Is13301:1992 .

,
( Reaffirmed 1997 )
srers ml-5

I
Indian Standard
VIBRATION ISOLATION FOR MACHINE
FOUNDATIONS -GUIDELINES

UDC 624.15 : 628-517.4

I@ BIS 1992

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

July 1992 Price Group 3

Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the
Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
Council.
This code is meant to provide necessary information and assistance in the choice of vibration isolators
in machine foundation so as to ensure a smooth working of the machinery supported by it as well as to
reduce the transmitted vibration into the surrounding environment. It does not imply, however, that
use of external isolators is obligatory in a machine foundation.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the
final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )‘. The number of signifi-
cant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.

3
 Indian Standard
WBRATION ISOLATION FOR
FOUNDATIONS - GUIDELINES
1 SCOPE influence of the supported weight of the system
in the direction of vibration considered.
X.2 T4is standard lays down general guidelines
fat vibration isolation for machine foundation. For effective vibration isolation, the natural
2 REFERENCE frequency shall preferably be less than @4 f,,,
under harmonic excitation where fm is the
2.X IS 5249 : 1991 GMethod of test for deter- frequency of operation of the machine.
mination of dynamic properties of soil ( seamd
revision )’ is a necesary adjunct to this standard. Table 1 Effective Freqtmcy Range for
Vibration Isolators
3 TERMINOLOGY
SI Type Ra e of Natural
3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the folbw- No. ? reqmenciee
ing definitions shall apply. (_fm in HZ)
1) Metal helical5 2-10
3.1 Active Isolation 2) Rubber 5-30
Reduction of the periodic or shock type of 3) Cork 2560
forces transmitted by a machine installation 4) Air ( pneumatic type 1 053’0
into the surroundings by the working of the
machinery itself. 5 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF C!EBTAIEJ
3.2 Passive Isolation MATERIALS USED IN VIBRATION
ISOLATION
Isolation of a sensitive installation against
ambient vibrations emanating from external 5.1 Coil Springs
sources and already existing in the vicinity. The vertical stiffness of closely coiled helical
springs is given by
3.3 Transmissibility
The ratio of the peak amplitude of the trans- ,&,+-- $
mitted force to the applied dynamic force in the
case of active isolation. where
The ratio of the amplitude of .the sensitive kr - vertical stiffness,
bpment to that prevailing at the base in the G - shear modulus of the spring material,
case of passive isolation. d I diameter of wire,
3.4 Frequeuey Rtio D = diameter of coii, and
F&Go of operating frequency of the machine to n -_ number of coils.
the natural frequency of an elastic system. The damping in steel may be taken in the range of
0 to 0.5 percent of critical unless more appropriate
3.5 Damping Ratio
values based on actual test data are available.
Ratio of the damping present in a system to The horizontal stiffness of the spring is given by
that of critical damping for the same system.
Kh =kv- R
4 TYPES OF VIBRATION ISOLATORS where
Table 1 gives an
frequencies that
rent types of
approximate range of natural
can be obtained
vibration
with diffe-
isolators. For an
RSI -
c
1.0613
E tan ( 0.942 2 voc ) -

idealized single degree freedom system, the %‘- l)]

natural frequency ‘fn’ may be obtained using
the relation
_7
C= l( two1 - 0,614 2 ]I’*
vo - WD
fn= -$I/+ PO = W’
w%cre g is the acceleration due to gravity and s, = vertical deformation, and
6, is the static deflection suffered under the h C height of spring.

1
IS 13301 : 1992

5.2 Rubber Springs where

Rubber springs can be used either under com- E = Young’s modulus of the material,
pression or shear. The stiffness of the rubber G = shear modulus of the material,
pad under axial compression can be obtained
from the relation A = bearing area,
t - thickness, and
1
-_=--
t 1.0
+ i-1 k,, kb = vertical and horizontal stitl’ne~s,
&? A II E( 1+2a AZ,)
respectively.
where The dynamic modulus of cork shows a high
k, = vertical stiffness under axial com- degree of scatter and generally lies in the range’
pression, 10 to 40 N/mm% The damping ratio lies in the
range of 2.5 to 1.5%. A figure of 60/, ‘is’
t= thickness of the rubber pad, recommended in design practice for preliminary
A= bearing area over the pad, designs.

A, = area ratio defined as the ratio of Felt has a Young’s modulus of around 80 i?i/mn;~
the force free surface area to the and has a damping factor nearly same as cork.
bearing area, 6 DESIGN OF VIBRATION ISOLATORS
E, B and GL- constants given in Table 2. 6.1 Under Sieady State Loads
Table 2 Properties of Natural Rubber The term transmissibility ( T) under a steady
Compounds state excitation for an idealized single degree’
freedom system may be written as
Shore Young’s Sbear Bulk ( 1 + 4 $J 52 )I’2
Hardness Mo~lus M$lus Modulus = T = [ ( 1- q )a + 49 E2 11/a
t S” 1 B
N/sq. mm N/sq. mm N/s+ mm
40 1’53 0’46 I 019’4 0’85 where
45 1’84 0’55 1019’4 0’80 T m transmissibility,
50 2’24 0’6.5 I 019.4 0’73
? = the frequency ratio ( W/W, )
55 3’31 0’83 1111’1 0’64 w = operating frequency,
60 4’54 1’08 1 172.2 0’57
wn = natural frequency, and
65 5 ‘96 1’40 1 233’4 0.54
70 7’49 1’76 1 294’4 0’53 E= damping ratio.
Figure 1 shows a plot using which the static
The horizontal stiffness is given by deflection required for the supported weight i?#
the system to obtain any given level of trans..
missibility in the desired direction for variouS
disturbing frequencies of the machinery may be
derived. The ragion below the shaded line
where indicates amplification while that above this
horizontal stiffness, line suggests isolation. For effective isolation,
kh - the frequency ratio shall he greater than
A t bearing area, and
+/ T( Fig. 2 ).
f = thickness.
6.2 Shock Loading
The damping ratio in rubber generally varies
between 2% and 10%. A figure of 5% is The natural period shall bc at least:
recommended for design practice for prefimi- a) 6 times the duration liar rectangular
nary designs. pulse,
S.3 Other Materials b) 3.75 itmes the duration for the sinusoidaI
The stiffness of other elastic materials such as pulse, and
cork, felt, etc, which are also available in the c) 3.00 times the duration ~‘or the triangular
form of pads can be obtained using the pulse to achieve transmissibility less than
relations unity.
k, = ( En/t)
The variation of transmissibility in the cast of
and kh = ( GA/t) an undamped system for different pulse-shapes
 000
000

I I I hl IlrJI
-0025 ,003 .0125 .025 905 -125 .25 05 1625 245

STATIC OEFLECTION (cm)

FIG. 1 ISOLATION
EFFICIENCY
OF RESILIENTLY
MOUNTEDSYSTEMS

FREQUENCY RATIO \

FIG. 2 VARIATION OF TRANSMISSIBILITY (T) WITH FR~QU~NCT RATIO (,q) FOR STEADY
S.I.ATE DYNAMIC LOADING
3
6 shown in Fig. 3. The notation used in Fig. 3 W Stability - To avoid instability of coiled
are: springs, the axial deformation shall be
limited to O-5 h and the buckling stability
Pp = transmitted force, factor ‘s’, to be evaluated from the
P i= peak force, following expression, shall be greater than
r = duration of the pulse, and l-5.
Tp = natural period. S =: l-296 ( &,/v. - 1 )p + $; “’
c
7 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
7.1 Metal Springs
- ( B&Jo- 1 11
a) Stmgth - The shear stress in a closely The factors f, and v,, are defined in 5.1.
coiled helical spring under axial loading
can be obtained from the relation 7.2 Rubber Spring
a) Allowable Bearing Pressure - The allow-
.rp = (“y/D) able bearing pressure shall be specified by
the manufacturer. For preliminary designs,
whcrc however, linear variation in allowable
bearing pressure between 0.8 N/mm’ and
7. = shear stress,
l-6 N/mm2 may be assumed in the range
P = applied load, of shore hardness values between 40 and
D c diameter of coil, 70 degrees.
n = diameter of wire, and Allowable Shear Stress - The allowable
shear stress is also required to be specified
av - 1-k 1.25 ( d/D ) + O-875 ( d/D )s by the manufacturer. As in the earlier
+ ( dtD Is- case, a linear variation in allowable shear
The shear stress under horizontal loading is stress between 0.3 to O-5 N/mm2 may be
given by assumed for preliminary designs for shore
hardness values lying between 40 and 70
degrees.
4 From stability considerations. the thick-
ness of the rubber pad shall be limited to
horizontal shear stress, one-fifth of its width.
applied horizontal load, and
d) Tests have shows that the dynamic
( V”/il) + Do -- vo. characteristics of rubber pad4 exhibit a

PERIOD RATIO (t/Tn)

FIG. 3 VARI[A*~IO~J
OF TR.~NSMISSIBILIIY WITH PERIOD RAT-ICIFOR PULSE l.OADlK(;

4
 IS 13301 : 1992

non-linear character. Further, the stiffness treated with suitable preservatives before
of the rubber pad depends on the level use.
of the static stress and the amplitude of d) The dynamic characteristics of cork pads
vibration ( or dynamic strain ). Laboratory show considerable scatter and non-
tests in the form of steady state resonance linearity. Tests have shown that the
tests are, therefore, recommended on thickness of the cork pad, the static stress
randomly chosen product samples under level and the amplitude of vibration
the expected static stress and dynamic influence its dynamrc properties. Besides,
strain levels. This will provide the true considerable creep deformation occurs
picture of the dynamic stiffness and under a given static stress level and this
damping present in vibration isolators, tends to increase the stiffness and reduce
that are being commercially marketed isolation efficiency. All the above factors
today. are required to be considered in the
‘efc;are’srM D6-ia~~-~o-~~revar~s~~~l~u ~~~~~e~_~I,_~~~I~~~o_~_~~_thd.~~mic__
free sides of the pad type isolators where properties of cork pads before they are
used. used in important machinery installations.

7.3 Cork Pads 8 TRENCH ISOLATION

a>pressure
Bearing Pressure -
on cork
The allowable bearing
pads usually varies be-
Trench isolation can be effectively used for
active isolation in an industrial environment
tween 1 and 4 kg/cm*. The true value shall ( Fig. 4 ).
be ascertained from the manufacturers’
recommendation based on tests. For active isolation, the depth of the trench
shall at least be 0.6 L, where L is the length of
Cork sheets lose their strength under the Rayleigh wave which is nearly equal to the
compressive loads if the edges of the pads length of the shear wave ( L,). The latter is
are left free. Hence, the side faces have given by [( G/P )1/s/f] where G is shear modulus,
to be enclosed in steel frames to prevent p is the mass density of the soil, and f is fre-
their lateral expansion. quency ( Hz ) of incoming wave. L is obtained
cl Contact with oil or water reduces the from in-situ wave propagation tests as in
efficiency of cork pads and hence shall be IS 5249 : 1991.

P Sib wmt

I
X

m
l t

(a, Active Type (b) Passive Type

FIG. 4 VIBRATION ISOLATION

5
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Revision of Indian Standards

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issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the
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following reference:

Dot : No CED 43 ( 4492 )

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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