LABORATORY MANUAL

Basic Electronics Laboratory

Department of Instrumentation Engineering

JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Assam-785007
Do’s
Ø Be punctual.
Ø Maintain discipline & silence.
Ø Keep the Laboratory clean and tidy.
Ø Enter Laboratory with shoes.
Ø Handle instruments with utmost care.
Ø Come prepared with circuit diagrams, writing materials and
calculator.
Ø Follow the procedure that has been instructed.
Ø Return all the issued equipments properly.
Ø Get the signature on experiment result sheet daily.
Ø For any clarification contact faculty/staff in charge only.
Ø Shut down the power supply after the experiment.
Don’ts
Ø Avoid unnecessary chat or walk.
Ø Playing mischief in the laboratory is forbidden.
Ø Disfiguring of furniture is prohibited.
Ø Do not start the experiment without instructions.
Ø Avoid using cell phones unless absolutely necessary.
Ø Avoid late submission of laboratory reports.
IN306 BE LABORATORY Semester III L-T-P 1 CREDIT
0-0-2

Experi Title of the Experiment Objective of the Experiment

ment
No.
1 a) To plot VI characteristic of a PN junction diode in
forward and reverse bias conditions.
b) To compute static and dynamic resistance in forward
and reverse bias conditions.
Characteristics of PN junction c) To obtain the avalanche breakdown voltage and
diode. compute Zener resistance in case ofa Zener diode.

2 Rectifier and filter circuits a) To set up H.W. and F.W. rectifier circuits with
center tapped transformers and compare their
performances.
b) To setup capacitor, inductor and π filters and study
the improvement caused in rectifier performance.
c) To study voltage regulation.
a) To plot input and output characteristics of a transistor in
Transistor characteristics CB configuration.
3 in CB configuration b) To obtain the h-parameters in CB configuration.

4 Transistor characteristics in a) To plot input and output characteristics of a transistor in

CE configuration CB configuration.
b) To obtain the h-parameters in CB configuration

5 Clamper circuits a) Positive clamping circuits.

b) Negative clamping circuits.
6 Clipping circuits a) To observe the clipping waveform in different
clipping configuration.
7 To measure gain of two a) Cut-off frequencies
stages RC coupled b) Bandwidth
amplifier. c) Mid- band gain.
8 Design and verification of a) To design the bias circuit and select appropriate
transistor potential divider standard value components.
bias circuit.

Text Books:
1. Integrated Electronics Analog and Digital Circuits and Systems 1991 – J. Millman and C.
C. Halkias,TMH
2. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory 11th Ed 2013 – Robert L. Boylestad and
Louis Nashelsky, Pearson Education
3. Electronic Devices and Circuits 5th Ed 2008 – David A. Bell. Oxford University
Press
 Student Profile
Name
Roll Number
Department
Year

Student Performance
Sl. No. Title of the Experiment Remarks
1 Characteristics of PN junction diode.
2 Rectifier and filter circuits
3 Transistor characteristics in CB
configuration
4 Transistor characteristics in CE
configuration
5 Clamper circuits
6 Clipping circuits
7 To measure gain of two stages RC coupled
amplifier.
8 Design and verification of transistor
potential divider bias circuit

Office Use
Checked and found
…………………………………………………
Grade/ Marks
…………………………………………………
Signature
……………………………………………………
Experiment 1: Characteristic of PN junction diode.
Theory: A p-n junction diode conducts only in one direction. The V-I characteristics of the diode
are curve between voltage across the diode and current through the diode. When external voltage
is zero, circuit is open and the potential barrier does not allow the current to flow. Therefore, the
circuit current is zero. When P-type (Anode is connected to +ve terminal and n- type (cathode) is
connected to –ve terminal of the supply voltage, is known as forward bias. The potential barrier is
reduced when diode is in the forward biased condition. At some forward voltage, the potential
barrier altogether eliminated and current starts flowing through the diode and also in the circuit.
The diode is said to be in ON state. The current increases with increasing forward voltage.

When N-type (cathode) is connected to +ve terminal and P-type (Anode) is connected to
the –ve terminal of the supply voltage is known as reverse bias and the potential barrier across the
junction increases. Therefore, the junction resistance becomes very high and a very small current
(reverse saturation current) flows in the circuit. The diode is said to be in OFF state. The reverse
bias current is due to minority charge carriers.
Procedure:
Step 1: Connect as in the circuit diagram
Step 2: Place the potentiometer at the minimum position
Step 3: Slowly increase the potential difference across the diode in steps and note down the
readings. Continue up to full scale deflection of the ammeter.
Step 4: Plot the V-I characteristics and calculate static and dynamic resistances.
Step 5: Connect as in the circuit diagram (Reverse bias) taking a Zener diode. Repeat Step 2 to
Step 3 and observe the avalanche breakdown voltage and compute Zener resistance.
Results and Discussion:

Viva Questions:-
1. Define depletion region of a diode?
2. What is meant by transition & space charge capacitance of a diode?
3. Is the V-I relationship of a diode Linear or Exponential?
4. Define cut-in voltage of a diode and specify the values for Si and Ge diodes?
5. What are the applications of a p-n diode?
6. Draw the ideal characteristics of P-N junction diode?
7. What is the diode equation?
8. What is PIV?
9. What is the break down voltage?
10. What is the effect of temperature on PN junction diodes?
Experiment 2: Rectifier and Filter Circuits.

Theory: A rectifier is a circuit that converts a pure AC signal into a pulsating DC signal or a
signal that is a combination of AC and DC components.

A half wave rectifier makes use of single diode to carry out this conversion. It is named so
as the conversion occurs for half input signal cycle. During the positive half cycle, the diode is
forward biased and it conducts and hence a current flows through the load resistor. During the
negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and it is equivalent to an open circuit, hence the
current through the load resistance is zero. Thus the diode conducts only for one half cycle and
results in a half wave rectified output.

A full wave rectifier makes use of a two diodes to carry out this conversion. It is named so
as the conversion occurs for complete input signal cycle. The full-wave rectifier consists of a
center-tap transformer, which results in equal voltages above and below the center-tap. During the
positive half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the anode of D1 while a negative voltage appears
at the anode of D2. Due to this diode D1 is forward biased it results in a current Id1 through the
load R. During the negative half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the anode of D2 and hence it
is forward biased. Resulting in a current Id2 through the load at the same instant a negative voltage
appears at the anode of D1 thus reverse biasing it and hence it doesn’t conduct.
 (c)

(d)
Procedure:
Step 1: Connect as in the circuit diagram in Fig. (a) and measure the output voltage with both dc and
ac voltmeter (PMMC and MI).
Step 2: Compute the ripple factor.
Step 3: Repeat Steps (1) and (2) for Fig. (b). Compare the performance of FW and HW rectifiers.
Step 4: Connect as in the circuit diagram in Fig.(c)without connecting RL and measure both dc and
ac output voltages using a Multimeter.
Step 5: Observe filtering action i.e. note that dc voltage increases and the ac or the ripple voltage
decreases.
Step 6: Connect RL and note the dc voltage at RLmax and RLmin and compute the voltage regulation.
CAUTION: DO NOT SHORT CIRCUIT RL to get RLmin. READ up to the Max CURRENT
Rating of the Rheostat RL in the Ammeter.
Step 7: Repeat Steps (4) to (6) for Fig. (d)

Results and Discussion:

Viva Questions
1. What is a rectifier?
2. What is a ripple factor?
3. What is efficiency?
4. What is PIV?
5. What are the applications of rectifier?
6. Give some rectifications technologies?
7. What is the efficiency of bridge rectifier?
8. What is filter?
9. PIV center tapped FWR?
10. In filters capacitor is always connected in parallel, why?
Experiment – 3: Transistor characteristics in CB configuration.

Theory: A transistor is a three terminal active device. The terminals are emitter, base, collector. In
CB configuration, the base is common to both input (emitter) and output (collector). For normal
operation, the E-B junction is forward biased and C-B junction is reverse biased.

With an increasing the reverse collector voltage, the space-charge width at the output
junction increases and the effective base width ‘W’ decreases. This phenomenon is known as
“Early effect”. Then, there will be less chance for recombination within the base region. With
increase of charge gradient with in the base region, the current of minority carriers injected
across the emitter junction increases. The current amplification factor of CB configuration is
given by,
α= IC/ IE

Procedure:
Step 1: Connect as in the circuit diagram and keep Potential divider at Minimum position.

Step 2: Plot input characteristics: Keep the output voltage constant (say 0 V). Increase the input
voltage gradually to increase in steps of 5 mA from 0 mA and note down the meter readings. Take
about 15 readings. Plot versus . Repeat Step 2 for another (say 3 V).

Step 3: Plot output characteristics: Keep the input current constant (say 10 mA). Increase the
output voltage gradually in steps of 1 V from 1 V and note down the meter readings for . Take
about 15 readings. Plot versus . Repeat Step 3 for two more values of (say 20 mA and 30 mA).

Step 4: Compute h parameters from the input and the output characteristics.
Results and Discussion:

Model characteristics:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the range of α for the transistor?
2. Draw the input and output characteristics of the transistor in CB configuration?
3. Identify various regions in output characteristics?
4. What is the relation between α and β?
5. What are the applications of CB configuration?
6. What are the input and output impedances of CB configuration?
7. Define α(alpha)?
8. What is EARLY effect?
9. Draw diagram of CB configuration for PNP transistor?
10. What is the power gain of CB configuration?
Experiment – 4: Transistor characteristics in CE configuration

Theory: A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals are emitter, base, collector. In
common emitter configuration, input voltage is applied between base and emitter terminals and
output is taken across the collector and emitter terminals. Therefore the emitter terminal is
common to both input and output. The input characteristics resemble that of a forward biased
diode curve. This is expected since the Base-Emitter junction of the transistor is forward biased.
As compared to CB arrangement IB increases less rapidly with VBE. Therefore input resistance of
CE circuit is higher than that of CB circuit.
The output characteristics are drawn between Ic and VCE at constant IB. the collector
current varies with VCE unto few volts only. After this the collector current becomes almost
constant, and independent of VCE. The value of VCE up to which the collector current changes with
VCE is known as Knee voltage. The transistor always operated in the region above Knee voltage,
IC is always constant and is approximately equal to IB. The current amplification factor of CE
configuration is given by β = IC/IB

Procedure:
Step 1: Connect as in the circuit diagram and keep Potential divider at Minimum position. Step
2: Plot input characteristics: Keep the output voltage constant (say 0 V). Increase the input
voltage gradually such that increases in steps of 20 A from 0 A and note down
the meter readings. Take about 15 readings. Plot versus . Repeat Step 2 for another (say 3 V).

Step 3: Plot output characteristics: Keep the input current constant (say 20 A). Increase the
output voltage gradually such that increases in steps of 1 mA (or 2 mA or 3 mA in other two
cases respectively) from 0 mA and note down the meter readings. Take about 15 readings. Plot
versus . Repeat Step 3 for two more values of (say 30 A and 60 A).

Step 4: Compute h parameters from the input and the output characteristics.

Results and Discussion:

Model Graphs:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the range of b for the transistor?

2. What are the input and output impedances of CE configuration?
3. Identify various regions in the output characteristics?
4. What is the relation between a and b
5. Define current gain in CE configuration?
6. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?
7. What is the phase relation between input and output?
8. Draw diagram of CE configuration for PNP transistor?
9. What is the power gain of CE configuration?
10. What are the applications of CE configuration?
EXPERIMENT NO.5: CLAMPER CIRCUITS

Theory: Sometimes you may want to leave the waveform unchanged, but modify its DC level up
or down. To accomplish this, you use a clamper circuit. The beauty of clampers is that they can
adjust the DC position of the waveform without knowing what the waveform actually is.The
positive clamper shown in the figure below works as follows:

In the positive half of the first cycle, the voltage across the capacitor cannot change
instantaneously; therefore as the voltage on the input moves up, the voltage on the top of the diode
has to follow this voltage. This reverse biases the diode causing it to act as an open, thus the output
voltage follows the input voltage. As the input voltage drops into the negative half of the first
cycle, the diode is going to be forward biased. In the positive half of the first cycle, the voltage
across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously; therefore as the voltage on the input moves up,
the voltage on the top of the diode has to follow this voltage.

Positive Clamper adds a positive DC shift to the waveform without changing the shape of the
waveform, except for the startup portion of the waveform.

This reverse biases the diode causing it to act as an open, thus the output voltage follows
the input voltage. As the input voltage drops into the negative half of the first cycle, the diode is
going to be forward biased. This causes the diode to behave like a wire, which cannot dissipate
any voltage. This causes to inter-related effects. First, the output voltage is held steady at 0V.
Second, because there are 0V dissipated across the diode (and resistor) all of the voltage has to
be dissipated across the capacitor. This charges the capacitor to the magnitude of the input
signal.
Circuit Diagram:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Calculate the values of output voltage theoretically.
3. Set input signal voltage (say 5V, 1 kHz) using signal generator.
4. Observe the output waveform using CRO (DC-mode)
5. Sketch the theoretical & observed waveforms on the graph.

Results & Discussion:

Viva Questions
1. Discuss how lowering of on the clamper circuit affects the output. Load resistance.
2. Does the input wave shape of the clamper affect the value of DC shift on the output wave
EXPERIMENT NO. 6: CLIPPING CIRCUITS

Theory: Clipper circuits have the ability to “clip” off a p ortion of the input signal without
distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform. The half wave rectifier of the previous
experiment is an example of the simplest form of diode clipper. Depending on the orientation of
thy diode, the positive or negative region of the input signal is “clipped” off. There are two general
categories of clippers: series and parallel. The series c configuration is defined as one where the
diode is in series with the load, while the parallel variety has the diode in branch parallel to the
load.

Clippers are useful for protecting circuits from exceeding various voltages (either positive or
negative).
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuits as per the circuit diagram
2. Calculate the values of output theoretically
3. Set input signal voltage (say 5V, 1 kHz) using signal generator
4. Observe the output waveform using CRO (DC-mode)
5. Sketch the calculated & observed waveforms on the graph.

Result & Discussion:

Viva question:

1. Is clipper and rectifier circuits are similar?

2. What is the basic principle used to form a clipper circuit?
EXPERIMENT NO. 7: To measure gain of two stage RC coupled amplifier

Theory: To achieve higher gain, we can use multi-stage amplifier where output of one amplifier is
connected to input of next amplifier. Amplifiers are connected in cascade arrangement so it is also
called cascade amplifier.
Output of first amplifier is connected to input of second amplifier by coupling device like coupling
capacitor. Direct coupling or transformer coupling is also used. Capacitor coupling is used to
couple AC signal from output of first amplifier to input of second amplifier. Coupling capacitor
does not pass DC signal so DC biasing of second stage is not affected by first stage and vice-versa.
In this practical, we will use capacitor coupling which is also known as two stages RC coupled
amplifier. Typical circuit diagram is shown below:
 :: WORKSHEET ::
Draw circuit diagram from the board available in the laboratory:
Observation table:
Input voltage: V1 = 10 mV

Results & Discussion:

Viva-Questions:
1. What are the advantages of multistage amplifier?
2. What will happen if we increase input voltage in two stage RC coupled
amplifier used in your practical to 10 mV?
3. What are the different coupling methods? What is the advantage and
disadvantage of direct coupling?
 EXPERIMENT NO. : 8 : Design and Verification of Transistor potential divider bias
circuit

Theory: Potential divider bias is also known as emitter current bias, or voltage divider bias. A
voltage divider bias circuit is shown in Fig.1, and the current and voltage conditions throughout
the circuit are illustrated. It is seen that the collector resistor (RC) and emitter resistor (RE) are
connected in series with the transistor. Thus the total dc load in series with the transistor is
(Rc+RE) and this total resistance must be used when drawing the dc load line for the circuit.
Resistors R1 and R2 constitute a voltage divider that divides the supply voltage to produce the base
bias voltage (VB). Voltage divider bias circuits are normally designed to have the voltage divider
current (I2) very much larger than the transistor base current (IB). In this circumstance VB is larger
unaffected by IB, so VB can be assumed to remain constant.

Fig:1
Fig:2
Results & Discussion:

Viva Questions:

1) What is faithful amplification? What are the conditions to be fulfilled to achieve faithful
amplification in a transistor amplifier?
2) What do you understand by transistor biasing? What is its need?
3) What do you understand by stabilization of Q-point?
4) Define Q-point and explain the concept of dc load line.