the
range of the number system being used.
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Overflow Detection
• Unsigned Numbers:
– When there is a carry out of the MSB (external carry)
• 2’s Complement:
– If two numbers are added, and they are both positive or
both negative, then overflow occurs if and only if the
result has the opposite sign
– There will never be an overflow when adding two
numbers of opposite signs
– The carry out of the MSB does not necessarily indicate
an overflow
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Arithmetic Overflow
Perform the operations below and interpret the
result in:
1. Unsigned numbers
2. Two's complement notation
11111111 01111111
+00000001 +00000001
-------- --------
Were there any examples of overflow? Identify
each case and briefly explain why.
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Geometric Depiction of 2’s
Complement Numbers
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Practice
• Let's perform the following operations and determine where
any overflows occurred for both unsigned and 2’s complement
representations.
1001 1100
+0101 +0100
----- -----
0011 1100
-0100 -1111
----- -----
1000 1000
+0001 -0001
----- -----
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