INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED TO
Dr. B.C.ROY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, DURGAPUR
IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

NAME OF THE ORGANIZATION:

NAME OF THE STUDENT:Prabhat singh

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO: 1200031

REGISTRATION NO: 151200 OF 2015 - 2016

SEMESTER & YEAR:

DURATION OF THE TRAINING: Days

DATE OF SUBMISSION: DD MM YY YY

[I declared that material; I have complied and agreed to the university statement on plagiarism and academic integrity]

_________________________________ ________________________________
Signature Students Signature Mentor

1
 CERTIFICA TE

This is to certify that the Internship in ‘BSNL ’ being submitted by Su b hash Ch and ra T an k ,
In fulfilment of the requirem ent for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology
in discipline of engineering, has been carried out under my supervision and guidance.
The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted, in part or in full, to any other
university or institute for the award of any degree, diploma or certificate.

Prof. Udayprakash R. Singh

Head of Department
Department of Electronics and Comm unication
Sir Padampat Singhania University
Udaipur 313601 Rajasthan , India

Dr. Achintya Choudhury

Dean, School of Engineering
Sir Padampat Singhania University
Udaipur 313601 Rajasthan, India

2
 ACKNO WLEDG EME NT

“It is not possible to prepare a project report without the assistance &
Encouragement of other people. This one is certainly no exception.”

On the very outset of this report, I would like to extend my sincere & heartfelt
obligation towards all the personages who have helped me in this endeavour.
Without their active guidance, help, cooperation & encouragement, I would not
have made headway in the project.

I am ineffably indebted to Mr. PRAMOD TAILOR for conscientious guidance and

Encouragement to accomplish this assignment.

I am extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to department of BSNL for their

Valuable guidance and support on completion of this project in its presently.

I extend my gratitude to SPSU for giving me this opportunity. I also acknowledge

with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my Parents and member of
my family, who has always supported me morally as well as economically.

At last but not least gratitude goes to all of my friends who directly or indirectly
Helped me to complete this project report.

Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude.

Thanking You

Subhash Chandra Tank

3
 ABSTRACT

Spending a period of four weeks with the Telecommunication Networking.

The report on how the BSNL Basic Telecom Network work and how to exchange work
and how the company work with telecommunication Network.
This Report also contains the basic telecommunication that work with all team work of
employees and the exchange work.
I was in direct selling and, I realized that it is very difficult to understand the behaviour of
customers. I am saying this because even though I was associated with a brand,
sometimes it was difficult to convi nce the custom BSNL has a Quality telecommunication
system which is demonstrated through its ability to consistently provide product and
services that meets customer and applicable regulatory requirements. It aims to enhance
customer satisfaction through its effective services.
Previously electro mechanically exchange for use in India namely Strowger type
exchange, cross bar exchange were there. These Manual telephone exchanges suffered
from some disadvantages.
To overcome these an automatic exchange was introduced in this system. In this system
1980’s PITHROTHA LTD. Imtroduced “C-DOT“ exchange in India.
Besides C-DOT exchange ILT exchange, E-10B exchange also proved of mild stone
in Telecommunication Sector to replace electromechanical exchages, which were most
sophisticated and modern latest techniques electronics exchanges. There after it was
OCB-283 exchange which proved very important exchange in this series to replace
electromechanical exchanges.
Now it is “WLL” & “GSM” mobiles which is also proved a mild stone in telecommunication
sector. It was 31st march 2002 when BSNL started these GSM mobile and
today it has provided almost 35 lacks mobiles in all over country.

4
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTILULAR PAGE

NO. NO.
Cover Page 1
Certificate 2
Acknowledgement 3
Abstract 4
Contents 5-6
List of Figures 7
Introduction to BSNL 8

Profile of the Company 9-10

Facilities / Departments Visited 11

Telecome Network 12-16

Chapter-1 1.1 Call Setup 12

1.2 Electronic Exchange 13

1.3 Carrier Room 13

1.3.1 Conventional Leased 13

Line System

1.3.2 Managed Leased Line 14

Network

1.4 Main Distribution Frame 14

1.4.1 Function of MDF 14

1.5 Power Plant 15

1.6 How a Telecom Exchange 15

Work
1.7 Engine and Alternator 16

5
 1.8 OMC 16

1.9 Switches 16

Chapter-2 Switching 17-20

2.1 C-DOT 18

Chapter-3 Mobile Communication 21-24

3.1 Generation Gap 21

3.2 How a call is connected 23

Chapter-4 CDMA 25-26

4.1 Advantage of CDMA 26

Chapter-5 GSM 27-30

5.1 GSM Subsystem 28

5.2 GSM Evolution 29

5.3 Advantages for Operation 30

Chapter-6 Broadband 31-37

6.1 Feature of Broadband 32

6.2 Wire Line Broadband Technologies 32

6.2.1 ADSL 32

6.2.2 DSL 35
6.2.3 ISDN 35

6.2.4 Advantages 36

6.2.5 BPL 36

6.2.6 Applications of 37
Broadband

Chapter-7 Conclusion 38

References 39

6
 List of Figures

FIGURE Title of Figure Page

NO. No.

FIG 1.1 How Line Reaches from Subscriber to Exchange 12

FIG 1.2 Main Distribution Frame 14

FIG 1.3 Block Diagram of Telephone Exchange 16

FIG 2.1 General Diagram of a Digital Switch 17

FIG 2.2 C-DOT Rax 19

FIG 2.3 The C-DOT DSS MAX Basic Architecture 20

FIG 3.1 Cell Phone and Base Station 22

FIG 4.1 Different b/w CDMA and Other Systems 26

FIG 5.1 GSM Network Architecture 29

FIG 5.2 Evolution of GSM 29

FIG 6.1 Broadband Connection 34

7
 INTRODUCTION

The telephone is a telecommunication device that is used to transmit and

receive electronically or digitally encoded speech between two or more
people conversing. It is one of the most common household appliances in
the world today. Most telephone network which allows any phone user to
communicate with almost any other user.
Telecommunication networks carry information signals among entities, which
are geographically far apart. The entities are involved in the process of
information transfer that may be in the form of a telephone conversation or
a file transfer between two computers or message transfer between
two terminals etc.
With the rapidelly growing traffic and untargerted growth of cyberspace,
telecommunication becomes a fabric of our life. The future challenges are
enormous as we anticipate rapid growth items of new services and number of user.
Telecommunication has evaluated and growth at an explosive rate in recent
years and will undoubtedly continue to do so.
The telecommunication links and switching were mainly designed for voice
communication. With the appropriate attachments/equipments, they can be used
to transmit data. A modern society, therefore needs new facilities including
very high bandwidth switched data networks, and large communication
satellites with small, cheap earth antennas.

8
 COMPANY PROFILE

Company Name: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.

Type: State-owned enterprise

Founded: 15 September 2000

Headquarters: New Delhi, India

Industry: Telecommunications

Key people: R.K. Upadhyay

(Chairman & MD)

Services: Fixed line and mobile telephony,

Internet services, digital television, IPTV

Revenue : 271.28 billion (2013)

279.33 billion (2012)

Operating Income: -79.55 billion (2013)

-88.21 billion (2012)

Net income: -78.84 billion (2013)

-88.51 billion (2012)

Total assets: 956.89 billion (2013)

1018.35 billion (2012)

Total equity: 956.89 billion (2013)

1018.35 billion (2012)

Owner(s): Government of India

Employees: 2,44,891

Website: www.bsnl.co.in
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is a state-owned telecommunications company
headquartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest Indian cellular service
providers, with over 87.1 million subscribers as of April 2011, and the largest land line
telephone provider in India. BSNL is India’s oldest and largest communication service
provider (CSP). It had a customer base of 90 million as of June 2008. It has footprints
throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are
managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). As of June 30, 2010, BSNL
had a customer base of 27.45 million wire line and 72.69 million wireless subscribers.
BSNL is the only service provider, maki ng focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge
the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact, there is no telecom operator in the
country to beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook & corner of
country and operates across India except Delhi & Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible
areas of Siachen glacier and North-eastern region of the country BSNL serves its
customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services. BSNL is numerous operator of India
in all services in its license area.

The company offers wide ranging & most transparent tariff schemes designed to suite
every customer. BSNL cellular service, Cell One, has 55,140, 282 2G cellular customers
and 88,493 3G customers as on 30.11.2009. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead, with
85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL
has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers who access
Internet through various modes. BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in
the country. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP
infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the
same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0.6 Million
broadband customers.

The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and
Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000
certified Telecom Training Institute.

10
 Facilities/ Departments Visited

Department/ Duration of visit Major Name of

Facility equipment/ official
Software under whom
available training was
carried out

Frome To

Working of May 5th May C-DOT , Mr. Pramod

Telecom 10th Tailor
MDF, Telecom
network
Network
Sanchar Soft, Mr. Pradeep
GSM, CDMA May 10th May
KENAN FX, Navlakha
and Landline 16th
and C-DOT

Broadband and May 16th May Switch Room, Mr. Mahesh

Telecome 23th OFC Room Joshi

Exchange May 24th May Landline Mr. Mahesh

Shifting 24th Exchange Joshi

Telecom May 24th May C-DOT, WLL Mr. Pramod

network 30th Tailor

&

Mr. Mahesh
Joshi

11
 Chapter-1
TELECOM NETWORK

This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a
call from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile
or vice versa.
1.1 CALL SETUP:
 When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to
the nearest switching center that is PSTN (Public Switching
Telecommunication Network). Then it processes the caller and
subscriber’s number if it exists in the same BSC then call setup is
completed.
 If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call
transfer to MSC (Main Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior
BSC then call setup is completed.
 If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO
now call transfer is done on BTSs (Base Transceiver Station) and call
setup is completed.

FIG 1.1 HOW LINE REACHES FROM SUBSCRIBER TO EXCHANGE

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FUNCTION OF EXCHANGE:

 Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This

is done by two type of signaling:
1. In channel signaling
2. Common channel signaling
 Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of
signaling network.
 Charging and billing.

1.2 : ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE:

 All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.

 Memories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten.
For each call processing step decision is taken according to class of
service.

1.3 : CARRIER ROOM:

Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. This room has two
parts:
1. Conventional leased line system
2. MLLN

1.3.1 : CONVENTIONAL LEASED LINE SYSTEM:

 It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company

requesting for that network.
 Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.
 For this, we have 4 modems (2 in Exchange, 1 at sender and 1 at
receiver)
 Modems are used for short distances i.e. trans and receive part are
received here and local lead connection is given to the subscriber.

13
 Local lead faults can be handled here but the trans and recei ve faults
can be handled by the department meant for it.
 Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps.
 For long distance communication we have MUXS and data is sent
through optical fibers. MUXS are present at both the ends.

1.3.2 : MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK:

 No open wiring.
 Route can be changed by the computer software
 In Agra Gate Exchange, we have 3 VMUX of type II.

1.4 : MDF(MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME):

M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a
termination point within the local telephone exchange where exchange
equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires.

FIG 1.2 MDF

(REF- 1.4.1)

1.4.1 : FUNCTIONS OF MDF:

 All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines
are terminated and distributed through MDF.
 The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from
both sides. Each jumper is a twisted wire.

14
 It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the
main Exchange area.
 The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat
coils and functions as a test point between a line and the office.
 It provides testing of calls.
 It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
 All lines terminate individually.

1.5 : POWER PLANT:

 It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.
 Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their
maintenance.
 Cooling is provided through fans & AC.
 There is earth region too for protection.

1.6 : HOW A TELECOMEXCHANGE WORKS:

It requires -48 Vdc.

A telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic
components that
connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to
house inside plant equipment including telephone switches, which make
telephone calls “work” in the sense of making connections and relaying the
speech information.

The basic block diagram for a telecom exchange is as follows-

15
 Fig 1.3: Block diagram of telephone exchange

1.7 : Engine and Alternator

It provides AC output in the event of commercial power supply failure. The
diesel engine provides the prime mover to the alternator so that the
alternating current is generated to support the exchange systems.
150 KV Generator with 6 Silinder, and it require 24 V DC for Starting System

1.8 : OMC (Operation and Maintenance Control)

It contains input-output processor terminals, visual display units, printers,
cartridges, etc. It controls the entire operation of exchange data and billing
data. The new connections, adding and removing of facilities to the
subscriber is done in the OMC room.

1.9 : Switch
It provides the switching facility and connection to the outside of the
exchange. The switch room contains actual telephone switchi ng hardware
such as cabinets, racks, slots and cards. Switchi ng is the most important
part of the exchange process.

16
 Chapter-2
SWITCHING

A switch is defined as establishing a temporary connection from the calli ng

subscriber to the called subscriber. Switch is a device that makes the
connection and breaks the connection. It is a device that channels incomi ng
data from any of the multiple input ports to the specific input that will take the
data toward its intended destination.
A Digital switchi ng system, in general, is one in which signals are switched
in digital form. These signals may represent speech or data. The digital
signals of several speech samples are time multiplexed on a common
media before being switched through the system.
To connect any two subscribers, it is necessary to interconnect the time-
slots of the two speech samples which may be on same or different PCM
highways. The digitalized speech samples are switched in two modes, viz.,
Time Switching and Space Switching.

Fig 2.1 : General Diagram of a Digital Switch

17
 AU : Subscriber rack for feeding current and other functionalities
 Interface: Interface between main exchange and subscribers/Trunks
 Switch: Main switching network and other exchange equipment
 MDD: Magnetic Disk Drive for storing data
 MTD: Magnetic Tape Drive for backup and regeneration of the exchange
 OMT: Operation and Maintenance terminal to issue various commands.
 Control: Processor to control peripherals and interfacing Main
Exchange.
 Printer: To get hard copy for all the reports.

Different types of Electronic Switches are –

(1) C-DOT : Indian Made
(2) E10B : France Made
(3) OCB : France Made
(4) EWSD : Germany Made

Of these, the most important ones include C-DOT and EWSD. Which are
mostly used now a days.

2.1 : C-DOT
The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) was established in
August 1984 as an autonomous body. Its goal was to develop
telecommunication technology to meet the needs of the Indian
telecommunication network.

In the initial years, a telecom revolution in rural India that was responsible
for all-round socio-economic development from global connecti vity. As part
of its development process, C-DOT spawned equipment manufacturers and
component vendors. Research and development facilities were located at
its Delhi and Bangalore campuses.

18
Within a very short time, telecom switching products suited to Indian
conditions appeared in the form of small rural automatic exchanges (RAXs)
and medium si ze switches as SBMs for towns. This was followed by higher
capacity digital switches known as main automatic exchanges (MAXs). C-
DOT technology spread across the country through its licensed
manufacturers.

Beginning with digital switching systems, C-DOT developed products for

optical, satellite and wireless communication from circuit switching
technology, ATM and next generation networks. From a purely hardware
development centre, it diversified into development of telecom software like
IN, NMS, Data Clearing House and from a protected environment of closed
market to an open and competitive market.

While developing the RAX/MAX digital switches, C-DOT also evolved

processes and procedures for manufacturing the switches in Indian factories
which set up an Indian manufacturing vendor base. Later, C-DOT projects
included central monitoring systems for telecom security, for the Indian
government.

Fig 2.2 : C-DOT Rax

19
Block diagram :C-DOT DSS MAX exchange can be configured using four
basic modules
 Base Module
 Central Module
 Administrative Module
 Input Output Module

Fig 2.3: The C-DOT DSS MAX Basic Architecture

20
 Chapter-3
MOBILE COMMUNICATION

A mobile phone, cell phone or hand phone is an electronic device used to

make mobile telephone calls across a wide geographic area, served by
many public cells, allowing the user to be mobile. By contrast, a cordless
telephone is used only within the range of a single, private base station, for
example within a home or an office.
A mobile phone can make and recei ve telephone calls to and from the
public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line
phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network
provided by a mobile network operator. In addition to telephony, modern
mobile phones also support a wide variety of
other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, sh ort
range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), busi ness applications,
gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these more general
computing capabilities are referred to as smart phones.

3.1 : Generation Gap

Generation#1
 Analog [routines for sending voice]
 All systems are incompatible
 No international roaming

Generation#2
 Digital [voice encoding]
 Increased capacity
 More security
 Compatibility
 Can use TDMA or CDMA for increasing capacity

21
Generation#2.5

 Packet-switching
 Connection to the internet is paid by packets and not by connection
time.
 Connection to internet is cheaper and faster [up to 56KBps]

Generation#3

 The present future

 Permanent web connection at 2Mbps
 Internet, phone and media: 3 in 1
 The standard based on GSM is called UMTS.
 The EDGE standard is the development of GSM towards 3G.

The genius of the cellular system is the division of a city into small cells. This
allows extensive frequency reuse across a city, so that millions of people
can use cell phones simultaneously. In a typical analog cell-phone system,
the cell-phone carrier recei ves about 800 frequencies to use across the city.
The carrier chops up the city into cells. Each cell is typically si zed at about
10squaremiles (26 square 22ilometres). Cells are normally thought of as
hexagons on a big hexagonal grid, like this:

Fig 3.1: Cell Phones and base Stations

22
3.2 : HOW A CALL IS CONNECTED
 When you first power up the phone, it listens for an SID on the control
channel. The control channel is a special frequency that the phone and
base station use to talk to one another about things like call set-up and
channel changing. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen
to, it knows it is out of range and displays a “no service” message.

 When it receives the SID, the phone compares it to the SID programmed
into the phone. If the SIDs match, the phone knows that the cell it is
communicating with is part of its home system.

 Along with the SID, the phone also transmits a registration request, and
the MTSO keeps track of your phone’s location in a database — this
way, the MTSO knows which cell you are in when it wants to ring your
phone.

 The MTSO gets the call, and it tries to find you. It looks in its database to
see which cel you are in.

 The MTSO picks a frequency pair that your phone will use in that cell
to take the call.

 The MTSO communicates with your phone over the control channel to
tell it which frequencies to use, and once your phone and the tower switch
on those frequencies, the cal is connected. Now, you are talki ng by two-
way radio to a friend.

 As you move toward the edge of your cell, your cell’s base station notes
that your signal strength is diminishi ng. Meanwhile, the base station in
the cell you are moving toward (which is listeni ng and measuring signal
strength on all frequencies, not just its own one-seventh) sees

23
your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate
with each other through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a
signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. This hand
off switches your phone to the new cell.

Let’s say you’re on the phone and you move from one cell to another — but
the cell you move into is covered by another service provider, not yours.
Instead of dropping the call, it’ll actually be handed off to the other service
provider.
If the SID on the control channel does not match the SID programmed into
your phone, then the phone knows it is roaming. The MTSO of the cell that
you are roaming in contacts the MTSO of your home system, which then
checks its database to confirm that the SID of the phone you are usi ng is
valid. Your home system verify your phone to the local MTSO, which then
tracks your phone as you move through its cells. And the amazing thing is
that all of this happens within seconds.

24
 Chapter- 4
CDMA

One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing

several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single
communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of
frequencies. This concept is called multiple access.
CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme
(where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be
multiplexed over the same physicalchannel.
By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time,w
hile frequency-division multiple access(FDMA) divides it by frequency.
CDMA is a form of spreadspectrumsignalling,
since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than
the data being communicated.
FDMA - Different users use different frequency
TDMA - Different user use different time slotof one frequency CDMA
- Different user use same frequency at the same time, but
with different spreading code
CDMA is a spread spectrum multiple access technique. A spread spectrum
technique spreading the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same
transmitted power. Spreading code is a pseudo-random code that has a
narrow Ambiguity function, unlike other narrow pulse codes. In CDMA a
locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be
transmitted. Data for transmission is combined via bitwise XOR(exclusi ve
OR) with the faster code.
Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal.
Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the
performance of CDMA systems. The best performance will occur when there
is good separation between the signal of a desired user and the

25
signals of other users. The separation of the signals is made by correlati ng
the recei ved signal with the locally generated code of the desired user. If the
signal matches the desired user’s code then the correlation function will be
high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user’s code has
nothing in common with the signal the correlation should be as close to zero
as possible (thus eliminating the signal); this is referred to as cross
correlation. If the code is correlated with the signal at any time offset other
than zero, the correlation should be as close to zero as possible. This is
referred to as auto-correlation and is used to reject multi-path interference.

4.1: Advantages of CDMA

 Frequency reuse factor is 1. Network design and expanding become
much easier.
 Large Coverage, almost 2 times than GSM, saves money for operators.
 High spectrum capacity 8—10 times than AMPS, 4²6 times than GSM.
 High privacy, hard to wiretapping.
 Perfect Power Control and voice activation make the MS power low,
healthy for body green mobile phone.
 Use soft handoff, decreases call-drop rate.

CDMA – “make before break”---soft handoff

Other systems – “make after break”---hard handoff

Fig 4.1: Diferences b/w CDMA and other systems

26
 Chapter-5
GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard set

developed by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation
(or “2G”) digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first
generation analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described
a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony.
The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switched data
transport, then packet data transport via GPRS. Packet data transmission
speeds were later increased via EDGE. The GSM standard is succeeded by
the third generation (or “3G”)UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP. GSM
networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation
(or “4G”) LTE Advanced standards. GSM” is a trademark owned by the GSM
Association.
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by
searchi ng for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes
in a GSM network² macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The
coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation
environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station
antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level.
Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;
they are typically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells whose
coverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors.
Femto cells are cells designed for use in residential or small business
environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband
internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of
smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

27
Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and
propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of
kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical
use is 35 kilometers (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the
concept of an extended cell,
where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the
antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance.
Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by usi ng
an indoor microcell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed
indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from
an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system.
These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors;
for example, in shopping centres or airports. However, this is not a
prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building
penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell. The modulation used
in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a ki nd of
conti nuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be
modulated onto the carrier is first smoothened with a Gaussian low-pass
filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the
interference to neighbouring channels (adjacent-channel interference).

5.1 : GSM subsystems

Network Subsystem: includes the equipments and functions related to

end-to-end call.

Radio Subsystem: includes the equipments and functions related to the

management of the connections on the radio path.

Operations and Maintenance subsystem: includes the operation and

maintenance of GSM equipment for the radio and network interface.

28
 Fig 5.1: GSM Network Architecture

5.2 : GSM Evolution

Fig 5.2.: Evolution of GSM

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5.3 : Advantages for Operators

More revenue : By providing more than a mobile connection. Also operator

can charge on the basis of type and amount of content accessed.

Huge Potential Market for Data Services: Mobile Phone and Internet,
both are fastest growing technologies and GPRS is the merger of two.

Fast Roll-out and Continuous Network Expansion: GPRS is an integral

part of GSM.

GPRS uses excess voice capacity for data: GPRS Packets are
transmitted in short, free periods between busy hour calls.

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 Chapter-6
BROADBAND

An “always-on” data connection that is able to support interacti ve services

including Internet access and has the capability of the minimum download
speed of 256 kilo bits per second (kbps) to an individual subscriber from the
Point Of Presence (POP) of the service provider is called Broadband.
Data rates are defined in terms of maximum download because network and
server conditions significantly affect the maximum speeds that can be
achieved and because common consumer broadband technologies such as
ADSL are “asymmetric” supporting much lower maximum upload data rate
than download. In practice, the advertised maximum bandwidth is not always
reliably available to the customer; physical
Link quality can vary, and ISPs usually allow
a greater number of subscribers than their backbone connection or neighb
ourhood accessnetwork can handle, under the assumption that most users
will not be usi ng their full connection capacity very frequently. This
aggregation strategy (known as a contended service) works more often
than not, so users can typically burst to their full bandwidth most of the time
however, peer-to-peer (P2P) filesharing systems, often requiring extended
durations of high bandwidth usage, violate these assumptions, and can
cause major problems for ISPs. In some cases the contention ratio, or a
download cap, is agreed in the contract, and busi nesses and
other customers, who need a lower contention ratio or even an
uncondensed service, are typically charged more. When traffic is
particularly heavy, the ISP can deliberately throttle back user traffic, or just
some kinds of traffic. This is known as traffic shaping. Careful use of traffics
happing by the network provider can ensure quality of service for time
critical services even one extremely busy networks, but overuse can lead to

31
concerns about network neutrality if certain types of traffic are severely or
completely blocked.
6.1 : FEATURES OF BROADBAND

 Fast connection to the Internet

Access to the services which would otherwise be impossible on a slower
dial up connection. These include facilities such as downloading music or
video footage, listening to your favourite radio station or downloading (or
sending) large attached files with emails.

 “Alw ays-on” connection

Means that you are permanently connected to the internet; hence no need
to dial up connection every time you want to surf the web, send email, etc.

 Flat-rate billing
If you choose an uncapped rate there will be no additional charges for the
time you are online. You can use it as much or as little as you would like, for
a fixed fee. Some connections are available at a lower cost, but limit you to
the amount of data being downloaded (known as ‘capped rate’).

 Dedicated connection
Simultaneous use of both telephone & data line.

6.2 : WIRE LINE BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES:

6.2.1 : ADSL (A symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

ADSL exploits the copper wires which have a much greater bandwidth or
range of frequencies than that demanded for voice without disturbing the
line’s ability to carry phone conversations. The A stands for asymmetric,
meaning that data transmission rate is not the same in both directions i.e.,
more bandwidth, or data-carrying capacity, is devoted to data travelling
downstream-from the Internet to your PC-than to upstream data travelling

32
from your PC to the Internet. The reason for the imbalance is that, generally
upstream traffic is very limited to a few words at a time, like for example ±an
URL request and downstream traffic, carrying graphics, multimedia, and
shareware program downloads needs the extra capacity. An ADSL circuit
connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twisted pair telephone line,
creating three information channels
1. A high speed downstream channel
2. A medium speed duplex channel
3. A basic telephone service channel The basic telephone service channel
is split off from the digital modem by filters, thus guaranteeing
uninterrupted basic telephone service, even if ADSL fails.

6.2.1.1 : Features of ADSL

 Allows simultaneous access to the line by the telephone and the

computer
 In case of power/ADSL failure, data transmission is lost but basic
telephone service will be operational
 ADSL Provides 16-1000 kbps upstream and 1.5-24 Mbps downstream.
It can work up to a distance of 3.7 to 5.5 km depending upon the speed
required.

6.2.1.2 : Adva nta ges of ADSL

 You can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line
for voice cals.
 The speed is much higher than a regular modem
 DSL doesn’t necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line
you already have.

In BSNL, Broadband Access Network, there has to be an ADSL modem on

either end of the telephone line. One end of the line, terminated at
Subscriber’s premises is first connected to the splitter which filter out the low

33
frequency voice to be connected to the telephone instrument. The higher
frequency, which carries the data is connected to the modem. The
connectivity is shown in the figure 1 given below.

Fig 6.1: Broadband Connections

The other end is terminated at service providers end which also has similar
arrangement. But at service providers point, numerous ADSL lines are
terminated and there has to be equal number of splitters and ADSL modems.
So instead of separate splitters & modems, it is aggregated into single nit
called Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM). So one side of
the DSLAM interfaces the subscriber lines and the other side interfaces to
the core network through several LAN switches. Before being given access
to the subscriber, subscriber is authenticated based on username and
password by the BRAS. After authentication(verification of username &
password), subscriber is authorised to access the Providers core network
and in turn is connected to whatever service or content the subscriber
demands and accounting is initiated based on either time based or volume
based billing. The LAN Switch collocated with the Core router is termed as
Tier ± 1 Switch and all other LAN switches which

34
aggregate the DSLAM are called Tier -2 switches. DSLAMs can also be
aggregated to Tier -1switch.

The various components in the Broadband Access Network are

 Customer Premises Equipment(CPE) (ADSL Modem & Splitter)

 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)
 LAN Switches: for aggregating DSLAM (Tier -1 & Tier -2 Switch)
 Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS)

6.2.2 : DSL

DSL is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over

the wires of a local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital
subscriber loop. In telecommunications marketi ng, the term Digital
Subscriber Line is widely understood to mean Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly installed technical variety of
DSL. DSL service is delivered simultaneously with regular telephone on the
same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses a higher
frequency. These frequency bands are subsequently separated by filtering.
The data throughput of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256
Kb/s to 20 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer (downstream), depending
on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation. In
ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction, (i.e. in the direction to
the service provider) is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service.
In Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) service, the downstream and
upstream data rates are equal.

6.2.3 : ISDN

Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is one of the oldest broadband

digital access methods for consumers and busi nesses to connect to the
Internet. It is a telephone data service standard. A basic rate ISDN line

35
(known as ISDN-BRI) is an ISDN line with 2 data “bearer” channels (DS0
-64 Kbit/s each). Usi ng ISDN terminal adapters (erroneously called
modems), it is possible to bond together 2 or more separate ISDN-BRI lines
to reach bandwidths of 256 Kbit/s or more. The ISDN channel bonding
technology has been used for video conference applications and
broadband data transmission.

6.2.4 : Advantages:

 Constant data rate at 64 Kbit/s for each DS0 channel.

 Two way broadband symmetric data transmission, unlike ADSL.
 One of the data channels can be used for phone conversation without
disturbi ng the data transmission through the other data channel. When a
phone call is ended, the bearer channel can immediately dial and
re-connect itself to the data call.
 Call setup is very quick.
 Low latency
 ISDN Voice clarity is unmatched by other phone services.
 Caller ID is almost always available for no additional fee.
 Maximum distance from the central office is much greater than it is for
DSL.

6.2.5 : BPL

Broadband over power lines (BPL), also known as power-line Internet or

power band, is the use of PLC technology to provide broadband Internet
access through ordinary power lines. A computer (or any other device)
would need only to plug a BPL “modem” into any outlet in an equipped
building to have high-speed Internet-access.

BPL my offer benefits over regular cable or DSL connections: the extensiv
e infrastructurealready available appears to allow people in remote locations
to access the Internet with relatively little equipment investment by

36
the utility. Also, such ubiquitous availability would make it much easier for
other electronics, such as televisions or sound systems, to hook up. Cost of
running wires such as Ethernet in many buildings can be prohibitive; Relying
on wireless has number of predictable problems including security, limited
maximum throughput and inability to power devices efficiently.

6.2.6 : APPLICATIONS OF BROADBAND

 Basic WWW browsing and Email access

 Run Servers (Web / FTP)
 Business tariff, can depend on company
 Some technologies are asymmetric (cable, ADSL)
 Video On Demand (VOD)
 Audio Streams (Internet Radio)
 Fast File Transfers (Possibility of downloading large files in short period
of time)

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 Chapter-7
CONCLUSION

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Formed in October 2000 is the world’s 7 th

largest Telecommunications company providing comprehensi ve range of
telecom services in India: Wired-line, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, Internet,
Broadband, Carrier Service, MPLS-VPN,VSAT, VoIP services, IN services,
etc. Presently it is one of the largest and leading public sector unit in India.

The training was aimed at providing the students with basic knowledge about
telecommunications and the working of telecom exchanges. The various
aspects regarding the working of telecommunications, the various modules
in the telecom exchange and their importance in the exchange process was
explained. Both wired and wireless (mobile) communication aspects were
dealed with. Mobile communication ± both CDMA and GSM ± was extensi
vely covered. Also, information about broadband internet and its requirements
was provided.

Along with technical lecture sessions, practical sessions were also

conducted where the telecom exchanges and their equipment were shown
and explained.

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 REFERENCES

 BSNL In-plant training material

 www.bsnl.co.in
 www. .wikipedia.org
 Telecommunication system engineering by Roger L Freeman

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