Wireless Speed and Direction Control of Dc Motor by Using Radio

Frequency Technology

In many industry such as paper mills, rolling mills, printing machine tools, excavators and
cranes etc the dc motor is used for waving a product from one place to another on the conveyer
belt. So due to these the speed and direction control of the dc motor is very important purpose.
Motor speed controller is to take a signal representing the required speed and to drive a motor at
that speed for that purpose wireless speed and direction control of dc motor by radio frequency
technique is very crucial with pulse width modulation and H-Bridge converter. The
microcontroller AT89S51 is used to control the dc motor speed and Transistorized h-bridge
converter is used for direction control. By adjusting the duty cycle of pulse from Pulse Width
Modulation technique simultaneously the terminal voltage of motor is change and hence speed
will be vary with terminal voltage. H-Bridge is a DC to DC converter used for direction and
made by 4 transistor switch across it a diode is connected.

For speed control of dc motor many methods are available which are either be a mechanical or
electrical for example armature control, field control, flux control method etc but this methods
required large size hardware to implement. So for easy control of speed and the direction control
of dc motor the wireless speed and direction control of dc motor by using radio frequency
technique is very much essential and economical to used. For variable dc voltage we can use a
controlled rectifier which are converted a variable dc voltage from fixed dc voltage, due to their
ability to supply a continuously variable dc voltage. Many analog and digital chips are used in
firing or controlling circuits but transistor and thyristor control are more accessible due to their
innumerable application in various industry. Recent development in the area of semiconductor
technology has made faster, very small size microprocessors and microcontroller are available at
in much reduced cost. The microcontroller can provide a controlling of width of pulse provide to
a controlling a voltage of motor terminal simultaneously the speed of motor can controlled. For
that purpose the Pulse Width Modulation phenomena is used for controlling the width of pulse.

Pulse Width Modulation variable speed drives are fast applied in various new industrial
application that required higher performance, reliable, easy control as well as economical
purpose. In most of the application sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation has been used. For
direction control of dc motor we can simply change the input terminal of dc motor the direction
will be change but this is not possible at running time as well as not safety operation. So for this
direction control of dc motor we can use an H-Bridge circuit. It is made up from four transistor
switches. Hence the microcontroller can send a signal to constant voltage supply and h-bridge
can control the direction of dc motor.
Microcontroller
The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of
In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction
set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or
by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,
128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a
five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the
CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset

PWM is an effective method for adjusting the amount of power delivered to the load. PWM
technique allows a very smooth operation and reliable in nature. The microcontroller can
generated PWM signal to adjusting the duty cycle of pulse simultaneously the motor terminal
voltage can vary with duty cycle and also speed will be a vary. The ratio of on time to off time is
called as duty cycle. The desired speed can be obtained by changing the duty cycle. The Pulse-
Width-Modulation (PWM) in microcontroller is used to control duty cycle of DC motor
drive.PWM is an entirely different approach to controlling the speed of a DC motor. Power is
supplied to the motor in square wave of constant voltage but varying pulse-width or duty cycle.
Duty cycle refers to the percentage of one cycle during which duty cycle of a continuous train of
pulses. Since the frequency is held constant while the on-off time is varied, the duty cycle of
PWM is determined by the pulse width. The figure shown below the change of duty cycle of the
PWM microcontroller. The microcontroller having a 25% duty cycle then it provide a ¼ of
power to the motor, when microcontroller having a 50% duty cycle then microcontroller provide
a ½ of power to the motor, when microcontroller having a 75% duty cycle then microcontroller
provide a ¾ of power to the motor and finally the microcontroller provide a 100% duty cycle
then microcontroller provide a full power to the motor.
H-Bridge is used for the purpose of the direction control of dc motor. It is made up from four
transistor switches. The four transistors are connected in bridge type manner that’s why it is
called as H-Bridge. The four switches are S1, S2, S3 and S4 switches. Out of this four switches
two switches are at a time are on and two are off. When switch s1 and s4 are ON the motor
moves clockwise in direction, when switch s2 and s3 are ON then motor moves anticlockwise
direction, when the switches s1 and s3 are ON then the supply can flow through the motor hence
motor will be breaks, also when switches s2 and s4 are on motor then the supply does not flow
through the motor and it will be breaks.
The constant 5V voltage source is used to gives the supply to the whole assembly. The one point
of that supply is connected to the rectifier bridge, which is used for the polarity protection. Other
terminal of supply is connected to the 7805 voltage regulator it can be regulate the voltage,
across that regulator two capacitor are connected for smoothening purpose. The RF 433
Transmitter uses to generate the radio waves for communication between these whole
assemblies. The range of the radio waves is about 3 KHz to 300 GHz. The RF 433 Receiver uses
to receive the radio waves. The encoder is used to convert the parallel input signal of 4 push
button into the serial output. The decoder is decode that signal and gives to the microcontroller.
Microcontroller AT89S51 is used to control the duty cycle of the pulse and simultaneously the
terminal voltage is varying and also the speed will be vary. The microcontroller consist of 4 port
out of this the port 0 is used for given input signal in terms of digital form either 0 or 1.When pin
2.1 having a signal1 then the transistor Q1 is ON then transistor Q3 and Q6 will ON motor will
be moves in clockwise direction and when port 2.2 is having signal 1 then transistor Q2 is ON
then transistor Q4 and Q5 are ON and motor will moves in anticlockwise direction. Hence
direction control is achieved. For adjusting the duty cycle the speed will control from
microcontroller.

Conclusion

The speed control and the direction control of the dc motor is achieved from the wireless and
radio frequency technology with Pulse Width Modulation and H-Bridge. By using
microcontroller programming speed control has been achieved with higher performance, reliable
operation, easy control and better protection.

REFERENCES

[1].A.K.Dewangan,NChakraborty,SShukla,VYadu, “PWM Based Automatic Closed loop Speed

[2] Muhammad H. Rashid, “Power Electronics Circuits Devices and Applications”, Prentice
Hall, publication New Delhi 2008, 3rd edition, pp.226-294.

[3] Shruti Shrivastava, Jageshwar Rawat, Amit Agrawal ,“Controlling DC Motor Using
Microcontroller(PIC16F72) With PWM”, International Journal of Engineering Research,
Volume No .1,Issue No. 2,pp.45-47.

[4] Sandeep Kumar Singh, Harish Kumar, Kamal Singh, Amit Patel, “A Survey And Study Of
Different Types Of PWM Techniques Used In Induction Motor Drive” International Journal of
Engineering Science & Advanced Technology, Volume-4, Issue-1, 018-122

[5] I. MOAZZEM, S. RAHMAN, M A MATIN,” Microcontroller based closed-loop automatic

[6] 1Jeetender Singh Chauhan, 2Dr. Rajesh Singh, 3Sunil Semwal, 4Shashank Mishra ,”PWM
Based Speed Control of DC Geared Motor Using 802.15.4 LAN Standard Protocal”, IJECT Vol.
3, Issue 4, Oct - Dec 2012.