CCTV Network & Functioning

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has widespread connectivity in the Delhi – NCR. To maintain
uniformity and to ensure proper security of the passengers and the workers, each metro
station has a full – fledged CCTV network that closely monitors every part of the metro
station. The CCTV network in the DMRC comprises of the following setup present at each
station :-
 Cameras
o Dome Type PTZ
o Fixed Type
 Junction Boxes
 VSP [Video Surge Protector]
 Encoders
 Layer – 3 Switch
 RAID [ Redundant Array of Independent Disks]
 CCTV Server

The Power Supply

Each metro station has about 40 cameras at the very least that cover every angle of every part
of the metro station. Each camera receives its power supply from the CCTV rack in the
Signalling Equipment Room. The CCTV rack in turn has a distribution board that not only
directs the power supply to all the cameras but also directs the supply to all the other
components mentioned above. The distribution board has MCBs [Main Circuit Breakers] to
control the power going to the encoders, decoder, RAID and all the cameras.
Due to the high number of camera present in each station it is not possible to have individual
MCBs for each camera and thus they are first connect in a ring and then the supply is
provided to the entire loop. Each loop consists of about 7-8 cameras depending on the total
number of cameras present on the station. Each loop has cameras from various sections of the
station complex to prevent a total blackout of a certain section in case of a technical fault.
The layout of the loops and positioning of the cameras are all planned thoroughly during the
construction of the metro station itself.

Secondly, the benefit of having a ring topology is that even if a

node in the loop is malfunctioning or is disconnected, it does not
disrupt the power supply to the other nodes in the ring and thus
prevents an entire loop from malfunctioning due to one camera.
The same system is adopted uniformly and is followed by every
metro station as it is efficient, ensures redundancy and is also
cost – effective.
The Cameras
DMRC uses the following 2 types of cameras in all its metro stations :-
 Fixed Type Camera
 Dome Type PTZ [ Pan – Tilt – Zoom ] Camera
Most of the cameras are the fixed type
cameras. These cameras can be configured
only during the time of setup to look in a
particular direction and post installation cannot
be altered. They monitor a fixed angle with a
fixed focus and zoom and are thus called fixed
type cameras. Parameters such as focus, zoom,
tilt etc cannot be adjusted in these cameras.
The Fixed type cameras used by the DMRC
Fixed Type Camera
are all manufactured by Bosch. These cameras
require a 12V DC power supply in order to
function properly. The major reason why these
cameras are present in higher quantities in the metro station is because they are a lot cheaper
than the Dome Type cameras and also because they require a lot less maintenance. Also, the
presence of CRPF personnel on the metro stations reduces the requirement of more adjustable
cameras and thus these cameras are able to satisfy the security needs perfectly.
The second type of camera used by the DMRC that is seen in lesser number is the Dome
Type PTZ camera. PTZ stands for Pan – Tilt – Zoom which are
essentially the 3 functions that this camera can perform. Once
setup, these cameras can tilt [Vertical Movement], pan
[Horizontal Movement] and zoom [Upto x12]. The parameter
can be controlled from the system server itself and doesn’t need
any tampering with the hardware. These cameras are seen in
lesser number due to the high cost and maintenance factors.
Although a minimum of 5 such cameras are present in all metro
stations – 3 on the concourse area and 1 on each platform.
These cameras require a 48V AC power supply in order to Dome Type PTZ Camera
work properly. These cameras provide better security due to
their adjustable field of view and are thus more expensive.
They are usually setup in the most critical areas of the station complex to get a better view of
the areas.
Cameras being used are scattered all across the station complex in order to view every
entrance, exit and other critical points from every angle in order to provided maximum
security and have maximum video evidence in order to use in times of need. Each camera has
a unique name and number that is written on it and is written on its junction box too in order
to make repairs easy and adjacent cameras are never put in the same supply loop in order to
ensure that no zone in the station complex blacks out completely due to technical glitches or
malfunctioning equipment.
Junction Boxes
The supply that is sent out from the CCTV rack in the
SER is directly routed from the ACDB [ AC
Distribution Board] and is 230V in magnitude. This
voltage needs to be scaled down/rectified before it can
be sent to the cameras or else it will damage the camera
itself. Also, there needs to be some kind of surge
protection device in place that shields the cameras from
voltage/current surges as they can lead to serious
damage in the camera circuit.
In order to make sure that no harm comes to the camera,
there exists a junction box for each camera that has a CCTV Junction Box
scaling/rectification circuit in addition to a VSP
[Video Surge Protector].
In the case of the fixed type cameras, the junction box has a rectifier that rectifies and scales
down the 230V AC voltage to 12V DC. Thus the incoming power supply first goes through
the rectifier and then through a VSP to ensure that any sort of a surge in voltage/current does
not damage the camera.
In the case of the dome type PTZ cameras, the junction box has a step down transformer that
scales down the 230V AC to 48V AC. Thus the incoming power supply in this case first goes
through the transformer and then through a VSP to shield the camera from voltage/current
surge damage of any kind.
The unique name associated with every camera is also written on the junction box to ensure
ease in terms of fault detection and repairing. The video signals from the cameras too go back
to the CCTV rack through the junction box and thus any incoming/outgoing signal to/from
the camera has to first go through the junction box. This in turn shields the cameras from any
kind of damage and ensures smooth functioning. Each junction box is independent and do not
affect each other in any way.

VSP [ Video Surge Protector]

Voltage and current spikes are very unpredictable and
can cause a significant amount of damage to the
electronic circuits if proper shielding measures are
not put into place.
Video Surge Protectors are installed in order to shield
the cameras as well as the encoders from any spiking
damage.

Video Surge Protector They are placed before the input is provided to the
cameras and is also places in the circuit before the
input from the cameras is sent into the encoders.
The above image shows the circuit for the VSP. The fuse F1 in the circuit is the key element
as that is what acts as the circuit breaker in case a spike occurs. They are shielding devices.
There is one VSP at the input of every camera and there is one VSP at every input of the
encoder. Thus the number of VSPs in a station is twice the number of cameras present in that
station.

Encoders
CCTV cameras record video and send it
back to the CCTV rack in the SER in the
form of analog signals. Now in order for
this video to be stored and viewed it needs
to be converted into a digital signal so that
the machines can interpret it. For the
purpose of the same we use an Encoder.
The encoder used by the DMRC is the
Bosch VIP X1600 XF. This encoder is Encoder
capable of handling 16 cameras in 4
separate channels simultaneously. In order
to keep spare channels for future expansion or replacement in terms of faulty equipment
every encoder at the DMRC is operated at only half its capacity that includes 8 cameras in 2
separate channels. Essentially each encoder is used to handle data from one of the CCTV
loops. There is a VSP between the CCTV output and the Encoder input port in order to shield
the encoder from spikes.
The use of half of the existing channels ensure redundancy and the spare channels can be
used if there is a sudden malfunction in one of the existing channels in use, or in case new
cameras need to be setup on the station, or in case of station expansion. Once again, adjacent
camera feeds are not sent to the same encoder in order to prevent a total blackout in a zone of
the station if the encoder stops working or malfunctions. The output cable from all the
encoders is sent to a layer – 3 switch for compilation.
Thus, redundancy is maintained at every stage in the heirarchy.
Layer – 3 Switch
The data from all the encoders is sent to a
layer-3 switch first. From here the data is then
sent to multiple other avenues. The major
purpose of the switch is to compile all the
packets of data coming from all the encoders
into a single stream of data and route it to
wherever necessary.
Layer – 3 Switch
In the case of the DMRC the switch sends all
the incoming data from the encoders which is
essentially all the video footage of the station to multiple avenues in real time. The data from
all the cameras is sent to the RAID for storage. The RAID stores data for the past 7 days so
that it can be viewed if need be. The same data is also sent to the CCT server which is present
in the CCTV rack itself. This further routes the data to the workstations for viewing.
Apart from this all the data is also sent to an adjacent station as well as the OCC for
emergency purposes. In case the data being stored in the station is
damaged/destroyed/corrupted it can later be accessed at the adjacent station and the OCC.
Similarly, data from the other adjacent station is coming to this station is also received at the
switch and is then sent to a second RAID for storage. All this data is sent to the server and
thus cameras from both stations can be accessed through the workstations.
All the stations on a line are connected in a two way ring and all the data from a station is
sent to one of its adjacent stations for redundancy. All the data from the entire ring is also
sent to the OCC that is Metro Bhawan at Barakhamba Road. The transmission of data is done
through fibre optic cables. These cables are laid uptrack and downtrack in a ring fashion due
to the benefits of a ring topology as was seen in the CCTV looping system. This ensures
redundancy and makes sure that data transfer is not hindered in any case of malfunctioning in
one of the intermediate nodes.

RAID [ Redundant Array of Independent Disks ]

A RAID consists of a series of
HDDs [ Hard Disk Drives ] that is
used to store the video recordings
from all the cameras. Each DMRC
metro station has 2 RAID units –
one of them stores the data for the
station itself and the second one DSA – N2B40 RAID
that stores the data coming in from
an adjacent station. All the data that
is stored on both the RAIDs can be viewed on the workstations set up in the metro stations.
A RAID is setup in such a way so that redundancy is maintained inside the device itself and
no data is lost or damaged if one of the disks inside the RAID is damaged. This is the reason
a RAID is called a protected storage device. Each RAID that the DMRC uses has a capacity
of about 12 – 14 TB data and is used to store 1 week worth of data.
CCTV Server & Workstations
The server for the entire CCTV network is
mounted on the CCTV rack in the SER. The
workstation for the same can be found at the
SCR [ Station Control Room ] for the sation
staff to access the data and at the PCR [Police
Control Room ] for the CISF personnel to
access the data.

The server has a remote MKP [ Monitor –

Keyboard – Pointer ] connection to both these
workstations that causes one connection to
satisfy all 3 needs and does not require 3
separate connections to be made for each
workstation.

The server used is a HP ProLiant DL380 G6

which is a highly reliable variant of the HP
G - series. The central server can is
responsible for the monitoring, management
and control of the entire system thus is vital
for the functioning of the entire CCTV
CCTV Rack in SER
network.

That covers up the components that comprise of the CCTV System in the DMRC.
Redundancy is maintained at each and every step to ensure that all data is safe and secure and
that the security and functionality of the entire network is not compromised upon in any
scenario whatsoever.

All the data that is recorded at all the metro stations is sent ultimately to the OCC
[Operational Control Center] at Metro Bhawan – Barakhamba Road. Here there is a video
wall where all the data is displayed on a giant monitor. The data stored can also be accessed
at the OCC and referred to in case both the stations having the data get
damaged/destroyed/corrupted. Every step of the heirarchy has failsafe measures and redudant
equipment to make sure that during times of emergency there is no compromise on the
quality of services being delivered to the people and also to ensure that the customers do not
face any problems. The CCTV network is planned in such a way that it ensures that no loss of
data takes place under any circumstances and also to ensure that it can be counted upon to
monitor the station complex effectively and efficiently.
 CCTV Network Block Diagram

230V AC Supply

Junction Box Junction Box

Rectifier + VSP Transformer + VSP

Fixed Type Dome Type

VSP VSP
Indoor Camera PTZ Camera

Encoder Array

CCTV Server Layer – 3 Switch RAID

SCR Workstation Data Sent to

Adjacent Station

PCR Workstation
Data Coming From
Adjacent Station
SMPS & UPS Systems
The DMRC metro stations have a lot of systems that cannot afford to stop at any cost or they
will cause a lot of problems. For example if the gates stopped functioning during a power
outage then people will be trapped in the metro station and will not be able to come out.
Therefore stern and reliable backup systems must be in place in order to make sure that the
essential systems do not stop working under any condition.
The systems that run on an AC supply have 2 UPS [ Uninterrupted Power Supply ]to provide
a backup in emergency conditions whereas the systems running on a DC supply have 2
SMPS [ Switched Mode Power Supply ] that provide backup in emergency situations. The
system of backup power is uniform across all the metro stations and had the same equipment
being used everywhere.
Initially the 3 phase supply is provided to an input X’mer cubicle. This cubicle has self –
operating switches, circuit breakers and a distribution board. This input cubicle gets its power
from 2 distinct supplies – normal and emergency. Both these supplies are simultaneously
active but only the normal suppy is used to satisfy the load. In any condition when the normal
power supply does not function properly the self – operating switch changes to the
emergency power supply. Both the supplies are capable of handling the load of all the station
systems completely. In cases of power outages, when both the power suplies fail, the systems
start working on the emergency systems that includes the UPS and SMPS. The cubicle has an
LED readout that gives out the status of all the 3 phases of the input power supplies – normal
& emergencies, the frequency of the supply and also the supply that is being used.
After the input cubicle, the next part of the circuit is an SCVS [ Servo Controlled Voltage
Stabilizer ]. As the name suggests, this is a stabilizer for the UPS and SMPS and shields them
from voltage fluctuations of all kinds.
The SCVS is used to maintain a
constant voltage level. For example if
it is set to maintain a voltage a value
of 415V then it will continue to
provide a constant value of 415V.
Even if the supply it is receiving is
380V or 450V it will only forward a
value of 415V to the systems that it is
connected to in this case the UPS and
the SMPS.

SCVS Circuit Diagram This shields the UPS and the SMPS
system from any spikes or
fluctuations in the supply voltage and
prevents damage to the circuit. If the voltage provided is lower or higher than the requirement
of the system then the circuit might get damaged. For each UPS and SMPS there is an
independent battery bank for it to use during power outages. Each battery bank consists of
lead – acid cells. Each lead – acid cell has a net emf of approximately 2.2V. Each UPS
battery bank has 192 such cells that lead to a net emf of 430V where as each SMPS battery
bank has 24 such cells that lead to an emf of approximately 48V.
 UPS Circuit Block Diagram

Under normal operation the UPS takes a supply from the Mains in order to charge ots batter
bank that it uses during emergency conditions. The incoming supply from the Mains is first
put into a rectifier circuit. This converts the voltage to DC. This DC voltage is them used to
charge the battery bank for emergency usage. When the supply is being drawn from the UPS
the voltage from the battery bank is first converted to AC using an oscillator. This 430V AC
voltage is then sent to all the systems that need to be operated on emergency power. There are
2 identical UPS that are in operation. Under normal situations they share half of the total load
of the emergency systems, but they are bith capable of handling the full load if any one of the
UPS malfunctions or fails. UPS are of 2 main types – online and offline. The online UPS
system switches on to the battery bank automatically when it stops receiving input power
whereas the offline UPS system has to be manually switched over in case the it has to be
used. The UPS used by the DMRC are all online type and switch automatically and need no
manual intervention.

SMPS Circuit Block Diagram

Similar to the UPS system the SMPS system also has 2 identical SMPS exist to maintain
redundancy. The battery bank for the SMPS needs to be charged using a charger to keep it
prepared for times if use. It is called a Switched Mode Power Supply because it has a high
frequency switch that is converting the DC voltage to AC voltage.
Both the UPS and SMPS systems have a spare battery bank as well to prevent failures if in
case there is any failure in the battery banks. Both these systems are connected to the ACDB
[AC Distribution Board] and DCDB [DC Distribution Board] instead of having individual
connection with all the systems. The power is first routed to the distribution boards and is
then distributed to all the systems. The distribution boards have MCBs [Main Circuit
Breaker] and ELCBs [Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker] that allow us to turn off certain
unnecessary systems on purpose or break off systems that have unusual voltage flowing
through them.
The difference between MCB and ELCB is very simple. MCBs are used in systems that do
not need a very sensitive circuit breaking mechanism. They break the circuit only when the
voltage in the circuit increases greatly, this is usually in case of voltage spikes in the circuit or
short circuiting somewhere in the circuit. The ELCB on the other hand is a highly sensitive
and precise circuit breaking instrument. The ELCB compares the amount of current that is
going out from it and the amount of current that is coming back into it. If the difference
between the two I considerable it breaks the circuit.
Usually a person touching a circuit board causes damage to the circuit board and gets a shock
as well. An MCB might not be able to detect such an anomaly but an ELCB will detect even
the smallest leakage in the current.

MCB ELCB
 AFC System [ Automatic Fare Collection ]
One of the key features of the DMRC is the implementation of their Automatic Fare
Collection System. To ensure the ease of frequent travellers and to avoid lenghty ticketing
queues and paper based tickets, the DMRC has put in place the AFC system. This system
works on preset values of fares based on the distance and time between 2 stations and deducts
a certain amount from the travellers card/token based on their point of entry and point of exit.
The DMRC AFC system consists of the following components,
 TOM [ Ticket Office Machine ]
 TVM [ Ticket Vending Machine ]
 AFC Gates
 AFC Network Switch
 Emergency Switch
 AFC Workstation
 Tokens & Smart Cards

TOM [Ticket Office Machine]

The TOM used to be the only way for a
passenger to get their tokens or recharge their
smart cards in the past. They are installed in
the customer care cabins and in all the ticket
vending cabins. With more and more people
relying on cards these days and TVMs coming
into the fray, their usage has gone down
drastically and the only operational TOMs are
now seen in the customer care cabins.
TOMs consist of multiple components in itself
that serve various purposes, these components
include the following :-
 Passenger Display

Ticket Office Machine 
CSC Reader/Writer
Token Bank
 Reciept Printer
As the name suggests, the ‘Passenger Display’ is for the TOM operator to cmmunicate
the necessary details of the transaction to the passenger. It provides the details such as the
total amount required to be paid, balance etc. The Passenger Display is a pedestal
mounted vacuum fluorescent graphic display capable of displaying messages in English
and in Hindi characters. It can be moved and oriented towards the passenger in the best
direction to indicate the relevant information concerning the transaction or the processing
taking place. It is linked to the TOM CPU via a serial link and it exists only on TOM.
 It can be programmed as per requirements to display the
parameters that are required to be displayed to the passenger.
The default language can also be set according to will. Usually
these displays provide information in Hindi as well as English
by default.
The benefit of using these is that it makes communication easy
and very crisp and thus reduces the time a passenger needs to
spend enquiring about the transaction that they just made. Passenger
Display

The second component of the TOM is the CSC reader/writer. This

is the device that looks like a pad and is use to program the tokes
and smart cards. The CSC module is constituted by a modem and an
antenna included in a plastic housing. This set is linked to the TOM
CPU via a serial link. The CSC reader is powered up with a 12V
DC. The antenna is set under the top side of the box. This allows to
put and leave the card on the box during the transaction. The CSC
CSC module reads and writes CSC data with secure access using
diversified keys mechanism for authentication and selection of
Reader/Writer CSC. Any data that needs to be written onto a card or a token is
done through this device. It is used to recharge charge, issue tokens
for a particular fare, rectify time duration errors, fix no entry – exit cases etc. Essentially
speaking, all data that is written on cards and tokens is done via this and thus is called a
reader/writer.

The token bank is also called as the TDM [ Token

Dispensing Machine ]. It holds upto 2000 tokens at a point of
time. During work hous it is not possible for the customer
care operator to get up and get tokens everytime a passenger
needs to get one issued. These containers are the solution for
the same. One of these is also installed insde each of the
gates. In te case where the TOM token bank is out of tokens
one of the gates is opened and the token bank from there is
used to replace the empty one. This makes the process of
replacing empty token banks extremely easy and smooth.
The token bank is composed with 2 containers, 2 hoppers, Token Bank /TDM
one mechanical housing including the bowl and an
electronic board that gives it power and enables communication to the TOM. It is linked
to the TOM CPU via a serial link.

Apart from all of this apparatus the TOM also has a standard desktop dot matrix receipt
printer to provide a hard copy of the transactions made to the passengers if they want one.
 TVM [Ticket Vending Machine]
Ticket Vendin Machines have come into use in recent
years only. Since their inception they have been
effective in replacing most of the TOMs and have
made it extremely easy to get your own tokens
without any hassle.
They are installed in every metro station and are the
primary source for a passenger to get a token. The
previous versions of these machines were only
capable of dispensing tokens but the new and updated
ones are also capable of recharging smart cards with
the same procedure.
Inside the machine there is a scanner that scans the
monetory notes that are enters. After scanning and
verification that the money is indeed authentic amd
undamaged, it is sent to a bundler. In the bundler the
money is stacked and kept for cases where change
needs to be returned. Inside the machine there are 2
Ticket Vending Machine bundlers and 1 reservoir. The cash that is in the
reservoir is not used in transaction as long as any of
the bundlers have cash in them, in case both the bundlers are out of cash and change
needs to be returned, the money from the reservoir is used. The information about the
number of notes that are in the bundlers and reservoir are displayed on screen in the
footer section in brief.
The machine is programmed about the correct dimensions and scanning points that exist
in our currency that is used to authenticate the money that is being entered into it. The
newer versions also have a CSC reader/writer installed in t hem that is used when
transactions are done on a smart card. The card is first inserted in the slot where the data
is read and put up on the screen for the user to see. When the rechrrge amount is entered,
the machine can either take cash for the same or take a card transaction as it has a
debit/credit card reader too. In addition to all of this the machine also has a standard
matrix dot printer to provide hard copy reciepts of the transaction should the passenger
choose to keep one. All of this equipment is arranged in small shelves and racks inside
the TVM and are all independent from each other and do not affect each other.
The machine also has a backend data base of all the transactions that have taken place in a
day that can be accessed by the admin login to see how many people have used the
machine alond with the token fare and the card recharge amouunts of every transaction.
This thus helos DMRC keep track of how many people are actually using the services
provided by them and also gives them a chance to look for loopholes in systems that are
not being used too frequently and try and solve the problems with that piece of
technology is there are any.
AFC Gates
The AFC gates are arguably the most essential and
vital system in the entire DMRC signalling and
telecommunication department.
The smooth functioning of these gates is essential
in order to facilitate the entry and exit of the
passengers to and from the metro station. They
have a CSC reader/writer installed in them to read
and update the balance in the cards of the
travellers. Some of the gates also have a token
bank and allow people with a token to pass
through. The token bank is the same that is used in AFC Gate
the TOMs and has a capacity of about 2000
tokens.
The gates are the seperation between the concourse and the platform areas of the metro
station. One does not need to pay to be in the concourse but has to pass through the gates
by using either a token or a card in either to get it to open. The functioning of the gate is
based on the input and output from an array of optical sensors. The older versions of the
gates used to have about 16 sensors and the newer ones have about 22 sensors laid out
throughout the surface of the gate.
These sensors are divided into 3 major sections :-
 Entry
 Crossing
 Exit
The sensors in the entry section are used to detect if the passenger has entered the gate,
this means that the person might be using the card/token. As soon as the card/token is
used, it gives a command to the barrier to open. Now as the passenger starts walking,
he/she moves past the entry zone sensors and comes to the crossing zone sensor. These
sensors are put in place to ensur ethat the barrier stays open as long as the person is
crossing and doesn’t close while they are standing in the middle of the gate as it might
lead to injuries or damage to personal belongings. The last zone is the exit zone of
sensors, these sensors are put in place to find out when the passenger is out of the bounds
of the gates and as soon as the passenger crosses the gate, the barrier is closoed and the
gate is ready to repeat the same process for the next passenger. At full efficiency the gates
are programmed to allow 25 passengers to pass per minute if they are carrying tokens and
even more if they are ising smart cards.
The direction of gates is decided from the AFC workstation in the SCR where the data for
all the TOMs, TVMs and gates can be viewed. Gates can either be one sided or bi -
directional. One sided gates allow either entry or exit whereas bi – directional gates allow
entry as well as exit. These setting are decided upon during the design phase of the metro
station and gates are put into place accordingly, however minor changes can be made to
the status of the gates for emergency situations.
AFC Network Switch
The AFC network is kept independent of all the other systems and networks to make sure
that is faces no hindrance or excess traffic due to any reasons whatsoever so that smooth
facilitation of passengers may take place. The AFC network swithc is placed in a separate
compartment in the Signalling Equipment Room [ SER ]. This is again a layer – 3 switch
that ensures that the gates are functioning properly and don’t stop under any
circumstances.

Emergency Switch
An emergency switch is placed at one end of each gate
array that is used to avoid stagnation on crowd during
emergency situations. In case there is a power outage
this switch can be used to open all gates permanently so
that people can go through easily without any problems
of any kind. This process can also be done from the
AFC workstation that is in the SCR but in case all fail –
safe measures don’t work this emergency switch is
connected directly to each gatre array and will keep
them open for as long as the problem is not solved. Emergency Switch

AFC Workstation
The AFC workstation is situated in the Station Control Room. Just like the CCTV
workstation this system can be used to monitor all the gates, their status and give
override emergency commands. This workstation also shows in a zone wise manner the
status of the TOMs and the TVMs all throughout the station and also gives the status of
them all that is if they are working or not and if they are having any issues or not.

Smart Cards & Tokens

The smart cards and tokens are the way the passengers can travel and avail the facilities
of the DMRC. The Smart Cards are like normal ATM cards and have a chip inside of
them. When they are used at the CSC reader/writer of the AFC gates, an error code is
generated that notes down point of entry, time of entry and the card id. While exiting the
passenger again has to use the card at the CSC reader/writer the error code is checked for
and based on the preset values of far ethe card balance is modified automatically. The
same concept is used for tokens as well, the tokens too have a chip inside them that
generates the error code and the same error code is checked for at the time of exit as
well.
A schematic of the station architecture is shown below and all the connections can be
seen clearly. All communication to the gates if done through the AFC workstation
present at the SCR of every metro station.
 Station Arhitecture - AFC

PAS [Passenger Announcement System]

DMRC metro stations are all divided into various sectors
and zones for multiple purposes. Division into zones makes
it easy for the station staff to monitor areas and all the
equipment that is kept in these zones.
One of the major reasons for the division of the metro
station bounds into zones is in order to make personalised
announcements. Every platform, the concourse area, staff
area and every critical part of the station has speakers for
announcements to be made in order to relay critical
information about the DMRC services and their status and
also to relay important information in times of emergency.
All the announcements are handledfrom the SCR and all
the important equipment required to make these
announcements is kept in the PAS rack in the SER.
This rack consists of one audio router and multiple
amplifiers that are connected to the workstation in the SCR
and the speakers laid out all throughout the station
PAS Rack complex.
Each amplifier is connected to a group of speakers in the station comples and is usedto
amplify and transmit the voice messages sent from the workstation in the SCR. The PAS
workstation has a mic and display of the various zones. Specific zones can be selected
using this workstation in order for announcements to be made. For example if there is
some information that needs to be relayed to all the station staff only then only the staff
zones are selected for the announcements to be made. There is a failsafe secondary mice
system as well that is connected to the workstation in order to maintain redundancy.
Now the router that is stacked in the PAS rack can also be used for multiple purposes. Its
primary function is to relay and route the data from the workstation to the selected zones
but it can also be used to turn off certain amplifiers totally or even adjust the volume
levels on certain zones. For example the volume levels in the staff zones is kept lower
than the platforms due to the lack of noise in the staff zone.

PIDS [Passenger Information Display System]

Another major DMRC service that uses the station zones extensively is the PIDS. This
The aim of the system is to display and announce traffic information and other
convenient information along the station and various platform areas .The PIDS allows
the data input, transmission and diffusion of information concerning the movements of
trains in real time to all station users and the same for the application in main center
using Ultra Bright LED Display Panels .The system has capability to control virtually
unlimited no. of stations which can be done by the configuration of the network design .
The PIDS designed for the DMRC’s network has several functions such as displaying
train scheduling information and data related to train circulation like arrival and
departure time. The information display panels that cen be seen on the platforms
informing the passengers about the arrival of trains, the number of coaches, time etc. is
controlled from the SCR as well and is mainly to ensure comfortable information relay
from the SCR to the passengers.
At the very minimum each platform has 4
display panels – 2 display boards with panels on
both sides. These panels are vital in sharing the
information about the estimated time of arrival of
the next train, the final destination of the
upcoming train, current time, number of coaches
in the upcoming train etc.
These panels can also be found in the concourse LED Display Panel
area in the case of larger stations isplaying the
same information for the peple travelling from
one point of the station complex to the other.
The following page has an image of the PIDS workstation that is present in the SCR.
This workstation is used to control the data that is being displayed on these LED panels
and the frequency of the carousel is also controlled from the workstation itself. It has a
zone wise distribution of all the panels in a station for ease of control.
 PIDS Control Screen

Master & Sub – Master Clock

Each metro staion has clocks everywhere on the station compound. All these clocks are
in perfect sunchronisation with wach other and display the exact same time. They are so
much connected to each other that in cases of a delay they will all show the same amount
of delay.
The system of time display and synchronisation followed by
the DMRC is as follows. There is a master clock at OCC that
is Metro Bhawan – Barakhamba Road. This master clock
shows time based on the GPS that is GMT + 4.5 hours.
Each station has a sub – master clock that is linked to this
master clock. This sub – master clock is further linked to
every analog and digital clock on that metro station and thus
all the clocks show the same time.
If in case there is a problem in the connection to the
master clock at the OCC, there is a crystal oscillator that Master Clock Rack
prvents all the clocks from stopping but it is not very
reliable and leads to delay in time when used for a long time.
 Telephone Exchange / EPABX
EPABX is stands for Electronics Private Automatic Branch Exchange. For purpose of
planting communication link between different stations, DMRC has its self-sustained
telephone exchange. This system works on -48 V DC from SMPS. Data is processed at a
rate of 64k bps.

Telephone Connection at DMRC

The above schematic shows the connection of the telephones at DMRC. MDF is the
Main Distribution Frame while IDF is the Intermediate Distribution Frame. The EPABX
rack consists of 2 shelves, the contents of both the shelves is as follows :-
 Shelf 0
o Power Card x2
o SF2X8 Card
o DXCXL Card x2
o ADP
o HDMO Card
 Shelf 1
o SLMAC Cards x2
o SLM02 Cards x2
o LTUCA Card
o DIUN2 Cards x2
Starting from shelf 0, the power cards distribute power throughout the rack. One of them is
active while the other is in order to maintain redundancy. The SF2X8 card provides LAN
ports for the EPABX connection to be monitored at other stations and for other stations to
monitor a particular EPABX. The DXCXL cards are used for networking purposes and are
CPU cards. One of these cards is in active use whereas the other is in order to maintain
redundancy. ADP is in essence the CPU of the EPABX rack and is used to control all the data
coming through to the rack. HDMO is a Hard Disk Magneto Optical card that is used to keep
all the programming and software backups. In case the entire EPABX system is changed, this
card can simply be plugged in to restore the previous settings and softwares.
Moving on to shelf 1, the SLMAC cards are used to operate analog phones. A single card can
aonnect upto 24 phones to itself. The SLM02 cards solve the same purpose but for digital
phones. Again a single card can be used to connect upto 24 phones. LTUCA is the connection
between shelf 0 and shelf 1 and is like to intermediate between the two and keeps them
connected to avoid loss of data and ensure smooth functioning. The DIUN2 cards are used to
link the phones in adjacent stations. Each card has 2 ports, one is used for digital phones
while the other is used for analog phones. Similarly 2 such cards are used to connect to both
the adjacent stations.
In DMRC, the two types of Phones are used:
 Digital: (work on 48-54V DC)
o Digital phone
o Direct line console
 Analog: (work on 38-40V DC)
Priority of digital phones is kept higher than that of analog phones, that is, digital phone can
take channel from analog port if all digital ports are busy. Cards are programmed to give
priorities to certain calls over the others. Also the number of internal and external calles that
can be made simultaneously is also fixed. All these parameters are programmed into the cards
and the backup is kept in the HDMO card.

Radio / EBTS / Tetra

EBTS stands for enhanced base transceiver system. EBTS is another important equipment of
DMRC. This system enables the access to the radio services while roaming within the radio
coverage. EBTS provides all the remote site functionality. EBTS has all features of mobile
communication and broadcasting of any information which are not available with the
telephone system. The radio communications system is designed for providing system-wide
voice and data communication to support the operation and maintenance for Delhi Mass
Rapid Transport System (DMRTS). It provides two-way voice and data radio communication
throughout the operational areas of DMRTS, to provide efficient and effective train radio
dispatching operation for Barakhambha OCC. One more plus point of this system is that it
adds to the level of redundancy to the communication network of DMRC if FOTS (Fiber
Optical Transmission system) breaks down as whole communication between the source and
destination does not takes place through FOTS. This system transfers data at a rate of 128
kbps. DMRC uses MOTOROLA DIMETRA (Digital Motorola European Trunk Radio)
which is sophisticated digital radio equipment having full benefit of TETRA (Terrestrial
Trunked Radio) standards and range is 380-400MHz. Receiving range is 380-390 MHz and
transmitting range is 390-400MHz. This system works on -48 V DC supply from SMPS.
Dimetra IP is Motorola’s TETRA-compliant digital radio system.
The system provides services to three groups of users:
 Radio Users – the mobile users in the system that can roam throughout the radio
coverage area provided by the system. The radio users access the system services
using Mobile Stations that communicate with the Base Stations in the infrastructure
using the TETRA air-interface protocol.
 Controllers – users at fixed locations that have access to advanced features and
facilities provided by the system. These features enable Controllers to efficiently
communicate with and manage fleets of mobile users.
 Network Managers – responsible for managing and maintaining the Dimetra IP
system. The system provides numerous applications that allow the network managers
to efficiently manage the system.

Dimetra IP System Architecture

Wireless transmission has the advantage of not having to install physical connections at every
point, but is limited to Line of Sight (LOS). EBTS sites are place 25 to 75 miles apart. Thus,
DMRC has multiple EBTS sites out of which 9 EBTS sites are at line3. EBTS sites are
similar to an antenna except for one thing i.e., it requires GPS synchronization signal through
the GPS. Underground areas can not have EBTS sites hence, Leaky Co-axial Cables (LCX)
are used, with Bidirectional Antenna (BDA).

Tetra Trunking
A method of traffic channel organization where a traffic channel is allocated for each call
transaction. Trunking facility provides a pooling of all radio channels which are then
allocated on demand to individual users. The radio users access the systems services via the
Mobile Stations. The Base Stations (BSs) provide the radio interface that allows the Mobile
Stations to communicate with the system infrastructure when moving within the system’s
radio coverage area. The TETRA radio system is a single zone system. All the EBTS are
controlled by two Zone Controllers in redundant configuration. During operation, only one
Zone Controller is active. The other Zone Controller is in standby mode and not taking any
load. There is also additional equipment associated with the Zone Controllers. Each EBTS is
connected to a Mobile Switching Office (MSO) and two Zone Controllers on a redundant
configuration and associated equipment are located at the MSO. The Controllers access the
system services via Communication Consoles that are located at the OCC and the Control
Rooms in Stations and Depots, or at a remote control sites such as the Stations and Depots.
Each remote control site also has some further equipment in addition to the Dispatch
Consoles. Each base station consists of base radios. Each base radios are assigned a
frequency which is the physical channel. This physical channel is divided into four logical
channels using TDMA. The first BR would normally contain the control channel, a packet
data channel and two traffic channels. The next BRs are normally assigned with four traffic
channels each. The base station is linked to the MSO using E1 via FOTS. This E1 link
transports all information coming from and going to the base station including alarm
information, audio, data and control information.
There are two types of modes of communication in DMRC network:-
 Group mode- It is a half duplex communication mode in which many user can
communicate with each other by selecting a common talk group. The operation is as
follows:-
o Select a talk group to communicate.
o Press PTT (Press to Talk) to speak.
o Release PTT to listen.
 Private mode- It is a half duplex communication mode in which two users can
communicate with each other privately without interfering a talk group. The operation
is as follows:-
o Select a private mode by using mode key.
o Dial private ID.
o Press PTT and release. A ring will be heard.
o Press PTT to speak.
o Release PTT to listen.
 Phone mode- It is a full duplex communication in which radio user can talk to phone
number used within DMRC or external network connected to DMRC. It can also
communicate in reverse direction, i.e., from phone to radio. The operation is as
follows:-
o Select the phone mode by using mode key.
o Dial phone number.
o Press call/cancel key.
o Talk when call established.
o Press call/cancel key to end call.
 Emergency mode-In emergency mode, TETRA in emergency mode has the highest
priority and every TETRA belonging to that group can listen the information.
Base Station
The base station equipment is often known as a Base Transceiver System
(BTS). Each base station provides radio coverage in a specific
geographic area known as a cell and as the radio users roam around the
systems coverage area, they move from one cell to another. The radio
users use MSs that communicate with the BTSs using the TETRA air-
interface protocol. This protocol contains mechanisms to allow the MSs
to select the most appropriate BS for communication at any location
without any intervention from the radio user. MTS4 has two E1
interfaces for easy ring configuration to promote high redundancy. With
ring configuration failure on one side of the ring will not affect the
working of any base station. MTS4 will be link to MSO using ring BTS System
configuration.
The system has multiple components inside itself too. It takes a total of 4 power sources to
run – 2 AC and 2 DC. One source of each kind is actively working whereas the other is just
to maintain redundancy. This prevents communication blockages in times of emergencies and
power outages.
About Delhi Metro
Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban
Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for
the city. The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi
Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in 1995.Construction started in 1998, and
 The first section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002
 Followed by the Yellow Line in 2004
 The Blue Line in 2005, its branch line in 2009
 The Green and Violet Lines in 2010
 The Delhi Airport Metro Express in 2011
 Magenta line in 2018
 Aqua line in 2019
A company under the name DMRC was registered on 30.05.1995 under the companies act
for construction and operation of the metro project.The Government of India and the
Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
(DMRC) on March 5, 1995 with E. Sreedharan as the managing director. It started
functioning in November, 1997. It appointed General consultant in August, 1998 to assist
them for implementation of the project. It is having 142 stations in the Rail corridor and 35
stations in the Metro corridor (underground). It has a combination of elevated, at-grade and
underground lines and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. The Delhi
Metro Rail Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as the first metro rail and
rail-based system in the world to get “carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions”
Delhi Metro brought a revolutionary change in the city transport. It has also reduced the
travel time. Also the pollution level is reduced to about 50%. A large number of commuters
are having a lot of convenience in reaching their desired destination in the required time.
Dr. E. Sreedharan handed over charge as MD, DMRC to Shri Mangu Singh on 31 December
2011.
Ridership in the DMRC has risen significantly every year. With more and more metro lines
coming up DMRC has played an extensive role in connecting the Delhi NCR. The following
is the current route map.

Metro Map
Acknowledgements

I express my sincere gratitude to DELHI METRO RAIL

CORPORATION, to participate and provide us with the technical
knowledge in the Signal & Telecommunication Department of Delhi
Metro Rail Corporation(BRKR).
I acknowledge, my thanks to all the instructors and staff for the
training in this exercise which is being done for the first time. I am
thankful to Mr. Sunil Pathak, and his staff, for their active technical
and administrative support.
I would also like to thank, Mr Keshav , Ms. Rani, Mr. Ravinder & all
others for helping me to clarify technical doubts and queries, and
being patient with me and my overly inquisitive behaviour.
 To whomsoever it may concern

SHUBHAM GADDI, student of Bachelor of Technology (ELECTRICAL &

ELECTRONICS) from Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, has successfully completed his
summer training for a period of four weeks at Telecommunication, DMRC from 21st May
2019 to 14th JUNE 2019.
His work mainly comprised of learning about the various equipment and systems that are in
practical use at all DMRC metro station including the CCTV network, SMPS & UPS
systems, AFC system, Master clock system, PAS/PIDS etc. He also coordinated with review
unit on the Station/Depot received by preparing their Training session along with
maintenance of the sequencing according to their composition. He has been enthusiastic and
proactive in the work assigned to him and has made an outstanding comprehensive report. He
performed exceedingly well during the training tenure.
 Contents

 Acknowledgements
 Word of Completion
 CCTV System
 UPS & SMPS System
 AFC System
 PAS
 PIDS
 EPABX
 Radio / EBTS / Tetra
 Tetra Trunking
Shiv Nadar University , Dadri

Submitted By :-
Shubham Gaddi
B.Tech [ EEE ]
4th Semester