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Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

1. Data processing involves gathering data, coding, tabulating, and analyzing using statistical tools. 2. Descriptive statistics describe data through measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode, and measures of spread like standard deviation and variance. 3. Inferential statistics allow researchers to make generalizations from a sample to a population using parametric tests that assume a normal distribution or nonparametric tests that do not.

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Emill Rivera Asuncion
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219 views39 pages

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

1. Data processing involves gathering data, coding, tabulating, and analyzing using statistical tools. 2. Descriptive statistics describe data through measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode, and measures of spread like standard deviation and variance. 3. Inferential statistics allow researchers to make generalizations from a sample to a population using parametric tests that assume a normal distribution or nonparametric tests that do not.

Uploaded by

Emill Rivera Asuncion
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© © All Rights Reserved
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SECTION 9

DATA PROCESSING AND


STATISTICAL TREATMENT
After all the necessary data
have been gathered, the next
step the researcher has to
do is data processing.
Is a series of actions or steps
performed on data to verify,
organize, transform, integrate,
and extract data in an
appropriate output form for
subsequent use.
DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Frequency Counts and Percentages


Steps in processing the data;
Data are categorize
based on objectives or
purposes of the study

Data are coded


either numerically
or alphabetically

Data are tabulated &


analyzed using appropriate
statistical tool
BACK
Statistical Treatment
is a way of removing researcher
bias by interpreting the
data statistically rather than
subjectively.
Things to consider in choosing
Statistical Techniques;

Research design
type of the distribution and
dispersion of data at hand
Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
Inferential statistics
 Parametric Statistics -is a branch of
statistics which assumes that sample
data comes from a population that
follows a probability distribution based
on a fixed set of parameters.

 (z-test, t-test and F-test)


 Nonparametric Statistics- refer to a
statistical method wherein the data is not
Example:
required to fit a normal distribution.
Nonparametric statistics uses data that is
often ordinal, meaning it does not rely on
Survey
numbers,conveying consumer
but rather a ranking or order of
preferences
sorts. ranging from like to
dislike.
(Most commonly used non-parametric test is the chi-square
test)
The Normal Distribution
(Gaussian Distribution)
-an average distribution of values that,
when plotted on a graph, resembles the
shape of a bell.
-Abraham De Moivre (1733) was the mathematician who
first develop the mathematical equation of the normal
curve.
In early 19th century:
-Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1827) & Marquiz Pierre Simon
de Laplace (1749-1827) further develop the concept of the
curve and probability.

BACK
Frequency Counts and Percentages

-Statistical
tools which are usually used to
answer profile questions and those that
involved mere counting.

To determine the percentage per group of


data, simply divide the frequency of each
group (fi) by the total frequency (N) as
shown below:
Percentage = fi X 100%
N
Averages
(Measures the central Tendency)
 number expressing the central or typical
value in a set of data, in particular the mode,
median, or (most commonly) the mean,
which is calculated by dividing the sum of
the values in the set by their number.
Go
 Mean- is determined by adding up all of the
scores or values in the distribution and then
dividing this sum by the total number of scores
or values ,where ;
= sum of all the scores or
values in the distribution;
and

n= total number of scores in the


distribution.
Median- is the midpoint of the
distribution the point below and above
of which 50 percent of the scores in
the distribution fall.
Mode- is the most frequent score
or value in the distribution. Either
unimodal, bimodal or multimodal.
Spreads

A measure of spread tells us how


much a data sample is spread out or
scattered. Two distributions may have
identical means but have different
spread or variability.
Two distributions may have identical means but
have different spread or variability or the other
way around.
The Standard Deviation
Considered as the most useful index of
variability or dispersion. This measure indicates
how closely the scores are clustered around the
mean.
SD=
S
D
The Variance
is the expectation of the squared deviation
of a random variable from its mean, and it
informally measures how far a set of
(random) numbers are spread out from
their mean.
Objectives
 Familiarize the different steps in data processing.
 Describe the characteristics of a normal distribution.
 Differentiate descriptive statistics from inferential
statistics.
 Explain the difference between parametric and
nonparametric statistics.
 Calculate the three measures of central tendency
(mean, Median & Mode)
 Calculate the standard deviation and variance for a
distribution of data.
Branch of
Collection
S Knowledge
Interviews Questionaires Observations Records
T Presentation
A Textual Tabular Graphical
T Analysis
I Univariate Bivariate Multivariate
S Interpretation
T
Narrow Broad
I
C
S Numerical
Data
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Year Level Frequency Percentage

Freshmen 150 27.27

Sophomore 142 25.82


Junior 133 24.18
Senior 125 22.73

Total 550 100


𝟕𝟎 + 𝟕𝟑 + 𝟖𝟑 + 𝟖𝟓 + 𝟗𝟎
𝟓
𝟒𝟎𝟏
=
𝟓

=80.2
𝟕𝟎, 𝟕𝟑, 𝟖𝟑, 𝟖𝟓, 𝟗𝟎

𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟐


1,2,2,3,4,3,4,5,4,6,7
Mode does
10, 20, 30, 40, 50 not exist

7,8,8,8,9,10,11,12,12,12,14,15
bimodal
Compute for the SD
Score(X1) (Xi – X) (Xi – X)2
5 1.4 1.96
4 0.4 0.16
4 0.4 0.16
3 -0.6 0.36
2 -1.6 2.56

X=3.6 Σ(Xi – X) 2 =5.20


𝜮 (Xi – X)2 𝟓.𝟐 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 = 1.02
SD= = =
𝒏 𝟓
𝜮 (Xi – X)2 𝟓.𝟐 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 = 1.02
SD= = =
𝒏 𝟓

1.04

= 1.08

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