TRADE PROJECT

OL’LESSOS TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

TITLE: PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF ACK-MOGOON ROAD TO BITUMEN STANDARD

PRESENTER: JUSTUS KIPRUTO

INDEX: 2954110088

COURSE NAME: CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: 2707

PAPER NO: 303

CENTRE NO: 29542110

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN FULIMENT FOR AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR: MR CHEPKWANY ENDOMY

SERIES: JULY
 DECLARATION
I JUSTUS KIPRUTO declare that this project work is my own research for diligence and legality the government
of Kenya and society

SIGNATURE: …………………… DATE: ……………………………..

JUSTUS KIPRUTO

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION
This Trade project has been to me for approved of examination

SIGNATURE …………………….. DATE……………………………

 DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this project to my dear parents Mr. and Mrs. Bulbul for the moral
encouragement and final support
I would also to dedicate brothers and sister especially Abel Bulbul and Abigail Bulbul
 ACKNOWNLEGMENT
I above thank God Almighty for His guidance; good healthy and peaceful mind throughout my
academic life still this far.
I at most thank my supervisor my CHEPKWANY for guidance for achievement of this trade project
I would also like to thank lectures of building and Civil engineering department for their love and
support of achievement of this project
I pass also my gratitude to my brother Abel Mutai for His financial support
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 LOCATION
The proposed construction of ACK-MOGOON Road located in Rift Valley; Nandi County, Lessos
Division. It’s off Nabkoi- kapsabet road just 200m from Ol’lesssos Technical institute at your left as
your moving to Nabkoi
The road fall class E and it’s to be constructed to Bitumen standard by Government of Kenya. The
road is 1000m and need to constructed due traffic increase and economic development

Proposed site

To Lessos

From Kapsabet To Nabkoi-Nakuru Highway

1.2 GEOLOGY FOR AREA

This area is partial flat and covered by alluvial soil.

Vegetable soil

Brown soil

Red soil

Sand clay

Rock fractured

Fractured rock
 1.3 THE CLIMATE
In analysis, the area does not experience constant temperature it experience warm and cool
climate i.e. on month of April- July (coldest seasons) and January, march, December (warmest
seasons)

This is the average weather condition of Lessos area for over 25 to 40 years i.e Temperature and Rainfall

Temperature Rainfall
Min Max Total(/year)
8.50 26.42 1986.5

Lessos also receive modified tropical climate because its highland area This modification is due to its height
which is about 1500 above sea level the resultant climate is cooler than true tropical continental climate

The area has a sparse population since the area per square kilometer is low at the market

The development of the area such as rental houses has also increased the population of the area

This is due to the occupants of the students studying at the institute

Area Male Female

Lessos Dispensary 30 70
Educational Centre 150 180

Rental Houses 500 600

 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 GENERAL
The raw information is importance for successful construction Ack-mogoon Road to bitumen
standard side surveying was put into consideration the main function of surveying was to identify
where changes were to be made in order to improve into its functional requirement
2.2 PRELIMINARY A preliminary survey consists of fieldwork and gathering data from a variety of
sources to identify all issues in the project development process early enough to allow time to
address and, if need be, mitigate for environmental issues. The main objectives I did this was to
obtain information about the site and its surrounding and from the study of the environmental
perspective, the site possess the no threat to human health and immediate environment. It also
relied on engineering survey techniques to establish the site boundaries and identify available
utility lines around the proposed construction site.

2.3 EXISTING SERVICES AND BOUNDARIES

The is supply with electricity through identification of electric post along the side of the road. The is
supply with water also because of availability of underground water pipe along the side of the road
2.4 SITE PLAN
To prepare site plan a scale was drawn to represent actual features in the site. Traversing and
longidutional was done using dumpy level, staff level tape measure for calculation for horizontal
distance. This helps for achievement of Centre line and base line and various features in the area
2.5 TAKING LEVELS
Much accuracy and accurate drawing was needed bring the accurate profile. Dumpy level was used
taking leveling at interval 30m. Away from following the chainage.

Also, leveling was taken along the centerline and the edge of the existing road this began from
assuming temporary bench mark the find leveling the road.
BACKSIGHT INTERMIDIATE FORESIGHT RISE FALL REDUCE LEVEL CHAINAGE REMARKS
backside intermediate foresight rise Fall Chainage remarks
 2.6 FINAL ALIGNMENT
This was based in the preliminary survey result which enhanced, the choice of final alignment of
the following was considered;
 Collection of large number population
 Linking of Centre of economic development

POPULATION OF THE AREA The area has a sparse population since the area per square kilometer is low at the
market The development of the area such as rental houses has also increased the population of the areaThis is
due to the occupants of the students studying at the institute

Male Female
30 70
Educational Centre 150 180

Rental Houses Area 600

Lessos Dispensary
 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 GENERAL

Soil investigation is the process of studying unconsolidated mineral and organic material of the earth surface
often characterized by horizon or layers that serve as the media

a of construction. The following are factors affecting soil investigation

(i) Topography –

3.2 TRIAL AND SAMPLING

The sample which obtained from trial pit as shown below

The sampling was collected by used of:

 Jembe
 Spade
 Mattock

The should by collected by change of strata of earth surface at intervals

3.3 SOIL LABORATORY TEST

Soil laboratory is done by following process.

 SIEVE ANALYSIS

This is done by sieving the sample through the standard sieve ranging from largest sieve in the top and of
successful sieves to smallest in the bottom.

APPARATUS USED

a. -weighing scale calibrated up to 0.1g accuracy

b. –Vibrator-Sieves of B.S sieve [12.50, 6.30, 3.35, 2.0, 1, and 18.]
c. -pan receiver

PROCEDURE

Sample was dried for about four day after collected from the road alignment at interval 30m

The was then quarted at wet and drying sieving was done

-DRY SIEVING

 Measure a sample which pass through a sieve of standard sieve having a ranging of 37.5-5mm
 Then record the retained mass of soil at it sieve
 Also recorded the mass of soil at sieve less than 5mm
 Cumulative percentage by weigh passing each sieve then calculate

3.4 ATTERBERG LIMIT

Atterberg limit include the following

 Liquid limit
 Plastic limit
 Shrinkage limit
(i) Liquid limit- this refers to the point to which soil change its state of being plastic or liquid state.
The soil sample start to behave viscous mud flow under own gravity

Apparatus
 penetrometer
 sliding shift
 metal cup
 PROCEDURES

 the soil sample was crushed and pass through a 425mm sieve
 200g of soil passed mixed with on a glass plate to form a uniform paste
 The paste was then place in a metal cup of 55mm diameter and 44mm depth the top of cone was
struck level. The cone was then lowered to touch the soil
 The cone was released for five seconds and its penetration was recorded

Procedure is repeated with successful addition of distill water to the sampler

(ii) SHRINKAGE LIMIT- This is the moisture content at which further loss in soil will cause reduction
in volume of the soil.
PROCEDURES
 A soil mass pass through passing through 425mm IS sieve was mixed with distill water to form a
uniform paste
 The paste was then put in trough then struck to level for smooth surface and put in oven about
96hrs
 The reduction of length of a dried sample is measured and shrinkage limit is calculated.

PLASTIC LIMIT- The objective of this soil sample is to determine the plastic limit of a given sample.

PROCEDURE

 Take about 15g oven dried soil specimen passed through IS sieve of 425mm and mixed thoroughly with
distill water until mass become plastic enough to easily mound into ball by finger.
 Take a portion of a ball and roll on a glass plate and palms of a hand to form thread of uniform
diameter
 The crumbled threads are kept for content determination
 Repeat the test with two more samples, the plastic limit is an average of water content.
CALIFONIA BEARING RATIO [CBR]
It’s the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate a sow mass with standard circular piston of
1.25mm
CBR=test load *100
 PROCEDURES

 take about 2500g and thoroughly mixed with water of 100g

 Fixed the extension collar and base plate to mound. Insert the spacer disc over the base. The place
filter paper on the top of spacer disc.
 Put the soil into its about five layers compact each layer at 55 blows by 4.5kg rammer.
 Remove collar and trim at top by trimmer
 Turn the mound upside down and remove the base plate and displacer
 Put the layer on paper on top of a layer of compacted soil and clamp perforated soil into it
 Immerse the mound assembly weigh into tank for water and soak for 96hrs
COMPACTION TEST
The main objective of this test is to find the optimum moisture content and dry density of soil sample
and also to reduce the voids by packing together the soil particles.

2.1 APPARATUS
i. Cylindrical mould-100cm³ in volume
ii. Rammer-2.6kg mass
iii. Straight edge metal rod
iv. Balance machine for weighing
v. Mixing basins, moisture tins and distilled water.

2.2 PROCEDURE

-Fill the cylindrical mound with the first soil sample which is mixed with 300ml water and then
compacted in the mould using a 2.5kg rammer in three layers each having 27 blows
-The rammer was then fallen from a height of 30cm above the topsoil.
-The first layer is being scratched before the second layer is added and compacted again.
-The mould is then trimmed and weight.
-Repeat the above process for other samples with different volumes of water.
-plot a graph of dry density against moisture content.
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 GEOMETRIC DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

The geometric design to improvement Ack-mogoon road by pass road improved to bitumen standard
according to ministry of road. The following element was put into consideration;

 Alignment
 Cross section
 Super elevation
 Sight distance
 Design speed

Typical road elements- they are element which are considered

a) sight distance
b) horizontal distance
c) vertical distance
d) Sight distance- its enable drive to see some relevant features of road and traffic condition
along the carriage way. These should be considered when design
 stopping sight distance
 passing distance- distance allowed and adopted for is 225mm

4.1 Horizontal alignments

These should be put in considered

- circular curve
- super elevation
- straight
Circular curves
Horizontal curves was designed to connect intersection of straight of horizontal
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
It’s the direction of centerline of the road. Filling of alignment was done.
4.2 RECOMMENDED DESIGN SPEED

This is average continuous speed at which a individual vehicle can travel with safety at highway when weather
condition favorable and traffic is low

This the choice design speed depend on the following factors

a) topography
b) type of highway
c) the traffic characteristic of a area
d) capacity of vehicle
e) aesthetic value

4.3 Typical cross section

Typical cross of the road include the following

 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 ROAD DRAINAGE

Drainage involves determine better mean and way of diversifying surface run off from the road

Reasons for designing drainage

a) establish the flow in tunnel
b) design the economic drain type in term of maintained and construction cost
c) Design the velocity that is non- scouring and known silting may affect drainage system.

5.1 proposed drainage system

Open channel section which are trapezoidal in shape which are to be constructed along the road. The
surface run off from highest point to lowest point the will flow by difference in potentials heads. This means a
lot of water will be collected from 0+660+990 where we have lowest point. This run off from road 5.2 channel
designed

Open channel are preferred compared to closed because

-off low maintained

-cheap and easy to maintained

-soil lateral pressure is maintained of retained soil

Trapezoidal section of channel

 Table of content
Declaration………………………………………………………………………………

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………..
Dedication..............................................................

CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….1
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………2
LOCATION……………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………….…………..6
THE GEOLOGY OF THE AREA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….7
OBJECTIVES OF UNDERTAKING PROJECT……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….8
TOPOGRAPY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….…9
CLIMATE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10
POPULATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
2.0 SURVEYING………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………….13
2.1INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
2.2 SITE SURVEYING……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………..15
2.3 RECONNAISANCE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
2.4 PRELIMINARY SURVEY………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….17
2.5 CHAIN SURVEY………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………..18
2.6 LEVELLING……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………19
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 SOIL INVESTIGATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21
3.2 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………..22
3.3 GRADIDING…………………………………………………...………………………………………………………….………………………………………23
3.4 COMPACTION TEST ……………………………………………………………............................................................……………………24
3.5 PLASTICITY INDEX…………………………………………………………...........................................................………………………….25
CHAPTER FOUR…………………………………………………………………...........................................................….……………………….26

4.0 TRAFFIC SURVEY……………………………………………………...........................................................………………………………..27

4.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...........................................................……………………………………28
4.2 TRAFFIC VOLUME ANALYSIS……………………………...........................................................………………………………………28
4.3 TRAFFIC SURVEY RESULTS……………………………..........................................................………………………………………….29
4.4 TRAFFIC SAMPLING……………………………….........................................................………………………………………………….30
4.5 DESIGN PERIOD AND GROWTH RATE.…........................................................……………………………………………………..31
4.6 ESTIMATING THE CUMLATIVE NUMBER OF STANDARD........................................................…………………………….31
4.7 TRAFFIC CLASSIFICATION………………………………….........................................................………………………………………34
CHAPTER FIVE…………………………………………………………….........................................................………………………………….35
5.0 DRAINAGE DESIGN…………………………………….......................................................………………………………………………36
5.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………........................................................………………………………………….37
5.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATION……………………........................................................…………………………………………………38
5.3 EXISTING ROAD DRAINAGE…………………….......................................................………………………………………………….39
5.4 ESTIMATING RUN OFF………………………........................................................……………….……………………………………..40
5.4 SURFACE RUN OFF COEEFICIENT……..............................................…………………………………………………………………40
5.6DISCHARGE COMPUTATION……………………………………………………………………...............................................………..41
5.7 DISCHARGE FOR PAVED AREA………………………………………………………….............................................…………………41
5.8 OPEN CHANNEL HYDRAULIC DESIGN………………………………………..............................................…………………………41
5.9 CULVERT………………………………………………………………………………………...............................................…………………..41
5.91 DESIGN OFCULVERT……………………………………………………….............................................…………………………………42
CHAPTER SIX……………………………………………………………………….............................................……………………………………43
6.0 ROAD FURNITURE…………………………………………………………….............................................…………………………………43
6.1INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………............................................…………………………………………………43
6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGN……………………………………............................................……………………………………………….44
6.3 SITTING OF ROAD SIGNS…………………………………...........................................……………………………………………………45
6.4 PLACEMENT OF SIGNS……………………………………............................................……………………………………………………45
6.5 MOUNTING HEIGHT………………………………………………………......................................………………………………………46
6.7 ORIENTAION ……………………………………………………………………………....................................……………………………..47
CHAPTER SEVEN……………………………………………………………………………...................................……………………………….48
8.0 SITE ORGANIZATION………………………………………………………………..............................……………………………………..49
8.2 METHOD STATEMENT……………………………………………………………............................……………………………………….50