Differentiates

Kind of Variables
and Their Uses
Derick Dane Gahuman
Mohammad Alaiya

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What is Variable ?
What is Variable ?

Very simply, a VARIABLE is a measurable

characteristic that varies. It may change from
group to group, person to person, or even within
one person over time. There are six common
variable types:
 What are the
• What are the
6 kinds of
kinds of vari
variables in
ables in rese
research?
arch?
 What are the kinds of variables in research?

01 DEPENDENT VARIABLES
02 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
03 INTERVENING VARIABLES
04 MODERATOR VARIABLES
05 CONTROL VARIABLES

06 EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
 Dependent Variables

show the effect of manipulating or introducing the

independent variables. For example, if the independent
variable is the use or non-use of a new language teaching
procedure, then the dependent variable might be students’
scores on a test of the content taught using that procedure.
In other words, the variation in the dependent variable depends
on the variation in the independent variable.
Independent Variables

Are those that the researcher has control over.

This "control" may involve manipulating existing
variables (e.g., modifying existing methods of
instruction) or introducing new variables
(e.g., adopting a totally new method for some
sections of a class) in the research setting.
Independent Variables

Whatever the case may be, the

researcher expects that the independent
variable(s) will have some effect on
(or relationship with) the dependent variables.
Intervening Variables

Refer to abstract processes that are not

directly observable but that link the independ
ent and dependent variables. In language
learning and teaching, they are usually
inside the subjects' heads, including various
language learning processes which the
researcher cannot observe.
Intervening Variables

For example, if the use of a particular

teaching technique is the independent
variable and mastery of the objectives is the
dependent variable, then the language
learning processes used by the subjects are
the intervening variables.
Moderator Variables

Affect the relationship between the

independent and dependent variables by
modifying the effect of the intervening
variable(s). Unlike extraneous variables,
moderator variables are measured and
taken into consideration.
Moderator Variables

Typical moderator variables in TESL

and language acquisition research
(when they are not the major focus of the
study) include the sex, age, culture, or
language proficiency of the subjects.
 Control Variables

Language learning and teaching are very

complex processes. It is not possible to consider
every variable in a single study. Therefore, the
variables that are not measured in a particular study
must be held constant, neutralized/balanced, or
eliminated, so they will not have a biasing effect on
the other variables.
 Control Variables

Variables that have been controlled in

this way are called control variables.
Extraneous Variables

Are those factors in the research environ

ment which may have an effect on the
dependent variable(s) but which are not cont
rolled. Extraneous variables are dangerous.
Extraneous Variables

They may damage a study's validity, making

it impossible to know whether the effects were
caused by the independent and moderator variables
or some extraneous factor. If they cannot be controll
ed, extraneous variables must at least be taken
into consideration when interpreting results.
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DEPENDENT
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