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Light Part 34 Students

The document provides information about critical angle and total internal reflection, including definitions of critical angle and how total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Examples of applications where total internal reflection is used are discussed, including optical fibers, diamonds, and mirages. Characteristics and ray diagrams of convex and concave lenses are also presented, along with examples of lens equations and applications such as compound microscopes and astronomical telescopes.

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Sharvinder Singh
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38 views24 pages

Light Part 34 Students

The document provides information about critical angle and total internal reflection, including definitions of critical angle and how total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Examples of applications where total internal reflection is used are discussed, including optical fibers, diamonds, and mirages. Characteristics and ray diagrams of convex and concave lenses are also presented, along with examples of lens equations and applications such as compound microscopes and astronomical telescopes.

Uploaded by

Sharvinder Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PUSAT TUISYEN NEWTON

No. 17A, Jalan Indah 16/12, Taman Bukit Indah


Contact: 07 – 234 9168

Critical Angle And Total Internal Reflection


Critical Angle And Total Internal Reflection

❑ Critical angle, c is the value of the incident angle when


the refracted angle is 90°.
❑ When i is increased to be greater than c, the light will be
completely reflected back into the material. No light will
be refracted.
❑ This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.
Example
A ray of light passes through a transparent medium as shown. Calculate:
a) the refractive index of the medium
b) The angle of incidence, i.
Applications (Optical Fibres)
❑ Optical fibres come in
thousands of fine strands.
Light rays entering the fibre
will undergo many times of
total internal reflection
❑ Used widely in
telecommunications and
medical equipment like
endoscope
❑ The outer cladding must be of
less dense compared to the
inner core in order to allow
total internal reflection to
take place.
Applications (Diamond)

❑ The critical angle of a diamond is about 24o


❑ Any light rays that enter the diamond at an angle greater
than 24o will be totally reflected at the bottom facets
❑ Multiple total internal reflections and dispersion of white
light makes a diamond sparkle.
Applications (Mirage)

❑ The layers of air nearer the road warmer.


❑ The density of air decrease nearer to the road surface.
❑ The light travel from denser to less dense area.
❑ The light refract away from the normal
❑ When the angle of incidence exceed the critical angle,
total internal reflection occurs
Other Applications
8
Understanding Lenses (Concave Vs Convex)
Convex Lens Ray Diagram

1
2

2F F F 2F
Image
Convex lens (u > 2f)

Object

2F F F 2F
Image

Characteristics:
Real, Inverted,
Diminished
Convex lens (u = 2f)

Object

2F F F 2F
Image
Characteristics:
Real, Inverted,
Same size
Convex lens (f < u < 2f)

Object

2F F F 2F
Image

Characteristics:
Real, Inverted,
Magnified
Convex lens (u = f)

Object

2F F F 2F

Characteristics:
Virtual, Upright,
Magnified
Convex lens (u < f)

Characteristics:
Virtual, Upright,
Image Magnified

Object

2F F F 2F
Convex lens (u > >>>2f)

Object at
infinity

2F F F 2F
Image

Characteristics:
Real, Inverted,
diminished
Concave Lens Ray Diagram

2F F F

Characteristics:
Always Virtual,
Upright, Diminished
Lens equations

Lens equation Lens power Linear


magnification

Convex lens Concave lens

Object distance, u

Image distance, v

Focal length, f
Example
An object of height 3 cm is placed at 30 cm from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm.
Determine the position and size of the image.
Example
An object is placed at a distance of 30cm from a concave lens of focal length 15cm. The
image formed has a height of 2cm. Determine the position of the image, the linear
magnification, and the height of the object.
Lens Applications (Complex Microscope)
LENS APPLICATIONS (COMPLEX MICROSCOPE)
➢ Application: to view very small objects like microorganisms

➢ Uses 2 powerful convex lenses of short focal lengths.

❖ Objective lens:

❖ Eyepiece lens:

➢ Focal length fo for objective lens is shorter than the focal length for eyepiece lens, fe

➢ Object to observed must be placed between Fo and 2Fo

➢ Characteristics of 1st image: real, inverted, magnified

➢ The eyepiece lens is used as a magnifying glass to magnify the first image formed by the
objective lens.

➢ The eyepiece lens must be positioned so that the first image is between the lens and Fe, the
focal point of the eyepiece lens.

➢ Characteristics of final image formed by the eyepiece lens: virtual, upright and magnified.

➢ Normal Adjustment: The distance between the lenses is greater than the sum of their
individual focal length (fo + fe)
Lens Applications (Astronomical Telescope)
LENS APPLICATIONS (ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE)
➢ Application : view very distant objects like the planets and the stars.
➢ Made up of two convex lenses :Objective lens and eyepiece lens
➢ Focal length fo for objective lens is longer than the focal length for eyepiece
lens, fe
➢ The objective lens converges the parallel rays from a distant object and
forms a real, inverted and diminished image at its focal point.
➢ The eyepiece lens is used as a magnifying glass to form a virtual, upright
and magnified image.
➢ At normal adjustment the final image is formed at infinity.
➢ This is done by adjusting the position of the eyepiece lens so that the first
real image becomes the object at the focal point, fe of the eyepiece lens.
➢ Normal adjustment: The distance between the lenses is fo + fe

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