FORMATS OF THE RESEARCH REPORT

A. THE PRELIMINARIES

Abstract - a brief descriptive summary of the theses or dissertation.

This includes statement of the problem, brief description of
the research method and design, major findings and their
significance, and the conclusions.
This is not numbered nor counted as a page.

Approval Sheet - provides space for signatures of the adviser, readers,

department chairperson, graduate dean, and others
indicating their acceptance of work.

Title Page - This presents the title, the full name of the writer,
and the submission statement which includes the
faculty or school and the institution, the degree
sought, and the month and year in which the degree
is to be sought.
Copyright page

Table of Contents - precedes all the sections it lists. The table of

contents should list all elements of the preliminaries
– the chapter titles, the main headings and the
subheadings in the text, and the reference materials.
The beginning page number for each section is
indicated along the right-hand margin. The
numbering of chapters and the wording,
capitalization, and punctuation of titles and
headings should be exactly the same as they are in
the text.

List of tables, Figures and Plates - These should follow the table of
contents. They should be numbered consecutively
in Arabic numerals throughout the paper.

Clearance Forms

Acknowledgments - This contains expressions of appreciation for

assistance and guidance. The help given by
advisers and readers does not require written
acknowledgment, but the recognition of generosity
with time and knowledge is a courtesy that is
widely accepted.
 Preface – an optional section for a thesis or dissertation. This might
include brief comment on subjects such as the motivation
for the study or methods of research.

THE TEXT

This begins with the first page of Chapter 1, which follows the preliminaries
discussed above. Numbering in Arabic numerals starts on this page with number
1; all pages are numbered including chapter and section title pages. Position all
page numbers one inch from the top of the page, flush with the right margin.

Chapter 1 includes
The Problem and Its Setting
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope and delimitations of the Study
Definition of Terms
Chapter II includes
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Studies
Chapter III includes
Research Methodology
Research Design
Research Environment
Research Respondents
Sampling Techniques
Research Instrument
Validation of Instrument
Data Gathering Techniques
Data Analysis
Statistical Treatment
Chapter IV includes
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Chapter V includes
Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

REFERENCE MATERIALS (END MATTER)

Appendix – This should be used for materials that supplement the text but
are not appropriate for inclusion in it. Original data, summary tabulations,
tables containing data of lesser importance, very lengthy quotations,
supporting legal decisions, computer print outs, and other pertinent
documents, etc.
 Glossary

Notes

Bibliography or List of Works Cited

Index

II. STYLE OF WRITING

A. Style

Your writing should be formal in diction and tone because the audience of a
research paper is usually the academic community.

Diction - should be formal rather than colloquial.

Contractions and abbreviations should be avoided.

Tone - Should be serious, not ironic or flippant.

Personal Pronouns - Should be written in the third person –

that is, with nouns or third persons (he, she, they, or it) as subjects of the
sentences.

B. Tense

You should cast verbs in the tense or tenses appropriate to the time of the events
under discussion.

Guidelines:

1. Events in literary works are discussed in the present tense.

2. Discussions of the literature generally use the present tense.
3. The past tense is appropriate for discussions about works of theory or
philosophy.
4. Use past tense in the report of the results of the research
5. Use present tense for generalizations or conclusions.

C. Sentence Structure

Should be active, forceful, and varied, reinforcing your meaning.

 Parallelism - elements in an outline or list, as well as chapter titles,
subtitles, and headings, should be parallel – that is, they should take the
same grammatical form.

Logical Consistency - requires headings at the same level of an

outline to have approximately equivalent importance and to refer to
similar categories of ideas.

Coherence -

D. Mechanics

Spelling
Hyphenation
Titles of Works
Capitalizations
Italics
Abbreviations
Punctuation
Numbers

III. ENDNOTES, FOOTNOTES, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Notes

A note is indicated in the text by a raised Arabic numeral. The superscript should
be raised one-half space above the line and should be placed directly after the material
without a space for which the corresponding note provides the source. The best
placement of a note is at the end of the sentence, if that would cause confusion or
inaccuracy, at the end of the clause.

Both endnotes and footnotes are numbered consecutively.

First entry – complete entry – complete name of the author; title of the book;
editor, compiler, series and number; edition; number of volumes; city and state of
publication; publisher; date of publication; volume number; page number (s).

If periodical – complete name of the author; title of the article; name of the
periodical; volume and/or number of the issue; date; page number (s).

Subsequent References - shortened format – last name of the author and the
page number.

Location of Notes
Footnotes - at the bottom of the page on which citation appears.
Endnotes - at the end of every chapter with a title - Notes
 Spacing
Indent the first of each note five space
Superscript one-half space above the line
Single space within footnotes and double-space between them.

Bibliographies
A. Books

Name of author with surname first. Title (underlined). City of

Publication, the name of the publisher, and the year of publication

B. Periodicals

Journals - intended for professional audience

Magazines - intended for general public

Ex: Aron, Raymon. “The Education of the Citizen in Industrial

Society.” Daedalus 91 (1962) : 249-63

Newspapers

Ex: Rasky, Susan F. “Senate Calls for Revisions in New Tax

For Health Care.” The New York Times, 8 June 1989.

IV. HEADINGS, TABLES, AND FIGURES

Tables

Each table must have a caption, or title. They should be numbered with
Arabic numerals and they are numbered consecutively.

Figures

Figure – refers to any kind of graphic representation or illustration. This

includes graphs, charts, drawings, diagrams, maps, photographs,
blueprints, and some kinds of computer print-outs.

Each figure must have a caption, or title, that tells concisely and clearly
what the figure contains. Figures must be numbered with Arabic numerals
and are numbered consecutively.