Wired and Wireless Media

Transmission Media:
Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to
receiver. We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data. Data is
transmitted normally through electrical or an electrical signal is in the form of
current. An electromagnetic signal is series of electromagnetic energy pulses at
various frequencies. These signals can be transmitted through copper wires, optical
fibers, atmosphere, water and vacuum Different Medias have different properties
like bandwidth, delay, cost and ease of installation and maintenance. Transmission
media is also called Communication channel.
Communication Channel:
An electrical signal is in the form of current. An electromagnetic signal is series
of electromagnetic energy pulses at various frequencies. These signals can be
transmitted through copper wires, optical fibers, atmosphere, water and vacuum
Different Medias have different properties like bandwidth, delay, cost and ease of
installation and maintenance. Transmission media is also called
Communication�channel.
Types of Transmission Media
Transmission media is broadly classified into two groups.
1. Wired or Guided Media or Bound�Transmission Media
2. Wireless or Unguided Media or�Unbound Transmission Media

Wired or Guided Media or Bound�Transmission Media:�

Bound transmission media�are the cables that are tangible or have physical
existence and are limited by the physical geography.�Popular�bound transmission
media�in use are twisted pair cable, co-axial cable and fiber optical cable. Each
of them has its own characteristics like transmission speed, effect of noise,
physical appearance, cost etc.
Types of Wired Media of transmission:
> Twisted pair cable:
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single
circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic
interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance, electromagnetic radiation
from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs.
It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
> Coaxial cable:
A transmission line that consists of a tube of electrically conducting material
surrounding a central conductor held in place by insulators and that is used to
transmit telegraph, telephone, and television signals �called also coax cable.
> Optical fibers:
An optical fiber (or optical fiber) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of
extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can
function as a waveguide, or �light pipe� to transmit light between the two ends of
the fiber. Fiber optic wire carries much more information than conventional copper
wire and is far less subject to electromagnetic interference. Most telephone
company long-distance lines are now fiber optic.
Wireless or Unguided Media or�Unbound Transmission Media:
Unbound transmission media are the ways of transmitting data without using any
cables. These media are not bounded by physical geography.�This type of
transmission is called Wireless�communication.�Nowadays wireless communication is
becoming popular. Wireless LANs are being installed in office and college campuses.
This transmission uses Microwave, Radio wave, Infra red are some of popular unbound
transmission media.
The data transmission capabilities of various Medias vary differently depending
upon the various factors. These factors are
* Bandwidth: It refers to the data carrying capacity of a channel or medium. Higher
bandwidth communication channels support higher data rates.
* Radiation: It refers to the leakage of signal from the medium due to undesirable
electrical characteristics of the medium.
* Noise Absorption: It refers to the susceptibility of the media to external
electrical noise that
can cause distortion of data signal.
* Attenuation: It refers to loss of energy as signal propagates outwards. The
amount of energy lost depends on frequency. Radiations and physical characteristics
of media contribute to attenuation.
Types of Wireless Media of transmission:
> Radio waves:
Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the
electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies
from 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz, and corresponding wavelengths ranging from 1
millimeter (0.039 in) to 100 kilometers (62 mi). Like all other electromagnetic
waves, they travel at the speed of light. Naturally occurring radio waves are made
by lightning, or by astronomical objects. Artificially generated radio waves are
used for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and other
navigation systems, communications satellites, computer networks and innumerable
other applications.

> Microwave:
The term microwave refers to electromagnetic energy having a frequency higher than
1 gigahertz (billions of cycles per second), corresponding to wavelength shorter
than 30 centimeters. The microwave band is well suited for wireless transmission of
signals having large bandwidth. This portion of the RF electromagnetic radiation
spectrum encompasses many thousands of megahertz. Compare this with the so-called
shortwave band that extends from 3 MHz to 30 MHz, and whose total available
bandwidth is only 27 MHz in communications, a large allowable bandwidth translates
into high data speed. The short wavelengths allow the use of dish antennas having
manageable diameters. These antennas produce high power gain in transmitting
applications, and have excellent sensitivity and directional characteristics for
reception of signals.

> Infrared:
Infrared radiation (IR) or the term infrared alone refers to energy in the region
of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum at wavelengths longer than those of
visible light, but shorter than those of radio waves. Infrared is used in a variety
of wireless communications, monitoring, and control applications.
A few of the applications include home-entertainment remote-control boxes,
wireless local area networks, links between notebook computers and desktop
computers, cordless modems, intrusion detectors, motion detectors, and fire
sensors.
Difference between Animation effects and Slide Transition in MS- PowerPoint
Animation Effects
Slide Transitions* PowerPoint animation allows the user to put slide elements, such
as text and graphics, in motion within a slide.* The PowerPoint transition
functions occur between each slide.* Animations show on slides when we move the
slides during the presentation.* When viewing the presentation electronically, the
facilitator or reader will generally click to go from one slide to the next and the
creator can set options for how this will appear and at what speed.* Custom
animation has about 50 options which animate the text.* About 30 different
transition effects exist and creators apply them, in PowerPoint 2010.* Creators
often use custom animation within a slide.* Creators often use transition effects
between slides.* Animation effects are applied to objects (text, shape, picture
etc.) on a slide.* Slide transitions are the animation effects that are applied to
whole slide.
* Each object on the slide can have multiple animation effects.* For a slide you
can have only one transition effect.* Like animation effects we can control the
speed of each slide transition effect, and we can also add music or sound.*
Transition effects appear in PowerPoint slideshow view when slides change from one
to the next.
Local area Network (LAN)
LANs do not just form a network of computers. They also form a network of people.
An office, comprising diverse departments and employees working on various jobs can
be made to function as one once a LAN is installed. Here are some of the ways in
which a LAN can benefit an employee in an organization.
Merits of LAN:
* Files can be stored on a central computer (the file server) allowing data to be
shared throughout an organization.
* Files can be backed up more easily when they are all on a central fileserver
rather than when they are scattered across a number of independent workstations.
* Networks also allow security to be established, ensuring that the network users
may only have access to certain files and applications.
* Software and resources can be centrally managed.
* Network versions of software often allow for their speedy installation on
workstations from the file server.
* Expensive devices such as laser printers or scanners can be shared.
* Users can access their files from any workstation
* Using a LAN, expensive resources like laser printers, modems, graphic devices and
data storage units can be shared.
* You can use the computer to flash messages on the screen of other computers in
the office.
* Easy physical connection of computers in a network
* Inexpensive medium of data transmission
* High data transmission rate
* The reliability of network is high because the failure of one computer in the
network does not affect the functioning for other computers.
* Addition of new computer to network is easy.
* High rate of data transmission is possible.

Merits of Wide Area Network (WAN)

WAN stands for information technology term in English: Wide Area Network is a
computer network covering a large area as an example of the computer networks
between regions, cities or even countries, or can be defined as well as computer
networks require routers and public communications channels. WANs are used to
connect a local network with other local networks, so that the user or computer in
one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations.
Merits of WAN:
* WAN can connect the computer to a wider area geographically, for example
connecting Florida, United States with the world.
* Covers a large geographical area so long distance businesses can connect on the
one network
* Shares software and resources with connecting workstations
* Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone else on the network.
* Expensive things (such as printers or phone lines to the internet) can be shared
by all the computers on the network without having to buy a different peripheral
for each computer.
* Everyone on the network can use the same data. This avoids problems where some
users may have older information than others.
* Share information/files over a larger area
* Allow for much larger and more intricate network
* Can cover near infinite geographical distance
* Faster file accessibility is due to caching, someone that utilizes the same files
repeatedly will be able to access them more quickly because only new data must be
saved and retrieved, rather than having to reload the full document.
* Increased speed between multiple office locations because WAN solutions maximize
network speed between remote locations, accelerating file transfers and network-
based communications, such as e-mail.
* Applications run smoothly
* More reliable and faster data recovery
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