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Python Basic Tutorial

Python - Home

Python - Overview

Python - Environment Setup

Python - Basic Syntax

Python - Variable Types

Python - Basic Operators

Python - Decision Making

Python - Loops

Python - Numbers

Python - Strings

Python - Lists

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 Python - Tuples

Python - Dictionary

Python - Date & Time

Python - Functions

Python - Modules

Python - Files I/O

Python - Exceptions

Python Advanced Tutorial

Python - Classes/Objects

Python - Reg Expressions

Python - CGI Programming

Python - Database Access

Python - Networking

Python - Sending Email

Python - Multithreading

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 Python - XML Processing

Python - GUI Programming

Python - Further Extensions

Python Useful Resources

Python - Questions and Answers

Python - Quick Guide

Python - Tools/Utilities

Python - Useful Resources

Python - Discussion

Python - Basic Operators

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Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands.

Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called
operator.

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 Types of Operator
Python language supports the following types of operators.

Arithmetic Operators

Comparison (Relational) Operators

Assignment Operators

Logical Operators

Bitwise Operators

Membership Operators

Identity Operators

Let us have a look on all operators one by one.

Python Arithmetic Operators

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

[ Show Example ]

Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30

Subtracts right hand operand from left

- Subtraction a – b = -10
hand operand.

* Multiplies values on either side of the

a * b = 200
Multiplication operator

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand b/a=2

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 operand

Divides left hand operand by right hand

% Modulus b%a=0
operand and returns remainder

Performs exponential (power) calculation

** Exponent a**b =10 to the power 20
on operators

Floor Division - The division of operands

where the result is the quotient in which
the digits after the decimal point are
9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0, -11//3
// removed. But if one of the operands is
= -4, -11.0//3 = -4.0
negative, the result is floored, i.e.,
rounded away from zero (towards
negative infinity) −

Python Comparison Operators

These operators compare the values on either sides of them and decide the relation among
them. They are also called Relational operators.

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

[ Show Example ]

Operator Description Example

If the values of two operands are equal,

== (a == b) is not true.
then the condition becomes true.

If values of two operands are not equal,

!= (a != b) is true.
then condition becomes true.

<> If values of two operands are not equal, (a <> b) is true. This is similar to !=

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 then condition becomes true. operator.

If the value of left operand is greater than

> the value of right operand, then condition (a > b) is not true.
becomes true.

If the value of left operand is less than the

< value of right operand, then condition (a < b) is true.
becomes true.

If the value of left operand is greater than

>= or equal to the value of right operand, (a >= b) is not true.
then condition becomes true.

If the value of left operand is less than or

<= equal to the value of right operand, then (a <= b) is true.
condition becomes true.

Python Assignment Operators

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

[ Show Example ]

Operator Description Example

Assigns values from right side operands to

= c = a + b assigns value of a + b into c
left side operand

+= Add It adds right operand to the left operand

c += a is equivalent to c = c + a
AND and assign the result to left operand

-= It subtracts right operand from the left c -= a is equivalent to c = c - a

Subtract operand and assign the result to left

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 AND operand

*= It multiplies right operand with the left

Multiply operand and assign the result to left c *= a is equivalent to c = c * a
AND operand

It divides left operand with the right

/= Divide c /= a is equivalent to c = c / ac /= a is
operand and assign the result to left
AND equivalent to c = c / a
operand

%= It takes modulus using two operands and

Modulus assign the result to left operand c %= a is equivalent to c = c % a
AND

**= Performs exponential (power) calculation

Exponent on operators and assign value to the left c **= a is equivalent to c = c ** a
AND operand

//= Floor It performs floor division on operators and

c //= a is equivalent to c = c // a
Division assign value to the left operand

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit by bit operation. Assume if a = 60; and b =
13; Now in binary format they will be as follows −

a = 0011 1100

b = 0000 1101

-----------------

a&b = 0000 1100

a|b = 0011 1101

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 a^b = 0011 0001

~a = 1100 0011

There are following Bitwise operators supported by Python language

[ Show Example ]

Operator Description Example

& Binary Operator copies a bit to the result if it

(a & b) (means 0000 1100)
AND exists in both operands

| Binary OR It copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (a | b) = 61 (means 0011 1101)

^ Binary It copies the bit if it is set in one operand

(a ^ b) = 49 (means 0011 0001)
XOR but not both.

~ Binary (~a ) = -61 (means 1100 0011 in 2's

It is unary and has the effect of 'flipping'
Ones complement form due to a signed
bits.
Complement binary number.

The left operands value is moved left by

<< Binary
the number of bits specified by the right a << 2 = 240 (means 1111 0000)
Left Shift
operand.

The left operands value is moved right by

>> Binary
the number of bits specified by the right a >> 2 = 15 (means 0000 1111)
Right Shift
operand.

Python Logical Operators

There are following logical operators supported by Python language. Assume variable a
holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then

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 [ Show Example ]

Operator Description Example

and
If both the operands are true then
Logical (a and b) is true.
condition becomes true.
AND

or Logical If any of the two operands are non-zero

(a or b) is true.
OR then condition becomes true.

not
Used to reverse the logical state of its
Logical Not(a and b) is false.
operand.
NOT

Used to reverse the logical state of its operand.

Python Membership Operators

Python’s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists, or
tuples. There are two membership operators as explained below −

[ Show Example ]

Operator Description Example

Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in

x in y, here in results in a 1 if x is a
in the specified sequence and false
member of sequence y.
otherwise.

Evaluates to true if it does not finds a x not in y, here not in results in a 1 if x

not in variable in the specified sequence and is not a member of sequence y.
false otherwise.

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 Python Identity Operators
Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There are two Identity
operators explained below −

[ Show Example ]

Operator Description Example

Evaluates to true if the variables on either

x is y, here is results in 1 if id(x) equals
is side of the operator point to the same
id(y).
object and false otherwise.

Evaluates to false if the variables on

x is not y, here is not results in 1 if
is not either side of the operator point to the
id(x) is not equal to id(y).
same object and true otherwise.

Python Operators Precedence

The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to lowest.

[ Show Example ]

Sr.No. Operator & Description

**
1
Exponentiation (raise to the power)

2 ~+-

Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and
-@)

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 * / % //
3
Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

+-
4
Addition and subtraction

>> <<
5
Right and left bitwise shift

&
6
Bitwise 'AND'

^|
7
Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'

<= < > >=

8
Comparison operators

<> == !=
9
Equality operators

= %= /= //= -= += *= **=
10
Assignment operators

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 11 is is not

Identity operators

in not in
12
Membership operators

not or and
13
Logical operators

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